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Income Taxes
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2022
Income Taxes [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
14.  Income Taxes

The provisions for income taxes consist of:
     
   
2022
    
2021
  
Federal current
  
$
11
    
$
710
  
State current
    
–
      
246
  
Federal deferred
    
370
      
311
  
State deferred
    
(331
)
    
(109
)
Federal investment tax credit, net of current utilization
    
(35
)
    
(38
)
Total income taxes
  
$
15
    
$
1,120
  

A reconciliation of the statutory Federal tax provision to the total provision follows:
     
   
2022
    
2021
  
Statutory Federal tax provision
  
$
4,115
    
$
3,802
  
State income taxes, net of Federal benefit
    
(196
)
    
177
  
IRS TPR deduction
    
(3,675
)
    
(2,620
)
Tax-exempt interest
    
(41
)
    
(34
)
Amortization of investment tax credit
    
(35
)
    
(38
)
Cash value of life insurance
    
13
      
(17
)
Amortization of excess accumulated deferred income taxes
on accelerated depreciation
    
(160
)
    
(182
)
Change in enacted state tax rate
     3       –  
Other, net
    
(9
)
    
32
  
Total income taxes
  
$
15
    
$
1,120
  

The Company filed for a change in accounting method under the IRS TPR effective in 2014.  Under the change in accounting method, the Company is permitted to deduct the costs of certain asset improvements that were previously being capitalized and depreciated for tax purposes as an expense on its income tax return.  The Company was permitted to make this deduction for prior years (the “catch-up deduction”) and for each year going forward (the “ongoing deduction”).  As a result of the catch-up deduction, income tax benefits of $3,887 were deferred as a regulatory liability.  After receiving approval from the PPUC in a rate order, the Company began to recognize the catch-up deduction, recorded as a regulatory liability, over 15 years beginning March 1, 2019.  As a result, the Company recognized $259 in income taxes during each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.  As a result of the ongoing deduction, the net income tax benefits of $3,416 and $2,361 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, reduced income tax expense and flowed through to net income.  The ongoing deduction results in a reduction in the effective income tax rate, a net reduction in income tax expense, and a reduction in the amount of income taxes currently payable.  Both the ongoing and catch-up deductions result in increases to deferred tax liabilities and regulatory assets representing the appropriate book and tax basis difference on capital additions.

The 2017 Tax Act, among other things, reduces the federal statutory corporate tax rate for tax years beginning in 2018 from 34% to 21%, treats customers’ advances for construction and contributions in aid of construction as taxable income, eliminates certain deductions, and eliminates bonus depreciation on qualified water and wastewater property.  This resulted in the remeasurement of the federal portion of the Company’s deferred taxes as of December 31, 2017 to the 21% rate.  The effect was recognized in income for the year ended December 31, 2017 for all deferred tax assets and liabilities except accelerated depreciation.  Under normalization rules applicable to public utility property included in the 2017 Tax Act, the excess accumulated deferred income taxes on accelerated depreciation is recorded as a regulatory liability.  The regulatory liability is a temporary difference, so a deferred tax asset is recorded including the gross-up of revenue necessary to return, in rates, the effect of the temporary difference.  The Company is recognizing the excess accumulated deferred income taxes on accelerated depreciation, recorded as a regulatory liability, over the remaining useful life of the underlying assets.  As a result, the Company recognized $160 and $182 in income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.  In November 2021, the 2021 Infrastructure Act repealed the tax treatment of customers’ advances for construction and contributions in aid of construction made after December 31, 2020.

On July 8, 2022, the Pennsylvania budget for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2023 was signed into law.  A provision within the tax code bill included with the budget provides for an annual phase-down of the Pennsylvania corporate net income tax rate of one percentage point in the first year beginning January 1, 2023 from 9.99% to 8.99%, and a one-half percentage point each year thereafter until it reaches 4.99% beginning January 1, 2031.  The Company has remeasured the state portion of the Company’s deferred income taxes.  The effect, net of the federal benefit, of $3 was recognized in income for the year ended December 31, 2022.  Deferred income taxes for differences that are recognized for ratemaking purposes on a cash or flow-through basis were remeasured with offsetting changes to regulatory assets and liabilities on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.  The Company expects any savings in its Pennsylvania current income taxes to be returned to its customers through the rate making process or as a future negative surcharge on their bills.
The tax effects of temporary differences between book and tax balances that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are summarized in the following table:

 
2022
    
2021
  
Deferred tax assets:
            
Reserve for doubtful accounts
  
$
240
    
$
247
  
Compensated absences
    
172
      
176
  
Deferred compensation
    
1,052
      
1,376
  
Excess accumulated deferred income taxes on accelerated depreciation
    
3,385
      
3,942
  
Deferred taxes associated with the gross-up of revenues necessary to
return, in rates, the effect of temporary differences
    
1,700
      
2,348
  
Customers’ advances for construction and contributions in aid of
construction
    
1,260
      
1,545
  
Tax effect of pension regulatory liability
    
3,717
      
3,429
  
Tax loss carryover
     839       –  
Contribution carryover
     140       –  
Other costs deducted for book, not for tax
    
58
      
74
  
Total deferred tax assets
    
12,563
      
13,137
  
                 
Deferred tax liabilities:
                
Accelerated depreciation
    
28,772
      
30,953
  
Basis differences from IRS TPR
    
18,713
      
16,912
  
Investment tax credit
    
316
      
329
  
Deferred taxes associated with the gross-up of revenues necessary to
recover, in rates, the effect of temporary differences
    
7,439
      
9,553
  
Pensions
    
4,262
      
4,060
  
Unamortized debt issuance costs
    
393
      
469
  
Other costs deducted for tax, not for book
    
569
      
451
  
Total deferred tax liabilities
    
60,464
      
62,727
  
                 
Net deferred tax liability
  
$
47,901
    
$
49,590
  

In accordance with accounting standards, the net deferred tax liability is classified as a noncurrent deferred income tax liability on the balance sheets.

The Company has a federal tax loss carryover of $2,739.  This carryforward has an indefinite life.  The Company has a Pennsylvania tax loss carryover of $3,716.  If not used, this carryover will expire in 2042.  The Company has contribution carryovers of $499.  If not used, these carryovers will expire in 2026 and 2027.
No valuation allowance was required for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.  In assessing the value of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.  The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible.  Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.  Based upon expected future taxable income and the current regulatory environment, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences.

The Company determined that there were no uncertain tax positions meeting the recognition and measurement test of the accounting standards recorded in the years that remain open for review by taxing authorities, which are 2019 through 2021 for both federal and state income tax returns.  The Company has not yet filed tax returns for 2022.  The Company believes that it has fully complied with any changes pursuant to the 2017 Tax Act and the 2021 Infrastructure Act and has not taken any new positions in its 2022 income tax provision.

The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in other expenses.  The Company paid no interest or penalties for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.