10-Q 1 fbiz2016630-10qq22016.htm FORM 10-Q

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q

þ |  | Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2016
OR

¨ |  | Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission file number 001-34095
FIRST BUSINESS FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Wisconsin |  | 39-1576570
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

401 Charmany Drive, Madison, WI |  | 53719
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(608) 238-8008
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ¨ |  | Accelerated filer þ |  | Non-accelerated filer ¨ |  | Smaller reporting company ¨
|  |  |  | (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s sole class of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, on July 28, 2016 was 8,703,942 shares.

Table of Contents
FIRST BUSINESS FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
INDEX — FORM 10-Q

PART I. Financial Information | 1
Item 1. Financial Statements | 1
Consolidated Balance Sheets | 1
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) | 2
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) | 3
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) | 4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) | 5
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements | 6
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 37
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 56
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 57
PART II. Other Information | 57
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 57
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 57
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 57
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 57
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 57
Item 5. Other Information | 58
Item 6. Exhibits | 58
Signatures | 58

Table of Contents
PART I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
First Business Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (unaudited) |  |
| (In Thousands, Except Share Data)
Assets |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 14,700 |  |  | $ | 14,640 |
Short-term investments |  | 116,911 |  |  | 98,924 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | 131,611 |  |  | 113,564 |
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value |  | 137,692 |  |  | 140,548 |
Securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost |  | 36,167 |  |  | 37,282 |
Loans held for sale |  | 5,548 |  |  | 2,702 |
Loans and leases receivable, net of allowance for loan and lease losses of $18,154 and $16,316, respectively |  | 1,433,661 |  |  | 1,414,649 |
Premises and equipment, net |  | 3,969 |  |  | 3,954 |
Foreclosed properties |  | 1,548 |  |  | 1,677 |
Cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance |  | 28,784 |  |  | 28,298 |
Investment in Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock, at cost |  | 2,163 |  |  | 2,843 |
Accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | 25,003 |  |  | 24,071 |
Goodwill and other intangible assets |  | 12,923 |  |  | 12,493 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,819,069 |  |  | $ | 1,782,081 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,607,944 |  |  | $ | 1,577,231 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other borrowings |  | 33,570 |  |  | 34,740 |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 9,997 |  |  | 9,990 |
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  | 9,164 |  |  | 9,288 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,660,675 |  |  | 1,631,249 |
Stockholders’ equity: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 2,500,000 shares authorized, none issued or outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 25,000,000 shares authorized, 8,927,006 and 8,922,375 shares issued, 8,703,942 and 8,699,410 shares outstanding, at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively |  | 89 |  |  | 89 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 77,127 |  |  | 76,549 |
Retained earnings |  | 86,760 |  |  | 80,584 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 730 |  |  | (80 | )
Treasury stock, 223,064 and 222,965 shares at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, at cost |  | (6,312 | ) |  | (6,310 | )
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 158,394 |  |  | 150,832 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,819,069 |  |  | $ | 1,782,081 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Business Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited)

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (In Thousands, Except Per Share Data)
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans and leases |  | $ | 18,701 |  |  | $ | 16,680 |  |  | $ | 37,145 |  |  | $ | 34,005 |
Securities income |  | 681 |  |  | 748 |  |  | 1,404 |  |  | 1,524 |
Short-term investments |  | 173 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 349 |  |  | 207 |
Total interest income |  | 19,555 |  |  | 17,520 |  |  | 38,898 |  |  | 35,736 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 3,038 |  |  | 2,593 |  |  | 6,091 |  |  | 5,162 |
Notes payable and other borrowings |  | 499 |  |  | 461 |  |  | 973 |  |  | 904 |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 277 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 552 |
Total interest expense |  | 3,814 |  |  | 3,332 |  |  | 7,619 |  |  | 6,618 |
Net interest income |  | 15,741 |  |  | 14,188 |  |  | 31,279 |  |  | 29,118 |
Provision for loan and lease losses |  | 2,762 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | 1,204 |
Net interest income after provision for loan and lease losses |  | 12,979 |  |  | 13,668 |  |  | 27,992 |  |  | 27,914 |
Non-interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trust and investment services fee income |  | 1,344 |  |  | 1,279 |  |  | 2,618 |  |  | 2,486 |
Gain on sale of SBA loans |  | 2,131 |  |  | 842 |  |  | 3,506 |  |  | 1,347 |
Gain on sale of residential mortgage loans |  | 198 |  |  | 222 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 370 |
Service charges on deposits |  | 733 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 1,475 |  |  | 1,389 |
Loan fees |  | 676 |  |  | 499 |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | 1,001 |
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance |  | 243 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 472 |
Other |  | 498 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 704 |  |  | 909 |
Total non-interest income |  | 5,823 |  |  | 4,126 |  |  | 10,416 |  |  | 7,974 |
Non-interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation |  | 8,447 |  |  | 6,924 |  |  | 16,818 |  |  | 14,278 |
Occupancy |  | 500 |  |  | 486 |  |  | 1,008 |  |  | 986 |
Professional fees |  | 961 |  |  | 1,515 |  |  | 1,822 |  |  | 2,504 |
Data processing |  | 697 |  |  | 655 |  |  | 1,348 |  |  | 1,185 |
Marketing |  | 448 |  |  | 701 |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | 1,343 |
Equipment |  | 341 |  |  | 298 |  |  | 621 |  |  | 606 |
FDIC insurance |  | 254 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 545 |  |  | 433 |
Collateral liquidation costs |  | 68 |  |  | 78 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 380 |
Net loss (gain) on foreclosed properties |  | 93 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 93 |  |  | (15 | )
Other |  | 1,649 |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 2,605 |  |  | 2,006 |
Total non-interest expense |  | 13,458 |  |  | 11,974 |  |  | 26,156 |  |  | 23,706 |
Income before income tax expense |  | 5,344 |  |  | 5,820 |  |  | 12,252 |  |  | 12,182 |
Income tax expense |  | 1,628 |  |  | 1,962 |  |  | 3,990 |  |  | 4,132 |
Net income |  | $ | 3,716 |  |  | $ | 3,858 |  |  | $ | 8,262 |  |  | $ | 8,050 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Dividends declared per share |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.11 |  |  | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Business Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (In Thousands)
Net income |  | $ | 3,716 |  |  | $ | 3,858 |  |  | $ | 8,262 |  |  | $ | 8,050 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net unrealized securities gains (losses) arising during the period |  | 361 |  |  | (910 | ) |  | 1,237 |  |  | (145 | )
Securities held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of net unrealized losses transferred from available-for-sale |  | 43 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 83 |  |  | 127 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  | (156 | ) |  | 327 |  |  | (510 | ) |  | 7 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | (519 | ) |  | $ | 810 |  |  | $ | (11 | )
Comprehensive income |  | $ | 3,964 |  |  | $ | 3,339 |  |  | $ | 9,072 |  |  | $ | 8,039 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Business Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

|  | Common shares outstanding |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | Treasury stock |  | Total
|  | (In Thousands, Except Share Data)
Balance at December 31, 2014 |  | 8,671,854 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 74,963 |  |  | $ | 67,886 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | (5,364 | ) |  | $ | 137,748 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,050 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,050 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11 | ) |  | — |  |  | (11 | )
Exercise of stock options |  | 24,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Share-based compensation - restricted shares |  | (7,938 | ) |  | — |  |  | 449 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 449 |
Share-based compensation - tax benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80 |
Cash dividends ($0.22 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,908 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,908 | )
Treasury stock purchased |  | (18,080 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (421 | ) |  | (421 | )
Balance at June 30, 2015 |  | 8,669,836 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 75,792 |  |  | $ | 74,028 |  |  | $ | 207 |  |  | $ | (5,785 | ) |  | $ | 144,287 |

|  | Common shares outstanding |  | Common stock |  | Additional paid-in capital |  | Retained earnings |  | Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income |  | Treasury stock |  | Total
|  | (In Thousands, Except Share Data)
Balance at December 31, 2015 |  | 8,699,410 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 76,549 |  |  | $ | 80,584 |  |  | $ | (80 | ) |  | $ | (6,310 | ) |  | $ | 150,832 |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,262 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,262 |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 810 |  |  | — |  |  | 810 |
Share-based compensation - restricted shares |  | 4,631 |  |  | — |  |  | 565 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 565 |
Share-based compensation - tax benefits |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Cash dividends ($0.24 per share) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,086 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2,086 | )
Treasury stock purchased |  | (99 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Balance at June 30, 2016 |  | 8,703,942 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 77,127 |  |  | $ | 86,760 |  |  | $ | 730 |  |  | $ | (6,312 | ) |  | $ | 158,394 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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First Business Financial Services, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (In Thousands)
Operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 8,262 |  |  | $ | 8,050 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | (259 | ) |  | 490 |
Provision for loan and lease losses |  | 3,287 |  |  | 1,204 |
Depreciation, amortization and accretion, net |  | 856 |  |  | (604 | )
Share-based compensation |  | 565 |  |  | 449 |
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance |  | (486 | ) |  | (472 | )
Origination of loans for sale |  | (52,727 | ) |  | (32,473 | )
Sale of loans originated for sale |  | 61,820 |  |  | 34,256 |
Gain on sale of loans originated for sale |  | (3,848 | ) |  | (1,717 | )
Net loss (gain) on foreclosed properties, including impairment valuation |  | 93 |  |  | (15 | )
Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation |  | (13 | ) |  | (80 | )
(Increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | (1,106 | ) |  | 192 |
(Decrease) increase in accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  | (855 | ) |  | 1,514 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 15,589 |  |  | 10,794 |
Investing activities |  |  |  |
Proceeds from maturities, redemptions and paydowns of available-for-sale securities |  | 20,419 |  |  | 21,777 |
Proceeds from maturities, redemptions and paydowns of held-to-maturity securities |  | 1,843 |  |  | 2,175 |
Proceeds from sale of available-for-sale securities |  | 2,184 |  |  | — |
Purchases of available-for-sale securities |  | (19,797 | ) |  | (24,189 | )
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed properties |  | 36 |  |  | 143 |
Net increase in loans and leases |  | (30,041 | ) |  | (69,107 | )
Investment in limited partnerships |  | (750 | ) |  | — |
Distributions from limited partnerships |  | 688 |  |  | 332 |
Investment in FHLB and FRB Stock |  | (387 | ) |  | (928 | )
Proceeds from sale of FHLB Stock |  | 1,066 |  |  | 377 |
Purchases of leasehold improvements and equipment, net |  | (400 | ) |  | (420 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (25,139 | ) |  | (69,840 | )
Financing activities |  |  |  |
Net increase in deposits |  | 30,799 |  |  | 33,106 |
Repayment of FHLB advances |  | (2,500 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from FHLB advances |  | — |  |  | 13,000 |
Net increase in short-term borrowed funds |  | 1,373 |  |  | 500 |
Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation |  | 13 |  |  | 80 |
Cash dividends paid |  | (2,086 | ) |  | (1,908 | )
Exercise of stock options |  | — |  |  | 300 |
Purchase of treasury stock |  | (2 | ) |  | (421 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 27,597 |  |  | 44,657 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  | 18,047 |  |  | (14,389 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period |  | 113,564 |  |  | 103,237 |
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period |  | $ | 131,611 |  |  | $ | 88,848 |
Supplementary cash flow information |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |
Interest paid on deposits and borrowings |  | $ | 7,624 |  |  | $ | 6,574 |
Income taxes paid |  | 3,385 |  |  | 1,469 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Transfer of loans from held-to-maturity to held-for-sale |  | 8,091 |  |  | 2,130 |

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1 — Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Nature of Operations. The accounting and reporting practices of First Business Financial Services, Inc. (the “Corporation”), its wholly owned subsidiaries, First Business Bank (“FBB”), First Business Bank – Milwaukee (“FBB – Milwaukee”) and Alterra Bank (“Alterra”), have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). FBB, FBB – Milwaukee and Alterra are sometimes referred to together as the “Banks.” FBB operates as a commercial banking institution in the Madison, Wisconsin market, consisting primarily of Dane County and the surrounding areas, with loan production offices in Northeast Wisconsin. FBB also offers trust and investment services through First Business Trust & Investments (“FBTI”), a division of FBB. FBB – Milwaukee operates as a commercial banking institution in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin market, consisting primarily of Waukesha County and the surrounding areas, with a loan production office in Kenosha, Wisconsin. Alterra operates as a commercial banking institution in the Kansas City market and the surrounding areas. The Banks provide a full range of financial services to businesses, business owners, executives, professionals and high net worth individuals. The Banks are subject to competition from other financial institutions and service providers and are also subject to state and federal regulations. FBB has the following wholly owned subsidiaries: First Business Capital Corp. (“FBCC”), First Madison Investment Corp. (“FMIC”), First Business Equipment Finance, LLC (“FBEF”), Rimrock Road Investment Fund, LLC (“Rimrock Road”), BOC Investment, LLC (“BOC”) and Mitchell Street Apartments Investments, LLC (“Mitchell Street”). FMIC is located in and was formed under the laws of the state of Nevada. FBB-Milwaukee has one subsidiary, FBB – Milwaukee Real Estate, LLC (“FBBMRE”).
Basis of Presentation. The accompanying unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared in accordance with GAAP and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Rule 10-01 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements and footnotes thereto included in the Corporation’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries. In accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, the Corporation’s ownership interest in FBFS Statutory Trust II (“Trust II”) has not been consolidated into the financial statements. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Management of the Corporation is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. Material estimates that could significantly change in the near-term include the value of foreclosed property, lease residuals, property under operating leases, securities, income taxes and the level of the allowance for loan and lease losses. The results of operations for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any other interim period or the entire fiscal year ending December 31, 2016. Certain amounts in prior periods may have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation. Subsequent events have been evaluated through the date of the issuance of the Consolidated Financial Statements. No significant subsequent events have occurred through this date requiring adjustment to the financial statements or disclosures.
The Corporation has not changed its significant accounting and reporting policies from those disclosed in the Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 except as described further below in this Note 1.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” with an original effective date for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The ASU is a converged standard between the FASB and the IASB that provides a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for all contracts with customers across transactions and industries. The primary objective of the ASU is revenue recognition that represents the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 to annual and interim reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual and interim reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net.” The ASU intends to improve the operability and understandability of the implementation guidance of ASU 2014-09 on principal versus agent considerations. In April and May 2016, the FASB also issued ASU No. 2016-10 and No. 2016-12 related to Topic 606. The amendments do not change the core principals of the previously issued guidance, but instead further clarify and provide implementation guidance for certain aspects of the original
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ASU. The Corporation intends to adopt the accounting standards during the first quarter of 2018, as required, and is currently evaluating the impact on its results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments- Credit Losses (Topic 326).” The ASU replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology for recognizing credit losses with a methodology that reflects all expected credit losses. The ASU also requires consideration of a broader range of information to inform credit loss estimates, including such factors as past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. The amendments affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off-balance-sheet credit exposures, and any other financial asset not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. Entities will apply the amendments in the ASU through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. The ASU is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Corporation intends to adopt the accounting standard during the first quarter of 2020, as required, and is currently evaluating the impact on its results of operations, financial position, and liquidity.
Note 2 — Earnings Per Common Share
Earnings per common share are computed using the two-class method. Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income allocated to common shares by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Participating securities include unvested restricted shares. Unvested restricted shares are considered participating securities because holders of these securities receive non-forfeitable dividends, or dividend equivalents, at the same rate as holders of the Corporation’s common stock. Diluted earnings per share are computed by dividing net income allocated to common shares, adjusted for reallocation of undistributed earnings of unvested restricted shares, by the weighted average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents using the treasury stock method.
There were no anti-dilutive employee share-based awards for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Data)
Basic earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 3,716 |  |  | $ | 3,858 |  |  | $ | 8,262 |  |  | $ | 8,050 |
Less: earnings allocated to participating securities |  | 58 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 128 |  |  | 138 |
Basic earnings allocated to common shareholders |  | $ | 3,658 |  |  | $ | 3,793 |  |  | $ | 8,134 |  |  | $ | 7,912 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, excluding participating securities |  | 8,566,718 |  |  | 8,522,254 |  |  | 8,565,933 |  |  | 8,522,436 |
Basic earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnings allocated to common shareholders, diluted |  | $ | 3,658 |  |  | $ | 3,793 |  |  | $ | 8,134 |  |  | $ | 7,912 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding, excluding participating securities |  | 8,566,718 |  |  | 8,522,254 |  |  | 8,565,933 |  |  | 8,522,436 |
Dilutive effect of share-based awards |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,121 |
Weighted-average diluted common shares outstanding, excluding participating securities |  | 8,566,718 |  |  | 8,522,254 |  |  | 8,565,933 |  |  | 8,523,557 |
Diluted earnings per common share |  | $ | 0.43 |  |  | $ | 0.45 |  |  | $ | 0.95 |  |  | $ | 0.93 |

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Note 3 — Share-Based Compensation
The Corporation adopted the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) during the quarter ended June 30, 2012. The Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Corporation and provides for the grant of equity ownership opportunities through incentive stock options and nonqualified stock options (together, “Stock Options”), restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalent units, and any other type of award permitted by the Plan. As of June 30, 2016, 306,814 shares were available for future grants under the Plan. Shares covered by awards that expire, terminate or lapse will again be available for the grant of awards under the Plan. The Corporation may issue new shares and shares from its treasury stock for shares delivered under the Plan.
Stock Options
The Corporation may grant Stock Options to senior executives and other employees under the Plan. Stock Options generally have an exercise price that is equal to the fair value of the common shares on the date the option is awarded. Stock Options granted under the Plan are subject to graded vesting, generally ranging from 4 years to 8 years, and have a contractual term of 10 years. For any new awards issued, compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period for the entire award on a straight-line basis. No Stock Options have been granted since the Corporation became a reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and no Stock Options have been modified, repurchased or canceled since such time. For that reason, no stock-based compensation expense related to Stock Options was recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. The benefits of tax deductions as a result of disqualifying dispositions upon exercise of stock options are recognized as a financing cash flow. No Stock Options remained outstanding as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Restricted Stock
Under the Plan, the Corporation may grant restricted stock to plan participants, subject to forfeiture upon the occurrence of certain events until the dates specified in the participant’s award agreement. While restricted stock is subject to forfeiture, with the exception of restricted stock units, which do not have voting rights and are provided dividend equivalents, restricted stock participants may exercise full voting rights and will receive all dividends and other distributions paid with respect to the restricted shares. The restricted stock granted under the Plan is typically subject to a vesting period. Compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period of generally four years for the entire award on a straight-line basis. Upon vesting of restricted share awards, the benefit of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation expense is recognized as a financing cash flow activity.
Restricted stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2015 and the six months ended June 30, 2016 was as follows:

|  | Number of Restricted Shares/Units |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2014 |  | 154,998 |  |  | $ | 16.97 |
Granted |  | 53,790 |  |  | 22.52 |
Vested |  | (64,874 | ) |  | 15.23 |
Forfeited |  | (8,443 | ) |  | 15.03 |
Nonvested balance as of December 31, 2015 |  | 135,471 |  |  | 20.13 |
Granted |  | 15,565 |  |  | 23.15 |
Vested |  | (3,496 | ) |  | 22.41 |
Forfeited |  | (10,934 | ) |  | 18.29 |
Nonvested balance as of June 30, 2016 |  | 136,606 |  |  | $ | 19.31 |

As of June 30, 2016, the Corporation had $1.9 million of deferred unvested compensation expense, which the Corporation expects to recognize over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.48 years. As of June 30, 2016, all restricted shares that vested were issued.
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For the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, share-based compensation expense related to restricted stock included in the Consolidated Statements of Income was as follows:

| For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
| 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
| (In Thousands)
Share-based compensation expense | $ | 269 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | 565 |  |  | 449 |

Note 4 — Securities
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available-for-sale and the corresponding amounts of gross unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income were as follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2016
|  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized holding gains |  | Gross unrealized holding losses |  | Estimated fair value
|  | (In Thousands)
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 7,298 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 7,341 |
Municipal obligations |  | 6,147 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (4 | ) |  | 6,170 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 1,223 |  |  | — |  |  | (50 | ) |  | 1,173 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 35,026 |  |  | 763 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | 35,768 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 86,418 |  |  | 849 |  |  | (27 | ) |  | 87,240 |
|  | $ | 136,112 |  |  | $ | 1,687 |  |  | $ | (107 | ) |  | $ | 137,692 |

|  | As of December 31, 2015
|  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrealized holding gains |  | Gross unrealized holding losses |  | Estimated fair value
|  | (In Thousands)
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 8,047 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (32 | ) |  | $ | 8,017 |
Municipal obligations |  | 4,278 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (7 | ) |  | 4,283 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 1,327 |  |  | — |  |  | (58 | ) |  | 1,269 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 43,845 |  |  | 814 |  |  | (116 | ) |  | 44,543 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 82,707 |  |  | 145 |  |  | (416 | ) |  | 82,436 |
|  | $ | 140,204 |  |  | $ | 973 |  |  | $ | (629 | ) |  | $ | 140,548 |

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities held-to-maturity and the corresponding amounts of gross unrecognized gains and losses were as follows:
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|  | As of June 30, 2016
|  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrecognized holding gains |  | Gross unrecognized holding losses |  | Estimated fair value
|  | (In Thousands)
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 1,496 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,504 |
Municipal obligations |  | 16,727 |  |  | 499 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 17,224 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 10,487 |  |  | 171 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,658 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 7,457 |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,623 |
|  | $ | 36,167 |  |  | $ | 844 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 37,009 |

|  | As of December 31, 2015
|  | Amortized cost |  | Gross unrecognized holding gains |  | Gross unrecognized holding losses |  | Estimated fair value
|  | (In Thousands)
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 1,495 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 1,485 |
Municipal obligations |  | 16,038 |  |  | 332 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 16,365 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 11,718 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (41 | ) |  | 11,709 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 8,031 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (44 | ) |  | 7,999 |
|  | $ | 37,282 |  |  | $ | 377 |  |  | $ | (101 | ) |  | $ | 37,558 |

U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises represent securities issued by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) and Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”). Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued represent securities guaranteed by the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”). Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises include securities guaranteed by the FHLMC and the FNMA. Asset-backed securities represent securities issued by the Student Loan Marketing Association (“SLMA”) which are 97% guaranteed by the U.S. government. Municipal obligations include securities issued by various municipalities located primarily within the State of Wisconsin and are primarily general obligation bonds that are tax-exempt in nature. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, a gain of $7,000 was recorded from the sale of 3 available-for-sale securities. No sales of available for sale securities occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2015.
At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, securities with a fair value of $19.0 million and $23.0 million, respectively, were pledged to secure interest rate swap contracts, outstanding Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) advances, if any, and additional FHLB availability.
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities by contractual maturity at June 30, 2016 are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers have the right to call or prepay certain obligations without call or prepayment penalties.
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|  | As of June 30, 2016
|  | Available-for-Sale |  | Held-to-Maturity
|  | Amortized cost |  | Estimated fair value |  | Amortized cost |  | Estimated fair value
|  | (In Thousands)
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 2,510 |  |  | $ | 2,510 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Due in one year through five years |  | 12,180 |  |  | 12,278 |  |  | 5,700 |  |  | 5,786 |
Due in five through ten years |  | 85,137 |  |  | 86,292 |  |  | 12,522 |  |  | 12,942 |
Due in over ten years |  | 36,285 |  |  | 36,612 |  |  | 17,945 |  |  | 18,281 |
|  | $ | 136,112 |  |  | $ | 137,692 |  |  | $ | 36,167 |  |  | $ | 37,009 |

The tables below show the Corporation’s gross unrealized losses and fair value of available-for-sale investments with unrealized losses, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual investments were in a continuous loss position at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. At June 30, 2016 , the Corporation held 25 available-for-sale securities that were in an unrealized loss position. Such securities have not experienced credit rating downgrades; however, they have primarily declined in value due to the current interest rate environment. At June 30, 2016, the Corporation held 10 available-for-sale securities that had been in a continuous unrealized loss position for twelve months or greater.
The Corporation also has not specifically identified available-for-sale securities in a loss position that it intends to sell in the near term and does not believe that it will be required to sell any such securities. The Corporation reviews its securities on a quarterly basis to monitor its exposure to other-than-temporary impairment. Consideration is given to such factors as the length of time and extent to which the security has been in an unrealized loss position, changes in security ratings, and an evaluation of the present value of expected future cash flows, if necessary. Based on the Corporation’s evaluation, it is expected that the Corporation will recover the entire amortized cost basis of each security. Accordingly, no other than temporary impairment was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.
A summary of unrealized loss information for securities available-for-sale, categorized by security type and length of time for which the security has been in a continuous unrealized loss position follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2016
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
|  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses
|  | (In Thousands)
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 999 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1,996 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2,995 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Municipal obligations |  | 1,391 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 412 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1,803 |  |  | 4 |
Asset-backed securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,173 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 1,173 |  |  | 50 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 730 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2,731 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 3,461 |  |  | 21 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 6,602 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 961 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7,563 |  |  | 27 |
|  | $ | 9,722 |  |  | $ | 24 |  |  | $ | 7,273 |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | 16,995 |  |  | $ | 107 |

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|  | As of December 31, 2015
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
|  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrealized losses
|  | (In Thousands)
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | 3,536 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 1,981 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 5,517 |  |  | $ | 32 |
Municipal obligations |  | 2,403 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,403 |  |  | 7 |
Asset-backed securities |  | 1,269 |  |  | $ | 58 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | 58 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 3,373 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 5,687 |  |  | 97 |  |  | 9,060 |  |  | 116 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 59,992 |  |  | 373 |  |  | 1,717 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 61,709 |  |  | 416 |
|  | $ | 70,573 |  |  | $ | 470 |  |  | $ | 9,385 |  |  | $ | 159 |  |  | $ | 79,958 |  |  | $ | 629 |

The tables below show the Corporation’s gross unrecognized losses and fair value of held-to-maturity investments, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual investments were in a continuous loss position at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. At June 30, 2016, the Corporation held one held-to-maturity security that was in an unrecognized loss position. Such security has not experienced credit rating downgrades; however, it has primarily declined in value due to the current interest rate environment. There were no held-to-maturity securities that were in a continuous unrecognized loss position for twelve months or greater as of June 30, 2016. It is expected that the Corporation will recover the entire amortized cost basis of each held-to-maturity security based upon an evaluation of the present value of the expected future cash flows. Accordingly, no other than temporary impairment was recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.
A summary of unrecognized loss information for securities held-to-maturity, categorized by security type follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2016
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
|  | Fair value |  | Unrecognized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrecognized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrecognized losses
|  | (In Thousands)
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Municipal obligations |  | 264 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 264 |  |  | (2 | )
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
|  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 264 |  |  | $ | (2 | )

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|  | As of December 31, 2015
|  | Less than 12 months |  | 12 months or longer |  | Total
|  | Fair value |  | Unrecognized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrecognized losses |  | Fair value |  | Unrecognized losses
|  | (In Thousands)
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 1,000 |  |  | $ | 11 |
Municipal obligations |  | 436 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 199 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 635 |  |  | 5 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | 6,518 |  |  | 41 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,518 |  |  | 41 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | 5,168 |  |  | 44 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,168 |  |  | 44 |
|  | $ | 12,122 |  |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | 1,199 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 13,321 |  |  | $ | 101 |

Note 5 — Loan and Lease Receivables, Impaired Loans and Leases and Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Loan and lease receivables consist of the following:

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (In Thousands)
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | $ | 167,936 |  |  | $ | 176,322 |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | 502,378 |  |  | 436,901 |
Land development |  | 60,599 |  |  | 59,779 |
Construction |  | 88,339 |  |  | 100,625 |
Multi-family |  | 73,239 |  |  | 80,254 |
1-4 family |  | 47,289 |  |  | 50,304 |
Total commercial real estate |  | 939,780 |  |  | 904,185 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 456,297 |  |  | 472,193 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | 30,698 |  |  | 31,093 |
Consumer and other |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 7,372 |  |  | 8,237 |
Other |  | 18,743 |  |  | 16,319 |
Total consumer and other |  | 26,115 |  |  | 24,556 |
Total gross loans and leases receivable |  | 1,452,890 |  |  | 1,432,027 |
Less: |  |  |  |
Allowance for loan and lease losses |  | 18,154 |  |  | 16,316 |
Deferred loan fees |  | 1,075 |  |  | 1,062 |
Loans and leases receivable, net |  | $ | 1,433,661 |  |  | $ | 1,414,649 |

Loans transferred to third parties consist of the guaranteed portion of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans as well as participation interests in other originated loans. The total principal amount of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans sold during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $18.6 million and $7.2 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, $31.0 million and $10.1 million of the guaranteed portion of SBA loans were sold to third parties,
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respectively. Each of the transfers of these financial assets met the qualifications for sale accounting, and therefore all of the loans transferred during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 have been derecognized in the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The Corporation has a continuing involvement in each of the agreements by way of relationship management, servicing the loans, as well as being subject to normal and customary requirements of the SBA loan program; however, there are no further obligations to the third-party participant required of the Corporation, other than standard representations and warranties related to sold amounts, that would preclude the application of sale accounting treatment. The guaranteed portion of SBA loans were transferred at their fair value and the related gain was recognized upon the transfer as non-interest income in the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The total outstanding balance of sold SBA loans at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $97.3 million and $73.4 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the total amount of the Corporation’s partial ownership of sold SBA loans on the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheets was $30.6 million and $24.6 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2016, $2.4 million of loans in this portfolio were considered impaired as compared to $1.8 million as of December 31, 2015.
The total principal amount of transferred participation interests in other originated loans during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $9.7 million and $24.8 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, $15.4 million and $36.5 million of these participation interests were transferred to third parties, respectively, all of which was treated as a sale and derecognized under the applicable accounting guidance at the time of transfer. The Corporation’s continuing involvement with these loans is by way of partial ownership, relationship management and all servicing responsibilities; however, there are no further obligations of the Corporation, other than standard representations and warranties to the sold amount, that would preclude the application of sale accounting treatment. No gain or loss was recognized on participation interests in other originated loans as they were transferred at or near the date of loan origination and the payments received for servicing the portion of the loans participated represents adequate compensation. The total outstanding balance of transferred loans at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $103.3 million and $95.8 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the total amount of the Corporation’s partial ownership of these transferred loans on the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheets was $106.8 million and $112.2 million, respectively. No loans in this participation portfolio were considered impaired as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015. The Corporation does not share in the participant’s portion of any potential charge-offs. The total amount of loan participations purchased on the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 was $459,000 and $467,000, respectively.
The Corporation sells residential real estate loans, servicing released, in the secondary market. The total principal amount of residential real estate loans sold during the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $8.0 million and $10.3 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 the total principal amount of residential real estate loans sold was $15.2 million and $19.5 million, respectively. Each of the transfers of these financial assets met the qualifications for sale accounting, and therefore all of the loans transferred during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 have been derecognized in the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. The Corporation has a continuing involvement in each of the transactions, including by way of relationship management and standard representations and warranties related to the sold amount; however, there are no further obligations of the Corporation that would would preclude the application of sale accounting treatment. The loans were transferred at their fair value and the related gain was recognized as non-interest income upon the transfer in the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.
According to ASC 310-30, Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer, purchased credit-impaired loans exhibit evidence of deterioration in credit quality since origination for which it is probable at acquisition that the Corporation will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. Purchased credit-impaired loans are initially recorded at fair value, which is estimated by discounting the cash flows expected to be collected at the acquisition date. Because the estimate of expected cash flows reflects an estimate of future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loans, an allowance for credit losses is not recorded at the acquisition date. The excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value, referred to as the accretable yield, is recognized in interest income over the remaining life of the loan on a level-yield basis, contingent on the subsequent evaluation of future expected cash flows. The difference between the contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable difference. A subsequent decrease in the estimate of cash flows expected to be received on purchased credit-impaired loans generally results in the recognition of an allowance for credit losses. Subsequent increases in cash flows result in reversal of any nonaccretable difference (or allowance for loan and lease losses to the extent any has been recorded) with a positive impact on interest income recognized. The measurement of cash flows involves assumptions and judgments for interest rates, prepayments, default rates, loss severity, and collateral values. All of these factors are inherently subjective and significant changes in the cash flow estimates over the life of the loan can result.
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The following table reflects the contractually required payments receivable and fair value of the Corporation’s purchased credit impaired loans as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

| June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
| (In Thousands)
Contractually required payments | $ | 4,123 |  |  | $ | 5,291 |
Fair value of purchased credit impaired loans | $ | 2,263 |  |  | $ | 3,250 |

The following table presents a rollforward of the Corporation’s accretable yield as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

| As of and for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 |  | As of and for Year Ended December 31, 2015
| (In Thousands)
Accretable yield, beginning of period | $ | 414 |  |  | $ | 676 |
Accretion recognized in earnings | (87 | ) |  | (50 | )
Reclassification to nonaccretable difference for loans with changing cash flows(1) | (204 | ) |  | (60 | )
Changes in accretable yield for non-credit related changes in expected cash flows(2) | 69 |  |  | (152 | )
Accretable yield, end of period | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 414 |

(1) | Represents changes in accretable yield for those loans that are driven primarily by credit performance.

(2) | Represents changes in accretable yield for those loans that are driven primarily by changes in actual and estimated payments.

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The following information illustrates ending balances of the Corporation’s loan and lease portfolio, including impaired loans by class of receivable, and considering certain credit quality indicators as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

|  | Category |  |
As of June 30, 2016 |  | I |  | II |  | III |  | IV |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | $ | 136,996 |  |  | $ | 14,018 |  |  | $ | 13,061 |  |  | $ | 3,861 |  |  | $ | 167,936 |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | 473,644 |  |  | 24,218 |  |  | 2,546 |  |  | 1,970 |  |  | 502,378 |
Land development |  | 55,275 |  |  | 839 |  |  | 656 |  |  | 3,829 |  |  | 60,599 |
Construction |  | 78,088 |  |  | 5,745 |  |  | 4,227 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 88,339 |
Multi-family |  | 72,726 |  |  | 513 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,239 |
1-4 family |  | 40,279 |  |  | 2,517 |  |  | 1,624 |  |  | 2,869 |  |  | 47,289 |
Total commercial real estate |  | 857,008 |  |  | 47,850 |  |  | 22,114 |  |  | 12,808 |  |  | 939,780 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 376,286 |  |  | 35,026 |  |  | 35,118 |  |  | 9,867 |  |  | 456,297 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | 29,529 |  |  | 783 |  |  | 386 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,698 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 6,407 |  |  | 570 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 7,372 |
Other |  | 18,145 |  |  | 63 |  |  | — |  |  | 535 |  |  | 18,743 |
Total consumer and other |  | 24,552 |  |  | 633 |  |  | 137 |  |  | 793 |  |  | 26,115 |
Total gross loans and leases receivable |  | $ | 1,287,375 |  |  | $ | 84,292 |  |  | $ | 57,755 |  |  | $ | 23,468 |  |  | $ | 1,452,890 |
Category as a % of total portfolio |  | 88.60 | % |  | 5.80 | % |  | 3.98 | % |  | 1.62 | % |  | 100.00 | %

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|  | Category |  |
As of December 31, 2015 |  | I |  | II |  | III |  | IV |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | $ | 156,379 |  |  | $ | 7,654 |  |  | $ | 9,311 |  |  | $ | 2,978 |  |  | $ | 176,322 |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | 410,517 |  |  | 20,662 |  |  | 3,408 |  |  | 2,314 |  |  | 436,901 |
Land development |  | 52,817 |  |  | 2,241 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 4,412 |  |  | 59,779 |
Construction |  | 98,693 |  |  | 851 |  |  | 564 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 100,625 |
Multi-family |  | 79,368 |  |  | 884 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 80,254 |
1-4 family |  | 41,086 |  |  | 3,985 |  |  | 1,865 |  |  | 3,368 |  |  | 50,304 |
Total commercial real estate |  | 838,860 |  |  | 36,277 |  |  | 15,457 |  |  | 13,591 |  |  | 904,185 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 430,199 |  |  | 7,139 |  |  | 25,706 |  |  | 9,149 |  |  | 472,193 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | 29,514 |  |  | 1,013 |  |  | 528 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 31,093 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 7,497 |  |  | — |  |  | 141 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 8,237 |
Other |  | 15,616 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | 655 |  |  | 16,319 |
Total consumer and other |  | 23,113 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 141 |  |  | 1,254 |  |  | 24,556 |
Total gross loans and leases receivable |  | $ | 1,321,686 |  |  | $ | 44,477 |  |  | $ | 41,832 |  |  | $ | 24,032 |  |  | $ | 1,432,027 |
Category as a % of total portfolio |  | 92.29 | % |  | 3.11 | % |  | 2.92 | % |  | 1.68 | % |  | 100.00 | %

Credit underwriting through a committee process is a key component of the Corporation’s operating philosophy. Business development officers have relatively low individual lending authority limits, and thus a significant portion of the Corporation’s new credit extensions require approval from a loan approval committee regardless of the type of loan or lease, asset quality grade of the credit, amount of the credit, or the related complexities of each proposal.
Each credit is evaluated for proper risk rating upon origination, at the time of each subsequent renewal, upon receipt and evaluation of updated financial information from the Corporation’s borrowers, or as other circumstances dictate. The Corporation uses a nine grade risk rating system to monitor the ongoing credit quality of its loans and leases. The risk rating grades follow a consistent definition, and are then applied to specific loan types based on the nature of the loan. Each risk rating is subjective and, depending on the size and nature of the credit, subject to various levels of review and concurrence on the stated risk rating. In addition to its nine grade risk rating system, the Corporation groups loans into four loan and related risk categories which determine the level and nature of review by management.
Category I — Loans and leases in this category are performing in accordance with the terms of the contract and generally exhibit no immediate concerns regarding the security and viability of the underlying collateral, financial stability of the borrower, integrity or strength of the borrower’s management team or the industry in which the borrower operates. Loans and leases in this category are not subject to additional monitoring procedures above and beyond what is required at the origination or renewal of the loan or lease. The Corporation monitors Category I loans and leases through payment performance, continued maintenance of its personal relationships with such borrowers and continued review of such borrowers’ compliance with the terms of their respective agreements.
Category II — Loans and leases in this category are beginning to show signs of deterioration in one or more of the Corporation’s core underwriting criteria such as financial stability, management strength, industry trends and collateral values. Management will place credits in this category to allow for proactive monitoring and resolution with the borrower to possibly mitigate the area of concern and prevent further deterioration or risk of loss to the Corporation. Category II loans are considered performing but are monitored frequently by the assigned business development officer and by subcommittees of the Banks’ loan committees.
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Category III — Loans and leases in this category are identified by management as warranting special attention. However, the balance in this category is not intended to represent the amount of adversely classified assets held by the Banks. Category III loans and leases generally exhibit undesirable characteristics such as evidence of adverse financial trends and conditions, managerial problems, deteriorating economic conditions within the related industry, or evidence of adverse public filings and may exhibit collateral shortfall positions. Management continues to believe that it will collect all contractual principal and interest in accordance with the original terms of the contracts relating to the loans and leases in this category, and therefore Category III loans are considered performing with no specific reserves established for this category. Category III loans are monitored by management and loan committees of the Banks on a monthly basis and the Banks’ Boards of Directors at each of their regularly scheduled meetings.
Category IV — Loans and leases in this category are considered to be impaired. Impaired loans and leases have been placed on non-accrual as management has determined that it is unlikely that the Banks will receive the contractual principal and interest in accordance with the contractual terms of the agreement. Impaired loans are individually evaluated to assess the need for the establishment of specific reserves or charge-offs. When analyzing the adequacy of collateral, the Corporation obtains external appraisals at least annually for impaired loans and leases. External appraisals are obtained from the Corporation’s approved appraiser listing and are independently reviewed to monitor the quality of such appraisals. To the extent a collateral shortfall position is present, a specific reserve or charge-off will be recorded to reflect the magnitude of the impairment. Loans and leases in this category are monitored by management and loan committees of the Banks on a monthly basis and the Banks’ boards of directors at each of their regularly scheduled meetings.
Utilizing regulatory classification terminology, the Corporation identified $25.7 million and $26.8 million of loans and leases as Substandard as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. No loans were considered Special Mention, Doubtful or Loss as of either June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015. The population of Substandard loans are a subset of Category III and Category IV loans.
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The delinquency aging of the loan and lease portfolio by class of receivable as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is as follows:

As of June 30, 2016 |  | 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | Greater than 90 days past due |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total loans
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Accruing loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 997 |  |  | $ | 163,145 |  |  | $ | 164,142 |
Non-owner occupied |  | 319 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,319 |  |  | 498,089 |  |  | 500,408 |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 56,785 |  |  | 56,785 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 88,033 |  |  | 88,033 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,239 |  |  | 73,239 |
1-4 family |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 45,027 |  |  | 45,104 |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 446,430 |  |  | 446,430 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,698 |  |  | 30,698 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,163 |  |  | 7,163 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,208 |  |  | 18,208 |
Total |  | 1,393 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,393 |  |  | 1,426,817 |  |  | 1,430,210 |
Non-accruing loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 1,537 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,537 |  |  | $ | 2,257 |  |  | $ | 3,794 |
Non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,714 |  |  | 1,714 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 1,970 |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,814 |  |  | 3,814 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 115 |  |  | 306 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
1-4 family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,331 |  |  | 1,331 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 2,185 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 374 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 8,716 |  |  | 9,867 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 209 |  |  | 209 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 535 |  |  | 535 |  |  | — |  |  | 535 |
Total |  | 1,911 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 4,034 |  |  | 6,459 |  |  | 16,221 |  |  | 22,680 |
Total loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | $ | 165,402 |  |  | $ | 167,936 |
Non-owner occupied |  | 319 |  |  | 2,000 |  |  | 1,714 |  |  | 4,033 |  |  | 498,345 |  |  | 502,378 |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 60,599 |  |  | 60,599 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | 191 |  |  | 88,148 |  |  | 88,339 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 73,239 |  |  | 73,239 |
1-4 family |  | 77 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,331 |  |  | 1,408 |  |  | 45,881 |  |  | 47,289 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 374 |  |  | 514 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 1,151 |  |  | 455,146 |  |  | 456,297 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,698 |  |  | 30,698 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,372 |  |  | 7,372 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 535 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 18,208 |  |  | 18,743 |
Total |  | $ | 3,304 |  |  | $ | 2,514 |  |  | $ | 4,034 |  |  | $ | 9,852 |  |  | $ | 1,443,038 |  |  | $ | 1,452,890 |
Percent of portfolio |  | 0.23 | % |  | 0.17 | % |  | 0.27 | % |  | 0.67 | % |  | 99.33 | % |  | 100.00 | %

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As of December 31, 2015 |  | 30-59 days past due |  | 60-89 days past due |  | Greater than 90 days past due |  | Total past due |  | Current |  | Total loans
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Accruing loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 173,416 |  |  | $ | 173,416 |
Non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 435,222 |  |  | 435,222 |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 55,386 |  |  | 55,386 |
Construction |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 100,228 |  |  | 100,228 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,252 |  |  | 80,252 |
1-4 family |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 47,676 |  |  | 47,754 |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 463,057 |  |  | 463,057 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,055 |  |  | 31,055 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7,695 |  |  | 7,695 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 15,664 |  |  | 15,664 |
Total |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 78 |  |  | 1,409,651 |  |  | 1,409,729 |
Non-accruing loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 2,433 |  |  | $ | 2,906 |
Non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,679 |  |  | 1,679 |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,393 |  |  | 4,393 |
Construction |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
1-4 family |  | 430 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 895 |  |  | 1,359 |  |  | 1,191 |  |  | 2,550 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 2,077 |  |  | — |  |  | 564 |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 6,495 |  |  | 9,136 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 292 |  |  | 542 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 655 |  |  | 655 |  |  | — |  |  | 655 |
Total |  | 2,904 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 2,364 |  |  | 5,775 |  |  | 16,523 |  |  | 22,298 |
Total loans and leases |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 473 |  |  | $ | 175,849 |  |  | $ | 176,322 |
Non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 436,901 |  |  | 436,901 |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 59,779 |  |  | 59,779 |
Construction |  | 397 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 397 |  |  | 100,228 |  |  | 100,625 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 80,254 |  |  | 80,254 |
1-4 family |  | 508 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 895 |  |  | 1,437 |  |  | 48,867 |  |  | 50,304 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 2,077 |  |  | — |  |  | 564 |  |  | 2,641 |  |  | 469,552 |  |  | 472,193 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 31,093 |  |  | 31,093 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 250 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 7,987 |  |  | 8,237 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 655 |  |  | 655 |  |  | 15,664 |  |  | 16,319 |
Total |  | $ | 2,982 |  |  | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | 2,364 |  |  | $ | 5,853 |  |  | $ | 1,426,174 |  |  | $ | 1,432,027 |
Percent of portfolio |  | 0.21 | % |  | 0.04 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.41 | % |  | 99.59 | % |  | 100.00 | %

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The Corporation’s total impaired assets consisted of the following at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Non-accrual loans and leases |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | $ | 3,794 |  |  | $ | 2,907 |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | 1,970 |  |  | 1,678 |
Land development |  | 3,814 |  |  | 4,393 |
Construction |  | 306 |  |  | 397 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | 2 |
1-4 family |  | 2,185 |  |  | 2,550 |
Total non-accrual commercial real estate |  | 12,069 |  |  | 11,927 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 9,867 |  |  | 9,136 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 209 |  |  | 542 |
Other |  | 535 |  |  | 655 |
Total non-accrual consumer and other loans |  | 744 |  |  | 1,197 |
Total non-accrual loans and leases |  | 22,680 |  |  | 22,298 |
Foreclosed properties, net |  | 1,548 |  |  | 1,677 |
Total non-performing assets |  | 24,228 |  |  | 23,975 |
Performing troubled debt restructurings |  | 788 |  |  | 1,735 |
Total impaired assets |  | $ | 25,016 |  |  | $ | 25,710 |

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Total non-accrual loans and leases to gross loans and leases |  | 1.56 | % |  | 1.56 | %
Total non-performing assets to total gross loans and leases plus foreclosed properties, net |  | 1.67 |  |  | 1.67 |
Total non-performing assets to total assets |  | 1.33 |  |  | 1.35 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to gross loans and leases |  | 1.25 |  |  | 1.14 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to non-accrual loans and leases |  | 80.04 |  |  | 73.17 |

As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, $13.2 million and $16.2 million of the non-accrual loans were considered troubled debt restructurings, respectively. As of June 30, 2016, there were no unfunded commitments associated with troubled debt restructured loans and leases.
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|  | As of June 30, 2016 |  | As of December 31, 2015
|  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Recorded Investment |  | Post-Modification Recorded Investment
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Troubled debt restructurings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | 3 |  | $ | 1,208 |  |  | $ | 1,143 |  |  | 3 |  | $ | 1,209 |  |  | $ | 1,188 |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | 4 |  | 445 |  |  | 256 |  |  | 5 |  | 1,150 |  |  | 904 |
Land development |  | 2 |  | 5,834 |  |  | 3,828 |  |  | 2 |  | 5,853 |  |  | 4,393 |
Construction |  | 1 |  | 201 |  |  | 184 |  |  | 1 |  | 181 |  |  | 200 |
Multi-family |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  | 184 |  |  | 2 |
1-4 family |  | 14 |  | 1,795 |  |  | 1,607 |  |  | 15 |  | 2,035 |  |  | 1,869 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 9 |  | 7,782 |  |  | 6,195 |  |  | 10 |  | 7,572 |  |  | 8,330 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 4 |  | 461 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 4 |  | 461 |  |  | 349 |
Other |  | 1 |  | 2,076 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 1 |  | 2,076 |  |  | 655 |
Total |  | 38 |  | $ | 19,802 |  |  | $ | 14,005 |  |  | 42 |  | $ | 20,721 |  |  | $ | 17,890 |

All loans and leases modified as a troubled debt restructuring are evaluated for impairment. The nature and extent of the impairment of restructured loans, including those which have experienced a default, is considered in the determination of an appropriate level of the allowance for loan and lease losses.
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Corporation’s troubled debt restructurings grouped by type of concession were as follows:

|  | As of June 30, 2016 |  | As of December 31, 2015
|  | Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment |  | Number of Loans |  | Recorded Investment
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Extension of term |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | 1 |  |  | $ | 24 |
Interest rate concession |  | 1 |  |  | 53 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 55 |
Combination of extension of term and interest rate concession |  | 22 |  |  | 6,949 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 8,477 |
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Combination of extension of term and interest rate concession |  | 9 |  |  | 6,195 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 8,330 |
Consumer and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Extension of term |  | 1 |  |  | 535 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 655 |
Combination of extension of term and interest rate concession |  | 4 |  |  | 257 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 349 |
Total |  | 38 |  |  | $ | 14,005 |  |  | 42 |  |  | $ | 17,890 |

During the six months ended June 30, 2016, two commercial and industrial loans defaulted, both of which had been modified in a troubled debt restructuring during the previous twelve months. The total recorded investment of the loans was $5.7 million.
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The following represents additional information regarding the Corporation’s impaired loans and leases by class:

|  | Impaired Loans and Leases
|  | As of and for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
|  | Recorded investment |  | Unpaid principal balance |  | Impairment reserve |  | Average recorded investment(1) |  | Foregone interest income |  | Interest income recognized |  | Net foregone interest income
|  | (In Thousands)
With no impairment reserve recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 3,240 |  |  | $ | 3,240 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,274 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 87 |
Non-owner occupied |  | 1,970 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 728 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Land development |  | 3,829 |  |  | 6,499 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |
Construction |  | 122 |  |  | 122 |  |  | — |  |  | 293 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 134 |  |  | (133 | )
1-4 family |  | 2,025 |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,483 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (39 | )
Commercial and industrial |  | 3,103 |  |  | 3,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 239 |  |  | 45 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 27 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 258 |  |  | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | 447 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Other |  | 535 |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | — |  |  | 626 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
Total |  | 15,082 |  |  | 18,458 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,248 |  |  | 332 |  |  | 246 |  |  | 86 |
With impairment reserve recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 621 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 629 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18 |
Non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction |  | 157 |  |  | 157 |  | — |  | 41 |  |  | 192 |  | — |  | 3 |  | — |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
1-4 family |  | 844 |  |  | 849 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 695 |  |  | 14 |  |  | — |  |  | 14 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 6,764 |  |  | 6,764 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 6,731 |  |  | 302 |  |  | — |  |  | 302 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 8,386 |  |  | 8,391 |  |  | 3,048 |  |  | 8,247 |  |  | 337 |  |  | — |  |  | 337 |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 3,861 |  |  | $ | 3,861 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 2,903 |  |  | $ | 105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 105 |
Non-owner occupied |  | 1,970 |  |  | 2,010 |  |  | — |  |  | 728 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 36 |
Land development |  | 3,829 |  |  | 6,499 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,146 |  |  | 57 |  |  | — |  |  | 57 |
Construction |  | 279 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 41 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | 7 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 134 |  |  | (133 | )
1-4 family |  | 2,869 |  |  | 2,874 |  |  | 114 |  |  | 3,178 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (25 | )
Commercial and industrial |  | 9,867 |  |  | 9,867 |  |  | 2,884 |  |  | 6,970 |  |  | 347 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 329 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 258 |  |  | 258 |  |  | — |  |  | 447 |  |  | 8 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Other |  | 535 |  |  | 1,201 |  |  | — |  |  | 626 |  |  | 39 |  |  | — |  |  | 39 |
Grand total |  | $ | 23,468 |  |  | $ | 26,849 |  |  | $ | 3,048 |  |  | $ | 19,495 |  |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 423 |

(1) | Average recorded investment is calculated primarily using daily average balances.

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|  | Impaired Loans and Leases
|  | As of and for Year Ended December 31, 2015
|  | Recorded investment |  | Unpaid principal balance |  | Impairment reserve |  | Average recorded investment(1) |  | Foregone interest income |  | Interest income recognized |  | Net Foregone Interest Income
|  | (In Thousands)
With no impairment reserve recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 2,164 |  |  | $ | 2,164 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 712 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Non-owner occupied |  | 2,314 |  |  | 2,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 962 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Land development |  | 4,413 |  |  | 7,083 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,333 |  |  | 133 |  |  | — |  |  | 133 |
Construction |  | 120 |  |  | 120 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 474 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Multi-family |  | 2 |  |  | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
1-4 family |  | 2,423 |  |  | 2,486 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | 82 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 78 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 2,546 |  |  | 2,590 |  |  | — |  |  | 544 |  |  | 172 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 166 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 500 |  |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 390 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 63 |  |  | (40 | )
Other |  | 655 |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | — |  |  | 688 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |
Total |  | 15,175 |  |  | 19,026 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,721 |  |  | 597 |  |  | 85 |  |  | 512 |
With impairment reserve recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 814 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 215 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | 5 |
Non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Land development |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction |  | 397 |  |  | 397 |  | — |  | 48 |  | — |  | 34 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
1-4 family |  | 945 |  |  | 950 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 605 |  |  | 34 |  |  | — |  |  | 34 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 6,603 |  |  | 6,603 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 810 |  |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 102 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 99 |  |  | 99 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total |  | 8,858 |  |  | 8,863 |  |  | 1,113 |  |  | 1,722 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 151 |
Total: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 2,978 |  |  | $ | 2,978 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 927 |  |  | $ | 60 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 46 |
Non-owner occupied |  | 2,314 |  |  | 2,355 |  |  | — |  |  | 962 |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |
Land development |  | 4,413 |  |  | 7,083 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,333 |  |  | 133 |  |  | — |  |  | 133 |
Construction |  | 517 |  |  | 517 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 508 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Multi-family |  | 2 |  |  | 369 |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 27 |  |  | — |  |  | 27 |
1-4 family |  | 3,368 |  |  | 3,436 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 2,209 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 112 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 9,149 |  |  | 9,193 |  |  | 847 |  |  | 1,354 |  |  | 274 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 268 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | 38 |  |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 599 |  |  | 599 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 448 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 63 |  |  | (30 | )
Other |  | 655 |  |  | 1,321 |  |  | — |  |  | 688 |  |  | 82 |  |  | — |  |  | 82 |
Grand total |  | $ | 24,033 |  |  | $ | 27,889 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |  |  | $ | 11,443 |  |  | $ | 750 |  |  | $ | 87 |  |  | $ | 663 |

(1) | Average recorded investment is calculated primarily using daily average balances.

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The difference between the loans and leases recorded investment and the unpaid principal balance of $3.4 million and $3.9 million as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 represents partial charge-offs resulting from confirmed losses due to the value of the collateral securing the loans and leases being below the carrying values of the loans and leases. Impaired loans and leases also included $788,000 and $1.7 million of loans as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 that were performing troubled debt restructurings, and thus, although not on non-accrual, were reported as impaired, due to the concession in terms. When a loan is placed on non-accrual, interest accrual is discontinued and previously accrued but uncollected interest is deducted from interest income. Cash payments collected on non-accrual loans are first applied to such loan’s principal. Foregone interest represents the interest that was contractually due on the loan but not received or recorded. To the extent the amount of principal on a non-accrual loan is fully collected and additional cash is received, the Corporation will recognize interest income.
To determine the level and composition of the allowance for loan and lease losses, the Corporation breaks out the portfolio by segments and risk ratings. First, the Corporation evaluates loans and leases for potential impairment classification. The Corporation analyzes each loan and lease determined to be impaired on an individual basis to determine a specific reserve based upon the estimated value of the underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans, or alternatively, the present value of expected cash flows. The Corporation applies historical trends from established risk factors to each category of loans and leases that has not been individually evaluated for the purpose of establishing the general portion of the allowance.
A summary of the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses by portfolio segment is as follows:

|  | As of and for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016
|  | Commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial loans and leases |  | Consumer and other |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 11,220 |  |  | $ | 4,387 |  |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 16,316 |
Charge-offs |  | (935 | ) |  | (652 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (1,594 | )
Recoveries |  | 139 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 145 |
Provision |  | 1,012 |  |  | 2,280 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 3,287 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 11,436 |  |  | $ | 6,017 |  |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 18,154 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 2,884 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,007 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 11,272 |  |  | $ | 3,133 |  |  | $ | 701 |  |  | $ | 15,106 |
Ending balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | $ | 41 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 41 |
Loans and lease receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance, gross |  | $ | 939,780 |  |  | $ | 486,995 |  |  | $ | 26,115 |  |  | $ | 1,452,890 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 11,083 |  |  | $ | 9,698 |  |  | $ | 604 |  |  | $ | 21,385 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 926,972 |  |  | $ | 477,128 |  |  | $ | 25,322 |  |  | $ | 1,429,422 |
Ending balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | $ | 1,725 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | 189 |  |  | $ | 2,083 |
Allowance as % of gross loans |  | 1.22 | % |  | 1.24 | % |  | 2.68 | % |  | 1.25 | %

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|  | As of and for Year Ended December 31, 2015
|  | Commercial real estate |  | Commercial and industrial loans and leases |  | Consumer and other |  | Total
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 8,619 |  |  | $ | 5,492 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 14,329 |
Charge-offs |  | (793 | ) |  | (711 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | (1,513 | )
Recoveries |  | 104 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 114 |
Provision |  | 3,290 |  |  | (400 | ) |  | 496 |  |  | 3,386 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 11,220 |  |  | $ | 4,387 |  |  | $ | 709 |  |  | $ | 16,316 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 240 |  |  | $ | 847 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 1,113 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 10,980 |  |  | $ | 3,540 |  |  | $ | 683 |  |  | $ | 15,203 |
Ending balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Loans and lease receivables: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance, gross |  | $ | 904,185 |  |  | $ | 503,286 |  |  | $ | 24,556 |  |  | $ | 1,432,027 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 10,849 |  |  | $ | 8,942 |  |  | $ | 1,061 |  |  | $ | 20,852 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 890,594 |  |  | $ | 494,098 |  |  | $ | 23,495 |  |  | $ | 1,408,187 |
Ending balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality |  | $ | 2,742 |  |  | $ | 246 |  |  | $ | 193 |  |  | $ | 3,181 |
Allowance as % of gross loans |  | 1.24 | % |  | 0.87 | % |  | 2.89 | % |  | 1.14 | %

Note 6 — Deposits
The composition of deposits at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is shown below. Average balances represent year-to-date averages.

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | Balance |  | Average balance |  | Weighted average rate |  | Balance |  | Average balance |  | Weighted average rate
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Non-interest-bearing transaction accounts |  | $ | 243,370 |  |  | $ | 237,449 |  |  | — | % |  | $ | 231,199 |  |  | $ | 211,945 |  |  | — | %
Interest-bearing transaction accounts |  | 151,865 |  |  | 154,944 |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | 165,921 |  |  | 125,558 |  |  | 0.24 |
Money market accounts |  | 671,420 |  |  | 660,189 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | 612,642 |  |  | 602,842 |  |  | 0.55 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 64,235 |  |  | 69,391 |  |  | 0.83 |  |  | 79,986 |  |  | 106,177 |  |  | 0.78 |
Wholesale deposits |  | 477,054 |  |  | 484,491 |  |  | 1.63 |  |  | 487,483 |  |  | 450,460 |  |  | 1.43 |
Total deposits |  | $ | 1,607,944 |  |  | $ | 1,606,464 |  |  | 0.76 |  |  | $ | 1,577,231 |  |  | $ | 1,496,982 |  |  | 0.73 |

Note 7 — FHLB Advances, Other Borrowings and Junior Subordinated Notes Payable
The composition of borrowed funds at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is shown below. Average balances represent year-to-date averages.

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | Balance |  | Average balance |  | Weighted average rate |  | Balance |  | Average balance |  | Weighted average rate
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Federal funds purchased |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 151 |  |  | 0.91 | % |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 237 |  |  | 0.86 | %
FHLB advances and other borrowings |  | 7,490 |  |  | 12,650 |  |  | 1.72 |  |  | 9,790 |  |  | 15,457 |  |  | 1.14 |
Senior line of credit |  | 3,610 |  |  | 3,441 |  |  | 3.23 |  |  | 2,510 |  |  | 1,619 |  |  | 3.18 |
Subordinated notes payable |  | 22,470 |  |  | 22,453 |  |  | 7.14 |  |  | 22,440 |  |  | 22,410 |  |  | 7.14 |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 9,997 |  |  | 9,993 |  |  | 11.10 |  |  | 9,990 |  |  | 9,982 |  |  | 11.14 |
|  | $ | 43,567 |  |  | $ | 48,688 |  |  | 6.28 |  |  | $ | 44,730 |  |  | $ | 49,705 |  |  | 5.94 |
Short-term borrowings |  | $ | 5,610 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,010 |  |  |  |  |
Long-term borrowings |  | 37,957 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37,720 |  |  |  |  |
|  | $ | 43,567 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 44,730 |  |  |  |  |

As of June 30, 2016, the Corporation was in compliance with its debt covenants under its third-party secured senior line of credit. Per the promissory note dated February 19, 2016, the Corporation pays a commitment fee on this senior line of credit. During the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, the Corporation incurred additional interest expense due to this fee of $6,600 and $6,400, respectively.
Note 8 — Fair Value Disclosures
The Corporation determines the fair values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in ASC Topic 820, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received in an orderly transaction that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale at the measurement date and is based on exit prices. Fair value includes assumptions about risk such as nonperformance risk in liability fair values and is a market-based measurement, not an entity-specific measurement. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value.
Level 1 — Level 1 inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Corporation has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 — Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included with Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
Level 3 — Level 3 inputs are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Corporation’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, segregated by fair value hierarchy level, are summarized below:

|  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |
June 30, 2016 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (In Thousands)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,170 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,170 |
Asset backed securities |  | — |  |  | 1,173 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,173 |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | 7,341 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,341 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | — |  |  | 35,768 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,768 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | 87,240 |  |  | — |  |  | 87,240 |
Interest rate swaps |  | — |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,182 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,182 |

|  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  |
December 31, 2015 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
|  | (In Thousands)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Municipal obligations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,283 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,283 |
Asset backed securities |  | — |  |  | 1,269 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,269 |
U.S. Government agency obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | 8,017 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,017 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government issued |  | — |  |  | 44,543 |  |  | — |  |  | 44,543 |
Collateralized mortgage obligations - government-sponsored enterprises |  | — |  |  | 82,436 |  |  | — |  |  | 82,436 |
Interest rate swaps |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate swaps |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 552 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 552 |

For assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, there were no transfers between the levels during the six months ended June 30, 2016 or the year ended December 31, 2015 related to the above measurements.
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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, segregated by fair value hierarchy are summarized below:

|  | Balance at |  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  | Total Gains (Losses)
|  | June 30, 2016 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
|  | (In Thousands)
Impaired loans |  | $ | 13,697 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 10,782 |  |  | $ | 2,915 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreclosed properties |  | 1,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,548 |  |  | — |  |  | (23 | )
Loan servicing rights |  | 2,025 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,025 |  |  | — |

|  | Balance at |  | Fair Value Measurements Using |  | Total Gains (Losses)
|  | December 31, 2015 |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |
|  | (In Thousands)
Impaired loans |  | $ | 17,763 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,518 |  |  | $ | 6,245 |  |  | $ | — |
Foreclosed properties |  | 1,677 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,677 |  |  | — |  |  | (36 | )
Loan servicing rights |  | 1,563 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | — |

Impaired loans were written down to the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell of $13.7 million and $17.8 million at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, through the establishment of specific reserves or by recording charge-offs when the carrying value exceeded the fair value of the underlying collateral of impaired loans. Valuation techniques consistent with the market approach, income approach, or cost approach were used to measure fair value and primarily included observable inputs for the individual impaired loans being evaluated such as current appraisals, recent sales of similar assets or other observable market data, and are reflected within Level 2 of the hierarchy. In cases where an input is unobservable, specifically when discounts are applied to appraisal values to adjust such values to current market conditions or to reflect net realizable value, the impaired loan balance is reflected within Level 3 of the hierarchy. The quantification of unobservable inputs for Level 3 impaired loan values range from 15% - 93%. The weighted average of those unobservable inputs as of the measurement date of June 30, 2016 was 61%. The majority of the impaired loans in the Level 3 category are considered collateral dependent loans.
Loan servicing rights represent the asset retained upon sale of the guaranteed portion of certain SBA loans. When SBA loans are sold, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in gains on sales of loans. The servicing rights are subsequently measured using the amortization method, which requires amortization into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans.
The Corporation periodically reviews this portfolio for impairment and engages a third-party valuation firm to assess the fair value of the overall servicing rights portfolio. Loan servicing rights do not trade in an active, open market with readily observable prices. While sales of loan servicing rights do occur, the precise terms and conditions typically are not readily available to allow for a “quoted price for similar assets” comparison. Accordingly, the Corporation utilizes an independent valuation from a third party which uses a discounted cash flow model to estimate the fair value of its loan servicing rights. The valuation model incorporates prepayment assumptions to project loan servicing rights cash flows based on the current interest rate scenario, which is then discounted to estimate an expected fair value of the loan servicing rights. The valuation model considers portfolio characteristics of the underlying serviced portion of the SBA loans and uses the following significant unobservable inputs: (1) constant prepayment rate (“CPR”) assumptions based on the SBA sold pools historical CPR as quoted in Bloomberg and (2) a discount rate of 10%. Due to the nature of the valuation inputs, loan servicing rights are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the estimated fair value of the Corporation’s loan servicing asset was $2.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively.
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Foreclosed properties, upon initial recognition, are re-measured and reported at fair value through a charge-off to the allowance for loan and lease losses, if deemed necessary, based upon the fair value of the foreclosed property. The fair value of a foreclosed property, upon initial recognition, is estimated using a market approach or Level 2 inputs based on observable market data, typically a current appraisal, or Level 3 inputs based upon assumptions specific to the individual property or equipment. Level 3 inputs typically include unobservable inputs such as management-applied discounts used to further reduce values to a net realizable value and may be used in situations when observable inputs become stale. Foreclosed property fair value inputs may transition to Level 1 upon receipt of an accepted offer for the sale of the related foreclosed property.
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were no foreclosed properties supported by a Level 3 valuation. Subsequent impairments of foreclosed properties are recorded as a loss on foreclosed properties. Based upon an evaluation of value of certain of the Corporation’s foreclosed properties, there were $23,000 impairment losses recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2016. The activity of the Corporation’s foreclosed properties is summarized as follows:

| As of and for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 |  | As of and for Year Ended December 31, 2015
| (In Thousands)
Foreclosed properties at the beginning of the period | $ | 1,677 |  |  | $ | 1,693 |
Loans transferred to foreclosed properties, at lower of cost or fair value | — |  |  | 341 |
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed properties | (36 | ) |  | (528 | )
Net (loss) gain on sale of foreclosed properties | (70 | ) |  | 207 |
Impairment valuation | (23 | ) |  | (36 | )
Foreclosed properties at the end of the period | $ | 1,548 |  |  | $ | 1,677 |

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The Corporation is required to disclose estimated fair values for its financial instruments. Fair value estimates, methods, and assumptions, consistent with exit price concepts for fair value measurements, are set forth below:

|  | June 30, 2016
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
|  |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (In Thousands)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 131,611 |  |  | $ | 131,620 |  |  | $ | 120,066 |  |  | $ | 4,704 |  |  | $ | 6,850 |
Securities available-for-sale |  | 137,692 |  |  | 137,692 |  |  | — |  |  | 137,692 |  |  | — |
Securities held-to-maturity |  | 36,167 |  |  | 37,009 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,009 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 5,548 |  |  | 5,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,548 |  |  | — |
Loans and lease receivables, net |  | 1,433,661 |  |  | 1,474,444 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,765 |  |  | 1,462,679 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock |  | 2,163 |  |  | 2,163 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,163 |
Cash surrender value of life insurance |  | 28,784 |  |  | 28,784 |  |  | 28,784 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 4,599 |  |  | 4,599 |  |  | 4,599 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps |  | 1,182 |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,607,944 |  |  | $ | 1,615,888 |  |  | $ | 1,066,655 |  |  | $ | 549,233 |  |  | $ | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other borrowings |  | 33,570 |  |  | 34,639 |  |  | — |  |  | 34,639 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 9,997 |  |  | 6,607 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,607 |
Interest rate swaps |  | 1,182 |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,182 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable |  | 1,760 |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | 1,760 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Off-balance-sheet items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standby letters of credit |  | 48 |  |  | 48 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 48 |

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|  | December 31, 2015
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
|  |  |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
|  | (In Thousands)
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 113,564 |  |  | $ | 113,564 |  |  | $ | 100,063 |  |  | $ | 4,451 |  |  | $ | 9,050 |
Securities available-for-sale |  | 140,548 |  |  | 140,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 140,548 |  |  | — |
Securities held-to-maturity |  | 37,282 |  |  | 37,558 |  |  | — |  |  | 37,558 |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale |  | 2,702 |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,702 |  |  | — |
Loans and lease receivables, net |  | 1,414,649 |  |  | 1,445,773 |  |  | — |  |  | 11,518 |  |  | 1,434,255 |
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock |  | 2,843 |  |  | 2,843 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,843 |
Cash surrender value of life insurance |  | 28,298 |  |  | 28,298 |  |  | 28,298 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 4,412 |  |  | 4,412 |  |  | 4,412 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Interest rate swaps |  | 552 |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | $ | 1,577,231 |  |  | $ | 1,577,838 |  |  | $ | 1,009,762 |  |  | $ | 568,076 |  |  | $ | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank and other borrowings |  | 34,740 |  |  | 35,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,353 |  |  | — |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 9,990 |  |  | 6,614 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6,614 |
Interest rate swaps |  | 552 |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |  |  | 552 |  |  | — |
Accrued interest payable |  | 1,766 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | 1,766 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Off-balance-sheet items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Standby letters of credit |  | 183 |  |  | 183 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 183 |

Disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, for which it is practicable to estimate that value, is required whether or not recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. In that regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, could not be realized in immediate settlement of the instruments. Certain financial instruments and all non-financial instruments are excluded from the disclosure requirements. Accordingly, the aggregate fair value amounts presented do not necessarily represent the underlying value of the Corporation.
Cash and cash equivalents: The carrying amounts reported for cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits held by the Corporation, accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate fair value because of their immediate availability and because they do not present unanticipated credit concerns. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Corporation held $6.9 million and $9.1 million, respectively, of commercial paper. The fair value of commercial paper is classified as a Level 3 input due to the lack of available independent pricing sources. The carrying value of brokered certificates of deposit purchased is equivalent to the purchase price of the instruments as the Corporation has not elected a fair value option for these instruments. The fair value of brokered certificates of deposits purchased is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows using a discount rate reflective of rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Corporation held $4.7 million and $4.5 million, respectively, of brokered certificates of deposits.
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Securities: The fair value measurements of investment securities are determined by a third-party pricing service which considers observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the securities’ terms and conditions, among other things. The fair value measurements are subject to independent verification to another pricing source on a quarterly basis to review for reasonableness. Any significant differences in pricing are reviewed with appropriate members of management who have the relevant technical expertise to assess the results. The Corporation has determined that these valuations are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. When the independent pricing service does not provide a fair value measurement for a particular security, the Corporation will estimate the fair value based on specific information about each security. Fair values derived in this manner are classified in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale, which consist of residential real estate mortgage loans and the guaranteed portion of SBA loans, are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The estimated fair value was based on what secondary markets are currently offering for portfolios with similar characteristics.
Loans and Leases: The fair value estimation process for the loan portfolio uses an exit price concept and reflects discounts that the Corporation believes are consistent with liquidity discounts in the market place. Fair values are estimated for portfolios of loans with similar financial characteristics. The fair value of performing and nonperforming loans is calculated by discounting scheduled and expected cash flows through the estimated maturity using estimated market rates that reflect the credit and interest rate risk inherent in the portfolio of loans and then applying a discount factor based upon the embedded credit risk of the loan and the fair value of collateral securing nonperforming loans when the loan is collateral dependent. The estimate of maturity is based on the Banks’ historical experience with repayments for each loan classification, modified, as required, by an estimate of the effect of current economic and lending conditions. Significant unobservable inputs include, but are not limited to, discounts (investor yield premiums) applied to fair value calculations to further determine the exit price value of a portfolio of loans.
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank Stock: The carrying amount of FHLB and FRB stock equals its fair value because the shares may be redeemed by the FHLB and the FRB at their carrying amount of $100 per share.
Cash Surrender Value of Life Insurance: The carrying amount of the cash surrender value of life insurance approximates its fair value as the carrying value represents the current settlement amount.
Deposits: The fair value of deposits with no stated maturity, such as demand deposits and money market accounts, is equal to the amount payable on demand. The fair value of time deposits is based on the discounted value of contractual cash flows. The discount rate is estimated using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities. The fair value estimates do not include the intangible value that results from the funding provided by deposit liabilities compared to borrowing funds in the market.
Borrowed Funds: Market rates currently available to the Corporation and Banks for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities are used to estimate fair value of existing debt.
Interest Rate Swaps: The carrying amount and fair value of existing derivative financial instruments are based upon independent valuation models, which use widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative contract. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The Corporation incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Corporation considers the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees.
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance-Sheet Risks: The fair value of the Corporation’s off-balance-sheet instruments is based on quoted market prices and fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the credit standing of the related counterparty. Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are generally not marketable. Furthermore, interest rates on any amounts drawn under such commitments would generally be established at market rates at the time of the draw. Fair value would principally derive from the present value of fees received for those products.
Limitations: Fair value estimates are made at a discrete point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Corporation’s entire holding of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Corporation’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding future expected loss
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experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and, therefore, cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
Fair value estimates are based on existing balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and are not considered in the estimates.
Note 9 — Derivative Financial Instruments
The Corporation offers interest rate swap products directly to qualified commercial borrowers. The Corporation economically hedges client derivative transactions by entering into offsetting interest rate swap contracts executed with a third party. Derivative transactions executed as part of this program are not designated as accounting hedge relationships and are marked to market through earnings each period. The derivative contracts have mirror-image terms, which results in the positions’ changes in fair value primarily offsetting through earnings each period. The credit risk and risk of non-performance embedded in the fair value calculations is different between the dealer counterparties and the commercial borrowers, which may result in a difference in the changes in the fair value of the mirror-image swaps. The Corporation incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own non-performance risk and the counterparty’s risk in the fair value measurements. When evaluating the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effects of non-performance and credit risk, the Corporation considers the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements such as collateral postings, thresholds and guarantees.
At June 30, 2016, the aggregate amortizing notional value of interest rate swaps with various commercial borrowers was 20.2 million. The Corporation receives fixed rates and pays floating rates based upon LIBOR on the swaps with commercial borrowers. These interest rate swaps mature in August, 2018 through February, 2023. Commercial borrower swaps are completed independently with each borrower and are not subject to master netting arrangements. These commercial borrower swaps were reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a derivative asset of $1.2 million and are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets. In the event of default on a commercial borrower interest rate swap by the counterparty, a right of offset exists to allow the commercial borrower to set off amounts due against the related commercial loan. As of June 30, 2016, no interest rate swaps were in default and therefore all values for the commercial borrower swaps are recorded on a gross basis within the Corporation’s financial position.
At June 30, 2016, the aggregate amortizing notional value of interest rate swaps with dealer counterparties was also 20.2 million. The Corporation pays fixed rates and receives floating rates based upon LIBOR on the swaps with dealer counterparties. These interest rate swaps mature in August, 2018 through February, 2023. Dealer counterparty swaps are subject to master netting agreements among the contracts within each of the Banks and are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as a net derivative liability of $1.2 million, included in accrued interest payable and other liabilities as of June 30, 2016. The gross amount of dealer counterparty swaps was also $1.2 million as no right of offset existed with the dealer counterparty swaps as of June 30, 2016.
The table below provides information about the location and fair value of the Corporation’s derivative instruments as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

|  | Interest Rate Swap Contracts
|  | Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
|  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
|  | (In Thousands)
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
June 30, 2016 |  | Accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | $ | 1,182 |  |  | Accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  | $ | 1,182 |
December 31, 2015 |  | Accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | $ | 552 |  |  | Accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  | $ | 552 |

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No derivative instruments held by the Corporation for the six months ended June 30, 2016 were considered hedging instruments. All changes in the fair value of these instruments are recorded in other non-interest income. Given the mirror-image terms of the outstanding derivative portfolio, the change in fair value for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 had an insignificant impact on the unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income.
Note 10 — Regulatory Capital
The Corporation and the Banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by Federal, State of Wisconsin and State of Kansas banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions on the part of regulators, that if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Banks’ assets, liabilities and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory practices. The Corporation’s and the Banks’ capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors. The Corporation regularly reviews and updates when appropriate its Capital and Liquidity Action Plan (the “Capital Plan”), which is designed to help ensure appropriate capital adequacy, to plan for future capital needs and to ensure that the Corporation serves as a source of financial strength to the Banks. The Corporation’s and the Banks’ Boards of Directors and management teams adhere to the appropriate regulatory guidelines on decisions which affect their respective capital positions, including but not limited to, decisions relating to the payment of dividends and increasing indebtedness.
As a bank holding company, the Corporation’s ability to pay dividends is affected by the policies and enforcement powers of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system (the “Federal Reserve”). Federal Reserve guidance urges companies to strongly consider eliminating, deferring or significantly reducing dividends if: (i) net income available to common shareholders for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid during that period, is not sufficient to fully fund the dividend; (ii) the prospective rate of earnings retention is not consistent with the bank holding company’s capital needs and overall current prospective financial condition; or (iii) the bank holding company will not meet, or is in danger of not meeting, its minimum regulatory capital ratios. Management intends, when appropriate under regulatory guidelines, to consult with the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and provide it with information on the Corporation’s then-current and prospective earnings and capital position in advance of declaring any cash dividends. As a Wisconsin corporation, the Corporation is subject to the limitations of the Wisconsin Business Corporation Law, which prohibit the Corporation from paying dividends if such payment would: (i) render the Corporation unable to pay its debts as they become due in the usual course of business, or (ii) result in the Corporation’s assets being less than the sum of its total liabilities plus the amount needed to satisfy the preferential rights upon dissolution of any stockholders with preferential rights superior to those stockholders receiving the dividend.
The Banks are also subject to certain legal, regulatory and other restrictions on their ability to pay dividends to the Corporation. As a bank holding company, the payment of dividends by the Banks to the Corporation is one of the sources of funds the Corporation could use to pay dividends, if any, in the future and to make other payments. Future dividend decisions by the Banks and the Corporation will continue to be subject to compliance with various legal, regulatory and other restrictions as defined from time to time.
Qualitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Corporation and the Banks to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total, common equity Tier 1 and Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets and of Tier 1 capital to adjusted total assets. These risk-based capital requirements presently address credit risk related to both recorded and off-balance-sheet commitments and obligations. Management believes, as of June 30, 2016, that the Corporation and the Banks met all applicable capital adequacy requirements.
In July 2013, the FRB and the FDIC approved the final rules implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (“BCBS”) capital guidelines for U.S. banks. These rules are applicable to all financial institutions that are subject to minimum capital requirements, including federal and state banks and savings and loan associations, as well as bank and savings and loan holding companies other than “small bank holding companies” (generally non-publicly traded bank holding companies with consolidated assets of less than $1 billion). Under the final rules, minimum requirements will increase for both the quantity and quality of capital held by the Corporation. The rules include a new Common Equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets minimum ratio of 4.5%, raise the minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets from 4.0% to 6.0%, require a minimum ratio of Total Capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, and require a minimum Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. The rules also permit banking organizations with less than $15 billion to retain, through a one-time election, the existing treatment for accumulated other comprehensive income, which would not affect regulatory capital. The Corporation elected to retain this treatment, which reduces the volatility of regulatory capital ratios. A new capital conservation buffer, comprised of common equity Tier 1 capital, is also established above the regulatory minimum capital requirements. This capital conservation buffer
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will be phased in beginning January 1, 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and increase each subsequent year by an additional 0.625% until reaching its final level of 2.5% on January 1, 2019.
The phase-in period for the final rules became effective for the Corporation on January 1, 2015, with full compliance with all of the final rules’ requirements phased in over a multi-year schedule, to be fully phased-in by January 1, 2019. As of June 30, 2016, both the Corporation’s and the Bank’s capital levels remained characterized as well capitalized under the new rules.
The following table summarizes both the Corporation’s and Banks’ capital ratios and the ratios required by their federal regulators at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively:

|  | Actual |  | Minimum Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum Required to Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Requirements
|  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
As of June 30, 2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 196,990 |  |  | 11.44 | % |  | $ | 137,751 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 146,030 |  |  | 11.68 |  |  | 99,986 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | $ | 124,982 |  |  | 10.00 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 22,970 |  |  | 11.30 |  |  | 16,255 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 20,319 |  |  | 10.00 |
Alterra Bank |  | 32,426 |  |  | 12.35 |  |  | 21,008 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 26,260 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 156,364 |  |  | 9.08 | % |  | $ | 103,313 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 133,177 |  |  | 10.66 |  |  | 74,989 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | 99,986 |  |  | 8.00 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 20,974 |  |  | 10.32 |  |  | 12,191 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 16,255 |  |  | 8.00 |
Alterra Bank |  | 29,143 |  |  | 11.10 |  |  | 15,756 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 21,008 |  |  | 8.00 |
Common equity tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 146,367 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | $ | 77,485 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 133,177 |  |  | 10.66 |  |  | 56,242 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | $ | 81,239 |  |  | 6.50 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 20,974 |  |  | 10.32 |  |  | 9,144 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 13,207 |  |  | 6.50 |
Alterra Bank |  | 29,143 |  |  | 11.10 |  |  | 11,817 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 17,069 |  |  | 6.50 |
Tier 1 leverage capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to adjusted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 156,364 |  |  | 8.63 | % |  | $ | 72,516 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 133,177 |  |  | 10.59 |  |  | 50,313 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | $ | 62,892 |  |  | 5.00 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 20,974 |  |  | 6.80 |  |  | 12,338 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 15,423 |  |  | 5.00 |
Alterra Bank |  | 29,143 |  |  | 10.08 |  |  | 11,562 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 14,452 |  |  | 5.00 |

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|  | Actual |  | Minimum Required for Capital Adequacy Purposes |  | Minimum Required to Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Requirements
|  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
As of December 31, 2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 189,163 |  |  | 11.11 | % |  | $ | 136,208 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 141,388 |  |  | 11.12 |  |  | 101,754 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | $ | 127,193 |  |  | 10.00 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 20,931 |  |  | 12.03 |  |  | 13,914 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 17,392 |  |  | 10.00 |
Alterra Bank |  | 30,300 |  |  | 11.39 |  |  | 21,279 |  |  | 8.00 |  |  | 26,598 |  |  | 10.00 |
Tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 149,920 |  |  | 8.81 |  |  | $ | 102,156 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 128,852 |  |  | 10.13 |  |  | 76,316 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | $ | 101,754 |  |  | 8.00 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 19,172 |  |  | 11.02 |  |  | 10,435 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 13,914 |  |  | 8.00 |
Alterra Bank |  | 28,278 |  |  | 10.63 |  |  | 15,959 |  |  | 6.00 |  |  | 21,279 |  |  | 8.00 |
Common equity tier 1 capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to risk-weighted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 139,920 |  |  | 8.22 |  |  | $ | 76,617 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 128,852 |  |  | 10.13 |  |  | 57,237 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | $ | 110,669 |  |  | 6.50 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 19,172 |  |  | 11.02 |  |  | 7,826 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 82,675 |  |  | 6.50 |
Alterra Bank |  | 28,278 |  |  | 10.63 |  |  | 11,969 |  |  | 4.50 |  |  | 11,305 |  |  | 6.50 |
Tier 1 leverage capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(to adjusted assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consolidated |  | $ | 149,920 |  |  | 8.63 |  |  | $ | 69,466 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
First Business Bank |  | 128,852 |  |  | 10.44 |  |  | 49,359 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | $ | 61,698 |  |  | 5.00 | %
First Business Bank — Milwaukee |  | 19,172 |  |  | 7.81 |  |  | 9,821 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 12,276 |  |  | 5.00 |
Alterra Bank |  | 28,278 |  |  | 9.89 |  |  | 11,441 |  |  | 4.00 |  |  | 14,301 |  |  | 5.00 |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
General
Unless otherwise indicated or unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this Report to the “Corporation,” “we,” “us,” “our,” or similar references mean First Business Financial Services, Inc. together with our subsidiaries. “FBB”, “FBB - Milwaukee” and “Alterra” are used to refer to our subsidiaries, First Business Bank, First Business Bank - Milwaukee, and Alterra Bank, respectively, and the “Banks” is used to refer to FBB, FBB - Milwaukee, and Alterra together.
Forward-Looking Statements
When used in this report the words or phrases “may,” “could,” “should,” “hope,” “might,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan,” “assume,” “intend,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “project,” “likely,” or similar expressions are intended to identify “forward-looking statements.” Such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including among other things:

• | Competitive pressures among depository and other financial institutions nationally and in our markets.

• | Adverse changes in local, national and international economic and business conditions.

• | Increases in defaults by borrowers and other delinquencies.

• | Our inability to manage growth effectively, including the successful expansion of our client support, administrative infrastructure and internal management systems.

• | Fluctuations in interest rates and market prices.

• | The consequences of continued bank acquisitions and mergers in our market areas, resulting in fewer but much larger and financially stronger competitors.

• | Changes in legislative or regulatory requirements applicable to us and our subsidiaries.

• | Changes in tax requirements, including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations.

• | System failure or breaches of our network security, including with respect to our internet banking activities.

These risks could cause actual results to differ materially from what we have anticipated or projected. These risk factors and uncertainties should be carefully considered by our shareholders and potential investors. See Item 1A — Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 for discussion relating to risk factors impacting us. Investors should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. The factors described within this Form 10-Q could affect our financial performance and could cause actual results for future periods to differ materially from any opinions or statements expressed with respect to future periods.
Where any such forward-looking statement includes a statement of the assumptions or bases underlying such forward-looking statement, we caution that, while our management believes such assumptions or bases are reasonable and are made in good faith, assumed facts or bases can vary from actual results, and the differences between assumed facts or bases and actual results can be material, depending on the circumstances. Where, in any forward-looking statement, an expectation or belief is expressed as to future results, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there can be no assurance that the statement of expectation or belief will be achieved or accomplished.
We do not intend to, and specifically disclaim any obligation to, update any forward-looking statements.
The following discussion and analysis is intended as a review of significant events and factors affecting our financial condition and results of operations for the periods indicated. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto presented in this Form 10-Q.
Overview
We are a registered bank holding company incorporated under the laws of the State of Wisconsin and are engaged in the commercial banking business through our wholly-owned banking subsidiaries, FBB, FBB-Milwaukee and Alterra. All of our operations are conducted through the Banks and certain subsidiaries of FBB. We operate with a business banking focus delivering a full line of commercial banking products and services tailored to meet the specific needs of small and medium sized businesses, business owners, executives, professionals and high net worth individuals. Our commercial banking products and services include commercial lending, SBA lending, asset-based lending, equipment financing, factoring, residential mortgage lending, trust and investment services, treasury management services and a broad range of deposit products. We do not utilize a branch network to attract retail clients. Our operating philosophy incorporates local decision making and local client service from each of our primary banking locations in Madison, Brookfield and Appleton, Wisconsin and Leawood, Kansas combined with the efficiency of centralized administrative functions, such as credit, information technology, marketing,
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compliance, finance and accounting and human resources. We have a niche business banking model and we consistently operate within this model to provide value-added financial solutions to our clients through the high touch service of our experienced staff.
Operational Highlights

• | Total assets increased to $1.819 billion as of June 30, 2016 compared to $1.782 billion as of December 31, 2015.

• | Net income for the three months ended June 30, 2016 was $3.7 million compared to net income of $3.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. Net income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was $8.3 million compared to net income of $8.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015.

• | Diluted earnings per common share for the three months ended June 30, 2016 were $0.43 compared to diluted earnings per common share of $0.45 for the three months ended June 30, 2015. Diluted earnings per common share for the six months ended June 30, 2016 were $0.95 compared to diluted earnings per common share of $0.93 for the six months ended June 30, 2015.

• | Net interest margin decreased by two basis points to 3.59% for the three months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 3.61% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. Net interest margin decreased by 11 basis points to 3.59% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 3.70% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Excluding the impact of net accretion/amortization on purchase accounting adjustments on Alterra balances in both quarters, net interest margin measured 3.53% for the six months ended June 30, 2016, improving six basis points from 3.47% for the same time period in 2015.

• | Top line revenue, the sum of net interest income and non-interest income, increased 17.7% to $21.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $18.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, top line revenue increased 12.4% to $41.7 million as compared to $37.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015.

• | Annualized return on average assets (“ROAA”) and return on average equity (“ROAE”) were 0.81% and 9.43%, respectively, for the three-month period ended June 30, 2016, compared to 0.93% and 10.73%, respectively, for the same time period in 2015. ROAA and ROAE were 0.91% and 10.55%, respectively, for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.96% and 11.35%, respectively, for the same time period in 2015.

• | Our efficiency ratio was 61.5% for the three months end June 30, 2016, compared to 65.3% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. For the six months ended June 30, 2016 our efficiency ratio was 61.9% compared to 63.9% for the same time period in 2015.

• | Our effective tax rate was 30.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2016, compared to 33.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. For the six months ended June 30, 2016 our effective tax rate was 32.6%, compared to 33.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2015.

• | Our provision for loan and lease losses was $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $520,000 for the same period in the prior year. Provision for loan and lease losses was $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $1.2 million for the comparable period in 2015.

• | Allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of gross loans and leases was 1.25% at June 30, 2016 compared to 1.14% at December 31, 2015.

• | Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets was 1.33% at June 30, 2016 compared to 1.35% at December 31, 2015.

• | Non-accrual loans increased by $382,000, or 1.7%, to $22.7 million at June 30, 2016 from $22.3 million at December 31, 2015.

• | Net charge-offs of $1.3 million represented 0.35% of annualized average loans and leases for the three months ended June 30, 2016, compared to 0.00% for the three months end June 30, 2015. Net charge-offs of $1.4 million represented 0.20% of annualized average gross loans and leases for the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to $334,000 and 0.05% for the six months ended June 30, 2015.

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Results of Operations
Top Line Revenue
Top line revenue, consisting of net interest income and non-interest income, increased 17.7% and 12.4% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, respectively, compared to the same periods in the prior year. The increase is primarily due to loan growth, stable net interest margin exclusive of purchase accounting and greater than expected SBA loan production. The increase in net interest income was partially offset by the diminishing impact of purchase accounting accretion/amortization when compared to the same period in the prior year. The components of top line revenue were as follows:

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Change |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Change
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Net interest income |  | $ | 15,741 |  |  | $ | 14,188 |  |  | 10.9 | % |  | $ | 31,279 |  |  | $ | 29,118 |  |  | 7.4 | %
Non-interest income |  | 5,823 |  |  | 4,126 |  |  | 41.1 |  |  | 10,416 |  |  | 7,974 |  |  | 30.6 |
Total top line revenue |  | $ | 21,564 |  |  | $ | 18,314 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | $ | 41,695 |  |  | $ | 37,092 |  |  | 12.4 |

Return on Average Assets and Return on Average Equity
ROAA for the three months ended June 30, 2016 decreased to 0.81% compared to 0.93% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. ROAA for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was 0.91% compared to 0.96% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The decline in ROAA for both time periods presented was primarily due to an increase in loan loss provision, partially offset by positive operating leverage. We define operating leverage as the percentage change in operating revenue less the percentage change in operating expenses. ROAA is a critical metric used by us to measure the profitability of our organization and how efficiently our assets are deployed. It is a measurement that allows us to better benchmark our profitability to our peers without the need to consider different degrees of leverage which can ultimately influence return on equity measures.
ROAE for the three months ended June 30, 2016 was 9.43% compared to 10.73% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. ROAE for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was 10.55% compared to 11.35% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The decline in ROAE for both time periods presented was primarily due to an increase in loan loss provision, partially offset by positive operating leverage. We view ROAE to be an important measure of profitability, and we continue to focus on improving our return to our shareholders by enhancing the overall profitability of our client relationships, controlling our expenses and minimizing our credit costs.
Efficiency Ratio
Efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure representing non-interest expense excluding the effects of losses or gains on foreclosed properties, amortization of other intangible assets and other discrete items, if any, divided by total operating revenue, which is equal to net interest income plus non-interest income less realized gains or losses on securities, if any.
The Company achieved positive operating leverage for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 resulting in the improvement of the efficiency ratio to 61.49%, compared to 65.28% for the three months ended June 30, 2015 and 61.95% for the six months end June 30, 2016, compared to 63.85% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Management expects the efficiency ratio to trend towards the Company’s long-term objective of 60%, reflecting revenue growth and operating efficiencies achieved through previous and ongoing investments.
We believe the efficiency ratio allows investors and analysts to better assess the Corporation’s operating expenses in relation to its operating revenue by removing the volatility that is associated with certain one-time and other discrete items. The information provided below reconciles the efficiency ratio to its most comparable GAAP measure.
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Please refer to the Non-Interest Expense section below for discussion on the primary drivers of the year-over-year decrease in the efficiency ratio.

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Change |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | Change
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Total non-interest expense |  | $ | 13,458 |  |  | $ | 11,974 |  |  | 12.4 | % |  | $ | 26,156 |  |  | $ | 23,706 |  |  | 10.3 | %
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss (gain) on foreclosed properties |  | 93 |  |  | 1 |  |  | NM |  |  | 93 |  |  | (15 | ) |  | NM |
Amortization of other intangible assets |  | 16 |  |  | 18 |  |  | (11.1 | ) |  | 32 |  |  | 36 |  |  | (11.1 | )
Amortization of tax credit investments |  | 94 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | 206 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Total operating expense |  | $ | 13,255 |  |  | $ | 11,955 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 25,825 |  |  | $ | 23,685 |  |  | 9.0 |
Net interest income |  | $ | 15,741 |  |  | $ | 14,188 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 31,279 |  |  | $ | 29,118 |  |  | 7.4 |
Total non-interest income |  | 5,823 |  |  | 4,126 |  |  | 41.1 |  |  | 10,416 |  |  | 7,974 |  |  | 30.6 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on sale of securities |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  | 7 |  |  | — |  |  | NM |
Total operating revenue |  | $ | 21,557 |  |  | $ | 18,314 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | $ | 41,688 |  |  | $ | 37,092 |  |  | 12.4 |
Efficiency ratio |  | 61.49 | % |  | 65.28 | % |  | (3.79 | ) |  | 61.95 | % |  | 63.85 | % |  | (1.90 | )

NM = Not meaningful
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Net Interest Income
Net interest income levels depend on the amount of and yield on interest-earning assets as compared to the amount of and rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is sensitive to changes in market rates of interest and the asset/liability management processes to prepare for and respond to such changes.
The following table provides information with respect to (1) the change in net interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume) and (2) the change in net interest income attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period of 2015. The change in net interest income attributable to changes in rate and volume (changes in rate multiplied by changes in volume) has been allocated to the rate and volume changes in proportion to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.

|  | Increase (Decrease) for the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | Increase (Decrease) for the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 Compared to 2015 |  | 2016 Compared to 2015
|  | Rate |  | Volume |  | Net |  | Rate |  | Volume |  | Net
|  | (In Thousands)
Interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate and other mortgage loans(1) |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 1,287 |  |  | $ | 1,308 |  |  | $ | (378 | ) |  | $ | 2,547 |  |  | $ | 2,169 |
Commercial and industrial loans(1) |  | 246 |  |  | 446 |  |  | 692 |  |  | (162 | ) |  | 1,112 |  |  | 950 |
Direct financing leases |  | (2 | ) |  | 15 |  |  | 13 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (27 | )
Consumer and other loans |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 42 |  |  | 46 |
Total loans and leases receivable |  | 265 |  |  | 1,756 |  |  | 2,021 |  |  | (557 | ) |  | 3,695 |  |  | 3,138 |
Mortgage-related securities |  | (22 | ) |  | (54 | ) |  | (76 | ) |  | (42 | ) |  | (98 | ) |  | (140 | )
Other investment securities |  | (3 | ) |  | 13 |  |  | 10 |  |  | (5 | ) |  | 24 |  |  | 19 |
FHLB and FRB Stock |  | 2 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | (1 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (2 | ) |  | 2 |
Short-term investments |  | 16 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 81 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 140 |
Total net change in income on interest-earning assets |  | 258 |  |  | 1,777 |  |  | 2,035 |  |  | (536 | ) |  | 3,695 |  |  | 3,159 |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction accounts |  | (14 | ) |  | 22 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (12 | ) |  | 51 |  |  | 39 |
Money market accounts |  | (65 | ) |  | 92 |  |  | 27 |  |  | (117 | ) |  | 119 |  |  | 2 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 23 |  |  | (98 | ) |  | (75 | ) |  | 54 |  |  | (199 | ) |  | (145 | )
Wholesale deposits |  | 325 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 485 |  |  | 602 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 1,032 |
Total deposits |  | 269 |  |  | 176 |  |  | 445 |  |  | 527 |  |  | 401 |  |  | 928 |
FHLB advances |  | 14 |  |  | (14 | ) |  | — |  |  | 16 |  |  | (21 | ) |  | (5 | )
Other borrowings |  | (20 | ) |  | 58 |  |  | 38 |  |  | (43 | ) |  | 116 |  |  | 73 |
Junior subordinated notes |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total net change in expense on interest-bearing liabilities |  | 263 |  |  | 220 |  |  | 483 |  |  | 500 |  |  | 496 |  |  | 996 |
Net change in net interest income |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | 1,557 |  |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | (1,036 | ) |  | $ | 3,199 |  |  | $ | 2,163 |

(1) | Includes loans held for sale.

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The tables below shows our average balances, interest, average yields/rates, net interest margin and the spread between the combined average yields earned on interest-earning assets and average rates on interest-bearing liabilities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. The average balances are derived from average daily balances.

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Average balance |  | Interest |  | Average yield/rate(4) |  | Average balance |  | Interest |  | Average yield/rate(4)
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate and other mortgage loans(1) |  | $ | 933,681 |  |  | $ | 10,980 |  |  | 4.70 | % |  | $ | 824,250 |  |  | $ | 9,672 |  |  | 4.69 | %
Commercial and industrial loans(1) |  | 469,888 |  |  | 7,100 |  |  | 6.04 |  |  | 439,986 |  |  | 6,408 |  |  | 5.83 |
Direct financing leases(1) |  | 30,977 |  |  | 355 |  |  | 4.58 |  |  | 29,631 |  |  | 342 |  |  | 4.62 |
Consumer and other loans(1) |  | 25,675 |  |  | 266 |  |  | 4.14 |  |  | 24,888 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 4.15 |
Total loans and leases receivable(1) |  | 1,460,221 |  |  | 18,701 |  |  | 5.12 |  |  | 1,318,755 |  |  | 16,680 |  |  | 5.06 |
Mortgage-related securities(2) |  | 142,443 |  |  | 556 |  |  | 1.56 |  |  | 156,137 |  |  | 632 |  |  | 1.62 |
Other investment securities(3) |  | 32,169 |  |  | 126 |  |  | 1.57 |  |  | 28,912 |  |  | 116 |  |  | 1.60 |
FHLB and FRB stock |  | 2,485 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 3.06 |  |  | 2,926 |  |  | 20 |  |  | 2.73 |
Short-term investments |  | 117,180 |  |  | 153 |  |  | 0.52 |  |  | 66,035 |  |  | 72 |  |  | 0.44 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 1,754,498 |  |  | 19,555 |  |  | 4.46 |  |  | 1,572,765 |  |  | 17,520 |  |  | 4.46 |
Non-interest-earning assets |  | 70,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 92,619 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,825,445 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,665,384 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction accounts |  | $ | 147,095 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 105,582 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 0.24 |
Money market accounts |  | 674,015 |  |  | 868 |  |  | 0.52 |  |  | 605,195 |  |  | 841 |  |  | 0.56 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 65,619 |  |  | 144 |  |  | 0.88 |  |  | 111,192 |  |  | 219 |  |  | 0.79 |
Wholesale deposits |  | 471,707 |  |  | 1,955 |  |  | 1.66 |  |  | 428,080 |  |  | 1,470 |  |  | 1.37 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 1,358,436 |  |  | 3,038 |  |  | 0.89 |  |  | 1,250,049 |  |  | 2,593 |  |  | 0.83 |
FHLB advances |  | 14,338 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 0.86 |  |  | 22,749 |  |  | 31 |  |  | 0.55 |
Other borrowings |  | 28,510 |  |  | 468 |  |  | 6.57 |  |  | 25,032 |  |  | 430 |  |  | 6.87 |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 9,995 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 11.13 |  |  | 9,981 |  |  | 278 |  |  | 11.14 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 1,411,279 |  |  | 3,815 |  |  | 1.08 |  |  | 1,307,811 |  |  | 3,332 |  |  | 1.02 |
Non-interest-bearing demand deposit accounts |  | 246,604 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 205,508 |  |  |  |  |
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities |  | 9,944 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,252 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | 1,667,827 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,521,571 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  | 157,618 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 143,813 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,825,445 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,665,384 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  | $ | 15,740 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,188 |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  | 3.38 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.44 | %
Net interest-earning assets |  | $ | 343,219 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 264,954 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.61 | %
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  | 124.32 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 120.26 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  | 0.81 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.93 |  |  |  |  |
Return on average equity |  | 9.43 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.73 |  |  |  |  |
Average equity to average assets |  | 8.63 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.64 |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expense to average assets |  | 2.95 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.88 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The average balances of loans and leases include non-performing loans and leases and loans held for sale. Interest income related to non-performing loans and leases is recognized when collected. Interest income includes net loan fees collected in lieu of interest.

(2) | Includes amortized cost basis of assets available for sale and held to maturity.

(3) | Yields on tax-exempt municipal obligations are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis in this table.

(4) | Represents annualized yields/rates.

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|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | Average balance |  | Interest |  | Average yield/rate(4) |  | Average balance |  | Interest |  | Average yield/rate(4)
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Interest-earning assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate and other mortgage loans(1) |  | $ | 928,270 |  |  | $ | 21,710 |  |  | 4.68 | % |  | $ | 819,617 |  |  | $ | 19,541 |  |  | 4.77 | %
Commercial and industrial loans(1) |  | 470,196 |  |  | 14,183 |  |  | 6.03 |  |  | 433,379 |  |  | 13,232 |  |  | 6.11 |
Direct financing leases(1) |  | 30,911 |  |  | 698 |  |  | 4.52 |  |  | 31,183 |  |  | 725 |  |  | 4.65 |
Consumer and other loans(1) |  | 26,551 |  |  | 554 |  |  | 4.17 |  |  | 24,501 |  |  | 507 |  |  | 4.14 |
Total loans and leases receivable(1) |  | 1,455,928 |  |  | 37,145 |  |  | 5.10 |  |  | 1,308,680 |  |  | 34,005 |  |  | 5.20 |
Mortgage-related securities(2) |  | 143,671 |  |  | 1,154 |  |  | 1.61 |  |  | 155,735 |  |  | 1,294 |  |  | 1.66 |
Other investment securities(3) |  | 31,748 |  |  | 250 |  |  | 1.57 |  |  | 28,594 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 1.61 |
FHLB and FRB stock |  | 2,643 |  |  | 40 |  |  | 3.03 |  |  | 2,763 |  |  | 38 |  |  | 2.75 |
Short-term investments |  | 109,300 |  |  | 309 |  |  | 0.57 |  |  | 79,410 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 0.43 |
Total interest-earning assets |  | 1,743,290 |  |  | 38,898 |  |  | 4.46 |  |  | 1,575,182 |  |  | 35,736 |  |  | 4.54 |
Non-interest-earning assets |  | 79,657 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 94,002 |  |  |  |  |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,822,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,669,184 |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Transaction accounts |  | $ | 154,944 |  |  | 160 |  |  | 0.21 |  |  | $ | 106,442 |  |  | 121 |  |  | 0.23 |
Money market accounts |  | 660,189 |  |  | 1,696 |  |  | 0.51 |  |  | 615,485 |  |  | 1,694 |  |  | 0.55 |
Certificates of deposit |  | 69,391 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 0.83 |  |  | 117,748 |  |  | 439 |  |  | 0.75 |
Wholesale deposits |  | 484,491 |  |  | 3,941 |  |  | 1.63 |  |  | 426,136 |  |  | 2,908 |  |  | 1.36 |
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 1,369,015 |  |  | 6,091 |  |  | 0.89 |  |  | 1,265,811 |  |  | 5,162 |  |  | 0.82 |
FHLB advances |  | 10,937 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 0.92 |  |  | 16,095 |  |  | 55 |  |  | 0.68 |
Other borrowings |  | 27,758 |  |  | 923 |  |  | 6.65 |  |  | 24,312 |  |  | 849 |  |  | 6.98 |
Junior subordinated notes |  | 9,993 |  |  | 555 |  |  | 11.11 |  |  | 9,979 |  |  | 552 |  |  | 11.06 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 1,417,703 |  |  | 7,619 |  |  | 1.07 |  |  | 1,316,197 |  |  | 6,618 |  |  | 1.01 |
Non-interest-bearing demand deposit accounts |  | 237,449 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 202,905 |  |  |  |  |
Other non-interest-bearing liabilities |  | 11,140 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,202 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities |  | 1,666,292 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,527,304 |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  | 156,655 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 141,880 |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,822,947 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,669,184 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income |  |  |  | $ | 31,279 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,118 |  |  |
Interest rate spread |  |  |  |  |  | 3.39 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.53 | %
Net interest-earning assets |  | $ | 325,587 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 258,985 |  |  |  |  |
Net interest margin |  |  |  |  |  | 3.59 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 3.70 | %
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities |  | 122.97 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 119.68 | % |  |  |  |
Return on average assets |  | 0.91 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.96 |  |  |  |  |
Return on average equity |  | 10.55 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.35 |  |  |  |  |
Average equity to average assets |  | 8.59 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.50 |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest expense to average assets |  | 2.87 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.84 |  |  |  |  |

(1) | The average balances of loans and leases include non-performing loans and leases and loans held for sale. Interest income related to non-performing loans and leases is recognized when collected. Interest income includes net loan fees collected in lieu of interest.

(2) | Includes amortized cost basis of assets available for sale and held to maturity.

(3) | Yields on tax-exempt municipal obligations are not presented on a tax-equivalent basis in this table.

(4) | Represents annualized yields/rates.

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Comparison of Net Interest Income for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
Net interest income increased $1.6 million, or 10.9%, during the three months ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to a overall favorable variance on interest-earning assets as average loans and leases increased $141.5 million, or 10.7%, and fees collected in lieu of interest more than offset a moderate decline in loan yields. This favorable variance was partially offset by an increase in average wholesale deposits as in-market time deposit runoff was replaced with brokered deposits.
The yield on average earning assets for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015 was 4.46%. The diminishing impact of accretion related to purchase accounting adjustments on the Alterra loan portfolio was more than offset by greater than expected fees collected in lieu of interest related to loan payoffs. Excluding purchase accounting accretion, loan fees collected in lieu of interest and cash balances held at the Federal Reserve, the yield on average earning assets increased four basis points year over year from 4.46% to 4.42%.
The overall weighted average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities was 1.08% for the three months ended June 30, 2016, an increase of six basis points from 1.02% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in the overall rate on the interest-bearing liabilities was primarily caused by an increase in the rate paid on our wholesale deposits. This increase was partially offset by an increase in in-market deposits led by strong money market growth at lower rates than the overall weighted average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities.
The weighted average rate paid on our interest-bearing deposits was 0.89% for the three months ended June 30, 2016, an increase of six basis points from 0.83% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in the weighted average rate paid on our interest-bearing deposits was primarily driven by the replacement of maturing in-market certificates of deposit with in-market non-maturity deposit balances and wholesale funding. Despite an uncertain rate environment in 2016, management expects to effectively manage the Company’s liability structure in both term and rate to deliver a stable net interest margin. Further, we expect continued success in attracting in-market deposit relationships in our Wisconsin and Kansas-based markets which we believe will contribute to our ability to maintain an appropriate cost of funds. Average in-market client deposits - comprised of all transaction accounts, money market accounts and non-wholesale deposits - increased 10.3% to $1.133 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $1.027 billion for the three months ended June 30, 2015.
Net interest margin decreased two basis points to 3.59% for the three months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 3.61% for the three months ended June 30, 2015. Net accretion/amortization on the Alterra purchase accounting adjustments was $290,000 for the three months end June 30, 2016 and $542,000 for the same period in 2015. Management acknowledges the net accretion/amortization of purchase accounting adjustments may be a source of volatility in future quarters but generally with a declining effect on net interest margin. Excluding purchase accounting accretion/amortization, net interest margin increased five basis points to 3.52% from 3.47%. Loan and lease growth, which positively impacted the mix of earning assets, combined with loan fees collected in lieu of interest for the three months ended June 30, 2016 drove a nine basis point increase in net interest margin. Despite the Company’s record in-market deposit balances as of June 30, 2016, the year over year deposit mix change increased the overall cost of funds which negatively affected our net interest margin by approximately three basis points. Other factors, primarily the the declining yield on our investment portfolio, negatively influenced the net interest margin by one basis point in the aggregate.
Comparison of Net Interest Income for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
Net interest income increased $2.2 million or 7.4%, during the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. The increase in net interest income was primarily attributable to a favorable volume variance on the loan and the lease portfolio, specifically commercial real estate. This favorable variance was partially offset by an unfavorable rate and volume variance on wholesale deposits. The percentage increase in net interest income is less than the percentage increase in average interest earning assets primarily due to the diminishing year over year impact of purchase accounting accretion/amortization. Excluding purchase accounting accretion/amortization, net interest income increased $3.4 million, or 12.5%.
The overall weighted average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities was 1.07% for the six months ended June 30, 2016, an increase of 6 basis points from 1.01% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in the overall rate on the interest-bearing liabilities was primarily caused by an increase in the rate paid on our wholesale deposits which tend to be longer in duration than in-market deposits. This increase was partially offset by an increase in in-market deposits led by strong money market growth at lower rates than the overall weighted average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities.
The weighted average rate paid on our interest-bearing deposits was 0.89% for the six months ended June 30, 2016, an increase of seven basis points from 0.82% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in the weighted average rate paid on our interest-bearing deposits was primarily driven by the replacement of maturing in-market certificates of deposit with
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in-market non-maturity deposit balances and wholesale funding. Average in-market client deposits - comprised of all transaction accounts, money market accounts and non-wholesale deposits - increased 7.6% to $1.122 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $1.043 billion for the six months ended June 30, 2015.
Net interest margin decreased 11 basis points to 3.59% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 3.70% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Net accretion/amortization on the Alterra purchase accounting adjustments was $509,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and $1.8 million for the same period in 2015. Management acknowledges the net accretion/amortization of purchase accounting adjustments may be a source of volatility in the future but generally with a declining effect on net interest margin. Excluding purchase accounting accretion/amortization, net interest margin increased six basis points to 3.53% from 3.47%. Loan and lease growth, which positively impacted the mix of earning assets, combined with loan fees collected in lieu of interest for the six months ended June 30, 2016 drove an eight basis point increase in net interest margin. Despite the Company’s record in-market deposit balances as of June 30, 2016, the year over year deposit mix change increased the overall cost of funds which negatively affected our net interest margin by approximately one basis point. Other factors, primarily the the declining yield on our investment portfolio, negatively influenced the net interest margin by one basis point in the aggregate.
Provision for Loan and Lease Losses
We determine our provision for loan and lease losses based upon credit risk and other subjective factors pursuant to our allowance for loan and lease loss methodology, the magnitude of current and historical net charge-offs recorded in the period and the amount of reserves established for impaired loans that present collateral shortfall positions. During the fourth quarter of 2015, the methodology used to determine the amount of loan and lease loss provision was refined by increasing the look-back period from three years to eight years, estimating the loss emergence period using a more granular approach, and further emphasizing the application of quantitative factors to support the inherent risk of the loan and lease portfolio and less emphasis on subjective analysis. The impact of these refinements was not significant. Refer to Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses for further information regarding our refined allowance for loan and lease loss methodology.
We recorded provision expense of $2.8 million and $520,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our provision expense was $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $1.2 million for the comparable period of 2015. Provision for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 primarily reflected $2.2 million in new specific reserves and net charge-offs related to two loan relationships and an $816,000 increase in specific reserves related to one energy sector loan, which was previously identified as impaired in the fourth quarter of 2015. The above increases were tempered by improvements in underlying credit metrics in the remaining loan and lease portfolio.
Management took measures in the second quarter to determine the cause of the credit losses and isolated the issues. Subsequently, management has modified reporting structures and reinforced existing policies and procedures to ensure future lending practices meet the high standards long established within the First Business franchise.
The addition of specific reserves on impaired loans represents new specific reserves established on impaired loans for which, although collateral shortfalls are present, we believe we will be able to recover our principal. The release of specific reserves represents the reduction of previously established reserves that are no longer required. A decrease in allowance for loan and lease losses due to subjective factor changes reflects management’s evaluation of the level of risk within the portfolio based upon several factors for each portfolio category, including but not limited to: management’s ongoing review and grading of the loan and lease portfolios, consideration of delinquency experience, changes in the size of the loan and lease portfolios, existing economic conditions, level of loans and leases subject to more frequent review by management, changes in underlying collateral, concentrations of loans to specific industries, and other qualitative factors that could affect credit losses. As overall asset quality metrics improve and the level and trend of the factors improve for a sustainable period of time, the level of general reserve due to these factors may be reduced causing an overall reduction in the level of the required reserve deemed to be appropriate by management. Conversely, increases in the level and trend of these factors may warrant an increase to our overall allowance for loan and lease losses. Charge-offs in excess of specific reserves represent an additional provision for loan and lease losses required to maintain the allowance for loan and lease losses at a level deemed appropriate by management. This amount is net of the release of any specific reserve that may have already been provided. Charge-offs in excess of specific reserves can occur in situations where: (i) a loan has previously been partially written down to its estimated fair value and continues to decline, (ii) rapid deterioration of a credit requires an immediate partial or full charge-off, or (iii) the specific reserve was not adequate to cover the amount of the required charge-off. Change in the inherent risk of the portfolio is primarily influenced by the overall growth in gross loans and leases and an analysis of loans previously charged off, as well as, movement of existing loans and leases in and out of an impaired loan classification where a specific evaluation of a particular credit may be required rather than the application of a general reserve ratio. Refer to Asset Quality for further information regarding the overall credit quality of our loan and lease portfolio.
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Non-Interest Income
Comparison of Non-Interest Income for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
Non-interest income increased $1.7 million, or 41.1%, to $5.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016, from $4.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The increase was primarily due to unusually high SBA loan production and increased fees earned for trust and investment services.
Gains on sale of SBA loans for the three months ended June 30, 2016 totaled a greater than expected $2.1 million, an increase of $1.3 million, or 153.1%, from the same period in 2015 as the Company continued to execute its SBA strategy across its footprint. In addition, loan fees related to the origination and servicing of SBA loans increased $109,000, or 66.9%.
Trust and investment services fee income increased by $65,000, or 5.1%, to $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $1.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. This increase was primarily driven by growth in assets under management and administration. At June 30, 2016, we had a $906.2 million of trust assets under management compared to $817.9 million at December 31, 2015 and $800.6 million at June 30, 2015. Assets under administration were a $227.9 million at June 30, 2016 compared to $203.2 million at December 31, 2015 and $197.3 million at June 30, 2015.
Comparison of Non-Interest Income for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
Non-interest income increased $2.4 million, or 30.6%, to $10.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016, from $8.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The increase was primarily due to greater than expected SBA loan production in the second quarter of 2016 and increased fees earned for trust and investment services, partially offset by the diminishing impact of the reserve for unfunded commitments related to the Alterra acquisition.
Gains on sale of SBA loans for the six months ended June 30, 2016 totaled $3.5 million, an increase of $2.2 million, or 160.3%, from the same period in 2015 driven by unusually strong second quarter gains. In addition, loan fees related to the origination and servicing of SBA loans increased $193,000, or 63.1%.
Trust and investment services fee income increased by $132,000, or 5.3%, to $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. This increase was primarily driven by higher levels of assets under management and administration.
Other non-interest income decreased by $205,000 to $704,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to $909,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The decrease in other income was primarily due to the diminishing impact of the reserve for unfunded commitments related to the Alterra acquisition. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, we recognized $13,000 in non-interest income due to the decrease of the reserve, as the associated loans continue to fully fund, renew or mature, compared to $393,000 for the same period in 2015. The remaining reserve for unfunded commitments was $26,000 as of June 30, 2016. Should the commitments be withdrawn for any reason or become fully funded prior to maturity, we will accelerate the remaining liability accordingly.
Non-Interest Expense
Comparison of Non-Interest Expense for the Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
Non-interest expense increased by $1.5 million, or 12.4%, to $13.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $12.0 million for the comparable period of 2015. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily caused by an increase in compensation expense and other expenses, partially offset by a decrease in professional fees and marketing costs.
Compensation expense increased by $1.5 million, or 22.0%, to $8.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $6.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The overall increase reflects growth related to annual merit increases, employee benefit costs and incentive compensation accruals on a larger base of employees than in the comparative period of the prior year. Full time equivalent employees as of June 30, 2016 were 270, up 23.3% from 219 at June 30, 2015. We expect to continue to opportunistically invest in talent to support our strategic growth efforts, both in the form of additional business development and operational staff.
Other expense increased by $553,000, or 50.5%, to $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The unfavorable variance is principally due to an increase in computer software expense related to expanded use of new cloud-based applications, tax credit investment amortization and other loan related expenses.
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Professional fees expense decreased by $554,000, or 36.6%, to $961,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $1.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The decrease is consistent with management’s expectations as technology platforms introduced in 2015 are now largely in place. Management will evaluate additional technology platforms, and expand the capabilities of existing platforms in 2016 as we continue to strategically focus on scaling the Company to efficiently execute our growth strategy.
Marketing costs decreased $253,000, or 36.1%, to $448,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2016 from $701,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2015. The favorable variance is primarily due to the timing of certain advertising initiatives, which are expected to return to recent levels in subsequent quarters.
Comparison of Non-Interest Expense for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
Non-interest expense increased by $2.5 million, or 10.3%, to $26.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $23.7 million for the comparable period of 2015. The increase in non-interest expense was primarily caused by an increase in compensation expense and other expense, partially offset by a decrease in professional fees and marketing costs.
Compensation expense increased by $2.5 million, or 17.8%, to $16.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $14.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Other expense increased by $599,000, or 29.9%, to $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The reasons for the increase in compensation expense and other expense are consistent with the explanations provided for the second quarter results discussed above.
Professional fees expense decreased by $682,000, or 27.2%, to $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $2.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Marketing costs decreased $161,000, or 12.0%, to $1.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from $1.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The reasons for the decrease in professional fees and marketing costs are consistent with the explanations provided for the second quarter results discussed above.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense was $4.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2016, with an effective tax rate of 32.6%, compared to income tax expense of $4.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2015, with an effective tax rate of 33.9%.
Generally, the provision for income taxes is determined by applying an estimated annual effective income tax rate to income before taxes and adjusting for discrete items. Typically, the rate is based on the most recent annualized forecast of pre-tax income, book versus tax differences and tax credits, if any. If we conclude that a reliable estimated annual effective tax rate cannot be determined, the actual effective tax rate for the year-to-date period may be used. We re-evaluate the income tax rates each quarter. Therefore, the current projected effective tax rate for the entire year may change.
Financial Condition
General
Our total assets increased by $37.0 million, or 2.1%, to $1.819 billion as of June 30, 2016 compared to $1.782 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in total assets was primarily driven by growth in our loan and lease portfolio and short-term investments.
Short-Term Investments
Short-term investments increased by $18.0 million, or 18.2%, to $116.9 million at June 30, 2016 from $98.9 million at December 31, 2015. Our short-term investments primarily consist of interest-bearing deposits held at the FRB. We value the safety and soundness provided by the FRB and therefore we incorporate short-term investments in our on-balance-sheet liquidity program. As of June 30, 2016, our total investment in commercial paper, which is also considered a short-term investment, was $6.9 million as compared to $9.1 million at December 31, 2015. We approach our decisions to purchase commercial paper with similar rigor and underwriting standards as applied to our loan and lease portfolio. The original maturities of the commercial paper are usually 60 days or less and provide an attractive yield in comparison to other short-term alternatives. These investments also assist us in maintaining a shorter duration of our overall investment portfolio which we believe is necessary to take advantage of an anticipated rising-rate environment. In general, the level of our short-term investments will be influenced by the timing of deposit gathering, scheduled maturities of wholesale deposits, funding of loan
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growth when opportunities are presented and the level of our available-for-sale securities portfolio. Please refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources for further discussion.
Securities
Total securities, including available-for-sale and held-to-maturity, decreased by $4.0 million to $173.9 million at June 30, 2016 compared to $177.8 million at December 31, 2015. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we recognized unrealized holding gains of $1.2 million before income taxes through other comprehensive income. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our overall securities portfolio, including available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities, had an estimated weighted average expected maturity of 2.81 and 2.94 years, respectively. Generally, our investment philosophy remains unchanged from our statements made in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We use a third-party pricing service as our primary source of market prices for our securities portfolio. On a quarterly basis, we validate the reasonableness of prices received from this source through independent verification of a representative sample of the portfolio, data integrity validation through comparison of current price to prior period prices, and an expectation-based analysis of movement in prices based upon the changes in the related yield curves and other market factors. No securities within our portfolio were deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2016.
We sold approximately $2.2 million of securities issued by government-sponsored enterprises during the six months ended June 30, 2016. We recognized gains of approximately $7,000 on the sale of these securities.
Loans and Leases Receivable
Loans and leases receivable, net of allowance for loan and lease losses, increased by $19.0 million, or 1.3%, to $1.434 billion at June 30, 2016 from $1.415 billion at December 31, 2015. As of June 30, 2016, non owner-occupied commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans were the largest contributor to loan growth increasing $65.5 million, or 15.0%, to $502.4 million from $436.9 million at December 31, 2015, while total CRE loans increased $35.6 million, or 3.9%. While we continue to have a concentration in CRE, as CRE loans represent approximately 65% of our total loans as of June 30, 2016, in general our composition of total loans and leases has remained relatively consistent due to balanced growth across our product offerings. As of June 30, 2016, of the 65% concentration in CRE loans, approximately 18% was owner-occupied CRE. We consider owner-occupied CRE more characteristic of the Company’s commercial and industrial (“C&I”) portfolio as, in general, the client’s primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the operating entity occupying the commercial real estate property.
Our C&I portfolio decreased $15.9 million, or 3.4%, to $456.3 million at June 30, 2016 from $472.2 million at December 31, 2015. Specifically, C&I related asset-based loans decreased $24.2 million, or 15.3%, to $134.5 million at June 30, 2016, compared to $158.7 million at December 31, 2015 as several loans paid off during the second quarter of 2016. The countercyclical nature of the asset-based lending business may result in increased payoffs and fees collected in lieu of interest in periods of economic stability, with increased loan fundings and interest income during weaker economic markets. We will continue to emphasize actively pursuing C&I loans across the Company as this segment of our loan and lease portfolio provides an attractive yield commensurate with an appropriate level of credit risk and creates opportunities for in-market deposit, treasury management, and trust and investment relationships which generate additional fee revenue.
While we continue to experience significant competition as banks operating in our primary geographic areas attempt to deploy liquidity, we remain committed to our underwriting standards and will not deviate from those standards for the sole purpose of growing our loan and lease portfolio. Although loan growth was slower than typically generated in a second quarter period, we continue to expect our new loan and lease activity to be adequate to replace normal amortization and to continue to grow in future quarters. The types of loans and leases we originate and the various risks associated with these originations remain consistent with information previously outlined in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Non-performing loans increased $382,000, or 1.7%, to $22.7 million, compared to $22.3 million at December 31, 2015. The Company's non-performing loans as a percentage of total gross loans and leases measured 1.56% and 1.56% at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Likewise, the ratio of non-performing assets to total assets decreased to 1.33% at June 30, 2016, compared to 1.35% at December 31, 2015. Please refer to Asset Quality for additional information.
Deposits
As of June 30, 2016, deposits increased by $30.7 million to $1.608 billion from $1.577 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in deposits was primarily due to an increase in the level of in-market deposits, specifically money market accounts, which increased by $58.8 million to $671.4 million at June 30, 2016 from $612.6 million at December 31, 2015. The increase in money market balances was offset by a decrease of in-market certificate of deposits and wholesale deposits. Deposit
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ending balances associated with in-market relationships will fluctuate based upon maturity of time deposits, client demands for the use of their cash, our ability to service and maintain client relationships and new client deposit relationships.
Our strategic efforts continue to be focused on adding in-market relationships and related transaction deposit accounts. We measure the success of deposit gathering efforts based on our ability to maintain the average balances of our in-market deposit accounts consistent with our current period mix and recent trends. Our Banks’ in-market deposits, consisting of all transaction accounts, money market accounts and non-wholesale deposits, are obtained primarily from the South Central, Northeastern and Southeastern regions of Wisconsin and the greater Kansas City area. Of our total average deposits, approximately $1.122 billion, or 69.8%, were considered in-market deposits for the six months ended June 30, 2016. This compares to in-market deposits of $1.043 billion, or 71.0%, for the same period in 2015.
The Corporation’s targeted operating range of wholesale deposits to total deposits is 30%-40%. As of June 30, 2016, the ratio of end of period wholesale deposits to end of period total deposits was 29.7%. Consistent with our unique funding strategy, we will continue to use wholesale deposits in specific maturity periods needed to match-fund fixed rate loans, typically three to five years but extending longer depending on client needs, to effectively mitigate interest rate risk measured through our asset/liability management process and to support asset growth initiatives while taking into consideration our operating goals and desired level of wholesale deposits. Refer to Liquidity and Capital Resources for further information regarding our use and monitoring of wholesale deposits.
FHLB Advances and Other Borrowings
As of June 30, 2016, FHLB advances and other borrowings decreased by $1.1 million, or 3.3%, to $33.6 million from $34.7 million at December 31, 2015.
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Asset Quality
Non-performing Assets
Our total impaired assets consisted of the following at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively:

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Non-accrual loans and leases |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate: |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate - owner occupied |  | $ | 3,794 |  |  | $ | 2,907 |
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied |  | 1,970 |  |  | 1,678 |
Land development |  | 3,814 |  |  | 4,393 |
Construction |  | 306 |  |  | 397 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | 2 |
1-4 family |  | 2,185 |  |  | 2,550 |
Total non-accrual commercial real estate |  | 12,069 |  |  | 11,927 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 9,867 |  |  | 9,136 |
Direct financing leases, net |  | — |  |  | 38 |
Consumer and other: |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 209 |  |  | 542 |
Other |  | 535 |  |  | 655 |
Total non-accrual consumer and other loans |  | 744 |  |  | 1,197 |
Total non-accrual loans and leases |  | 22,680 |  |  | 22,298 |
Foreclosed properties, net |  | 1,548 |  |  | 1,677 |
Total non-performing assets |  | 24,228 |  |  | 23,975 |
Performing troubled debt restructurings |  | 788 |  |  | 1,735 |
Total impaired assets |  | $ | 25,016 |  |  | $ | 25,710 |
Total non-accrual loans and leases to gross loans and leases |  | 1.56 | % |  | 1.56 | %
Total non-performing assets to gross loans and leases plus foreclosed properties, net |  | 1.67 |  |  | 1.67 |
Total non-performing assets to total assets |  | 1.33 |  |  | 1.35 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to gross loans and leases |  | 1.25 |  |  | 1.14 |
Allowance for loan and lease losses to non-accrual loans and leases |  | 80.04 |  |  | 73.17 |

As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, $13.2 million and $16.2 million of the non-accrual loans were considered troubled debt restructurings, respectively.
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A summary of our non-accrual loan and lease activity from December 31, 2015 through June 30, 2016 is as follows:

(In Thousands) |
Non-accrual loans and leases as of the beginning of the period | $ | 22,298 |
Loans and leases transferred to non-accrual status | 7,478 |
Accretion of the fair value discount on purchased credit impaired loans | 87 |
Non-accrual loans and leases returned to accrual status | — |
Non-accrual loans and leases transferred to foreclosed properties | — |
Non-accrual loans and leases partially or fully charged-off | (1,594 | )
Cash received and applied to principal of non-accrual loans and leases | (5,589 | )
Non-accrual loans and leases as of the end of the period | $ | 22,680 |

We use a wide variety of available metrics to assess the overall asset quality of the portfolio and no one metric is used independently to make a final conclusion as to the asset quality of the portfolio. As of June 30, 2016, non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets decreased to 1.33% from 1.35% at December 31, 2015 as total asset growth exceeded the increase in non-performing assets. The Company’s consistent efforts to manage impaired relationships contributed to a $5.6 million reduction in non-accrual loans which nearly offset the $7.5 million in new non-accrual loans identified during the six months ended June 30, 2016.
Management continues to believe the Company’s credit culture is a core competency which differentiates the Company from other financial institutions. However, in the second quarter, deterioration in certain credits had an impact on the Company’s non-performing asset levels at June 30, 2016. Management took measures in the second quarter to determine the cause of the credit losses and isolated the issues. Subsequently, management has modified reporting structures and reinforced existing policies and procedures to ensure future lending practices meet the high standards long established within the First Business franchise.
As of June 30, 2016, the Company’s direct exposure to the energy sector was $7.1 million, or 0.49% of total gross loans and leases, with no remaining unfunded commitments. This reflects a decrease of $3.0 million, or 29.6%, compared to $10.0 million at December 31, 2015 entirely due to payments received. The associated reserve for loan and lease losses related to this portfolio was increased to 20.43% of carrying value as of June 30, 2016 compared to 8.13% as of December 31, 2015. Of this population of energy sector loans and leases, $5.8 million was considered non-performing as of June 30, 2016 compared to $7.8 million as of December 31, 2015. Management believes the portfolio is adequately collateralized, net of specific reserves, as of June 30, 2016.
We also monitor early stage delinquencies to assist in the identification of potential future problems. As of June 30, 2016, we believe the payment performance did not point to any new areas of concern, as approximately 99.3% of the loan and lease portfolio was in a current payment status. This metric can change rapidly however, if factors unknown to us change. We also monitor our asset quality through our established credit quality indicator categories. While overall asset quality remains strong, we will continue to actively monitor the credit quality of our loan and lease portfolios. Through this monitoring effort, we may identify additional loans and leases for which the borrowers or lessees are having difficulties making the required principal and interest payments based upon factors including, but not limited to, the inability to sell the underlying collateral, inadequate cash flow from the operations of the underlying businesses, liquidation events, or bankruptcy filings. We generally work proactively with our impaired loan borrowers to find meaningful solutions to difficult situations that are in the best interests of the Banks.
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The following represents additional information regarding our impaired loans and leases:

|  | As of and for the Six Months Ended June 30, |  | As of and for the Year Ended December 31,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2015
|  | (In Thousands)
Impaired loans and leases with no impairment reserves required |  | $ | 15,082 |  |  | $ | 14,876 |  |  | $ | 15,175 |
Impaired loans and leases with impairment reserves required |  | 8,386 |  |  | 2,266 |  |  | 8,858 |
Total impaired loans and leases |  | 23,468 |  |  | 17,142 |  |  | 24,033 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment reserve (included in allowance for loan and lease losses) |  | 3,048 |  |  | 575 |  |  | 1,113 |
Net impaired loans and leases |  | $ | 20,420 |  |  | $ | 16,567 |  |  | $ | 22,920 |
Average impaired loans and leases |  | $ | 19,495 |  |  | $ | 11,185 |  |  | $ | 11,443 |
Foregone interest income attributable to impaired loans and leases |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 317 |  |  | $ | 750 |
Less: Interest income recognized on impaired loans and leases |  | 246 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 87 |
Net foregone interest income on impaired loans and leases |  | $ | 423 |  |  | $ | 316 |  |  | $ | 663 |

Non-performing assets also include foreclosed properties. A summary of our current-period foreclosed properties activity is as follows:

(In Thousands) |
Foreclosed properties as of December 31, 2015 | $ | 1,677 |
Loans transferred to foreclosed properties | — |
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed properties | (36 | )
Net loss on sale of foreclosed properties | (70 | )
Impairment valuation | (23 | )
Foreclosed properties as of June 30, 2016 | $ | 1,548 |

Allowance for loan and lease losses
The allowance for loan and lease losses as a percentage of gross loans and leases was 1.25% as of June 30, 2016 and 1.14% as of December 31, 2015. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, we recorded net charge-offs on impaired loans and leases of approximately $1.3 million, or 0.35% of average loans and leases annualized, comprised of $1.4 million of charge-offs and $58,000 of recoveries. During the three months ended June 30, 2015, we recorded net charge-offs on impaired loans and leases of approximately $15,000, comprised of $84,000 of charge-offs and $69,000 of recoveries. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we recorded net charge-offs on impaired loans and leases of approximately $1.4 million, or 0.20% of average loans and leases annualized, comprised of $1.6 million of charge-offs and $145,000 of recoveries. During the six months ended June 30, 2015, we recorded net charge-offs on impaired loans and leases of approximately $334,000, or 0.05% of average loan and leases annualized, comprised of $84,000 of charge-offs and $69,000 of recoveries.
Despite the increase in net charge-offs during the second quarter of 2016, we do not believe the underlying credit issues to be systemic in nature. However, we will continue to experience some level of periodic charge-offs in the future as exit strategies are considered and executed. Loans and leases with previously established specific reserves may ultimately result in a charge-off under a variety of scenarios. There have been no substantive changes to our methodology for estimating the appropriate level of allowance for loan and lease loss reserves from what was previously outlined in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based upon this methodology, which includes actively monitoring the asset quality and inherent risks within the loan and lease portfolio, management concluded that an allowance for loan and lease losses of $18.2 million, or 1.25% of total loans and leases, was appropriate as of June 30, 2016. Given ongoing complexities with current workout situations and the measured pace of improvement in economic conditions, further charge-offs and increased provisions for loan and lease losses may be recorded if additional facts and circumstances lead us to a different conclusion. In addition, various federal and state regulatory agencies review appropriateness of the allowance for loan and lease losses. These agencies could
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require certain loan and lease balances to be classified differently or charged off if their credit evaluations differ from those of management, based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our allowance for loan and lease losses to total non-accrual loans and leases was 80.04% and 73.17%, respectively. Impaired loans and leases exhibit weaknesses that inhibit repayment in compliance with the original terms of the note or lease. However, the measurement of impairment on loans and leases may not always result in a specific reserve included in the allowance for loan and lease losses. As part of the underwriting process, as well as our ongoing monitoring efforts, we endeavor to have appropriate collateral to protect our interest in the related loan or lease. As a result of this practice, a significant portion of our outstanding balance of non-performing loans or leases either does not require additional specific reserves or requires only a minimal amount of required specific reserve, as we believe the loans and leases are adequately collateralized as of the measurement period. In addition, management is proactive in recording charge-offs to bring loans to their net realizable value in situations where it is determined with certainty that we will not recover the entire amount of our principal. This practice may lead to a lower allowance for loan and lease losses to non-accrual loans and leases ratio as compared to our peers or industry expectations. Our allowance for loan and lease losses is measured more through general characteristics, including historical loss experience of our portfolio rather than through specific identification and we therefore expect to see this ratio rise as we continue to grow our loan and lease portfolio. Conversely, if we identify additional impaired loans or leases which are adequately collateralized and therefore require no specific or general reserve, this ratio could fall. Given our business practices and evaluation of our existing loan and lease portfolio, we believe this coverage ratio is appropriate for the probable losses inherent in our loan and lease portfolio as of June 30, 2016.
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A tabular summary of the activity in the allowance for loan and lease losses follows:

|  | As of and for the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | As of and for the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
|  | (Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance at beginning of period |  | $ | 16,684 |  |  | $ | 14,694 |  |  | $ | 16,316 |  |  | $ | 14,329 |
Charge-offs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (41 | ) |  | — |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | (697 | ) |  | — |  |  | (697 | ) |  | — |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
1-4 family |  | (196 | ) |  | (80 | ) |  | (197 | ) |  | (91 | )
Commercial and industrial |  | (457 | ) |  | — |  |  | (652 | ) |  | (313 | )
Direct financing leases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | (7 | ) |  | (4 | )
Total charge-offs |  | (1,350 | ) |  | (84 | ) |  | (1,594 | ) |  | (408 | )
Recoveries: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate — owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate — non-owner occupied |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | — |
Construction and land development |  | — |  |  | 62 |  |  | — |  |  | 62 |
Multi-family |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
1-4 family |  | 54 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 66 |  |  | 4 |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 5 |
Direct financing leases |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Home equity and second mortgages |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Other |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Total recoveries |  | 58 |  |  | 69 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 74 |
Net (charge-offs) recoveries |  | (1,292 | ) |  | (15 | ) |  | (1,449 | ) |  | (334 | )
Provision for loan and lease losses |  | 2,762 |  |  | 520 |  |  | 3,287 |  |  | 1,204 |
Allowance at end of period |  | $ | 18,154 |  |  | $ | 15,199 |  |  | $ | 18,154 |  |  | $ | 15,199 |
Annualized net charge-offs as a % of average gross loans and leases |  | (0.35 | )% |  | — | % |  | (0.20 | )% |  | (0.05 | )%

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Corporation expects to meet its liquidity needs through existing cash on hand, established cash flow sources, its third party senior line of credit and dividends received from the Banks. While the Banks are subject to certain regulatory limitations regarding their ability to pay dividends to the Corporation, we do not believe that the Corporation will be adversely affected by these dividend limitations. The Corporation’s principal liquidity requirements at June 30, 2016 were the interest payments due on subordinated and junior subordinated notes. In June 2016, FBB declared a dividend in the amount of $1.5 million bringing year-to-date dividend declarations to $4.5 million through June 30, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2015, FBB declared and paid dividends totaling $7.0 million. The capital ratios of the Corporation and its subsidiaries continue to meet all applicable regulatory capital adequacy requirements. The Corporation’s and the Banks’ respective boards of directors and management teams adhere to the appropriate regulatory guidelines on decisions which affect their capital positions, including but not limited to, decisions relating to the payment of dividends and increasing indebtedness.
The Banks maintain liquidity by obtaining funds from several sources. The Banks’ primary sources of funds are principal and interest repayments on loans receivable and mortgage-related securities, deposits and other borrowings, such as federal funds and FHLB advances. The scheduled payments of loans and mortgage-related securities are generally a predictable source of funds. Deposit flows and loan prepayments, however, are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.
We view on-balance-sheet liquidity as a critical element to maintaining adequate liquidity to meet our cash and collateral obligations. We define our on-balance-sheet liquidity as the total of our short-term investments, our unencumbered securities’ fair value and our unencumbered pledged loans. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our immediate on-balance-sheet liquidity was $344.7 million and $331.5 million, respectively. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Banks had $104.8 million and $84.9 million on deposit with the FRB, respectively. Any excess funds not used for loan funding or satisfying other cash obligations were maintained as part of our on-balance-sheet liquidity in our interest-bearing accounts with the FRB, as we value the safety and soundness provided by the FRB. We plan to utilize excess liquidity to fund loan and lease portfolio growth, pay down maturing debt, allow run-off of maturing brokered certificates of deposit, or invest in securities to maintain adequate liquidity at an improved margin.
We had $477.1 million of outstanding wholesale deposits at June 30, 2016, compared to $487.5 million of wholesale deposits as of December 31, 2015, which represented 29.7% and 30.9%, respectively, of the ending balance of total deposits. While we are committed to our continued efforts to raise in-market deposits and maintain our overall mix of wholesale deposits and in-market deposits, wholesale deposits continue to be an efficient source of funding for the Banks and allow them to gather funds across a larger geographic base at price levels and maturities that are more attractive than local time deposits when required to raise a similar level of in-market deposits within a short time period. Access to such deposits allows us the flexibility to refrain from pursuing single-service deposit relationships in markets that have experienced unfavorable pricing levels. In addition, the administrative costs associated with wholesale deposits are considerably lower than those that would be incurred to administer a similar level of local deposits with a similar maturity structure. During the time frames necessary to accumulate wholesale deposits in an orderly manner, we will use FHLB short-term advances to meet our temporary funding needs. The FHLB short-term advances will typically have terms of one week to one month to cover the overall expected funding demands.
Our in-market relationships remain stable; however, deposit balances associated with those relationships will fluctuate. We expect to establish new client relationships and continue marketing efforts aimed at increasing the balances in existing clients’ deposit accounts. Nonetheless, we will continue to use wholesale deposits in specific maturity periods, typically three to five years, needed to effectively mitigate the interest rate risk measured through our asset/liability management process or in shorter time periods if in-market deposit balances decline. In order to provide for ongoing liquidity and funding, all of our wholesale deposits are certificates of deposit which do not allow for withdrawal at the option of the depositor before the stated maturity with the exception of deposits accumulated through the internet listing service which have the same early withdrawal privileges and fees as do our other in-market deposits. The Banks limit the percentage of wholesale deposits to total deposits in accordance with liquidity policies approved by their respective boards of directors. The Corporation’s targeted operating range of wholesale deposits to total deposits is 30%-40%. The Banks were in compliance with their respective policy limits as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
The Banks were able to access the wholesale deposit market as needed at rates and terms comparable to market standards during the six-month period ended June 30, 2016. In the event there is a disruption in the availability of wholesale deposits at maturity, the Banks have managed the maturity structure, in compliance with our approved liquidity policy, so at least one year of maturities could be funded through on-balance-sheet liquidity. These potential funding sources include deposits with the FRB and borrowings from the FHLB or Federal Reserve Discount Window utilizing currently unencumbered securities and acceptable loans as collateral. As of June 30, 2016, the available liquidity was in excess of the stated policy
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minimum. We believe the Banks will also have access to the unused federal funds lines, cash flows from borrower repayments and cash flows from security maturities. The Banks also have the ability to raise local market deposits by offering attractive rates to generate the level required to fulfill their liquidity needs.
The Banks are required by federal regulation to maintain sufficient liquidity to ensure safe and sound operations. We believe the Banks have sufficient liquidity to match the balance of net withdrawable deposits and short-term borrowings in light of present economic conditions and deposit flows.
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, operating activities resulted in a net cash inflow of $15.6 million. Operating cash flows included net income of $8.3 million and $9.1 million of cash inflow from the sale of SBA and residential mortgage loans, net of loans originated for sale. Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was approximately $25.1 million which consisted of cash outflows to fund net loan growth and reinvestment of cash flows within purchases of additional securities available-for-sale offset by cash inflows from maturities, redemptions and paydowns of available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was $27.6 million primarily from net increases in deposits and the use of our unsecured senior line of credit for general operations and other temporary cash flow mismatches, partially offset by cash dividends paid to shareholders and repayment of maturing FHLB advances. Please refer to the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for further details regarding significant sources of cash flow for the Corporation.
Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements
As of June 30, 2016, there were no significant changes to our contractual obligations and off-balance-sheet arrangements disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. We continue to believe that we have adequate capital and liquidity available from various sources to fund projected contractual obligations and commitments.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Interest rate risk, or market risk, arises from exposure of our financial position to changes in interest rates. It is our strategy to reduce the impact of interest rate risk on net interest margin and net interest income by maintaining a favorable match between the maturities and repricing dates of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. This strategy is monitored by the Banks’ respective Asset/Liability Management Committees, in accordance with policies approved by the Banks’ respective Boards of Directors. These committees meet regularly to review the sensitivity of each Bank’s assets and liabilities to changes in interest rates, liquidity needs and sources, and pricing and funding strategies.
We use two techniques to measure interest rate risk. The first is simulation of earnings. In this measurement technique the balance sheet is modeled as an ongoing entity whereby future growth, pricing, and funding assumptions are implemented. These assumptions are modeled under different rate scenarios that include a simultaneous, instant and sustained change in interest rates. The second measurement technique used is static gap analysis. Gap analysis involves measurement of the difference in asset and liability repricing on a cumulative basis within a specified time frame. In general, a positive gap indicates that more interest-earning assets than interest-bearing liabilities reprice/mature in a time frame and a negative gap indicates the opposite. In addition to the gap position, other determinants of net interest income are the shape of the yield curve, general rate levels and the corresponding effect of contractual interest rate floors, reinvestment spreads, balance sheet growth and mix and interest rate spreads. We manage the structure of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities by adjusting their mix, yield, maturity and/or repricing characteristics based on market conditions. Currently, we do not employ any derivatives to assist in managing our interest rate risk exposure; however, management has the authorization, as permitted within applicable approved policies, and the ability to utilize such instruments should they be appropriate to manage interest rate exposure.
The process of asset and liability management requires management to make a number of assumptions as to when an asset or liability will reprice or mature. Management believes that its assumptions approximate actual experience and considers these assumptions to be reasonable, although the actual amortization and repayment of assets and liabilities may vary substantially. Our economic sensitivity to changes in interest rates at June 30, 2016 has not changed materially since December 31, 2015.
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Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Corporation’s management, with the participation of the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended). Based upon that evaluation, the Corporation’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Corporation’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2016.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There was no change in the Corporation’s internal controls over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II. Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, the Corporation and its subsidiaries are engaged in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of their respective businesses. Management believes that any liability arising from any such proceedings currently existing or threatened will not have a material adverse effect on the Corporation’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
There were no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A. to Part I of the Corporation’s Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 11, 2016.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) | None.

(b) | Not applicable.

(c) | None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Not applicable.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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Item 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits

31.1 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer
31.2 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer
32 |  |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101 |  |  | The following financial information from First Business Financial Services, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, and (vi) the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| FIRST BUSINESS FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
July 29, 2016 | /s/ Corey A. Chambas
| Corey A. Chambas
| Chief Executive Officer
July 29, 2016 | /s/ Edward G. Sloane, Jr.
| Edward G. Sloane, Jr.
| Chief Financial Officer
| (principal financial officer)

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FIRST BUSINESS FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC.
Exhibit Index to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q
Exhibit Number

31.1 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer
31.2 |  | Certification of the Chief Financial Officer
32 |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101 |  | The following financial information from First Business Financial Services, Inc.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, and (vi) the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

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