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Loan and Lease Receivables, Impaired Loans and Leases and Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Receivables [Abstract] |
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses | ACL - Loans. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amounts expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes that the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as changes in external conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values, or other relevant factors. Accrued interest receivable on loans totaled $11.1 million at December 31, 2023 and is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. ACL - Loans - Collectively Evaluated. The ACL is measured on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Corporation has identified the following portfolio segments: Commercial Real Estate: Commercial real estate portfolio segments utilize substantially similar processes and controls. Due to the collateral types, availability of data, and results of the Loss Driver Analysis (“LDA”), management utilizes a unique forecast model for each portfolio segment along with a separate analysis of subjective factors. •Construction - Loans secured by real estate used to finance land development or construction. •1-4 Family - Loans secured by 1-4 family residential property •Multi-family - Loans secured by multi-family residential property •Owner Occupied - Loans secured by nonfarm, nonresidential owner-occupied property •Non-owner Occupied - Loans secured by other nonfarm, nonresidential property Commercial and Industrial Lending: Commercial and industrial lending is a portfolio segment where management uses a common forecast due to common risk management, similarity in collateral types, availability of data, and results of the LDA. Management has distinct processes, controls, and procedures which enable more precise development of subjective factors at the pool level. •Commercial - Loans to small- to medium-sized companies in our primary markets in Wisconsin, Kansas, and Missouri, predominantly through lines of credit and term loans to businesses with annual sales of up to $150 million. •Asset Based Lending - Products include revolving lines of credit and term loans for strategic acquisitions, capital expenditures, working capital, bank debt refinancing, debt restructuring, and corporate turnaround strategies. •Floorplan - Floor plan financing for independent auto dealerships nationwide. •SBA - Loans originated in accordance with the guidelines of the Small Business Administration (“SBA”). As the Corporation prefers to sell the guaranteed portion, the on-balance sheet loans are primarily unguaranteed. •Equipment finance - Loans and leases secured by a broad range of equipment to commercial clients in a variety of industries. Consumer and other: Consumer loans consisted of marketable security loans and other personal loans for executives and high net-worth individuals. The Corporation uses a unique forecast model and subjective factors for this portfolio segment due to the client type and data availability. Measures of the ACL are as follows:
Portfolio Segment |  | Pool |  | Measurement Method |  | Loss Driver
Commercial real estate |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
Non-owner occupied |  |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
Construction |  |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
Multi-family |  |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
1-4 Family |  |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
Commercial and industrial |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Commercial |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
|  | ABL |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
|  | Floorplan |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
|  | SBA |  | Weighted Average Remaining Maturity |  | N/A
|  | Equipment Finance |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
Consumer and other |  |  |  | Discounted Cash Flow |  | National unemployment, National GDP
The Corporation utilized a discounted cash flow (DCF) or Weighted Average Remaining Maturity (WARM) method to estimate the quantitative portion of the allowance for credit losses for loans evaluated on a collective pooled basis. For each segment, a LDA was performed in order to identify loss drivers and create a regression model for use in forecasting cash flows. For all DCF-based pools, the LDA analyses utilized the Corporation’s and peer data from the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council's (“FFIEC”) Call Report filings. In creating the DCF model, the Corporation has established a one-year reasonable and supportable forecast period with a one-year straight line reversion to the long-term historical average. Due to the infrequency of losses, the Corporation elected to use peer data for a more statistically sound calculation. Key inputs into the DCF model include loan-level detail, including the amortized cost basis of individual loans, payment structure, loss history, and forecasted loss drivers. The Corporation utilizes a third party to provide economic forecasts under various scenarios, which are assessed quarterly considering the scenarios in the context of the current economic environment and presumed risk of loss. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loans, adjusted for prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes extensions, renewals, and modifications unless the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. Additional key assumptions in the DCF model include the probability of default (“PD”), loss given default (“LGD”), and prepayment/curtailment rates. The Corporation utilizes the model-driven PD and a LGD derived using a method referred to as Frye Jacobs. The Frye Jacobs method is a mathematical formula that traces the relationship between LGD and PD over time and projects the LGD based on the level of PD forecasted. In all cases, the Frye Jacobs method is utilized to calculate LGDs during the forecast period, reversion period and long-term historical average. Prepayment and curtailment rates were calculated through third party studies of the Corporation’s own data. When the DCF method is used to determine the allowance for credit losses, management adjusts the effective interest rate used to discount expected cash flows to incorporate expected prepayments. For the WARM-based SBA pool, Corporation-specific data was used to develop the model assumptions. The Corporation developed a reasonable and supportable estimate for the remaining maturity and estimated loss through analysis of historical data. The remaining maturity calculation excludes loans originated under the Paycheck Protection Program as such loans are inconsistent with the current portfolio composition. The quarterly loss rate data includes 2017 to current as the SBA lending policies and procedures were realigned in 2016 following the acquisition of Alterra Bank. Only the unguaranteed portion of the SBA loans are assessed via WARM. The risk of a failed guarantee claim is captured under ASC 450 contingency accounting. Qualitative factors for DCF and WARM methodologies include the following: •The Corporation’s lending policies and procedures, including changes in lending strategies, underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries; •Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in which the Corporation operates that affect the collectability of financial assets; •The experience, ability, and depth of the Corporation’s lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management and staff; •The volume of past due financial assets, the volume of non-performing assets, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded assets; •The existence and effect of industry concentrations of credit; •The nature and volume of the portfolio segment or class; •The quality of the Corporation’s credit review function and; •The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments, competition, and events such as natural disasters or pandemics ACL - Loans - Individually Evaluated. Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis and are excluded from the collective evaluation. The Corporation has determined that all loans which have been placed on non-performing status and other performing loans that have been identified due to non-conforming characteristics will be individually evaluated. Individual analysis will evaluate the required specific reserve for loans in scope. Specific reserves on non-performing loans are typically based on management’s best estimate of the fair value of collateral securing these loans, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. ACL - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures. The Corporation estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which the Corporation is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposure is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. Funding rates are based on a historical analysis of the Corporation’s portfolio, while estimates of credit losses are determined using the same loss rates as funded loans.

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- Definition Disclosure of accounting policy for estimating the allowance for losses on loans and lease receivables. The disclosure may include (a) how the entity determines each element of the allowance, (b) which loans are evaluated individually and which loans are evaluated as a group, (c) how the entity determines both the allocated and unallocated portions of the allowance, (d) how the entity determines the loss factors applied to graded loans in order to develop a general allowance, and (e) what self-correcting mechanism the entity uses to reduce differences between estimated and actual losses. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 310 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 9 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147481962/310-10-50-9 + Details
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