Share-Based Compensation

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2020

Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Share-Based Compensation

Options granted under the Company's 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") and 2017 Stock Option Plan (the "2017 Plan"), as well as restricted shares granted as employee incentives, typically vest over a four-year service period with 25% of the award vesting on the first anniversary of the commencement date and the balance vesting monthly over the remaining three years, unless the award contains specific performance vesting provisions. For equity awards issued that have both a performance vesting condition and a services condition, once the performance criteria is achieved, the awards are then subject to a four-year service vesting with 25% of the award vesting on the first anniversary of the performance condition being achieved and the balance vesting monthly over the remaining three years. Options granted under the 2018 Plan and 2017 Plan generally expire 10 years from the date of grant. For certain senior members of management and directors, the board of directors has approved an alternative vesting schedule. Restricted stock units awarded in December 2019 vest over a 3-year service period with 50% of the award vesting one and a half years, or 18 months, from commencement date and the remaining 50% of the award vesting at the end of the third year.

Share Option Valuation

The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of the share options granted by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were as follows:


			September 30,
			2020
Expected option life (years)			5.27 to 6.08 years
Risk-free interest rate			0.31% to 1.66%
Expected volatility			76.38% to 81.45%
Expected dividend yield			—%

Share Options

The table below summarizes activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:


	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2019	5,936,239	$	17.71	9.0	$	11,873
Granted	426,875	11.61		—	—
Exercised	(67,839)	1.07		—	—
Canceled or forfeited	(545,431)	19.41		—	—
Outstanding as of September 30, 2020	5,749,844	$	17.30	8.0	$	7,624
Exercisable as of September 30, 2020	2,138,181	18.22		6.8	$	5,490
Vested and expected to vest as of September 30, 2020	5,749,844	$	17.30	8.0	$	7,624

The aggregate intrinsic value of share options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the share options and the fair value of the Company’s ADSs for those share options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s ADSs.

The weighted average grant-date fair value of share options granted was $7.81 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 of which none were vested.

As of September 30, 2020, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested options was $17.4 million, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted average vesting period of 2.8 years.

Restricted Ordinary Shares

A summary of the changes in the Company’s restricted ordinary shares during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 is as follows:


	Number of restricted shares	Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2019	314,744	$	4.22
Granted	—	—
Vested	(182,249)	4.26
Canceled or forfeited	(1,969)	4.44
Unvested and outstanding at September 30, 2020	130,526	$	4.17

As of September 30, 2020, there was unrecognized compensation expense of $0.1 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 0.8 years.

Restricted Stock Units

A restricted stock unit (“RSU”) represents the right to receive one of the Company’s ADSs upon vesting of the RSU. The fair value of each RSU is based on the closing price of the Company’s ADSs on the date of grant. The Company grants RSUs with service conditions that vest over 3-year service period with 50% of the award vesting one-and-half years from grant date and the remaining 50% of the award vesting at the end of the third year.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company did not grant RSUs under the 2018 Plan. The following is a summary of RSU activity for the 2018 Plan for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:


	Number of restricted shares	Weighted average grant date fair value
Unvested and outstanding at December 31, 2019	500,000	$	12.09
Granted	—	—
Vested	—	—
Canceled or forfeited	(41,250)	12.09
Unvested and outstanding at September 30, 2020	458,750	$	12.09

As of September 30, 2020, there was $3.3 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 2.2 years.

Share-based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation expense recorded as research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and capitalized to property and equipment is as follows (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Research and development	$	2,183	$	4,673	$	10,450	$	13,817
General and administrative	2,062		2,906		$	5,423	9,993
Capitalized to property and equipment	—		130		(87)		130
Total share-based compensation expense	$	4,245	$	7,709	$	15,786	$	23,940