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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The unaudited interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to a fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2024, and the results of its operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. The condensed balance sheet at December 31, 2023, was derived from audited annual financial statements but does not contain all of the footnote disclosures from the annual financial statements. These interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for the full fiscal year or for any subsequent interim period and should be read in conjunction with the annual financial statements included in the Company’s final prospectus, dated October 10, 2024, filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) on October 11, 2024 (the “Prospectus”).

Reverse Stock Split

Reverse Stock Split

On October 4, 2024, the Company amended and restated its amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a 1-for-2.57 reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The par value and authorized shares of the common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock were not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All issued and outstanding common stock, preferred stock, options to purchase common stock, warrants to purchase redeemable convertible preferred stock and per share amounts contained in the financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to give effect to the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.

Use of Estimates

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions, and such differences could be material to the Company’s financial position and results of operations. Significant estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, valuation of warrants, valuation of the Company’s common stock (prior to the IPO), and valuation of the Company’s options to purchase common stock for purposes of accounting for stock-based compensation.

Cash and Cash Equivalents ash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less on the date of acquisition to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents consist of cash in business checking accounts, demand deposit accounts, and money market funds.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable

The Company records accounts receivables at the invoiced amount. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses for any receivables the Company may be unable to collect. The Company estimates uncollectible receivables on an individual basis based on the receivables’ age, customers’ expected ability to pay and collection history, and current economic conditions, among other factors that may affect customers’ ability to pay. The Company uses its judgment, based on the best available facts and circumstances, and records an allowance against amounts due to reduce the receivable to the amount that is expected to be collected. Allowances for credit losses are immaterial and included in accounts receivable, net on the balance sheets.

Inventory

Inventory

Inventory is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value, which approximates actual cost on the first-in, first-out basis. Inventory costs include direct materials, direct labor, and normal manufacturing overhead. The Company uses third party contract manufacturers to complete the manufacturing and assembly of material components on site. Final quality inspection and packaging is performed at the Company’s headquarters. Prior to the quality inspection and packaging, the inventory is considered component material. The Company periodically assesses the recoverability of all inventories to determine whether adjustments for impairment are required. The Company evaluates the related commercial mix of finished goods and other general obsolescence and impairment criteria in assessing the recoverability of the Company’s inventory and records a provision for excess, expired, and obsolete inventory based primarily on estimates of forecasted demand. Judgment is required in determining these provisions, and a change in the timing or level of demand for products, as compared to forecasted amounts, may result in recording additional provisions for excess, expired, and obsolete inventory in the future.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and leasehold improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in the statement of operations in the period realized. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets in accordance with the following table:

 

Fixed asset category

 

Estimated useful life

Furniture and fixtures

 

36 months

Computer equipment and software

 

36 months

Laboratory and manufacturing equipment

 

36 months

Leasehold improvements

 

Shorter of the useful life or term of the lease

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

Right-of-Use Assets and Lease Liabilities

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease, or contains a lease, at inception. The Company recognizes on its balance sheets operating lease liabilities representing the present value of future lease payments and an associated operating lease right-of-use (ROU) asset for any operating lease with a term greater than one year. As the Company leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company generally uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a term similar to the lease arrangement. Significant judgment is required in determining the incremental collateralized borrowing rate. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Warrants

The holders of the outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock do not have stated redemption rights; however, the holders of the redeemable convertible stock are entitled to preferential payments in the event of a sale, lease, transfer, exclusive license or other disposition of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets or intellectual property, the acquisition of the Company by another entity by means of any reorganization, merger, or consolidation following which the Company’s stockholders as of immediately prior to such acquisition fail to hold at least 50% of the voting power of the resulting entity, or a liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company (a “Deemed Liquidation Event”). Because a Deemed Liquidation Event is not solely within the Company’s

control, all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock have been presented outside of permanent equity in the accompanying Balance Sheets for all periods presented.

In addition, the Company has issued freestanding warrants to purchase redeemable convertible preferred stock. The warrants are currently exercisable and are included in Other liabilities, long-term on the accompanying Balance Sheets. The redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants are subject to remeasurement at each balance sheet date, and any change in fair value is recognized as a component of non-operating income in the Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The Company uses the Black- Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of the warrants.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are invested in checking accounts and money market funds. The Company has not experienced any losses to date.

The Company’s accounts receivables are derived solely from product and subscription sales to customers located in the United States. The Company performs periodic evaluations of its customers’ financial condition and generally requires no collateral from its customers. Credit losses historically have not been significant. No customers comprised 10% of the Company revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 or 2023. No customers comprised 10% of the Company's accounts receivable balance as of September 30, 2024 or December 31, 2023.

Bank failures, events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance, or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, or concerns or rumors about such events, may lead to liquidity constraints. The failure of a bank, or other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets impacting financial institutions at which the Company maintains balances, could adversely impact liquidity and financial performance. There can be no assurance that the Company’s deposits in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) or other comparable insurance limits will be backstopped by the U.S. or applicable foreign governments, or that any bank or financial institution with which the Company does business will be able to obtain needed liquidity from other banks, government institutions, or by acquisition in the event of a failure or liquidity crisis. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in money market funds.

Other Non-Current Assets

Other Non-Current Assets

Other non-current assets include recorders, recorder components, and recorders at customer locations, as well as non-current deposits. The estimated useful life of recorders is three years and depreciation commences when recorders are placed into service at customer locations.

Deferred IPO Offering Costs

Deferred IPO Offering Costs

Deferred IPO offering costs, consisting of legal fees, consulting fees, and accounting fees relating to the initial public offering are capitalized. The deferred IPO offering costs will be offset against offering proceeds upon the completion of the offering. The Company had no deferred IPO offering costs capitalized as of December 31, 2023. The Company had $3.9 million of deferred IPO offering costs capitalized as of September 30, 2024, included in other non-current assets. The deferred IPO offering costs will be reclassified as a reduction to equity as a result of the closing of the IPO in the fourth quarter of 2024.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, principally Property and Equipment and Right of Use Assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amount to the future cash flows that the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. There have been no such impairments of long-lived assets recognized to date.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of direct and indirect costs related to the manufacturing of the Company’s products as well as hosting costs for the Company’s Clarity and EEG portal subscription services. Direct costs include headband costs, depreciation of recorders at customer locations, and costs related to assembly and testing performed by the Company’s employees. Indirect costs consist of allocated overhead for employee costs and facility costs. Shipping and handling costs incurred for inventory purchases and product shipments as well as tariffs are recorded in cost of revenue in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, principally Property and Equipment and Right of Use Assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the carrying amount to the future cash flows that the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. There have been no such impairments of long-lived assets recognized to date.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of direct and indirect costs related to the manufacturing of the Company’s products as well as hosting costs for the Company’s Clarity and EEG portal subscription services. Direct costs include headband costs, depreciation of recorders at customer locations, and costs related to assembly and testing performed by the Company’s employees. Indirect costs consist of allocated overhead for employee costs and facility costs. Shipping and handling costs incurred for inventory purchases and product shipments as well as tariffs are recorded in cost of revenue in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Information About Segment and Geographic Areas

Information About Segment and Geographic Areas

The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable and operating segment. The Company’s chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance. All of the Company’s revenue was in the United States for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023. Long-lived assets held outside of the United States are immaterial for the periods presented.

License Agreement

The Company has entered into an in-license arrangement with Stanford University whereby the Company owes low-single digit royalty percentages related to revenue that is derived pursuant to in-licensed technologies, subject to a minimum payment. Royalty obligations are expensed as cost of revenue, in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, when incurred or over the minimum royalty periods and have not been material. The estimated future minimum payments are less than $0.1 million per year through the end of the patents’ lives. The Company has an option to extend the exclusivity of the license to the date the last licensed patent expires upon payment of a term exercise fee.

License Agreement

License Agreement

The Company has entered into an in-license arrangement with Stanford University whereby the Company owes low-single digit royalty percentages related to revenue that is derived pursuant to in-licensed technologies, subject to a minimum payment. Royalty obligations are expensed as cost of revenue, in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss, when incurred or over the minimum royalty periods and have not been material. The estimated future minimum payments are less than $0.1 million per year through the end of the patents’ lives. The Company has an option to extend the exclusivity of the license to the date the last licensed patent expires upon payment of a term exercise fee.

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

The Company paid Dr. Parvizi, a Director and Co-Founder of the Company, for consulting services and reimbursement of related expenses and recorded such amounts as general and administrative expenses within the statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenses related to Dr. Parvizi were $48,000 and $47,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and $149,000 and $141,000, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are charged to operations in the period incurred. Research and development costs include, but are not limited to, payroll and personnel and stock-based compensation expenses, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, and allocated overhead, including rent, equipment, depreciation, and utilities.

Intellectual Property Costs

Costs to secure, defend, and maintain patents, including those incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications, are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred for patent-related expenditures are classified as general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Advertising Costs

The Company charges advertising costs to expense as incurred. Advertising costs were $108,000 and $272,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were $271,000 and $384,000, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Research and Development

Research and Development

Research and development costs are charged to operations in the period incurred. Research and development costs include, but are not limited to, payroll and personnel and stock-based compensation expenses, laboratory supplies, consulting costs, and allocated overhead, including rent, equipment, depreciation, and utilities.

Intellectual Property Costs

Intellectual Property Costs

Costs to secure, defend, and maintain patents, including those incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications, are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred for patent-related expenditures are classified as general and administrative expenses in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Advertising Costs

Advertising Costs

The Company charges advertising costs to expense as incurred. Advertising costs were $108,000 and $272,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and were $271,000 and $384,000, for the nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration of potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, redeemable convertible preferred stock, stock options, and warrants to purchase convertible preferred stock on an as-converted basis are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Basic and diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders per share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities, as the redeemable convertible preferred stock is considered a participating security because it participates in dividends with common stock. The holders of redeemable convertible preferred stock do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. As such, the net loss was attributed entirely to common stockholders. Because the Company has reported a net loss for all periods presented, diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for those periods.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation for employee and non-employee awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. ASC 718 requires the recognition of compensation expense, using a fair value-based method, for costs related to all service-based share- based payments, including stock options.

The Company estimates the fair value of options granted to employees on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. This valuation model for stock-based compensation expense requires the Company to make assumptions and judgments about the variables used in the calculation, including the value of the Company’s stock, the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock, the expected term (based on an average of the midpoint of the requisite service period and the contractual term, and the historical exercise behavior), the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ deficit that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there was no difference between net loss and comprehensive loss.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes net loss as well as other changes in stockholders’ deficit that result from transactions and economic events other than those with stockholders. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, there was no difference between net loss and comprehensive loss.

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the Company’s balance sheets and income tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and for loss and credit carryforwards using the enacted rates expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets and records a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets may not be realized.

The Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date. The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes based on the guidance within ASC 740-10, which requires a more-likely-than-not threshold for financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, the Company records the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority having full knowledge of all relevant information. For those income tax positions where it is not more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, no tax benefit is recognized in the financial statements. The Company classifies interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as income tax expense.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-06, Debt-Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging-Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The amendment simplifies the accounting for certain financial instruments with characteristics of liabilities and equity, including convertible instruments and contracts on an entity’s own equity. The new standard requires entities to provide expanded disclosures about the terms and features of convertible instruments, how the instruments have been reported in the entity’s financial statements, and information about events, conditions, and circumstances that can affect how to assess the amount or timing of an entity’s future cash flows related to those instruments. On January 1, 2024, the Company adopted ASU 2020-06, which had an immaterial impact on its financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07 Segment Reporting—Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendment expands segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), the amount and description of other segment items, permits companies to disclose more than one measure of segment profit or loss, and requires all annual segment disclosures to be included in the interim periods. The amendments do not change how an entity identifies its operating segments, aggregates those operating segments, or applies quantitative thresholds to determine its reportable segments. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-07 will impact the Company’s disclosures only.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The amendments expand income tax disclosure requirements by requiring an entity to disclose (i) specific categories in the rate reconciliation, (ii) additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold, and (iii) the amount of taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 will impact the Company’s disclosures only and the Company is evaluating the effect of adopting the new disclosure requirements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses. The amendment requires more detailed information about specified categories of expenses (purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) included in certain expense captions presented on the face of the income statement. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments may be applied either (1) prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this ASU or (2) retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. We are currently evaluating the impact this ASU will have on our disclosures.