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f

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from ___________ to ___________

001-34809

Commission File Number

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 85-2619578
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

112 S. French Street, Suite 105

Wilmington, DE

19801

(Address of principal executive office including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (302) 691-6276

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Shares |  | GBLI |  | New York Stock Exchange

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer ☐; Accelerated filer ☒; Non-accelerated filer ☐; Smaller reporting company ☐; Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive oﬃcers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the price of the registrant’s class A common shares as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (based on the last reported sale price on the New York Stock Exchange as of such date), was $210,975,748. There are no class B common shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant.

As of March 2, 2023, the registrant had outstanding 9,846,271 class A common shares and 3,793,612 class B common shares.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | Page
|  | PART I |
Item 1. |  | BUSINESS | 4
Item 1A. |  | RISK FACTORS | 21
Item 1B. |  | UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS | 34
Item 2. |  | PROPERTIES | 34
Item 3. |  | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 34
Item 4. |  | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 34
|  | PART II |
Item 5. |  | MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES | 35
Item 7. |  | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 37
Item 7A. |  | QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK | 70
Item 8. |  | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA | 72
Item 9. |  | CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE | 134
Item 9A. |  | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 134
Item 9B. |  | OTHER INFORMATION | 136
|  | PART III |
Item 10. |  | DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE | 137
Item 11. |  | EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION | 137
Item 12. |  | SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS | 137
Item 13. |  | CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE | 137
Item 14. |  | PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES | 137
|  | PART IV |
Item 15. |  | EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES | 138
Item 16. |  | FORM 10-K SUMMARY | 140

3

PART I

Item 1. B USINESS

Some of the information contained in this Item 1 or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its subsidiaries’ plans and strategy, constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the end of Item 7 of Part II and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company”, “Global Indemnity”, or “GBLI” refer to Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its subsidiaries or, if prior to August 28, 2020, to Global Indemnity Limited and its subsidiaries.

References to class A common shares and/or class B common shares refer to, at and after 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time on August 28, 2020 (the “Effective Time”), Global Indemnity Group, LLC class A common shares and/or Global Indemnity Group, LLC class B common shares or, prior to the Effective Time, Global Indemnity Limited A ordinary shares and/or Global Indemnity Limited B ordinary shares.

History

Global Indemnity Group, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company formed on June 23, 2020, replaced Global Indemnity Limited, incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, as the ultimate parent company of the Global Indemnity group of companies as a result of a redomestication transaction completed on August 28, 2020. This transaction resulted in the redomestication of the Company and its Bermuda subsidiary, Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company, Ltd. (“Global Indemnity Reinsurance”), to the United States. See Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information regarding the redomestication.

Effective January 3, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC voluntarily transferred the listing of its class A common shares and its 7.875% subordinated notes due 2047 from the NASDAQ Global Select Market (“NASDAQ”) to the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”). Global Indemnity Group, LLC's class A common shares are trading under the ticker symbol GBLI. The Company redeemed the 7.875% subordinated notes due 2047 on April 15, 2022. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s predecessors have been publicly traded since 2003. See Note 14 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the redemption of the 7.875% subordinated notes due 2047.

Effective August 28, 2020, Global Indemnity Group, LLC became a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Global Indemnity Group, LLC believes that it has met in previous taxable years, and intends to manage its affairs so that it will continue to meet in the current and subsequent taxable years, the qualifying income exception to maintain partnership status for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a partnership, Global Indemnity Group, LLC is generally not subject to federal income tax and most state income taxes. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a holder of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares is treated as a partner in a partnership. Shareholders are required to take into account their allocable share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s items of income, gains, losses, deductions, and other items of the partnership for Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s taxable year ending within or with the shareholders’ taxable year, regardless of whether any cash or other distributions are made to shareholders. Global Indemnity Group, LLC will furnish to each shareholder, as soon as reasonably practical after the close of each calendar year, specific tax information, including a Schedule K-1, which describes the shareholders’ share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s income, gains, losses, and deductions for Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preceding taxable year. Income earned by the subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC is subject to corporate tax in the United States and, therefore, is not taxable to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s shareholders until the income is distributed by the subsidiaries to Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company decided to restructure its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company will be exiting its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company will cease writing new business and existing renewals will be placed in run-off for these four divisions. On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company. During the 2nd quarter of 2022, the Company decided that Farm, Ranch & Stable would not be a core business and a decision was made to not allocate additional resources to this segment. Previously, on October 26, 2021, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its manufactured and dwelling homes business which were part of the Specialty Property segment. In 2021, the Company decided to cease writing certain Property Brokerage business which was part of the Commercial Specialty segment, as well as exit certain property

4

and catastrophe lines within the Reinsurance Operations segment. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company also decided it will reduce writings within its Reinsurance Operations segment. Based on the decisions to exit or downsize these lines of business, the Company changed the way it manages and analyzes its operating results. The chief operating decision makers decided they will be reviewing the specific results of the Exited Lines in a separate segment. The chief operating decision makers also determined that the small amount of specialty property business that remained from the Specialty Property segment would be included as a product offering in the Commercial Specialty segment for purpose of reviewing results and allocating resources. Several smaller reinsurance treaties have also been reclassified from Reinsurance to Commercial Specialty. The Reinsurance Operations segment writes casualty treaties as well as individual excess policies. Accordingly, the Company has three reportable segments: Commercial Specialty, Reinsurance Operations, and Exited Lines. Management believes these segments allow users of the Company’s financial statements to better understand the Company's performance, better assess prospects for future net cash flows, and make more informed judgments about the Company as a whole. The segment results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 have been revised to reflect these changes.

Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company also acquired the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, American Reliable Insurance Company, on December 31, 2022 for an amount equal to book value, which was $10.0 million, at the time of closing.

General

GBLI provides its insurance products across a distribution network that includes wholesale general agents, wholesale brokers, and retailers. The insurance companies manage the distribution of these products through two ongoing business segments: Commercial Specialty and Reinsurance Operations. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech product offerings. The Company's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products are offered primarily in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. The company also has an Exited Lines segment that contains lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff, including specialty personal lines and property and casualty products such as manufactured home, dwelling, motorcycle, watercraft, certain homeowners business, property brokerage, property and catastrophe reinsurance treaties, several smaller casualty lines, and the farm, ranch and equine business. Collectively, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are licensed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

The Commercial Specialty segments comprises the Company’s Insurance Operations (“Insurance Operations”).

Business Segments

See Note 23 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for gross and net written premiums, income and total assets of each operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. For a discussion of the variances between years, see “Results of Operations” in Item 7 of Part II of this report.

Commercial Specialty

The Company’s Commercial Specialty segment distributes specialty property and casualty insurance products and operates predominantly in the excess and surplus lines, or non-admitted, marketplace. The excess and surplus lines market differs significantly from the standard property and casualty insurance market.

In the standard property and casualty insurance market, insurance rates and forms are highly regulated; products and coverage are largely uniform and have relatively predictable exposures. In the standard market, policies must be written by insurance companies that are admitted to transact business in the state in which the policy is issued. As a result, in the standard property and casualty insurance market, insurance companies tend to compete for customers primarily on the basis of price, coverage, value-added service, and financial strength.

In contrast, the excess and surplus lines market provides coverage for businesses that often do not fit the underwriting criteria of an insurance company operating in the standard markets due to their relatively greater unpredictable loss patterns and unique niches of exposure requiring rate and policy form flexibility. Without the excess and surplus lines market, certain businesses would have to self-insure their exposures, or seek coverage outside the U.S. market.

Competition in the excess and surplus lines market tends to focus less on price and more on availability, service, and other considerations. While excess and surplus lines market exposures may have higher perceived insurance risk than their standard market counterparts, excess and surplus lines market underwriters historically have been able to generate underwriting profitability superior to standard market underwriters.

5

A portion of the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment is written on a specialty admitted basis. When writing on a specialty admitted basis, the Company’s focus for this portion of the business is on writing insurance for insureds that engage in similar but often highly specialized types of activities. The specialty admitted market is subject to greater state regulation than the surplus lines market, particularly with regards to rate and form filing requirements and the ability to enter and exit lines of business. Insureds purchasing coverage from specialty admitted insurance companies do so because the insurance product is not otherwise available from standard market insurers. Yet, for regulatory or marketing reasons, these insureds require products that are written by an admitted insurance company.

Commercial Specialty’s insurance products target specific, defined groups of insureds with customized coverage to meet their needs. The primary business divisions within the Commercial Specialty segment include:

•
Wholesale Commercial distributes property and general liability products for small commercial businesses through a select network of wholesale general agents with specific binding authority. Examples of small businesses served are apartments, bars, contractors, other small retail operations, and niche businesses.

•
InsurTech products include Collectibles.com, digital direct-to-consumer insurance coverage for owners of collections, and VacantExpress, insurance coverage for owners of properties under construction, under renovation or vacant, distributed through wholesale general agents and retail agents.

These business divisions comprise the Commercial Specialty segment and are not considered individual business segments because each product has similar economic characteristics, distribution, and coverage.

The Company’s Commercial Specialty segment provides property, casualty, and professional liability products utilizing customized guidelines, rates, and forms tailored to the Company’s risk and underwriting philosophy. See “Underwriting” below for a discussion on how the Company’s insurance products are underwritten.

In 2022, gross written premiums for the Commercial Specialty segment were $401.0 million compared to $373.6 million for 2021. For 2022, surplus lines business accounted for approximately 90% of the business written while specialty admitted business accounted for the remaining 10%.

Reinsurance Operations

The Company's Reinsurance Operations segment provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. Prior to the redomestication transaction, the Company’s Reinsurance Operations consisted solely of the operations of its Bermuda-based wholly-owned subsidiary, Global Indemnity Reinsurance. As part of the redomestication transactions, Global Indemnity Reinsurance was merged with and into Penn-Patriot Insurance Company ("Penn-Patriot"), with Penn-Patriot surviving, resulting in the assumption of Global Indemnity Reinsurance's business by the Global Indemnity group of companies’ existing U.S. insurance company subsidiaries.

The Company is focused on using its capital capacity to write casualty and specialty-focused contracts meeting the Company’s risk tolerance and return thresholds.

In 2022, gross written premiums from third parties were $158.7 million compared to $103.7 million for 2021.

Exited Lines

The Company’s Exited Lines segment represents lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff, including specialty personal lines and property and casualty products such as manufactured home, dwelling, motorcycle, watercraft, certain homeowners business, property brokerage, property and catastrophe reinsurance treaties, several smaller casualty lines, and the farm, ranch and equine business. The renewal rights related to the Company’s manufactured and dwelling homes business, which were sold during the fourth quarter of 2021, and the renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business, which were sold during the third quarter of 2022, are included in Exited Lines. See Note 3 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on these sales.

The manufactured home, dwelling, motorcycle, watercraft, certain homeowners products, and farm, ranch & equine business within Exited Lines operated primarily in the standard or admitted markets and were distributed through retail agents, wholesale general agents, and brokers. These insurance products were either underwritten via limited binding authority, specific binding authority, or by internal personnel. The Property Brokerage product within Exited Lines operated predominantly in the excess and surplus lines or non-admitted markets and were distributed through wholesale brokers and

6

underwritten by the Company’s personnel and selected brokers with limited binding authority. The property and catastrophe reinsurance treaties within Exited Lines were distributed through brokers and on a direct basis.

See “Underwriting” below for additional discussion on how the Company’s insurance products are underwritten.

Any information technology initiatives related to business lines within Exited Lines have been discontinued.

In 2022, gross written premiums for the Exited Lines segment were $167.9 million compared to $204.9 million for 2021.

Products and Product Development

The Company currently markets its property and casualty insurance products through the Commercial Specialty and Reinsurance Operations segments. The Company’s Commercial Specialty segment operates predominantly in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. See “Commercial Specialty” above for a description of its product offerings. Companies within the Company’s Insurance Operations are licensed to write on an admitted basis in all 50 U.S. States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, while others are eligible to write on a surplus lines (non-admitted) basis. This provides the Company with flexibility in designing products and in determining rates to meet emerging risks and discontinuities in the marketplace.

The Company’s Reinsurance Operations offers third-party treaty reinsurance for casualty insurance and reinsurance companies as well as professional liability products to companies.

Geographic Concentration

The following table sets forth the geographic distribution of gross written premiums for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |  |  | Amount |  |  | Percent |
California |  | $ | 71,763 |  |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | $ | 65,357 |  |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | $ | 57,542 |  |  |  | 9.5 | %
Florida |  |  | 58,318 |  |  |  | 8.0 |  |  |  | 53,633 |  |  |  | 7.9 |  |  |  | 49,122 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
New York |  |  | 54,551 |  |  |  | 7.5 |  |  |  | 50,780 |  |  |  | 7.4 |  |  |  | 42,183 |  |  |  | 7.0 |
Texas |  |  | 49,978 |  |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | 52,245 |  |  |  | 7.7 |  |  |  | 55,045 |  |  |  | 9.1 |
Arizona |  |  | 23,208 |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | 23,241 |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  |  | 22,045 |  |  |  | 3.6 |
Massachusetts |  |  | 22,861 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | 19,700 |  |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 19,349 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
North Carolina |  |  | 18,311 |  |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 18,339 |  |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |  | 19,221 |  |  |  | 3.2 |
Louisiana |  |  | 17,638 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 25,664 |  |  |  | 3.8 |  |  |  | 22,590 |  |  |  | 3.7 |
Georgia |  |  | 16,487 |  |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 17,659 |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  |  | 15,971 |  |  |  | 2.6 |
New Jersey |  |  | 15,667 |  |  |  | 2.2 |  |  |  | 16,697 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 14,840 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Subtotal |  |  | 348,782 |  |  |  | 48.0 |  |  |  | 343,315 |  |  |  | 50.3 |  |  |  | 317,908 |  |  |  | 52.4 |
All other states |  |  | 224,630 |  |  |  | 30.9 |  |  |  | 232,267 |  |  |  | 34.1 |  |  |  | 228,018 |  |  |  | 37.6 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 154,191 |  |  |  | 21.2 |  |  |  | 106,540 |  |  |  | 15.6 |  |  |  | 60,677 |  |  |  | 10.0 |
Total |  | $ | 727,603 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 606,603 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

Marketing and Distribution

The Company provides its insurance products across a full distribution network that includes wholesale general agents, wholesale brokers, and retailers.

The Company’s Commercial Specialty products are distributed through approximately 360 wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices. One agent provided 10.3% of Commercial Specialty’s gross written premiums. No other agent or broker accounted for more than 10% of gross written premiums within the Commercial Specialty segment for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The Company's assumed premiums on one treaty accounted for 93.7% of the Reinsurance Operations’ 2022 gross written premiums. This same treaty accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022. To support growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

7

The Company’s primary distribution strategy is to maintain strong relationships with high-quality wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices. The Company carefully selects distribution sources based on their expertise, experience and reputation. The Company believes that its distribution strategy enables it to effectively access numerous markets through the marketing, underwriting, and administrative support of the Company’s wholesale general agencies and wholesale brokers. The Company believes these wholesale general agents and wholesale brokers have local market knowledge and expertise that enables them to access business in these markets more effectively.

Underwriting

For Commercial Specialty, the Company’s insurance products are primarily underwritten via specific binding authority in which the Company grants underwriting authority to its wholesale general agents via brokerage in which the Company’s internal personnel underwrites business submitted by wholesale brokers.

Specific Binding Authority – The majority of the Company’s wholesale general agents and retail agents have access to company administered systems to rate, quote and issue policies with respect to the products they write with the Company.

A portion of wholesale general agents use their own proprietary systems, for which the Company’s rates and underwriting criteria are integrated.

The Company provides its wholesale general agents and retail agents with a comprehensive, regularly updated underwriting manual that specifically outlines risk eligibility which is developed based on the type of insured, nature of exposure and overall expected profitability. This manual also outlines (a) premium pricing, (b) underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to policy forms, terms and conditions, and (c) policy issuance instructions.

The Company’s wholesale general agents and retail agents contract to underwrite submissions received in accordance with the Company’s underwriting manual. Risks that are not within the specific binding authority must be submitted to the Company’s underwriting personnel directly for underwriting review and approval or denial of the application of the insured. The Company’s wholesale general agents provide all policy issuance services in accordance with the Company’s underwriting manuals.

The Company regularly monitors the underwriting quality of its wholesale general agents and retail agents through a disciplined system of controls, which includes one or more of the following:

•
automated system criteria edits and exception reports;
•
individual policy reviews to measure adherence to the Company’s underwriting manual or letter of authority including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing;
•
periodic on-site and virtual comprehensive audits to evaluate processes, controls, profitability and adherence to all aspects of the Company’s underwriting manual or letter of authority including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing;
•
internal quarterly actuarial analysis of loss ratios produced by business underwritten by the Company’s wholesale general agents and retail agents; and
•
internal quarterly analysis of financial results, including premium growth and overall profitability of business produced by the Company’s wholesale general agents and retail agents.

The Company provides incentives to certain of its wholesale general agents to produce profitable business through contingent profit commission structures that are tied directly to the achievement of profitability targets.

Brokerage – The wholesale brokers, which represent approximately 3% of the Company's gross written premiums, are within the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment. The Company’s wholesale brokers do not have specific binding authority; therefore, these risks are submitted to the Company’s underwriting personnel for review and processing.

The Company provides its internal underwriting personnel with a comprehensive, regularly updated underwriting manual that outlines risk eligibility, which is developed based on the type of insured, nature of exposure and overall expected profitability. This manual also outlines (a) premium pricing, (b) underwriting guidelines, including but not limited to policy forms, terms, and conditions.

8

The Company’s underwriting personnel review submissions, issue all quotes and perform all policy issuance functions. The Company regularly monitors the underwriting quality of its underwriters through a disciplined system of controls, which includes the following:

•
individual policy reviews to measure the Company’s underwriters’ adherence to the underwriting manual including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing;
•
periodic underwriting review to evaluate adherence to all aspects of the Company’s underwriting manual including: risk selection, underwriting compliance, policy issuance and pricing;
•
internal quarterly actuarial analysis of loss ratios produced by business underwritten by the Company’s underwriters; and
•
internal quarterly analysis of financial results, including premium growth and overall profitability of business produced by the Company’s underwriters.

Reinsurance – The Company’s Reinsurance Operations primarily writes casualty focused reinsurance contracts and professional lines excess liability business. Prior to entering into any agreement, the Company evaluates a number of factors for each cedant including, but not limited to, reputation and financial condition, underwriting and claims practices and historical claims experience.

Exited Lines – The Company’s Exited Lines had the same controls in place as described in the Specific Binding Authority and brokerage section above.

Contingent Commissions

Certain professional general agencies of the Company are paid special incentives, referred to as contingent commissions, when results of business produced by these agencies are more favorable than predetermined thresholds. Similarly, in some circumstances, companies that cede business to the Reinsurance Operations are paid a profit commission based on the profitability of the ceded portfolio. These commissions are charged to other underwriting expenses when incurred.

Pricing

Actuaries establish pricing tailored to each specific product the Company underwrites, taking into account historical loss experience, historical rate level changes, property catastrophe modeling output, and individual risk and coverage characteristics. The Company generally uses the actuarial loss costs promulgated by the Insurance Services Office as a benchmark in the development of pricing for most products. Specific products will utilize proprietary rating when deemed appropriate including utilizing machine learning and other analytical methods to assist with risk segmentation and pricing. The Company will seek to only write business if it believes it can achieve an adequate risk adjusted rate of return.

Reinsurance of Underwriting Risk

The Company’s philosophy is to purchase reinsurance from third parties to limit its liability on individual risks, to protect against property catastrophe, and casualty clash losses. Reinsurance assists the Company in controlling exposure to severe losses and protecting capital resources. The type, cost and limits of reinsurance it purchases can vary from year to year based upon the Company’s desired retention levels and the availability of quality reinsurance at an acceptable price. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of limits on the policies it has written, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the insurance ceded. Some of the Company’s reinsurance contracts renew on an annual basis and all of its reinsurance is purchased following guidelines established by management. The Company primarily utilizes treaty reinsurance products made up of proportional and excess of loss reinsurance. Additionally, the Company may purchase facultative reinsurance protection on single risks when deemed necessary.

The Company purchases specific types and structures of reinsurance depending upon the characteristics of the lines of business and specialty products underwritten. The Company will typically seek to place proportional reinsurance for umbrella and excess products, certain specialty products, or new products in the development stage. The Company believes that this approach allows it to control net exposure in these product areas most cost effectively.

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The Company purchases reinsurance on an excess of loss basis to cover individual risk severity. These structures are utilized to protect the Company’s primary positions on property and casualty products. The excess of loss structures allow the Company to maximize underwriting profits over time by retaining a greater portion of the risk in these products, while helping to protect against the possibility of unforeseen volatility.

The Company analyzes its reinsurance contracts to ensure that they meet the risk transfer requirements of applicable accounting guidance, which requires that the reinsurer must assume significant insurance risk under the reinsured portions of the underlying insurance contracts and that there must be a reasonably possible chance that the reinsurer may realize a significant loss from the transaction.

The Company continually evaluates its retention levels across its entire line of business and specialty product portfolio seeking to ensure that the ultimate reinsurance structures are aligned with the Company’s corporate risk tolerance levels associated with such products. Any decision to decrease the Company’s reliance upon proportional reinsurance or to increase the Company’s excess of loss retentions could increase the Company’s earnings volatility. In cases where the Company decides to increase its excess of loss retentions, such decisions will be a result of a change or progression in the Company’s risk tolerance level. The Company endeavors to purchase reinsurance from financially strong reinsurers with which it has long-standing relationships. In addition, in certain circumstances, the Company holds collateral, including letters of credit, under reinsurance agreements.

The Company’s material reinsurance treaties are as follows:

Property Catastrophe Excess of Loss – The Company’s current property writings create exposure to catastrophic events. To protect against these exposures, the Company purchases a property catastrophe treaty. Effective June 1, 2022, the Company purchased three layers of occurrence coverage for losses of $115 million in excess of $10 million. The first layer provides coverage of 40% of $10 million in excess of $10 million and can be reinstated once at no additional charge. The second layer provides coverage of $30 million in excess of $20 million and can be reinstated once for an additional charge. The third layer provides coverage of $75 million in excess of $50 million and can be reinstated once for an additional charge.

This replaced the treaty which expired on May 31, 2022 and provided three layers of occurrence coverage for losses of $185 million in excess of $15 million. The first layer provided coverage of 100% of $10 million in excess of $15 million and could be reinstated twice at no additional charge. The second layer provided coverage of $25 million in excess of $25 million and could be reinstated once at no additional charge. The third layer provided coverage of $150 million in excess of $50 million and could be reinstated once at no additional charge.

Property Per Risk Excess of Loss – Effective January 1, 2023, the Company renewed its property per risk excess of loss treaty. This treaty provides coverage of 50% of $7.5 million per risk in excess of $2.5 million per risk for the entire Company. This replaced the treaty which expired December 31, 2022 and provided coverage of $8 million per risk in excess of $2 million per risk for property lines of business.

Casualty Excess of Loss – Effective January 1, 2023, the Company amended the casualty excess of loss treaty, that was in effect, to provide coverage of 80% of $10 million per occurrence in excess of $2.5 million per occurrence for casualty lines of business. The original treaty provided coverage of $10 million per occurrence in excess of $2.5 million per occurrence for all casualty lines of business. The treaty was subject to an aggregate limit of $20 million.

Amended & Restated Reinsurance Agreement – Effective October 26, 2021, the company entered into an agreement to cede 100% of its underwriting results related to certain specialty property business.

Reinsurance Agreement – Effective August 8 th, 2022, the company entered into an agreement to cede 100% of its underwriting results related to certain agricultural business.

To the extent that there may be an increase or decrease in catastrophe or casualty clash exposure in the future, the Company may increase or decrease its reinsurance protection for these exposures commensurately. There were no other significant changes to any of the Company’s reinsurance treaties during 2022.

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The following table sets forth the ten reinsurers for which the Company has the largest reinsurance receivables as of December 31, 2022. Also shown are the amounts of premiums ceded by the Company to these reinsurers during the year ended December 31, 2022.

(Dollars in millions) |  | AM Best Rating |  | Gross Reinsurance Receivables |  |  | Percent of Total |  |  | Ceded Premiums Written |  |  | Percent of Total |
Munich Re America Corp. |  | A+ |  | $ | 45.3 |  |  |  | 47.9 | % |  | $ | 5.3 |  |  |  | 3.9 | %
General Reinsurance Corp. |  | A++ |  |  | 10.4 |  |  |  | 11.0 |  |  |  | 3.9 |  |  |  | 2.9 |
Swiss Reinsurance America Corp. |  | A+ |  |  | 7.0 |  |  |  | 7.4 |  |  |  | 5.4 |  |  |  | 3.9 |
Factory Mutual Insurance Company |  | A+ |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Allianz Risk Transfer |  | A+ |  |  | 3.9 |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Westport Insurance Corporation |  | A+ |  |  | 3.0 |  |  |  | 3.2 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Clearwater Insurance Company |  | NR |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |  | 3.1 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Scor Reinsurance Company |  | A+ |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 2.0 |  |  |  | 1.5 |
Argo Re, Ltd |  | A |  |  | 2.3 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 0.1 |
American Agricultural Insurance |  | A |  |  | 1.7 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Subtotal |  |  |  | $ | 83.2 |  |  |  | 87.9 | % |  | $ | 19.1 |  |  |  | 14.0 | %
All other reinsurers |  |  |  |  | 11.5 |  |  |  | 12.1 |  |  |  | 117.2 |  |  |  | 86.0 |
Total reinsurance receivables before allowance for expected credit losses |  |  |  | $ | 94.7 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 136.3 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %
Allowance for expected credit losses |  |  |  |  | (9.0 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses |  |  |  |  | 85.7 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateral held in trust from reinsurers |  |  |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net receivables |  |  |  | $ | 76.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

In the event that American Reliable Insurance Company's non-farm reinsurers do not pay for losses ceded to them by American Reliable Insurance Company, the Company would be responsible for those losses.

At December 31, 2022, the Company carried reinsurance receivables, net of collateral held in trust, of $76.8 million. This amount is net of an allowance for expected credit losses of $9.0 million at December 31, 2022.

Historically, there have been insolvencies following a period of competitive pricing in the industry. While the Company has recorded allowances for expected credit losses for reinsurance receivables based on relevant information about past events including historical experience, currently available information as well as supportable forecasts that affect the collectability, conditions may change or additional information might be obtained that may require the Company to record additional allowances. On a quarterly basis, the Company reviews its financial exposure to the reinsurance market and assesses the adequacy of its collateral and allowance for expected credit losses. The Company continues to take actions to mitigate its exposure to possible loss.

Claims Management and Administration

The Company’s approach to claims management is designed to investigate reported incidents at the earliest juncture, to select, manage, and supervise all legal and adjustment aspects of claims, including settlement, for the mutual benefit of the Company, its professional general agents, wholesale brokers, reinsurers and insureds. The Company’s professional general agents and wholesale brokers have no authority to settle claims or otherwise exercise control over the claims process. The claims management staff supervises or processes all claims. The Company has a formal claims review process, and all claims greater than $250,000 are reviewed by senior claims management and certain senior executives. Large loss trends and analysis are reviewed by a Large Loss committee.

To handle claims, the Company utilizes its own in-house claims department as well as third-party assuming reinsurers, to whom it delegates limited claims handling authority. The experienced in-house staff of claims management professionals are assigned to one of five dedicated claim units: casualty and automobile claims, latent exposure claims, property claims, and a wholly-owned subsidiary that administers construction defect claims. The dedicated claims units meet regularly to communicate current developments within their assigned areas of specialty.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had $318.3 million and $111.7 million of gross incurred case losses and loss adjustment expenses at its Continuing Lines and Exited Lines, respectively. Claims relating to approximately 90% of

11

those incurred loss and loss adjustment expenses are handled by in-house claims management professionals. Approximately 10% of its incurred loss and loss adjustment expenses are handled by the Company’s assuming reinsurers. The Company reviews and supervises the claims handled by its reinsurers seeking to protect its reputation and minimize exposure.

Reserves for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Applicable insurance laws require the Company to maintain reserves to cover its estimated ultimate losses under insurance policies and reinsurance treaties that it writes and for loss adjustment expenses relating to the investigation and settlement of claims.

The Company establishes losses and loss adjustment expense reserves for individual claims by evaluating reported claims on the basis of:

•
knowledge of the circumstances surrounding the claim;
•
the severity of injury or damage;
•
jurisdiction of the occurrence;
•
the potential for ultimate exposure;
•
litigation related developments;
•
the type of loss; and
•
the Company’s experience with the insured and the line of business and policy provisions relating to the particular type of claim.

The Company generally estimates such losses and claims costs through an evaluation of individual reported claims. The Company also establishes reserves for incurred but not reported losses (“IBNR”). The Company’s IBNR reserves include provisions for development on known cases (supplemental development or incurred but not enough reported (“IBNER”)), as well as provisions for claims that have occurred but not been reported (“Pure IBNR”). IBNR reserves are based on the Company's historical statistical information with respect to the expected number and nature of claims arising from occurrences that have not been reported, supplemented with industry experience. The Company also establishes its reserves based on estimates of future trends in claims severity and other subjective factors. Insurance companies are not permitted to reserve for a catastrophe until it has occurred. Reserves are recorded on an undiscounted basis other than fair value adjustments recorded under purchase accounting. The Company’s reserves are reviewed quarterly by the in-house actuarial staff; however management is responsible for the final determination of loss reserve selections. Reviews for Insurance Operations are generally performed both gross and net of reinsurance and ceded reviews are also completed for most reserve categories.

In addition to the Company’s internal reserve analysis, independent external actuaries perform a full, detailed review of the reserves annually. The Company does not rely upon the review by the independent actuaries to develop its reserves; however, the review is used to corroborate the analysis performed by the in-house actuarial staff. The results of the detailed reserve reviews by internal and external actuaries are summarized and discussed with the Company’s senior management to determine Management's best estimate of reserves.

With respect to some classes of risks, the period of time between the occurrence of an insured event and the final resolution of a claim may be many years, and during this period it often becomes necessary to adjust the claim estimates either upward or downward. Certain classes of umbrella and excess liability that the Company underwrites have historically had longer intervals between the occurrence of an insured event, reporting of the claim, and final resolution. In such cases, the Company must estimate reserves over long periods of time with the possibility of several adjustments to reserves. Other classes of insurance that the Company underwrites, such as most property insurance, historically have shorter intervals between the occurrence of an insured event, reporting of the claim, and final resolution. Reserves with respect to these classes are therefore inherently less likely to be adjusted.

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The losses and loss adjustment expense reserving process is intended to reflect the impact of inflation and other factors affecting loss payments by taking into account changes in historical payment patterns and perceived trends. However, there is no precise method for the subsequent evaluation of the adequacy of the consideration given to inflation, or to any other specific factor, or to the way one factor may affect another.

The same reserving process detailed above is used for Exited Lines.

See the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a reconciliation of the Company’s liability for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance ceded, as well as further discussion surrounding changes to reserves for prior accident years.

Asbestos and Environmental (“A&E”) Exposure

The Company’s environmental exposure arises from the sale of general liability and commercial multi-peril insurance. Currently, the Company’s policies continue to exclude classic environmental contamination claims. However, in some states, the Company is required, depending on the circumstances, to provide coverage for certain bodily injury claims, such as an individual's exposure to a release of chemicals. The Company has also issued policies that were intended to provide limited pollution and environmental coverage. These policies were specific to certain types of products underwritten by the Company. The Company has also received a number of asbestos-related claims, the majority of which are declined based on well-established exclusions. In establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to A&E exposures, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigations. Estimates of these liabilities are reviewed and updated continually.

Uncertainty remains as to the Company’s ultimate liability for asbestos-related claims due to such factors as the long latency period between asbestos exposure and disease manifestation and the resulting potential for involvement of multiple policy periods for individual claims, the increase in the volume of claims made by plaintiffs who claim exposure but who have no symptoms of asbestos-related disease, and an increase in claims subject to coverage under general liability policies that do not contain aggregate limits of liability.

The liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, inclusive of A&E reserves, reflects the Company’s best estimates for future amounts needed to pay losses and related loss adjustment expenses as of each of the balance sheet dates reflected in the financial statements herein in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $10.8 million of net loss reserves for asbestos-related claims and $10.9 million for environmental claims. The Company attempts to estimate the full impact of the A&E exposures by establishing specific case reserves on all known losses. See Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for tables showing the Company’s gross and net reserves for A&E losses.

In addition to the factors referenced above, establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to factors including, but not limited to, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage.

See Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the survival ratios on a gross and net basis for the Company’s A&E claims.

Investments

The Company’s investment policy is determined by the Investment Committee of the Board of Directors. The Company engages third-party investment advisors to oversee and manage its investments and to make recommendations to the Investment Committee. The Company projects its cash flows from investments and operations to assure it has adequate liquidity to run its business. The Company’s investment policy allows it to invest in taxable and tax-exempt fixed income investments including corporate bonds as well as publicly traded equities and private equity and private debt investments. The insurance group holds $1,173.6 million of investments, of which, are comprised of 98.7% of fixed income and 1.3% of preferred stock. To provide diversification, the Company limits exposure to individual issuers. With respect to fixed income investments, the maximum exposure per issuer varies as a function of the credit quality of the security. The allocation between taxable and tax-exempt bonds is determined based on market conditions and tax considerations. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had $1,342.7 million of investments and cash and cash equivalent assets, including $17.5 million of equity securities, which are primarily comprised of preferred stock, and $38.2 million of limited partnership investments.

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Insurance company investments must comply with applicable statutory regulations that prescribe the type, quality, and concentration of investments. These regulations permit investments, within specified limits and subject to certain qualifications, in federal, state, and municipal obligations, corporate bonds, and preferred and common equity securities.

The following table summarizes by type the estimated fair value of Global Indemnity’s investments and cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | December 31, 2020 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Percent of Total |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Percent of Total |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Percent of Total |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 38,846 |  |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | $ | 78,278 |  |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | $ | 67,359 |  |  |  | 4.6 | %
U.S. treasuries |  |  | 344,103 |  |  |  | 25.6 |  |  |  | 150,118 |  |  |  | 9.8 |  |  |  | 197,480 |  |  |  | 13.6 |
Agency obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,630 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 31,595 |  |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 54,721 |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  | 61,243 |  |  |  | 4.2 |
Mortgage-backed securities (1) |  |  | 62,116 |  |  |  | 4.6 |  |  |  | 250,341 |  |  |  | 16.3 |  |  |  | 358,778 |  |  |  | 24.7 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 189,400 |  |  |  | 14.1 |  |  |  | 172,642 |  |  |  | 11.3 |  |  |  | 117,593 |  |  |  | 8.1 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 98,664 |  |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | 136,893 |  |  |  | 8.9 |  |  |  | 110,959 |  |  |  | 7.6 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 338,780 |  |  |  | 25.3 |  |  |  | 292,383 |  |  |  | 19.0 |  |  |  | 240,717 |  |  |  | 16.5 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 183,540 |  |  |  | 13.7 |  |  |  | 139,138 |  |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |  | 104,416 |  |  |  | 7.2 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 1,248,198 |  |  |  | 93.0 |  |  |  | 1,201,866 |  |  |  | 78.4 |  |  |  | 1,191,186 |  |  |  | 81.9 |
Equity securities |  |  | 17,520 |  |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  | 99,978 |  |  |  | 6.5 |  |  |  | 98,990 |  |  |  | 6.8 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 38,176 |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  |  | 152,651 |  |  |  | 10.0 |  |  |  | 97,018 |  |  |  | 6.7 |
Total investments and cash and cash equivalents (2) |  | $ | 1,342,740 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,532,773 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,454,553 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

(1)
Includes collateralized mortgage obligations of $58,773, $101,698, and $108,136 for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
(2)
Does not include net (payable) for securities (purchased) of ($66), ($794), and ($4,667) for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The Company does not acquire fixed maturities with the intention to sell these securities in a short period of time. The Company can hold fixed maturities to recovery and/or maturity; however, the Company regularly re-evaluates its positions and will sell a security if warranted by market conditions.

The overall weighted average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 1.7 years as of December 31, 2022 compared to 3.2 years at December 31, 2021. Duration was lowered in response to rising interest rates. The Company’s fixed maturities, excluding the asset-backed, mortgage-backed, commercial mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations, had a weighted average maturity of 2.2 years and a weighted average duration, including cash and short-term investments, of 1.5 years as of December 31, 2022. The weighted average duration of the Company’s asset-backed, mortgage-backed and commercial mortgage-backed securities was 2.0 years as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, the Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 3.5% compared with 2.2% at December 31, 2021.

The Company’s financial statements reflect a net unrealized loss on fixed maturities available for sale as of December 31, 2022 of $53.5 million on a pre-tax basis.

The following table shows the average amount of fixed maturities, income earned on fixed maturities, and the book yield thereon, as well as unrealized gain (loss) for the periods indicated:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Average fixed maturities at book value |  | $ | 1,247,735 |  |  | $ | 1,171,378 |  |  | $ | 1,190,289 |
Gross income on fixed maturities (1) |  | $ | 33,852 |  |  | $ | 25,751 |  |  | $ | 31,987 |
Book yield |  |  | 2.71 | % |  |  | 2.20 | % |  |  | 2.69 | %
Fixed maturities at book value |  | $ | 1,301,723 |  |  | $ | 1,193,746 |  |  | $ | 1,149,009 |
Unrealized gain (loss) |  | $ | (53,525 | ) |  | $ | 8,120 |  |  | $ | 42,177 |

(1)
Represents income earned by fixed maturities, gross of investment expenses and excluding realized gains and losses.

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The Company has sought to structure its portfolio to reduce the risk of default on collateralized commercial real estate obligations and asset-backed securities. Of the $62.1 million of mortgage-backed securities, $3.3 million is invested in U.S. agency paper and $58.8 million is invested in collateralized mortgage obligations, of which $32.9 million, or 55.9%, are rated AA- or better. In addition, the Company holds $189.4 million in asset-backed securities, of which 62.7% are rated AA- or better and $98.7 million in commercial mortgaged-backed securities, of which 87.0% are rated AA+ or better. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s asset-backed securities is 34.2. The Company also faces liquidity risk. Liquidity risk is when the fair value of an investment is not able to be realized due to lack of interest by outside parties in the marketplace. The Company attempts to diversify its investment holdings to minimize this risk. The Company’s investment managers run periodic analysis of liquidity costs to the fixed income portfolio. The Company also faces credit risk. 93.1% of the Company’s fixed income securities are investment grade securities. 14.6% of the Company’s fixed maturities are rated AAA. See “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in Item 7A of Part II of this report for a more detailed discussion of the credit market and the Company’s investment strategy.

The following table summarizes, by Standard & Poor's rating classifications, the estimated fair value of Global Indemnity’s investments in fixed maturities, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Percent of Total |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |  |  | Percent of Total |
AAA |  | $ | 182,063 |  |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | $ | 211,069 |  |  |  | 17.6 | %
AA |  |  | 442,731 |  |  |  | 35.4 |  |  |  | 436,832 |  |  |  | 36.2 |
A |  |  | 240,697 |  |  |  | 19.3 |  |  |  | 182,478 |  |  |  | 15.2 |
BBB |  |  | 296,680 |  |  |  | 23.8 |  |  |  | 283,286 |  |  |  | 23.6 |
BB |  |  | 22,057 |  |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 20,056 |  |  |  | 1.7 |
B |  |  | 1,466 |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  |  | 6,601 |  |  |  | 0.5 |
CCC |  |  | 4,804 |  |  |  | 0.4 |  |  |  | 4,253 |  |  |  | 0.4 |
CC |  |  | 2,914 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 3,304 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
C |  |  | 2,622 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 3,242 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
D |  |  | 2,555 |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  | 2,202 |  |  |  | 0.2 |
Not rated |  |  | 49,609 |  |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 48,543 |  |  |  | 4.0 |
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 1,248,198 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,201,866 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The following table sets forth the expected maturity distribution of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio at their estimated market value as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Estimated Market Value |  |  | Percent of Total |  |  | Estimated Market Value |  |  | Percent of Total |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 113,491 |  |  |  | 9.1 | % |  | $ | 50,544 |  |  |  | 4.2 | %
Due in one year through five years |  |  | 747,197 |  |  |  | 59.8 |  |  |  | 366,276 |  |  |  | 30.5 |
Due in five years through ten years |  |  | 25,594 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 176,777 |  |  |  | 14.7 |
Due in ten years through fifteen years |  |  | 198 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,867 |  |  |  | 1.2 |
Due after fifteen years |  |  | 11,538 |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 33,526 |  |  |  | 2.8 |
Securities with fixed maturities |  |  | 898,018 |  |  |  | 71.9 |  |  |  | 641,990 |  |  |  | 53.4 |
Mortgaged-backed securities |  |  | 62,116 |  |  |  | 5.0 |  |  |  | 250,341 |  |  |  | 20.8 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 98,664 |  |  |  | 7.9 |  |  |  | 136,893 |  |  |  | 11.4 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 189,400 |  |  |  | 15.2 |  |  |  | 172,642 |  |  |  | 14.4 |
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 1,248,198 |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 1,201,866 |  |  |  | 100.0 | %

The value of the Company’s portfolio of bonds is inversely related to changes in market interest rates. In addition, some of the Company’s bonds have call or prepayment options. This could subject the Company to reinvestment risk should interest rates fall and issuers call their securities and the Company is forced to invest the proceeds at lower interest rates. The Company seeks to mitigate its reinvestment risk by investing in securities with varied maturity dates, so that only a portion of the portfolio will mature, be called, or be prepaid at any point in time.

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As of December 31, 2022, the Company had aggregate equity securities of $17.5 million that primarily consisted of preferred stocks.

The Company’s investments in other invested assets is comprised of three limited partnerships. At December 31, 2022, a partnership that invests in stressed and distressed debt instruments was valued at $4.8 million, a partnership that invests in Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) qualifying assets was valued at $9.8 million, and a partnership comprised of performing, stressed or distressed securities and loans across the global fixed income markets was valued at $23.6 million. The carrying value of these investments approximates fair value. There is no readily available independent market price for these limited liability partnership investments and the Company does not have access to daily valuations. The Company receives annual audited financial statements from each of the partnership investments it owns.

Net realized investment gains (losses) were ($32.9) million, $15.9 million, and ($14.7) million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Competition

The Company competes with numerous domestic and international insurance and reinsurance companies, mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, underwriting agencies, diversified financial services companies, Lloyd's syndicates, risk retention groups, insurance buying groups, risk securitization products and alternative self-insurance mechanisms. In particular, the Company competes against insurance subsidiaries of the groups in the specialty insurance market noted below, insurance companies, and others, including:

•
American International Group
•
Argo Group International Holdings, Ltd.
•
Ategrity Specialty Holdings LLC
•
Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company
•
Berkshire Hathaway
•
Canopius US Insurance, Inc.
•
CapSpecialty Insurance Group
•
Everest Re Group, Ltd.
•
Great American Insurance Group
•
Hallmark Financial Services, Inc.
•
HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc.
•
IFG Companies
•
James River Group Holdings
•
Kinsale Capital Group, Inc.
•
Markel Corporation
•
Nationwide Insurance
•
RLI Corporation
•
RSUI Group
•
Selective Insurance Group, Inc.

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•
The Hartford
•
The Travelers Companies, Inc.
•
Westchester Surplus Lines Insurance Co
•
W.R. Berkley Corporation

In addition to the companies mentioned above, the Company is facing competition from other standard line companies who are continuing to write risks that traditionally had been written by excess and surplus lines carriers, Bermuda companies who are establishing relationships with wholesale brokers and purchasing carriers, and other excess and surplus lines competitors.

Competition may take the form of lower prices, broader coverage, greater product flexibility, higher quality services, reputation and financial strength or higher ratings by independent rating agencies. In all of the Company’s markets, it competes by developing insurance products to satisfy well-defined market needs and by maintaining relationships with wholesale agents and insureds that rely on the Company’s expertise. The Company differentiates itself from the competition by distributing Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products that are not readily available in the market. Each of the Company’s products has its own distinct competitive environment. The Company seeks to compete through innovative products, appropriate pricing, niche underwriting expertise, and quality service to policyholders, general agencies and brokers.

Employees

The Company had approximately 355 employees at December 31, 2022 as compared with 360 employees at December 31, 2021. None of the Company’s employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements as of December 31, 2022. The Company focuses on attracting, developing and retaining a team of highly talented and motivated employees. The Company conducts regular assessments of its compensation and benefit practices and pay levels to help ensure that its employees are compensated fairly and competitively. The Company devotes resources to employee training and development. Individual objectives are set annually for each employee, and attainment of those objectives is an element of the employee’s performance assessment. The Company recognizes that its success is based on the talents and dedication of those it employs and is highly invested in its employees' success.

In the first quarter of 2023, the Company reduced its workforce by 53 employees in conjunction with the restructuring of its insurance operations. See Note 4 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the restructuring.

Ratings

AM Best has seven rating categories in the AM Best Financial Strength Rating Scale. The categories ranging from best to worst are Superior, Excellent, Good, Fair, Marginal, Weak, and Poor. Within each rating category, there are rating notches of plus or minus to show additional gradation of the ratings. AM Best currently assigns the Company’s insurance companies with a financial strength rating of "A" (Excellent).

Publications of AM Best indicate that "A" (Excellent) ratings are assigned to those companies that, in AM Best's opinion, have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. To determine a credit rating, AM Best performs quantitative and qualitative analysis which includes evaluating balance sheet strength, operating performance, enterprise risk management, and the business profile. These ratings are based on factors relevant to policyholders, general agencies, insurance brokers and intermediaries and are not directed to the protection of investors.

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Regulation

General

The insurance industry is regulated in most countries, although the degree and type of regulation varies significantly from one jurisdiction to another. Global Indemnity's companies are all U.S. companies or have made elections to be taxed as a U.S. company.

U.S. Regulation

At December 31, 2022, the Company had five subsidiaries operating as insurance companies domiciled in the United States; United National Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn-Star Insurance Company, which are domiciled in Pennsylvania; Diamond State Insurance Company which is domiciled in Indiana; and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company, which is domiciled in Virginia.

As the parent of these insurance companies, Global Indemnity is subject to the insurance holding company laws of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Virginia. These laws generally require each of the insurance companies to register with its respective domestic state insurance department and to annually furnish financial and other information about the operations of the companies within the insurance holding company system. Generally, all material transactions among affiliated companies in the holding company system to which any of the insurance companies is a party must be fair, and, if material or of a specified category, require prior notice and approval or absence of disapproval by the insurance department where the subsidiary is domiciled. Material transactions include sales, loans, contributions, reinsurance agreements, certain types of dividends, and service agreements with the non-insurance companies within Global Indemnity’s family of companies.

State Insurance Regulation

State insurance authorities have broad regulatory powers with respect to various aspects of the business of insurance companies, including, but not limited to, licensing companies to transact admitted business or determining eligibility to write surplus lines business, accreditation of reinsurers, admittance of assets to statutory surplus, regulating unfair trade and claims practices, establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards, management of enterprise risk, regulating investments and dividends, approving policy forms and related materials in certain instances and approving premium rates in certain instances. State insurance laws and regulations may require the Company’s insurance companies to file financial statements with insurance departments everywhere they will be licensed or eligible or accredited to conduct insurance business, and their operations are subject to review by those departments at any time. The Company’s insurance companies prepare statutory financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting principles ("SAP") and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments. State insurance departments also conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy filings and market conduct of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years, although market conduct examinations may take place at any time. These examinations are generally carried out in cooperation with the insurance departments of other states under guidelines promulgated by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). In addition, admitted insurers are subject to targeted market conduct examinations involving specific insurers by state insurance regulators in any state in which the insurer is admitted. The insurance departments for the states of Indiana, Virginia, and Pennsylvania completed their most recent financial examinations of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries for the period ended December 31, 2017. Their final reports were issued in 2019 and there were no materially adverse findings. Global Indemnity's insurance companies have been notified that an examination will be conducted for the period ending December 31, 2022.

Before a person can acquire control of an U.S. insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the insurer is domiciled. Prior to granting approval of an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the state insurance commissioner will consider factors such as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity and management of the applicant's board of directors and executive officers, the acquirer’s plans for the management, board of directors, executive officers, and employees of the company being acquired, the acquirer’s plans for the future operations of the domestic insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. Generally, state statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing 10% or more of the voting securities of the domestic insurer. Because a person acquiring 10% or more of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of the insurance companies, the insurance change of control laws of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Virginia would likely apply to such a transaction.

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These laws may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of Global Indemnity Group, LLC, including through transactions, and in particular unsolicited transactions, that some or all of the shareholders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC might consider desirable.

Insurance Regulatory Information System Ratios

The NAIC Insurance Regulatory Information System ("IRIS") was developed by a committee of the state insurance regulators and is intended primarily to assist state insurance departments in executing their statutory mandates to oversee the financial condition of insurance companies operating in their respective states. IRIS identifies thirteen industry ratios and specifies "usual values" for each ratio. Departure from the usual values of the ratios can lead to inquiries from individual state insurance commissioners that require the insurer to describe certain aspects of a business that are causing such departures. It is not uncommon for companies to have ratios that fall outside of these usual values. Although the Company’s insurance subsidiaries have departures from usual values of certain IRIS ratios, the Company believes that its insurance subsidiaries have adequate capital and liquidity to meet their operational needs.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries departures from usual values of certain IRIS ratios are as follows:

•
Investment yields were lower than the IRIS range for Penn-Patriot Insurance Company. A high percentage of its invested assets consisted of wholly-owned subsidiaries which did not distribute dividends to Penn-Patriot Insurance Company in 2022.
•
Change in adjusted Policyholder Surplus for Diamond State Insurance Company was (10.0%). The change is due to paying dividends and realizing investment losses as a result of restructuring the portfolio to shorten duration. During 2022, Diamond State Insurance Company paid a $4.0. million dividend to its parent company, United National Insurance Company. The dividend was equal to 8.6% of beginning surplus.

Risk-Based Capital Regulations

The state insurance departments of Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Virginia require that each domestic insurer report its risk-based capital based on a formula calculated by applying factors to various asset, premium and reserve items. The formula takes into account the risk characteristics of the insurer, including asset risk, insurance risk, interest rate risk and business risk. The respective state insurance regulators use the formula as an early warning regulatory tool to identify possible inadequately capitalized insurers for purposes of initiating regulatory action, and generally not as a means to rank insurers. State insurance laws impose broad confidentiality requirements on those engaged in insurance (including insurers, general agencies, brokers and others) and on state insurance departments as to the use and publication of risk-based capital data. The respective state insurance regulators have explicit regulatory authority to require various actions by, or to take various actions against, insurers whose total adjusted capital does not exceed certain company action level risk-based capital levels.

Based on the standards currently adopted, the insurance companies reported in their 2022 statutory filings that their capital and surplus are above the prescribed risk-based capital requirements. See Note 22 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the NAIC's risk-based capital model for determining the levels of statutory capital and surplus an insurer must maintain.

Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”)

SAP is a basis of accounting developed to assist insurance regulators in monitoring and regulating the solvency of insurance companies. SAP is primarily concerned with measuring an insurer's surplus. Accordingly, statutory accounting focuses on valuing assets and liabilities of insurers at financial reporting dates in accordance with appropriate insurance laws, regulatory provisions, and practices prescribed or permitted by each insurer's domiciliary state.

GAAP is concerned with a company's solvency, but it is also concerned with other financial measurements, such as matching revenues and expenses, income, and cash flows. As a direct result, different line item groupings of assets and liabilities and different amounts of assets and liabilities are reflected in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP than financial statements prepared in accordance with SAP.

Statutory accounting practices established by the NAIC and adopted in part by the Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Virginia regulators determine, among other things, the amount of statutory surplus and statutory net income (loss) of the insurance companies and thus determine, in part, the amount of funds these subsidiaries have available to pay dividends.

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State Dividend Limitations

The insurance companies are restricted by statute as to the amount of dividends that they may pay without the prior approval of the applicable state regulatory authorities. Dividends may be paid without advanced regulatory approval only out of unassigned surplus. The dividend limitations imposed by the applicable state laws are based on the statutory financial results of each company within the Insurance Operations that are determined using statutory accounting practices that differ in various respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. See “Regulation – Statutory Accounting Principles.” Key differences relate to, among other items, deferred acquisition costs, limitations on deferred income taxes, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes, if any.

See the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section in Item 7 of Part II of this report for a more complete description of the state dividend limitations. See Note 22 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the maximum amount of distributions that the Company’s insurance companies could pay as dividends in 2023.

Guaranty Associations and Similar Arrangements

Most of the jurisdictions in which the insurance companies are admitted to transact business require property and casualty insurers doing business within that jurisdiction to participate in guaranty associations. These associations are organized to pay contractual benefits owed pursuant to insurance policies issued by impaired, insolvent or failed insurers. These associations levy assessments, up to prescribed limits, on all member insurers in a particular state on the basis of the proportionate share of the premiums written by member insurers in the lines of business in which the impaired, insolvent, or failed insurer is engaged. Some states permit member insurers to recover assessments paid through full or partial premium tax offsets or in limited circumstances by surcharging policyholders.

Federal Insurance Regulation

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) includes a number of provisions having a direct impact on the insurance industry, most notably, streamlining of surplus lines insurance, credit for reinsurance, and systemic risk regulation. With respect to surplus lines insurance, the Dodd-Frank Act gives exclusive authority to regulate surplus lines transactions to the home state of the insured, and the requirement that a surplus lines broker must first attempt to place coverage in the admitted market is substantially softened with respect to large commercial policyholders. Significantly, the Dodd-Frank Act provides that a state may not prevent a surplus lines broker from placing surplus lines insurance with a non-U.S. insurer that appears on the quarterly listing of non-admitted insurers maintained by the International Insurers Department of the NAIC. Regarding credit for reinsurance, the Dodd-Frank Act generally provides that the state of domicile of the ceding company (and no other state) may regulate financial statement credit for the ceded risk. The Dodd-Frank Act also provides the U.S. Federal Reserve with supervisory authority over insurance companies that are deemed to be “systemically important.” The Company continues to monitor federal insurance regulations and any changes thereto that may impact operations.

Available Information

The Company maintains a website at www.gbli.com. The information on the Company’s website is not incorporated herein by reference. The Company will make available, free of charge on its website, the most recent annual report on Form 10-K and subsequently filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such material with, or furnishes it to, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The public may also read and copy any materials the Company files with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549 or by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains, free of charge, an Internet site (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

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Item 1A. RIS K FACTORS

The risks and uncertainties described below are those the Company believes to be material. If any of the following actually occur, the Company’s business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business

Restructuring of insurance operations may not yield the expected benefits.

The ability to execute the Company’s restructuring initiative is subject to significant challenges, uncertainties, and risks. The restructuring initiative may not produce the anticipated benefits and may result in unintended consequences which could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The restructuring initiative could result in an unexpected loss of key personnel. This could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business due to the loss of skill, knowledge of the Company’s product offerings, years of industry experience, and in some cases, the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. In addition, the restructuring could harm the Company’s relationships with its agents or it may not be able to execute its strategies as efficiently as before the restructuring.

If actual claims payments exceed the Company’s reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The Company’s success depends upon its ability to accurately assess the risks associated with the insurance and reinsurance policies that it writes. The Company establishes reserves on an undiscounted basis to cover its estimated liability for the payment of all losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred with respect to premiums earned on the insurance policies that it writes. Reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability. Rather, reserves are estimates of what the Company expects to be the ultimate cost of resolution and administration of claims under the insurance policies that it writes. These estimates are based upon actuarial and statistical projections, the Company’s assessment of currently available data, as well as estimates and assumptions as to future trends in claims severity and frequency, judicial theories of liability and other factors. The Company continually refines its reserve estimates in an ongoing process as experience develops and claims are reported and settled. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries obtain an annual statement of opinion from an independent actuarial firm on the reasonableness of these reserves.

Establishing an appropriate level of reserves is an inherently uncertain process. The following factors may have a substantial impact on the Company’s future actual losses and loss adjustment experience:

•
claim and expense payments;
•
frequency and severity of claims;
•
legislative and judicial developments; and
•
changes in economic conditions, including the effect of inflation.

For example, as industry practices and legal, judicial, social and other conditions change, unexpected and unintended exposures related to claims and coverage may emerge. These exposures may either extend coverage beyond the Company’s underwriting intent or increase the frequency or severity of claims. As a result, such developments could cause the Company’s level of reserves to be inadequate.

Actual losses and loss adjustment expenses the Company incurs under insurance policies that it writes may be different from the amount of reserves it establishes, and to the extent that actual losses and loss adjustment expenses exceed the Company’s expectations and the reserves reflected on its financial statements, the Company will be required to immediately reflect those changes by increasing its reserves. In addition, regulators could require that the Company increase its reserves if they determine that the reserves were understated in the past. When the Company increases reserves, pre-tax income for the period in which it does so will decrease by a corresponding amount. In addition to having an effect on reserves and pre-tax income, increasing or "strengthening" reserves causes a reduction in the Company’s insurance companies' surplus and could cause the rating of its insurance company subsidiaries to be downgraded or placed on credit watch. Such a downgrade could, in turn, adversely affect the Company’s ability to sell insurance policies.

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The occurrence of natural or man-made disasters, including the COVID-19 outbreak, could result in declines in business and increases in claims that could adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company is exposed to various risks arising out of natural disasters, including earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, floods, landslides, tornadoes, typhoons, tsunamis, hailstorms, explosions, climate events or weather patterns and public health crises, illness, epidemics or pandemic health events, as well as man-made disasters, including acts of terrorism, military actions, cyber-terrorism, explosions and biological, chemical or radiological events. The continued threat of terrorism and ongoing military actions may cause significant volatility in global financial markets, and a natural or man-made disaster could trigger an economic downturn in the areas directly or indirectly affected by the disaster. These consequences could, among other things, result in a decline in business and increased claims from those areas. They could also result in reduced underwriting capacity making it more difficult for the Company’s agents to place business. Disasters also could disrupt public and private infrastructure, including communications and financial services, which could disrupt the Company’s ordinary business operations.

A natural or man-made disaster also could disrupt the operations of the Company’s counterparties or result in increased prices for the products and services they provide to the Company. Finally, a natural or man-made disaster could increase the incidence or severity of E&O claims against the Company.

For example, the Company may experience disruptions to its business as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and any associated protective or preventative measures including but not limited to:

•
clients choosing to limit purchases of insurance due to declining business conditions, which would inhibit the Company’s ability to generate earned premium;
•
travel restrictions and quarantines leading to a lack of in-person meetings, which would hinder the Company’s ability to establish relationships or originate new business;
•
cancellation, delays, or non-payment of premium could negatively impact the Company’s liquidity;
•
risk that legislation could be passed or there could be a court ruling which would require the Company to cover business interruption claims regardless of terms, exclusions or other conditions included in policies that would otherwise preclude coverage;
•
alternative working arrangements, including colleagues working remotely, which could negatively impact the Company’s business; and
•
significant volatility in financial markets affecting the market value and liquidity of the Company’s investment portfolio.

COVID-19 continues to evolve. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts the Company’s business will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including:

•
the ultimate severity of COVID-19 and its associated variants;
•
the continued duration of the pandemic;
•
business closures, travel restrictions, social distancing and other actions taken to contain COVID-19; and
•
the effectiveness of actions taken to contain and treat COVID-19, including vaccine distribution and effectiveness.

These and other disruptions related to COVID-19 could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

A decline in rating for any of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries could adversely affect its position in the insurance market; making it more difficult to market its insurance products and cause premiums and earnings to decrease.

If the rating of any of the Company’s insurance companies is reduced from its current level of “A” (Excellent) by AM Best, the Company’s competitive position in the insurance industry could suffer, and it could be more difficult to market its insurance products. A downgrade could result in a significant reduction in the number of insurance contracts the Company

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writes and in a substantial loss of business; as such business could move to other competitors with higher ratings, thus causing premiums and earnings to decrease.

These ratings are not an evaluation of, nor are they directed to, investors in Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares and are not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares. Publications of AM Best indicate that companies are assigned "A" (Excellent) ratings if, in AM Best's opinion, they have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders. These ratings are subject to periodic review by, and may be revised downward or revoked at the sole discretion of AM Best.

A failure in the Company’s operational systems or infrastructure or those of third parties, including security breaches or cyber-attacks, could disrupt the Company’s business, its reputation, and / or cause losses which would have a material effect on the Company’s business operations and financial results.

The Company’s business is dependent upon the secure processing, storage, and transmission of information over computer networks using applications, systems and other technologies. The business depends on effective information security and systems to perform accounting, policy administration, claims, underwriting, actuarial and all aspects of day-to-day operations necessary to service the Company’s customers and agents, to value the Company’s investments and to timely and accurately report the Company’s financial results.

The information systems the Company relies upon must ensure confidentiality, integrity and availability of the data, including systems maintained by the Company as well as data in and assets held through third-party service providers and systems. The Company employs various measures, systems, applications and software to address data security. The Company reviews its existing security measures and systems on a continuing basis through internal and independent evaluations. The Company has implemented administrative and technical controls and takes protective actions in an attempt to reduce the risk of cyber incidents.

The Company’s internal and external controls, processes, and the vendors used to protect networks, systems and applications, individually or together, may be insufficient to prevent a security incident. Employee or third-party vendor errors, malicious acts, unauthorized access, computer viruses, malware, the introduction of malicious code, system failures and disruptions, and cyber-attacks can result in business interruption, compromise of data and loss of assets. Complexity of the Company’s technology increases regularly and has increased the risk of a security incident involving data, network, systems and applications.

Security incidents have the potential to interrupt business, cause delays in processes and procedures directly affecting the Company, and jeopardize the Company’s, insureds’, claimants’, agents’ and others’ confidential data resulting in data loss, loss of assets, and reputational damages. If this occurs it could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business operations and financial results.

Security incidents could require significant resources, both internal and external, to resolve or remediate and could result in financial losses that may not be covered by insurance or not fully recoverable under any insurance. The Company may be subject to litigation and damages or regulatory action under data protection and privacy laws and regulations enacted by federal, state and foreign governments, or other regulatory bodies. As a result, the Company’s ability to conduct its business and its results of operations might be materially and adversely affected.

Investment Related Risks

The Company’s investment performance may suffer as a result of adverse capital market developments or other factors, which would in turn adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

The Company derives a significant portion of its income from its invested assets. As a result, the Company’s operating results depend in part on the performance of its investment portfolio. The Company’s operating results are subject to a variety of investment risks, including risks relating to general economic conditions, market volatility, interest rate fluctuations, liquidity risk and credit and default risk. The fair value of fixed income investments can fluctuate depending on changes in interest rates and the credit quality of underlying issuers. Generally, the fair market value of these investments has an inverse relationship with changes in interest rates, while net investment income earned by the Company from future investments in fixed maturities will generally increase or decrease with changes in interest rates. Additionally, with respect to certain of its investments, the Company is subject to pre-payment or reinvestment risk.

Credit tightening could negatively impact the Company’s future investment returns and limit the ability to invest in certain classes of investments. Credit tightening may cause opportunities that are marginally attractive to not be financed, which

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could cause a decrease in the number of bond issuances. If marginally attractive opportunities are financed, they may be at higher interest rates, which would cause credit risk of such opportunities to increase. If new debt supply is curtailed, it could cause interest rates on securities that are deemed to be credit-worthy to decline. Funds generated by operations, sales, and maturities will need to be invested. If the Company invests during a tight credit market, investment returns could be lower than the returns the Company is currently realizing and/or it may have to invest in higher risk securities.

With respect to its longer-term liabilities, the Company strives to structure its investments in a manner that recognizes liquidity needs for its future liabilities. However, if the Company’s liquidity needs or general and specific liability profile unexpectedly changes, it may not be successful in continuing to structure its investment portfolio in that manner. To the extent that the Company is unsuccessful in correlating its investment portfolio with its expected liabilities, the Company may be forced to liquidate its investments at times and prices that are not optimal, which could have a material adverse effect on the performance of its investment portfolio. The Company refers to this risk as liquidity risk, which is when the fair value of an investment is not able to be realized due to low demand by outside parties in the marketplace.

The Company is also subject to credit risk due to non-payment of principal or interest. Several classes of securities that the Company holds have default risk. As interest rates rise for companies that are deemed to be less creditworthy, there is a greater risk that they will be unable to pay contractual interest or principal on their debt obligations.

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions and other factors beyond the Company’s control. Although the Company attempts to take measures to manage the risks of investing in a changing interest rate environment, the Company may not be able to mitigate interest rate sensitivity effectively. A significant increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on the market value of the Company’s fixed maturities securities.

The Company has investments in limited partnerships which are not liquid. For several limited partnership investments, the Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its interests but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets. For one limited partnership investment, up to one third of the partnership can be redeemed upon 90 days notice each June 30th or December 31st. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interests without consent from the general partner. The Company’s returns could be negatively affected if the market values of the limited partnerships decline. If the Company needs liquidity, it might be forced to liquidate other investments at a time when prices are not optimal.

See Note 6 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information surrounding the Company’s investments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business Partners

The Company cannot guarantee that its reinsurers will pay in a timely fashion, if at all, and as a result, the Company could experience losses.

The Company cedes a portion of gross written premiums to third-party reinsurers under reinsurance contracts. Although reinsurance makes the reinsurer liable to the Company to the extent the risk is transferred, it does not relieve the Company of its liability to its policyholders. Upon payment of claims, the Company will bill its reinsurers for their share of such claims. The reinsurers may not pay the reinsurance receivables that they owe to the Company or they may not pay such receivables on a timely basis. If the reinsurers fail to pay it or fail to pay on a timely basis, the Company’s financial results would be adversely affected. Lack of reinsurer liquidity, perceived improper underwriting or claim handling by the Company, and other factors could cause a reinsurer not to pay. See "Business – Reinsurance of Underwriting Risk" in Item 1 of Part I of this report.

See Note 11 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information surrounding the Company’s reinsurance receivable balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Since the Company depends on wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices as well as other insurance companies and reinsurance companies for a significant portion of its revenue, a loss of one or more could adversely affect the Company.

The Company’s Commercial Specialty products are distributed through approximately 360 wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices that have specific quoting and binding authority and that in turn sell the Company’s insurance products to insureds through retail insurance brokers. The Company also markets and distributes its reinsurance products

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through third-party brokers, insurance companies and reinsurance companies. A loss of all or substantially all of the business produced by one or more of these wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices as well as other insurance companies or reinsurance companies could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.

If market conditions cause reinsurance to be more costly or unavailable, the Company may be required to bear increased risks or reduce the level of its underwriting commitments.

As part of the Company’s overall strategy of risk and capacity management, it purchases reinsurance for a portion of the risk underwritten by its insurance subsidiaries. Market conditions beyond the Company’s control determine the availability and cost of the reinsurance it purchases, which may affect the level of its business and profitability. The Company’s third-party reinsurance facilities are generally subject to annual renewal. The Company may be unable to maintain its current reinsurance facilities or obtain other reinsurance facilities in adequate amounts and at favorable rates. If the Company is unable to renew expiring facilities or obtain new reinsurance facilities, either the net exposure to risk would increase or, if the Company is unwilling to bear an increase in net risk exposures, it would have to reduce the amount of risk it underwrites.

The Company’s financial and business results may fluctuate as a result of many factors, including cyclical changes in the insurance industry.

Historically, the results of companies in the property and casualty insurance industry have been subject to significant fluctuations and uncertainties. The industry's profitability can be affected significantly by:

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competition;
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capital capacity;
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rising levels of actual costs that are not foreseen by companies at the time they price their products;
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volatile and unpredictable developments, including man-made, weather-related and other natural catastrophes or terrorist attacks;
•
changes in loss reserves resulting from the general claims and legal environments as different types of claims arise and judicial interpretations relating to the scope of insurers' liability develop; and
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fluctuations in interest rates, inflationary pressures and other changes in the investment environment, which affect returns on invested assets and may affect the ultimate payout of losses.

The demand for property and casualty insurance and reinsurance can also vary significantly, rising as the overall level of economic activity increases and falling as that activity decreases. The property and casualty insurance industry historically is cyclical in nature. These fluctuations in demand and competition could produce underwriting results that would have a negative impact on the Company’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition.

The Company faces significant competitive pressures in its business that could cause demand for its products to fall and adversely affect the Company’s profitability.

The Company competes with a large number of other companies in its selected lines of business. The Company competes, and will continue to compete, with major U.S. and non-U.S. insurers and other regional companies, as well as mutual companies, specialty insurance companies, reinsurance companies, underwriting agencies and diversified financial services companies. The Company’s competitors include, among others: American International Group, Argo Group International Holdings, Ltd., Ategrity Specialty Holdings LLC, Atlantic Casualty Insurance Company, Berkshire Hathaway, Canopius US Insurance, Inc., CapSpecialty Insurance Group, Everest Re Group, Ltd., Great American Insurance Group, Hallmark Financial Services, Inc., HCC Insurance Holdings, Inc., IFG Companies, James River Group Holdings, Kinsale Capital Group, Inc., Markel Corporation, Nationwide Insurance, RLI Corporation, RSUI Group, Selective Insurance Group, Inc., The Hartford, The Travelers Companies, Inc., Westchester Surplus Lines Insurance Co, and W.R. Berkley Corporation. Some of the Company’s competitors have greater financial and marketing resources than the Company does. The Company’s profitability could be adversely affected if it loses business to competitors offering similar products at or below the Company’s prices.

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Many of the Company’s general agencies pay the insurance premiums on business they have bound to the Company on a monthly basis. This accumulation of balances due to the Company exposes it to credit risk.

Insurance premiums generally flow from the insured to their retail broker, then into a trust account controlled by the Company’s professional general agencies. Several of the Company’s professional general agencies are required to forward funds, net of commissions, to the Company following the end of each month. Consequently, the Company assumes a degree of credit risk on the aggregate amount of these balances that have been paid by the insured but have yet to reach the Company.

Brokers, insurance companies and reinsurance companies typically pay premiums on reinsurance treaties written with the Company on a quarterly basis. This accumulation of balances due to the Company exposes it to credit risk.

Assumed premiums on reinsurance treaties generally flow from the ceding companies to the Company on a quarterly basis. In some instances, the reinsurance treaties allow for funds to be withheld for longer periods as specified in the treaties. Consequently, the Company assumes a degree of credit risk on the aggregate amount of these balances that have been collected by the reinsured but have yet to reach the Company.

Because the Company provides its general agencies with specific quoting and binding authority, if any of them fail to comply with pre-established guidelines, the Company’s results of operations could be adversely affected.

The Company markets and distributes its insurance products through professional general agencies that have limited quoting and binding authority and that in turn sell the Company’s insurance products to insureds through retail insurance brokers. These professional general agencies can bind certain risks without the Company’s initial approval. If any of these wholesale professional general agencies fail to comply with the Company’s underwriting guidelines and the terms of their appointment, the Company could be bound on a particular risk or number of risks that were not anticipated when it developed the insurance products or estimated losses and loss adjustment expenses. Such actions could adversely affect the Company’s results of operations.

Risks Related to Regulation of the Company

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s holding company structure and regulatory constraints limit its ability to receive dividends from subsidiaries in order to meet its cash requirements.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company and, as such, has no substantial operations of its own. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s assets primarily consist of cash, an investment portfolio, and ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries. Investment income generated by its investment portfolio as well as dividends and other permitted distributions from insurance subsidiaries are expected to be Global Indemnity Group, LLC's sole source of funds to meet ongoing cash requirements, including debt service payments, if any, and other expenses.

Due to its corporate structure, most of the dividends that Global Indemnity Group, LLC receives from its subsidiaries must pass through Penn-Patriot Insurance Company (“Penn-Patriot”). The inability of Penn-Patriot to pay dividends in an amount sufficient to enable Global Indemnity Group, LLC to meet its cash requirements at the holding company level could have a material adverse effect on its operations.

In addition, the inability of Penn-Patriot’s insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to GBLI Holdings, LLC could limit GBLI Holdings, LLC’s ability to meet its debt obligations and corporate expense obligations and could have a material adverse effect on its operations.

See "Regulation – U.S. Regulation” in Item 1 of Part I of this report and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section in Item 7 of Part II of this report for more information on state dividend limitations. Also, see Note 22 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the maximum amount of dividends that could be paid by the Company’s U.S. insurance subsidiaries in 2023.

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The Company’s businesses are heavily regulated and changes in regulation may limit the way it operates.

The Company is subject to extensive supervision and regulation in the U.S. states in which it operates. This is particularly true in those states in which the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are licensed, as opposed to those states where its insurance subsidiaries write business on a surplus lines basis. The supervision and regulation relate to numerous aspects of the Company’s business and financial condition. The primary purpose of the supervision and regulation is the protection of the Company’s insurance policyholders and not its investors. The extent of regulation varies, but generally is governed by state statutes. These statutes delegate regulatory, supervisory, and administrative authority to state insurance departments. This system of regulation covers, among other things:

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standards of solvency, including risk-based capital measurements;
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restrictions on the nature, quality and concentration of investments;
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restrictions on the types of terms that the Company can include or exclude in the insurance policies it offers;
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restrictions on the way rates are developed and the premiums the Company may charge;
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standards for the manner in which general agencies may be appointed or terminated;
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credit for reinsurance;
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certain required methods of accounting;
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reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other purposes; and
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potential assessments for the provision of funds necessary for the settlement of covered claims under certain insurance policies provided by impaired, insolvent or failed insurance companies.

The statutes or the state insurance department regulations may affect the cost or demand for the Company’s products and may impede the Company from obtaining rate increases or taking other actions it might wish to take to increase profitability. Further, the Company may be unable to maintain all required licenses and approvals and its business may not fully comply with the wide variety of applicable laws and regulations or the relevant authority's interpretation of the laws and regulations. Also, regulatory authorities have discretion to grant, renew or revoke licenses and approvals subject to the applicable state statutes and appeal process. If the Company does not have the requisite licenses and approvals (including in some states the requisite secretary of state registration) or do not comply with applicable regulatory requirements, the insurance regulatory authorities could stop or temporarily suspend the Company from carrying on some or all of its activities or monetarily penalize the Company.

The U.S. insurance regulatory framework has come under increased federal scrutiny and some state legislators have considered or enacted laws that may alter or increase state regulation of insurance and reinsurance companies and holding companies. Moreover, the NAIC, which is an association of the insurance commissioners of all 50 U.S. States and the District of Columbia, and state insurance regulators regularly re-examine existing laws and regulations. Changes in these laws and regulations or the interpretation of these laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

Although the U.S. federal government has not historically regulated the insurance business, there have been proposals from time to time to impose federal regulation on the insurance industry. The Dodd-Frank Act establishes a Federal Insurance Office within the U.S. Department of the Treasury. The Federal Insurance Office initially has limited regulatory authority and is empowered to gather data and information regarding the insurance industry and insurers, including conducting a study for submission to the U.S. Congress on how to modernize and improve insurance regulation in the U.S. Further, the Dodd-Frank Act gives the Federal Reserve supervisory authority over a number of financial services companies, including insurance companies, if they are designated by a two-thirds vote of a Financial Stability Oversight Council as "systemically important." While the Company does not believe that it is "systemically important," as defined in the Dodd-Frank Act, it is possible that the Financial Stability Oversight Council may conclude that it is. If the Company were designated as "systemically important," the Federal Reserve's supervisory authority could include the ability to impose heightened financial regulation and could impact requirements regarding the Company’s capital, liquidity, leverage, business and investment conduct. As a result of the foregoing, the Dodd-Frank Act, or other additional federal regulation that is adopted in the future, could impose significant burdens on the Company, including impacting the ways in which it conducts business, increasing compliance

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costs and duplicating state regulation, and could result in a competitive disadvantage, particularly relative to smaller insurers who may not be subject to the same level of regulation.

The Company’s business practices with respect to data could give rise to liabilities or reputational harm as a result of governmental regulation, legal requirements or industry standards relating to consumer privacy and data protection.

In June 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the “CCPA”), which went into effect on January 2020. The CCPA, among other things, requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers and afford such consumers with the rights to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA creates a private right of action for statutory damages for certain breaches of information. If the Company fails to protect the privacy of third-party data or implement practices and procedures deemed necessary by regulators or consumers or to comply with the CCPA or other applicable regimes, the Company may be subject to fines, penalties, litigation, and reputational harm and its business may be seriously harmed. In addition, various government and consumer agencies and public advocacy groups have called for new regulation and changes in industry practices. It is possible that new laws, regulations, standards, recommendations, best practices or requirements will be adopted that would affect the Company’s business. To the extent that the Company is subject to new laws or recommendations or chooses to adopt new standards, recommendations, or other requirements, the Company may have greater compliance burdens. If the Company is perceived as not operating in accordance with industry best practices or any such guidelines or codes with regard to privacy, the Company’s reputation may suffer, and the Company could lose relationships with customers or partners.

Risks Related to Ownership of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Shares and Certain Limited Liability Company Agreement (“LLCA”) Provisions

The interests of holders of class A common shares may conflict with the interests of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s controlling shareholder.

Fox Paine Capital Fund II International L.P. (the “Fox Paine Fund”), an investment fund managed by Fox Paine & Company, LLC, together with Fox Mercury Investments, L.P. and certain of its affiliates (the “FM Entities”), and Fox Paine & Company LLC (collectively, the “Fox Paine Entities”) beneficially own shares representing approximately 83.2% of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s total voting power. The percentage of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s total voting power that the Fox Paine Entities may exercise is greater than the percentage of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s total shares that the Fox Paine Entities beneficially own because the Fox Paine Entities beneficially own all of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class B common shares, which are entitled to ten votes per share as opposed to class A common shares, which are entitled to one vote per share. The class A common shares and the class B common shares generally vote together as a single class on matters presented to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s shareholders. As a result, the Fox Paine Entities have and will continue to have control over the outcome of certain matters requiring shareholder approval, including the power to, among other things:

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elect any of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors not otherwise appointed by the Fox Paine Entities pursuant to the provisions of the LLCA (as defined below) (which entitles the Fox Paine Entities, in their collective capacity as the “Class B Majority Shareholder” (as defined in the LLCA), to certain Director appointment rights);
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approve changes to the LLCA that require shareholder approval; and
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ratify the appointment of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s auditors.

Subject to certain exceptions, the Fox Paine Entities may also be able to prevent or cause (either by way of a sale of their own stake or by approving the merger or sale of Global Indemnity Group, LLC as a whole) a change of control of Global Indemnity Group, LLC. The Fox Paine Entities’ control over Global Indemnity Group, LLC, and the Fox Paine Entities’ ability in certain circumstances to prevent or cause a change of control of Global Indemnity Group, LLC, may delay or prevent a change of control, or cause a change of control to occur at a time when it is not favored by other shareholders. As a result, the trading price of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares could be adversely affected.

In addition, Global Indemnity Group, LLC has agreed to pay Fox Paine & Company, LLC an annual management fee which is adjusted annually to reflect change in the consumer price index published by the US Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics “CPI-U”, in exchange for management services. The current fee charged in 2022 was $3.0 million. Global Indemnity Group, LLC has also agreed to pay a termination fee of cash in an amount to be agreed upon, plus reimbursement of expenses, upon the termination of Fox Paine & Company, LLC’s management services in connection with the consummation of a change of control transaction that does not involve Fox Paine & Company, LLC and its affiliates. Global

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Indemnity Group, LLC has also agreed to pay Fox Paine & Company, LLC a transaction advisory fee of cash in an amount to be agreed upon, plus reimbursement of expenses upon the consummation of a change of control transaction that does not involve Fox Paine & Company, LLC and its affiliates in exchange for advisory services to be provided by Fox Paine & Company, LLC in connection therewith. These management services arrangements may make a change of control transaction for Global Indemnity Group, LLC less attractive to a potential acquiror and may affect any economic allocation of proceeds that a potential acquiror may pay in any such transaction as between the Fox Paine Entities and the holders of class A common shares. The Fox Paine Entities may in the future make significant investments in other insurance or reinsurance companies. Some of these companies may compete with Global Indemnity Group, LLC or its subsidiaries. The Fox Paine Entities are not obligated to advise Global Indemnity Group, LLC of any investment or business opportunities of which they are aware, and they are not prohibited or restricted from competing with Global Indemnity Group, LLC or its subsidiaries.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s controlling shareholder has the right to appoint a certain number of the members of the Board of Directors proportionate to such shareholder’s ownership in Global Indemnity Group, LLC and also otherwise controls the election of Directors due to its share ownership.

While the Fox Paine Entities have the right under the terms of the LLCA to appoint a certain number of directors of the Board of Directors, equal in aggregate to the pro rata percentage of the voting power in Global Indemnity Group, LLC beneficially held by the Fox Paine Entities for so long as the Fox Paine Entities beneficially own (i) a majority of the outstanding class B common shares and (ii) shares representing, in the aggregate, at least 25% or more of the voting power in Global Indemnity Group, LLC, it also controls the election of all directors to the Board of Directors due to its controlling share ownership. The Board of Directors currently consists of six directors, all of whom were either identified and proposed for consideration for the Board of Directors by the Fox Paine Entities or appointed by the Fox Paine Entities.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s LLCA contains an exclusive forum provision that may discourage lawsuits against the Company or Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors and officers.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s LLCA requires that, unless Global Indemnity Group, LLC otherwise consents, the United States District Court for the District of Delaware shall be the sole and exclusive forum for any federal securities laws claims brought under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, although, for the avoidance of doubt, all claims accompanying any such federal securities laws claim will be subject to the mandatory arbitration provisions of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s LLCA. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s capital stock is deemed to have received notice of and consented to these provisions.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC believes that these provisions are enforceable under both state and federal law. Nevertheless, federal courts have concurrent jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision.

These provisions may increase costs to bring a claim, discourage claims or limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with Global Indemnity Group, LLC or Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against Global Indemnity Group, LLC or Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors, officers or other employees. If a court were to find Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s choice of forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, Global Indemnity Group, LLC may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

Because the Company relies on certain services provided by Fox Paine & Company, LLC, the loss of such services could adversely affect its business.

Fox Paine & Company, LLC provides certain management services to the Company. To the extent that Fox Paine & Company, LLC is unable or unwilling to provide similar services in the future, and the Company is unable to perform those services itself or is unable to secure replacement services, the Company’s business could be adversely affected.

The Company's share repurchase program may affect or increase the volatility of the price of its class A common shares.

Since October 2022 and through March 15, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC repurchased and retired an aggregate of 1,157,082 shares of its class A common shares in the open market and in privately negotiated transactions at an aggregate price of $28.4 million or an average of $24.54 per share. As of such date, under its share repurchase program (which was increased by its Board of Directors to $60.0 million in January 2023), Global Indemnity Group, LLC had a remaining authorization to purchase up to an additional $31.6 million of its class A common shares. Although Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors has determined that the repurchase program is in the best interests of its shareholders, the repurchases expose the Company to risks including:

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•
the use of a substantial portion of the Company’s cash reserves, which may reduce its ability to engage in significant cash acquisitions or to pursue other business opportunities that could create significant value to its shareholders;
•
the risk that the Company may not be able to replenish its cash reserves by raising debt or equity financing in the future on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all; and
•
the risk that these repurchases have reduced the Company’s “public float,” which is the number of Global Indemnity Group, LLC shares owned by non-affiliate shareholders and available for trading in the securities markets, and likely reduced the number of its shareholders, which may reduce the volume of trading in Global Indemnity Group, LLC shares and may result in lower share prices and reduced liquidity in the trading of Global Indemnity Group, LLC shares.

The existence of a share repurchase program may cause the Company's class A share price to be higher than it would be in the absence of the program. In addition, the program may be suspended or discontinued at any time, which could cause the market price of the Company's class A common shares to decline.

Risks Related to Taxation

Legislative and regulatory action by the U.S. Congress or other tax authorities in the jurisdictions in which we operate could materially and adversely affect the Company.

The Company’s tax position could be adversely impacted by changes in tax laws or tax regulations or the interpretation or enforcement thereof. Legislative action may be taken by the U.S. Congress or other tax authorities in the jurisdictions in which we operate which, if ultimately enacted, could, among other things, adversely affect the Company’s effective tax rate and cash tax position.

The Company may be subject to adverse foreign taxes related to its historic non-US subsidiaries.

Although the Company and its subsidiaries have eliminated most of their historic foreign subsidiaries, the statute of limitations remains open in certain foreign jurisdictions, and it is possible that the Company could be subject to materially adverse foreign taxes with respect to its historic operations. Such adverse foreign taxes could also potentially arise as a result of retroactive changes in law.

Holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares may be subject to U.S. federal income tax and state and local income taxes on their share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s taxable income, regardless of whether they receive any cash distributions from Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

Under current law, so long as Global Indemnity Group, LLC is not required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act and 90% of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s gross income for each taxable year constitutes “qualifying income” within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code on a continuing basis, Global Indemnity Group, LLC currently expects that it has been and will continue to be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a partnership and not as an association or publicly traded partnership taxable as a corporation. Holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares may be subject to U.S. federal, state and local taxation on their allocable share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit, for each of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s taxable years ending with or within their taxable year, regardless of whether they receive any cash distributions from Global Indemnity Group, LLC. Such holders may not receive cash distributions equal to their allocable share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s net taxable income or even the tax liability that results from that income. Accordingly, such holders may be required to make tax payments in connection with their ownership of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares that significantly exceed cash distributions received by them in any specific year. Income earned by the subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC is subject to corporate tax in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions and, therefore, is not taxable to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s shareholders until the income is distributed by the subsidiaries to Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

There can be no assurance that amounts paid as distributions on Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares will be sufficient to cover the tax liability arising from ownership of the common shares.

Any distributions paid on Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares will not take into account a holder’s particular tax situation and, therefore, because of the foregoing as well as other possible reasons, may not be sufficient to pay their full amount of tax based upon such holder’s share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s net taxable income. In addition, the actual amount and timing of distributions will always be subject to the discretion of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s board of directors. Even if Global Indemnity Group, LLC does not distribute cash in an amount that is sufficient to fund a holder’s tax

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liabilities, such holder will still be required to pay income taxes on their share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s taxable income.

If Global Indemnity Group, LLC is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of the shares could be adversely affected.

The value of an investment in Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares may depend in part on Global Indemnity Group, LLC being treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. A publicly traded partnership will be treated as a partnership, and not as a corporation, for U.S. federal income tax purposes so long as 90% or more of its gross income for each taxable year constitutes “qualifying income” within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code, and it is not required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 and related rules. Qualifying income generally includes dividends, interest, capital gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks and securities and certain other forms of investment income.

Although Global Indemnity Group, LLC believes that it has met in previous taxable years, and intends to manage its affairs so that it will continue to meet in the current and subsequent taxable years, the 90% test described above in each taxable year, no assurance can be given as to the types of income that will be earned in any given year. Global Indemnity Group, LLC may not meet these requirements or Global Indemnity Group, LLC may determine it is prudent to change Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s structure. In either case, Global Indemnity Group, LLC may be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the future. Global Indemnity Group, LLC has not requested, and does not plan to request, a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) on its treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or on any other matter affecting the taxation of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its subsidiaries.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s interests in certain businesses are held through entities that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes; such corporations may be liable for significant taxes and may create other adverse tax consequences, which could potentially adversely affect the value of an investment in Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

In light of the publicly traded partnership rules under U.S. federal income tax law and other requirements, Global Indemnity Group, LLC currently holds interests in certain businesses through entities that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, including, in particular, each of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s insurance company subsidiaries. Each such corporation could be liable for significant U.S. federal income taxes and applicable state, local and other taxes, which could adversely affect the value of an investment in Global Indemnity Group, LLC. Furthermore, it is possible that the IRS or other tax authority could challenge the manner in which such corporation’s taxable income is computed by the Company.

Taxable gain or loss on a sale or other disposition of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares could be more or less than expected.

If a sale or other disposition of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares by a holder of such shares is taxable in the United States, the holder will recognize gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized by such holder on the sale or other disposition and such holder’s adjusted tax basis in those shares. A holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares at the time of sale or other disposition will generally be lower than the holder’s original tax basis in the shares to the extent that prior distributions to such holder exceed the total taxable income allocated to such holder. A holder of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares may therefore recognize a gain on a sale or other disposition of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares if the shares are sold or disposed of at a price that is less than their original cost. In addition, a portion of the amount realized, whether or not representing gain, may be treated as ordinary income to such holder to the extent attributable to the holder’s allocable share of unrealized gain or loss in Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s assets that consist of certain unrealized receivables or inventory (if any).

Global Indemnity Group, LLC cannot match transferors and transferees of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares, and therefore, Global Indemnity Group, LLC has adopted certain income tax accounting conventions that may not conform with all aspects of applicable tax requirements.

The Internal Revenue Code provides that items of partnership income and deductions must be allocated between transferors and transferees of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares. Because Global Indemnity Group, LLC cannot match transferors and transferees of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares, Global Indemnity Group, LLC will apply certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with applicable tax rules and to report income, gain, loss, deduction and credit to holders in a manner that reflects such holders’ beneficial shares of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s items. These conventions are designed to more closely align the receipt of cash and the allocation of income between holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares, but these assumptions and conventions may not be in compliance with

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all aspects of applicable tax requirements. In addition, as a result of such allocation method, holders may be allocated income even if they do not receive any distributions.

If Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s conventions are not allowed by the Treasury Regulations (or only apply to transfers of less than all of a holder’s shares) or if the IRS otherwise does not accept Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s conventions, the IRS may contend that Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s income or losses must be reallocated among the holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares. If such a contention were sustained, certain holders’ respective tax liabilities would be adjusted to the possible detriment of certain other holders.

Tax-exempt shareholders may face certain adverse U.S. tax consequences from owning Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is not required to manage its operations in a manner that would minimize the likelihood of generating income that would constitute “unrelated business taxable income” (“UBTI”) to the extent allocated to a tax-exempt shareholder. Although Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s insurance operations are conducted by subsidiaries that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and the operations of such corporation would generally not result in an allocation of UBTI to a shareholder on account of the activities of those subsidiaries, Global Indemnity Group, LLC may make certain investments other than through a corporate subsidiary.

Moreover, UBTI also includes income attributable to debt-financed property, and Global Indemnity Group, LLC is not prohibited from incurring debt to finance its investments, including investments in subsidiaries. Furthermore, Global Indemnity Group, LLC is not prohibited from being (or causing a subsidiary to be) a guarantor of loans made to a subsidiary. If Global Indemnity Group, LLC (or certain of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s subsidiaries) were treated as the borrower for U.S. tax purposes on account of such guarantees, some or all of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s investments could be considered debt-financed property. The potential for income to be characterized as UBTI could make Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares an unsuitable investment for a tax-exempt entity. Tax-exempt shareholders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the tax consequences of an investment in Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares.

The IRS Schedules K-1 Global Indemnity Group, LLC provides to holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares each year are more complicated than the IRS Forms 1099 provided by corporations to their stockholders. In addition, Global Indemnity Group, LLC may not be able to furnish to each holder of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares specific tax information within 90 days after the close of each calendar year and such holders may be required to request an extension of time to file their tax returns.

Holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares are required to take into account their allocable share of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s items of income, gain, loss, deduction and other items of the partnership for Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s taxable year ending within or with their taxable year, regardless of whether they received cash distributions. As a publicly traded partnership, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s operating results, including distributions of income, dividends, gains, losses or deductions and adjustments to carrying basis, for each year will be reported on IRS Schedules K-1 (and, if applicable, Schedules K-2 and K-3). Income earned by the subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC is subject to corporate tax in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions and, therefore, is not taxable to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s shareholders until the income is distributed by the subsidiaries to Global Indemnity Group, LLC. Global Indemnity Group, LLC intends to furnish holders of the common shares, as soon as reasonably practicable after the close of each calendar year, with tax information (including IRS Schedules K-1), which describes their allocable share of gross ordinary income for Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preceding taxable year. However, it may require longer than 90 days after the end of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s calendar year to obtain the requisite information so that IRS Schedules K-1 (and, if applicable, Schedules K-2 and K-3) may be prepared by Global Indemnity Group, LLC. Consequently, holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares who are U.S. taxpayers may need to file annually with the IRS (and certain states) a request for an extension past the April 15 or the otherwise applicable due date of their income tax return for the taxable year.

In addition, holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares are required to report for all tax purposes consistently with the information provided by Global Indemnity Group, LLC for each taxable year. As a result, it is possible that a holder of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares will be required to file amended income tax returns as a result of adjustments to items on the corresponding income tax returns of the partnership. Any obligation for a holder of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares to file amended income tax returns for that or any other reason, including any costs incurred in the preparation or filing of such returns, are the responsibility of each such holder.

Finally, because holders are required to report their allocable share of gross ordinary income, tax reporting for holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares is more complicated than for shareholders of a regular corporation.

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Holders of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares may be subject to an additional U.S. federal income tax on net investment income allocated to such holder by Global Indemnity Group, LLC and on gain on the sale of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common shares.

Individuals, estates and trusts are currently subject to an additional 3.8% tax on “net investment income” (or undistributed “net investment income,” in the case of estates and trusts) for each taxable year, with such tax applying to the lesser of such income or the excess of such person’s adjusted gross income (with certain adjustments) over a specified amount. Net investment income includes net income from interest, dividends, annuities, royalties and rents and net gain attributable to the disposition of investment property. It is anticipated that net income and gain attributable to an investment in Global Indemnity Group, LLC will be included in a holder of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common share’s “net investment income” subject to this additional tax.

The ability of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s corporate subsidiaries to use their net operating loss carryforwards to offset their future taxable income may be subject to limitations.

The ability of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s corporate subsidiaries to use their federal net operating losses and built-in losses (“NOLs”) to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes may be limited. The Internal Revenue Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income that may be offset by loss carryforwards of a “loss corporation” if the corporation experiences an “ownership change” (generally, a cumulative change in ownership that exceeds 50% of the value of a corporation’s stock over a rolling three-year period). Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s corporate subsidiaries may experience an ownership change as a result of issuances or other changes in ownership of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s shares. In addition, certain anti-avoidance rules could result in the application of similar limitations on the ability of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s corporate subsidiaries to use their NOLs. To the extent Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s corporate subsidiaries experience an ownership change or the above rules otherwise become applicable, the ability of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s corporate subsidiaries to utilize their federal NOLs could be significantly limited, and similar limitations may apply at the state level.

Risks Related to Employees

The Company is dependent on its senior executives and the loss of any of these executives or the Company’s inability to attract and retain other key personnel could adversely affect its business.

The Company’s success depends upon its ability to attract and retain qualified employees and upon the ability of senior management and other key employees to implement the Company’s business strategy. The Company believes there are a limited number of available, qualified executives in the business lines in which it competes. The success of the Company’s initiatives and future performance depend, in significant part, upon the continued service of the senior management team and transitions of senior management when new members come on and/or existing members leave. The future loss of any of the services of members of the Company’s senior management team or the inability to attract and retain other talented personnel could impede the further implementation of the Company’s business strategy, which could have a material adverse effect on its business. In addition, the Company does not currently maintain key man life insurance policies with respect to any of its employees.

General Risk Factors

If the Company is unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, the Company’s business may be adversely affected, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of the Company’s financial reports and the market price of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common stock could be adversely affected.

The Company is required to maintain internal control over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal control. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that the Company evaluate and determine the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting, provide a management report on internal control over financial reporting and requires that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting be attested to by its independent registered public accounting firm.

The Company may discover material weaknesses in the future which may lead to its financial statements being materially misstated. As a result, the market price of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s common stock could be adversely affected, and Global Indemnity Group, LLC could become subject to investigations by the stock exchange on which its securities are listed, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources. The cost of remediating a potential material weakness could materially adversely affect the Company’s business and financial condition.

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The Company’s operating results and shareholders’ equity may be adversely affected by currency fluctuations.

The Company’s functional currency is the U.S. dollar. The Reinsurance Operations conducts business with some customers in foreign currencies and several of the Company’s U.S. and non-U.S. subsidiaries maintain cash accounts in foreign currencies. At period-end, the Company re-measures non-U.S. currency financial assets to their current U.S. dollar equivalent. The resulting gain or loss on foreign denominated cash accounts is reflected in income during the period. Financial liabilities, if any, are generally adjusted within the reserving process. However, for known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, the Company re-measures the liabilities to their current U.S. dollar equivalent each period end with the resulting gain or loss reflected in income during the period. Foreign exchange risk is reviewed as part of the Company’s risk management process. The Company may experience losses resulting from fluctuations in the values of non-U.S. currencies relative to the strength of the U.S. dollar, which could adversely impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVE D STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 2. P ROPERTIES

At December 31, 2022, office space leased in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, holds the Commercial Specialty segment’s principal executive offices and headquarters.

A decision has been made for employees who do not work at the Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania office to work remotely. The Company intends to execute early lease termination clauses in Scottsdale, Arizona, Omaha, Nebraska, and Cavan, Ireland. As a result, the lease liability on the Company's consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 include $4.6 million which represents the present value of expected lease costs through the early termination date.

The Company believes the Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania location is suitable and adequate to meet its needs. Additionally, a number of the Company’s personnel work remotely and almost all of the Company’s personnel have the ability to work remotely.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company purchased insurance and reinsurance coverage for risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business.

Item 4. MINE SAF ETY DISCLOSURES

None.

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PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOC KHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market for Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Class A Common Shares

On August 28, 2020, Global Indemnity Group, LLC completed a scheme of arrangement and amalgamation that effected certain transactions that resulted in the shareholders of Global Indemnity Limited becoming the holders of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Global Indemnity Group, LLC. Effective January 3, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC voluntarily transferred the listing of its class A common shares from the NASDAQ to the NYSE and is trading under the ticker symbol GBLI. Prior to January 3, 2022, the Company’s class A common shares continued to trade on the NASDAQ. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s predecessors have been publicly traded since 2003.

There is no established public trading market for Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class B common shares.

As of December 31, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares were held by approximately 150 shareholders of record. The Fox Paine Entities comprise the two holders of record of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class B common shares as of December 31, 2022.

See Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for information regarding securities authorized under Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s equity compensation plans.

Performance of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Class A Common Shares

The following graph represents a five-year comparison of the cumulative total return to shareholders for the Company’s class A common shares and stock of companies included in the NASDAQ Insurance Index and NASDAQ Composite Index.

|  | 12/31/17 |  |  | 12/31/18 |  |  | 12/31/19 |  |  | 12/31/20 |  |  | 12/31/21 |  |  | 12/31/22 |
GBLI |  | $ | 100.0 |  |  | $ | 86.2 |  |  | $ | 70.5 |  |  | $ | 68.0 |  |  | $ | 59.8 |  |  | $ | 55.5 |
NASDAQ Insurance Index |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 91.5 |  |  |  | 115.9 |  |  |  | 117.0 |  |  |  | 132.5 |  |  |  | 135.1 |
NASDAQ Composite Index |  |  | 100.0 |  |  |  | 96.1 |  |  |  | 130.0 |  |  |  | 186.7 |  |  |  | 226.6 |  |  |  | 151.6 |

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Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

There were no sales of unregistered equity securities during the year ended December 31, 2022.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Purchases of Class A Common Shares

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Share Incentive Plan allows employees to surrender class A common shares as payment for the tax liability incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units that were issued under the Share Incentive Plan. During 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC purchased an aggregate 15,954 of surrendered class A common shares from employees for $0.4 million. All shares purchased from employees are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost until formally retired.

On October 21, 2022, GBLI announced that it would commence a stock repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it had authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchase program from $32 million, which was authorized on October 21, 2022, to $60 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.

Under the repurchase program, repurchases may be made from time to time using a variety of methods, including open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, all in compliance with Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Insider Trading Policy, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and other applicable legal requirements. The repurchase program does not obligate Global Indemnity Group, LLC to acquire any particular amount of class A common shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s discretion.

Under the repurchase program, the Company repurchased 907,082 shares from third parties for an aggregate amount of $21.9 million, or $24.17 per share through December 31, 2022. Of these shares repurchased and held in treasury, one of the Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC purchased 138,151 shares in December 31, 2022. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $1.09 per share.

See Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the retirement of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares as well as a tabular disclosure of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s share repurchases by month.

Distribution Policy

The Company’s distribution program anticipates a distribution rate of $0.25 per share per quarter ($1.00 per share per year). Continued payment of distributions is subject to future determinations by the Board of Directors based on the Company’s results, financial conditions, amounts required to grow the Company’s business, and other factors deemed relevant by the Board.

See Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for dividends / distributions declared during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company and has no direct operations. The ability of Global Indemnity to pay distributions is subject to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement (the “LLCA”), and depends, in part, on the ability of its subsidiaries to pay dividends. The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources and Uses of Funds” in Item 7 of Part II of this report for dividend limitation and Note 22 of the notes to the consolidated financial statement in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the dividends declared and paid by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries in 2022. For a discussion of factors affecting the Company’s ability to make distributions, see “Business – Regulation” in Item 1 of Part I, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and Capital Resources – Sources and Uses of Funds” in Item 7 of Part II, and Note 22 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report.

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Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of Global Indemnity included elsewhere in this report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to the Company’s plans and strategy, constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the end of this Item 7 and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A above for more information. You should review “Risk Factors” in Item 1A above for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein.

Recent Developments

Restructuring

The Company is restructuring its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company is exiting its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company will cease writing new business and existing renewals will be placed in run-off for these four divisions. To support growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively. The restructuring plan was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022 and is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2023. The Company incurred restructuring charges of $3.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $2.1 million in the first quarter of 2023 for a total of $5.5 million. The Company anticipates recurring annual expense savings of $16.0 million beginning in 2023.

Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property will be reported in the Exited Lines Segment. Any information technology initiatives related to business lines within Exited Lines have been discontinued.

Sale of Renewal Rights related to Farm, Ranch & Stable and Sale of American Reliable Insurance Company.

On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company for $30.0 million. The Company retained the unearned premium reserves for business written prior to August 8, 2022. Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company also acquired the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, American Reliable Insurance Company, on December 31, 2022 for an amount equal to book value, which was $10.0 million, at the time of closing.

Appointment of new Chief Executive Officer

Effective October 21, 2022, David S. Charlton, Chief Executive Officer, and Reiner R. Mauer, Chief Operations Officer, are no longer officers or directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC (including its subsidiaries).

Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board of Directors appointed Joseph W. Brown as its Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Brown has served as a Global Indemnity Group, LLC director since December 2015 and will remain on Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board of Directors. Mr. Brown has close to 50 years of insurance industry experience, including prior tenures as a Director, Chairman, and Chief Executive Officer of MBIA, Inc. (NYSE: MBI), Chairman of the Board of Safeco, Chairman of the Board of Talegen Holdings, Inc., Chairman of Noblr, Inc., and President and Chief Executive Officer of Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company.

Board of Directors

Effective October 21, 2022, Jason B. Hurwitz rejoined Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors. Mr. Hurwitz had previously served on Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board from September 2017 to January 2022. Mr. Hurwitz is a partner with Osier Capital LLC, an investment firm focused on insurance and other long-term investments. As a principal and advisor during his career, Mr. Hurwitz completed 28 corporate acquisitions or divestitures totaling over $5 billion and served on the Boards of Directors of eight of these companies. Mr. Hurwitz joined Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Audit Committee.

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Effective November 1, 2022, Gary Tolman joined the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC pursuant to the Class B Majority Shareholder’s rights under Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement. Mr. Tolman has over 45 years of experience in the property and casualty insurance and reinsurance industry. He was the chief executive officer and co-founder of Noblr, Inc. and previously served as the chief executive officer and president of Esurance Holdings, Inc. He also served as the chairman of Answer Financial, Inc. and president and treasurer of Talegen Holdings, Inc. Mr. Tolman spent 15 years at the Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company, ultimately serving as senior vice president. He previously served on the board of directors of the White Mountains Insurance Group, Ltd. (NYSE: WTM). Mr. Tolman is a member of the Audit Committee.

On November 1, 2022, James R. Holt, Jr. resigned from Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board of Directors by providing notice to Global Indemnity Group, LLC. Mr. Holt’s decision to resign was due to the time demands presented by his primary commercial activities.

Effective December 16, 2022, Fred Donner joined the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC pursuant to the Class B Majority Shareholder’s rights under GBLI’s Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement. Mr. Donner served as the Audit Committee chair and a member of the Risk & Capital Committee of the Board of Directors of Argo Group International Holdings Ltd. (NYSE:ARGO). Mr. Donner has nearly 40 years of insurance industry experience. He previously served as the former Executive Vice President, Enterprise Risk Management for Travelers Insurance Co. (“Travelers”) (NYSE: TRV) and Chief Financial Officer for its Business and International Insurance segment from 2014 until his retirement in 2017. Prior to that, Mr. Donner was Traveler’s Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of its Personal Lines Insurance segment and then the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer of its Business Insurance segment. Prior thereto, Mr. Donner served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of RenaissanceRe Ltd. (NYSE: RNR), Bermuda-based international reinsurance company. Prior to that, Mr. Donner served as the National Partner-in-Charge of KPMG’s Insurance Practice. Mr. Donner will serve on the Audit Committee and chair the Nomination, Compensation, and Governance Committee and the Enterprise Risk Management Committee.

Stock Repurchase

On October 21, 2022, GBLI announced that it would commence a stock repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it had authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchase program from $32 million, which was authorized on October 21, 2022, to $60 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.

Under the repurchase program, repurchases may be made from time to time using a variety of methods, including open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, all in compliance with Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Insider Trading Policy, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and other applicable legal requirements. The repurchase program does not obligate Global Indemnity Group, LLC to acquire any particular amount of class A common shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s discretion.

Through March 15, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,157,082 shares from third parties under this program for an aggregate amount of $28.4 million, or $24.54 per share. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $1.44 per share.

Distributions

The Board of Directors approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on March 21, 2022, June 20, 2022, October 4, 2022, and December 23, 2022. Distributions paid to common shareholders were $14.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, distributions of $0.4 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during the year ended December 31, 2022.

AM Best Rating

AM Best has seven Rating Categories in the AM Best Financial Strength Rating Scale. The categories ranging from best to worst are Superior, Excellent, Good, Fair, Marginal, Weak and Poor. Within each rating category, there are rating notches of plus or minus to show additional gradation of the ratings. On May 19, 2022, AM Best affirmed the financial strength rating of "A" (Excellent) for the U.S. operating subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

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Redemption of Debt

On April 15, 2022, the Company redeemed the entire $130 million in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 ("2047 Notes") plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2047 Notes redeemed to, but not including the Redemption Date of April 15, 2022. As a result of this redemption, the Company no longer has any outstanding debt with third parties.

Overview

The Company operates and manages its business through three business segments: Commercial Specialty, Reinsurance Operations, and Exited Lines.

The Company’s Commercial Specialty products are distributed through approximately 360 wholesale general agent and wholesale broker offices. The Company’s wholesale general agents have limited quoting and binding authority. Commercial Specialty operates predominantly in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech product offerings.

The Company’s Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. It uses its capital capacity to write niche and casualty-focused treaties and business which meet the Company’s risk tolerance and return thresholds. Prior to the redomestication, the Company’s Reinsurance Operations consisted solely of the operations of Global Indemnity Reinsurance. In connection with the redomestication, Global Indemnity Reinsurance merged into Penn-Patriot Insurance Company and all of its business was assumed by the Company’s existing insurance company subsidiaries. To support growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

The Company’s Exited Lines segment represents lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff. Exited Lines includes specialty personal lines property and property and casualty products such as manufactured home, dwelling, motorcycle, watercraft, certain homeowners business, property brokerage, property and catastrophe reinsurance treaties, several smaller casualty lines, and the farm, ranch and equine business. These insurance products were distributed through wholesale general agents, wholesale brokers, and retail agents.

The Company derives its revenues primarily from premiums paid on insurance policies that it writes and from income generated by its investment portfolio, net of fees paid for investment management services. The amount of insurance premiums that the Company receives is a function of the amount and type of policies it writes, as well as prevailing market prices.

The Company’s expenses include losses and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses, corporate and other operating expenses, interest, investment expenses, and income taxes. Losses and loss adjustment expenses are estimated by management and reflect the Company’s best estimate of ultimate losses and costs arising during the reporting period and revisions of prior period estimates. The Company records its best estimate of losses and loss adjustment expenses considering both internal and external actuarial analyses of the estimated losses the Company expects to incur on the insurance policies it writes. The ultimate losses and loss adjustment expenses will depend on the actual costs to resolve claims. Acquisition costs consist principally of commissions and premium taxes that are typically a percentage of the premiums on the insurance policies the Company writes, net of ceding commissions earned from reinsurers. Other underwriting expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses and general operating expenses related to underwriting activities. Corporate and other operating expenses are comprised primarily of outside legal fees, other professional and accounting fees, directors’ fees, management fees & advisory fees, and salaries and benefits for company personnel whose services relate to the support of corporate activities. Interest expense is primarily comprised of amounts due on outstanding debt.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which require it to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. See Note 5 of the notes to consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of Part II of this report. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

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The Company believes that of the Company’s significant accounting policies, the following may involve a higher degree of judgment and estimation.

Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Although variability is inherent in estimates, the Company believes that the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses reflects Management’s best estimate for future amounts needed to pay losses and related loss adjustment expenses and the impact of its reinsurance coverage with respect to insured events.

In developing losses and loss adjustment expense ("loss" or "losses") reserve estimates, the Company’s actuaries perform detailed reserve analyses each quarter. To perform the analysis, the data is organized at a "reserve category" level. A reserve category can be a line of business such as commercial automobile liability, or it can be a particular type of claim such as construction defect. The reserves within a reserve category level are characterized as long-tail or short-tail. For long-tail business, it will generally be several years between the time the business is written and the time when all claims are settled. The Company’s long-tail exposures include general liability, professional liability, products liability, commercial automobile liability, and excess and umbrella. Short-tail exposures include property, commercial automobile physical damage, and equine mortality. The Company also reviews assumed reinsurance segments each quarter by treaty and treaty year which is comprised primarily of long-tailed business. To manage its Insurance Operations, the Company's insurance products target specific, defined groups of insureds with customized coverage to meet their needs. The primary business divisions include Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech. For further discussion about the Company’s business divisions, see “General – Business Segments – Insurance Operations” in Item 1 of Part I of this report. Each of the Company’s business divisions contain both long-tail and short-tail exposures. Every reserve category is analyzed by the Company’s actuaries each quarter. Management is responsible for the final determination of loss reserve selections.

In addition to the Company’s internal reserve analysis, independent external actuaries perform a full, detailed review of the reserves annually. The Company reviews both the internal and external actuarial analyses in determining its reserve position.

The actuarial methods used to project ultimate losses for both long-tail and short-tail reserve categories include, but are not limited to, the following:

•
Paid Development method;
•
Incurred Development method;
•
Expected Loss Ratio method;
•
Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and paid loss;
•
Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and incurred loss; and
•
Average Loss method.

The Paid Development method estimates ultimate losses by reviewing paid loss patterns and applying them to accident years with further expected changes in paid loss. Selection of the paid loss pattern requires analysis of several factors including the impact of inflation on claims costs, the rate at which claims professionals make claim payments and close claims, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes, the impact of large claim payments, and other factors. Claim cost inflation requires evaluation of changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, changes in the cost of medical care, changes in the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislative changes, and other factors. Because this method assumes that losses are paid at a consistent rate, changes in any of these factors can impact the results. Since the method does not rely on case reserves, it is not directly influenced by changes in the adequacy of case reserves.

For many reserve categories, paid loss data for recent periods may be too immature or erratic for reliable loss projections. This situation often exists for long-tail exposures. In addition, changes in the factors described above may result in inconsistent payment patterns. Finally, estimating the paid loss pattern subsequent to the most mature point available in the data analyzed often involves considerable uncertainty for long-tail reserve categories.

The Incurred Development method is similar to the Paid Development method, but it uses case incurred losses instead of paid losses. Since this method uses more data (case reserves in addition to paid losses) than the Paid Development method, the incurred development patterns may be less variable than paid development patterns. However, selection of the incurred loss pattern requires analysis of all of the factors listed in the description of the Paid Development method. In addition, the

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inclusion of case reserves can lead to distortions if changes in case reserving practices have taken place and the use of case incurred losses may not eliminate the issues associated with estimating the incurred loss pattern subsequent to the most mature point available.

The Expected Loss Ratio method multiplies premiums by an expected loss ratio to produce ultimate loss estimates for each accident year. This method may be useful if loss development patterns are inconsistent, losses emerge very slowly, or there is relatively little loss history from which to estimate future losses. The selection of the expected loss ratio requires analysis of loss ratios from earlier accident years or pricing studies and analysis of inflationary trends, frequency trends, rate changes, underwriting changes, and other applicable factors.

The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and paid losses is a combination of the Paid Development method and the Expected Loss Ratio method. This method normally determines expected loss ratios similar to the method used for the Expected Loss Ratio method and requires analysis of the same factors described above. The method assumes that only future losses will develop at the expected loss ratio level. The percent of paid loss to ultimate loss implied from the Paid Development method is used to determine what percentage of ultimate loss is yet to be paid. The use of the pattern from the Paid Development method requires consideration of all factors listed in the description of the Paid Development method. The estimate of losses yet to be paid is added to current paid losses to estimate the ultimate loss for each accident year. This method will react very slowly if actual ultimate loss ratios are different from expectations due to changes not accounted for by the Expected Loss Ratio calculation.

The Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and incurred losses is similar to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method using premiums and paid losses except that it uses case incurred losses. The use of case incurred losses instead of paid losses can result in development patterns that are less variable than paid development patterns. However, the inclusion of case reserves can lead to distortions if changes in case reserving practices have taken place. The method requires analysis of all the factors that need to be reviewed for the Expected Loss Ratio and Incurred Development methods.

The Average Loss method multiplies a projected number of ultimate incurred claims by an estimated ultimate average loss for each accident year to produce ultimate loss estimates. Since projections of the ultimate number of claims are often less variable than projections of ultimate loss, this method can provide more reliable results for reserve categories where loss development patterns are inconsistent or too variable to be relied on exclusively. In addition, this method can more directly account for changes in coverage that impact the number and size of claims. However, this method can be difficult to apply to situations where very large claims or a substantial number of unusual claims result in volatile average claim sizes. Projecting the ultimate number of claims requires analysis of several factors including the rate at which policyholders report claims to the Company, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes, and other factors. Estimating the ultimate average loss requires analysis of the impact of large losses and claim cost trends based on changes in the cost of repairing or replacing property, changes in the cost of medical care, changes in the cost of wage replacement, judicial decisions, legislative changes, and other factors.

For many reserve categories, especially those that can be considered long-tail, a particular accident year may not have a sufficient volume of paid losses to produce a statistically reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In such a case, the Company’s actuaries typically assign more weight to the Incurred Development method than to the Paid Development method. As claims continue to settle and the volume of paid losses increases, the Company's actuaries may assign additional weight to the Paid Development method. For most of the Company’s reserve categories, even the case incurred losses for accident years that are early in the claim settlement process will not be of sufficient volume to produce a reliable estimate of ultimate losses. In these cases, the Company's actuaries will not assign any weight to the Paid and Incurred Development methods and will use the Bornhuetter-Ferguson and Expected Loss Ratio methods. For short-tail exposures, the Paid and Incurred Development methods can often be relied on sooner primarily because the Company’s history includes a sufficient number of accident years to cover the entire period over which paid and incurred losses are expected to change. However, the Company's actuaries may also assign weights to the Expected Loss Ratio, Bornhuetter-Ferguson, and Average Loss methods for short-tail exposures when developing estimates of ultimate losses.

Generally, reserves for long-tail lines give more weight to the Expected Loss Ratio method in the more recent immature years. As the accident years mature, weight shifts to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods and eventually to the Incurred and/or Paid Development method. Claims related to umbrella business are usually reported later than claims for other long-tail lines. For umbrella business, the shift from the Expected Loss Ratio method to the Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods to the Loss Development method may be more protracted than for most long-tailed lines. Reserves for short-tail lines tend to make the shift across methods more quickly than the long-tail lines.

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For other more complex reserve categories where the above methods may not produce reliable indications, the Company's actuaries uses additional methods tailored to the characteristics of the specific situation. Such reserve categories include losses from construction defect and A&E claims.

For construction defect losses, the Company’s actuaries organize losses by the year in which they were reported to develop an IBNR provision for development on known cases. To estimate losses from claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company ("pure IBNR"), various extrapolation techniques are applied to the pattern of claims that have been reported to estimate the number of claims yet to be reported. This process requires analysis of several factors including the rate at which policyholders report claims to the Company, the impact of judicial decisions, the impact of underwriting changes, and other factors. An estimated average claim size is determined from past experience and applied to the estimated number of unreported claims to estimate reserves for these claims.

Establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves considerably more judgment than other types of claims due to factors including, but not limited to, inconsistent court decisions, bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage. The insurance industry continues to receive a substantial number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims, with an increasing focus being directed toward other parties, including installers of products containing asbestos rather than against asbestos manufacturers. This shift has resulted in significant insurance coverage litigation implicating applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any, including but not limited to, determinations as to whether or not an asbestos-related bodily injury claim is subject to aggregate limits of liability found in most comprehensive general liability policies. The Company continues to closely monitor its asbestos exposure and make adjustments where they are warranted.

Reserve analyses performed by the Company’s internal and external actuaries result in actuarial point estimates. The results of the detailed reserve reviews were summarized and discussed with the Company’s senior management to determine management's best estimate of reserves. Management considered many factors in making this decision. The factors included, but were not limited to, the historical pattern and volatility of the actuarial indications, the sensitivity of the actuarial indications to changes in paid and incurred loss patterns, the consistency of claims handling processes, the consistency of case reserving practices, changes in the Company’s pricing and underwriting, and overall pricing and underwriting trends in the insurance market.

Management’s best estimate at December 31, 2022 was recorded as the loss reserve. Management’s best estimate is as of a particular point in time and is based upon known facts, the Company’s actuarial analyses, current law, and the Company’s judgment. This resulted in carried gross and net reserves of $832.4 million and $759.4 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. A breakout of the Company’s gross and net reserves as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

|  | Gross Reserves |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Case |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Total |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 169,316 |  |  | $ | 328,786 |  |  | $ | 498,102 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 9,419 |  |  |  | 170,784 |  |  |  | 180,203 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 72,338 |  |  |  | 81,761 |  |  |  | 154,099 |
Total |  | $ | 251,073 |  |  | $ | 581,331 |  |  | $ | 832,404 |

|  | Net Reserves (2) |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Case |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Total |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 148,901 |  |  | $ | 298,019 |  |  | $ | 446,920 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 9,419 |  |  |  | 170,784 |  |  |  | 180,203 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 55,783 |  |  |  | 76,477 |  |  |  | 132,260 |
Total |  | $ | 214,103 |  |  | $ | 545,280 |  |  | $ | 759,383 |

(1)
Losses incurred but not reported, including the expected future emergence of case reserves.
(2)
Does not include reinsurance receivables on paid losses.

The Company regularly reviews these estimates and, based on new developments and information, includes adjustments of the estimated ultimate liability in the operating results for the periods in which the adjustments are made. The establishment of losses and loss adjustment expense reserves makes no provision for the possible broadening of coverage by legislative action or judicial interpretation, or the emergence of new types of losses not sufficiently represented in the Company’s historical experience or that cannot yet be quantified or estimated. The Company regularly analyzes its reserves and reviews reserving methodologies so that future adjustments to prior accident year reserves can be minimized. However, given the complexity of this process, reserves require continual updates and the ultimate liability may be higher or lower than previously indicated. Changes in estimates for losses and loss adjustment expense reserves are recorded in the period that the

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change in these estimates is made. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details concerning the changes in the estimate for incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to prior accident years.

The detailed reserve analyses that the Company’s internal and external actuaries complete use a variety of generally accepted actuarial methods and techniques to produce a number of estimates of ultimate loss. The Company determines its best estimate of ultimate loss by reviewing the various estimates provided by its actuaries and other relevant information. The reserve estimate is the difference between the estimated ultimate loss and the losses paid to date. The difference between the estimated ultimate loss and the case incurred loss (paid loss plus case reserve) is considered to be IBNR. IBNR calculated as such includes a provision for IBNER, or development on known cases as well as a provision for pure IBNR, or claims that have occurred but have not yet been reported to the Company.

In light of the many uncertainties associated with establishing the estimates and making the assumptions necessary to establish reserve levels, the Company reviews its reserve estimates on a regular basis and makes adjustments in the period that the need for such adjustments is determined.

The key assumptions fundamental to the reserving process are often different for various reserve categories and accident years. Some of these assumptions are explicit assumptions that are required of a particular method, but most of the assumptions are implicit and cannot be precisely quantified. An example of an explicit assumption is the pattern employed in the Paid Development method. However, the assumed pattern is itself based on several implicit assumptions such as the impact of inflation on medical costs and the rate at which claim professionals close claims. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Each reserve category has an implicit frequency and severity for each accident year as a result of the various assumptions made.

Previous reserve analyses have resulted in the Company’s identification of information and trends that have caused it to increase or decrease frequency and severity assumptions in prior periods and could lead to the identification of a need for additional material changes in losses and loss adjustment expense reserves, which could materially affect results of operations, equity, business and insurer financial strength and debt ratings. Factors affecting loss frequency include, but are not limited to, the effectiveness of loss controls and safety programs and changes in economic activity or weather patterns. Factors affecting loss severity include, but are not limited to, changes in policy limits and deductibles, rate of inflation, and judicial interpretations. Another factor affecting estimates of loss frequency and severity is the loss reporting lag, which is the period of time between the occurrence of a loss and the date the loss is reported to the Company. The length of the loss reporting lag affects the Company’s ability to accurately predict loss frequency (loss frequencies are more predictable for short-tail lines) as well as the amount of reserves needed for IBNR.

If the actual levels of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s best estimate. For most of its reserve categories, the Company believes that frequency can be predicted with greater accuracy than severity. Therefore, the Company believes management’s best estimate is more likely influenced by changes in severity than frequency. The following table, which the Company believes reflects a reasonable range of variability around its best estimate based on historical loss experience and management’s judgment, reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity on the Company’s current accident year net loss estimate of $367.3 million for claims occurring during the year ended December 31, 2022:

|  |  |  | Severity Change |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | -10% |  |  | -5% |  |  | 0% |  |  | 5% |  |  | 10% |
Frequency Change |  | -5% |  | $ | (53,258 | ) |  | $ | (35,812 | ) |  | $ | (18,365 | ) |  | $ | (918 | ) |  | $ | 16,528 |
|  | -3% |  |  | (46,647 | ) |  |  | (28,833 | ) |  |  | (11,019 | ) |  |  | 6,795 |  |  |  | 24,609 |
|  | -2% |  |  | (43,341 | ) |  |  | (25,344 | ) |  |  | (7,346 | ) |  |  | 10,652 |  |  |  | 28,649 |
|  | -1% |  |  | (40,036 | ) |  |  | (21,854 | ) |  |  | (3,673 | ) |  |  | 14,508 |  |  |  | 32,690 |
|  | 0% |  |  | (36,730 | ) |  |  | (18,365 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18,365 |  |  |  | 36,730 |
|  | 1% |  |  | (33,424 | ) |  |  | (14,876 | ) |  |  | 3,673 |  |  |  | 22,222 |  |  |  | 40,770 |
|  | 2% |  |  | (30,119 | ) |  |  | (11,386 | ) |  |  | 7,346 |  |  |  | 26,078 |  |  |  | 44,810 |
|  | 3% |  |  | (26,813 | ) |  |  | (7,897 | ) |  |  | 11,019 |  |  |  | 29,935 |  |  |  | 48,851 |
|  | 5% |  |  | (20,201 | ) |  |  | (918 | ) |  |  | 18,365 |  |  |  | 37,648 |  |  |  | 56,931 |

The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $759.4 million as of December 31, 2022 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency and severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above.

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Recoverability of Reinsurance Receivables

The Company regularly reviews the collectability of its reinsurance receivables, and includes adjustments resulting from this review in earnings in the period in which the adjustment arises. An allowance for expected credit losses for reinsurance receivables is recognized based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, disputes, applicable coverage defenses, insolvent reinsurers, financial strength of solvent reinsurers based on AM Best Ratings and other relevant factors. Changes in loss reserves can also affect the valuation of reinsurance receivables if the change is related to loss reserves that are ceded to reinsurers. Certain amounts may be uncollectible if the Company’s reinsurers dispute a loss or if the reinsurer is unable to pay. If its reinsurers do not pay, the Company remains legally obligated to pay the loss.

See Note 11 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information surrounding the Company’s reinsurance receivable balances and collectability as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. For a listing of the ten reinsurers for which the Company has the largest reinsurance asset amounts as of December 31, 2022, see “Reinsurance of Underwriting Risk” in Item 1 of Part I of this report.

Investments

The carrying amount of the Company’s investments approximates their fair value. The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to investments, including reviewing each fixed maturity security in an unrealized loss position to determine whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, such as changes in interest rates. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded. Subsequent changes in the allowances are recorded in the period of change as either credit loss expense or reversal of credit loss expense. Any impairments related to factors other than credit losses or the intent to sell are recorded through other comprehensive income, net of taxes. During its review, the Company considers credit rating, market price, and issuer specific financial information, among other factors, to assess the likelihood of collection of all principal and interest as contractually due. See Note 6 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the specific methodologies and significant assumptions used by asset class as well as an analysis of the Company’s securities with gross unrealized losses as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company categorizes its invested assets and derivative instruments that are accounted for at fair value in the consolidated statements into a fair value hierarchy. The fair value hierarchy is directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs utilized to determine the fair value of these assets. The reported value of financial instruments not carried at fair value, principally cash and cash equivalents and margin borrowing facility, approximate fair value. See Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further information about the fair value hierarchy and the Company’s assets that are accounted for at fair value.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company tests for impairment of goodwill at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of goodwill for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of goodwill is recognized only if the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the goodwill over the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill.

Impairment of intangible assets with indefinite useful lives is tested at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of intangible assets for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of indefinite lived intangible assets is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible assets exceeds the fair value of said assets. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the assets over the fair value of said assets.

Intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The carrying amounts of definite lived intangible assets are regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Impairment is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is in excess of its undiscounted projected cash flows. The impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset.

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See Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for more details concerning the Company’s goodwill and intangible assets as well as the result of its impairment testing.

Deferred Acquisition Costs

The costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts primarily include commissions, premium taxes and certain other costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts. The excess of the Company’s costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts over the related ceding commissions earned from reinsurers is capitalized as deferred acquisition costs and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned.

In accordance with accounting guidance for insurance enterprises, the method followed in computing such amounts limits them to amounts recoverable from premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss adjustment expenses, and certain other costs expected to be incurred as the premium is earned. A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected losses and loss adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceeds related unearned premium. This evaluation is done at a distribution and product line level for Insurance Operations and Exited Lines and at a treaty level for Reinsurance Operations. Any future expected loss on the related unearned premium is recorded first by impairing the unamortized acquisition costs on the related unearned premium followed by an increase to losses and loss adjustment expense reserves on additional expected loss in excess of unamortized acquisition costs. The Company calculates deferred acquisition costs for Insurance Operations and Exited Lines separately by distribution lines and for its Reinsurance Operations separately for each treaty.

Taxation

The Company provides for income taxes in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities primarily result from temporary differences between the amounts recorded in the consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities.

At each balance sheet date, management assesses the need to establish a valuation allowance that reduces deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance would be based on all available information including the Company’s assessment of uncertain tax positions and projections of future taxable income from each tax-paying component in each jurisdiction, principally derived from business plans and available tax planning strategies.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had a deferred tax asset of approximately $10.6 million related to net unrealized losses on a fixed maturity available for sale securities. In the assessment of the future realizability of this deferred tax asset, management considered tax planning strategies and concluded that unrealized losses were caused by factors other than credit loss, and the Company have the intent and ability to hold these securities to recovery and collect all of the contractual cash flows.

There are no valuation allowances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The deferred tax asset balance is analyzed regularly by management. This assessment requires significant judgment and considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies and/or actions. Based on these analyses, the Company has determined that its deferred tax asset is recoverable. Projections of future taxable income incorporate several assumptions of future business and operations that are apt to differ from actual experience. If, in the future, the Company’s assumptions and estimates that resulted in the forecast of future taxable income for each tax-paying component prove to be incorrect, a valuation allowance may be required. This could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity.

The Company applies a more likely than not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties, only allowing the recognition of those tax benefits that have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by relevant taxing authorities. Please see Note 12 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a discussion of the Company’s tax uncertainties.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. Lease right-of-use assets (“ROU”) and lease liabilities are included on the consolidated balance sheets.

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Lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate; therefore, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU asset is calculated using the initial lease liability amount, plus any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received, plus any initial direct costs incurred. Lease expenses for minimum lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company’s lease agreements may contain both lease and non-lease components which are accounted separately. The Company elected the practical expedient on not separating lease components from non-lease components for its equipment leases.

Rental income derived from subleases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the operating lease term.

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Business Segments

The Company manages its business through two ongoing business segments: Commercial Specialty and Reinsurance Operations. The Commercial Specialty segment comprises the Company’s Insurance Operations, which currently includes the operations of United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, Penn-Patriot Insurance Company, American Insurance Adjustment Agency, Inc., Collectibles Insurance Services, LLC, Global Indemnity Insurance Agency, LLC, and J.H. Ferguson & Associates, LLC. Prior to the redomestication, the Company’s Reinsurance Operations consisted solely of the operations of Global Indemnity Reinsurance. In connection with the redomestication, Global Indemnity Reinsurance merged into Penn-Patriot Insurance Company and all of its business was assumed by the Company’s existing insurance company subsidiaries. In addition, the Company also has an Exited Lines segment that contains lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff.

The Company evaluates the performance of these segments based on gross and net written premiums, revenues in the form of net earned premiums, and expenses in the form of (1) net losses and loss adjustment expenses, (2) acquisition costs, and (3) other underwriting expenses.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company decided to restructure its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company will be exiting its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company will cease writing new business and existing renewals will be placed in run-off for these four divisions. On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company. During the 2nd quarter of 2022, the Company decided that Farm, Ranch & Stable would not be a core business and a decision was made to not allocate additional resources to this segment. Previously, on October 26, 2021, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its manufactured and dwelling homes business which were part of the Specialty Property segment. In 2021, the Company decided to cease writing certain Property Brokerage business which was part of the Commercial Specialty segment, as well as exit certain property and catastrophe lines within the Reinsurance Operations segment. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company also decided it will reduce writings within its Reinsurance Operations segment. Based on the decisions to exit or downsize these lines of business, the Company changed the way it manages and analyzes its operating results. The chief operating decision makers decided they will be reviewing the specific results of the Exited Lines in a separate segment. The chief operating decision makers also determined that the small amount of specialty property business that remained from the Specialty Property segment would be included as a product offering in the Commercial Specialty segment for purpose of reviewing results and allocating resources. Several smaller reinsurance treaties have also been reclassified from Reinsurance to Commercial Specialty. The Reinsurance Operations segment writes casualty treaties as well as individual excess policies. Accordingly, the Company has three reportable segments: Commercial Specialty, Reinsurance Operations, and Exited Lines. Management believes these segments allow users of the Company’s financial statements to better understand the Company's performance, better assess prospects for future net cash flows, and make more informed judgments about the Company as a whole. The segment results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 have been revised to reflect these changes.

See “Business Segments” in Item 1 of Part I of this report for a description of the Company’s segments.

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Results of Operations

The following table summarizes the Company’s results for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 727,603 |  |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  | $ | 606,603 |  |  |  | 12.4 | %
Net written premiums |  | $ | 591,331 |  |  | $ | 580,068 |  |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | $ | 580,068 |  |  | $ | 548,167 |  |  |  | 5.8 | %
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 602,471 |  |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  | $ | 567,699 |  |  |  | 4.9 | %
Other income |  |  | 1,462 |  |  |  | 1,815 |  |  |  | (19.4 | %) |  |  | 1,815 |  |  |  | 2,038 |  |  |  | (10.9 | %)
Total revenues |  |  | 603,933 |  |  |  | 597,425 |  |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | 597,425 |  |  |  | 569,737 |  |  |  | 4.9 | %
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 359,228 |  |  |  | 384,964 |  |  |  | (6.7 | %) |  |  | 384,964 |  |  |  | 336,201 |  |  |  | 14.5 | %
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 236,381 |  |  |  | 222,841 |  |  |  | 6.1 | % |  |  | 222,841 |  |  |  | 215,607 |  |  |  | 3.4 | %
Underwriting income (loss) |  |  | 8,324 |  |  |  | (10,380 | ) |  |  | (180.2 | %) |  |  | (10,380 | ) |  |  | 17,929 |  |  |  | (157.9 | %)
Net investment income |  |  | 27,627 |  |  |  | 37,020 |  |  |  | (25.4 | %) |  |  | 37,020 |  |  |  | 28,392 |  |  |  | 30.4 | %
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (32,929 | ) |  |  | 15,887 |  |  | NM |  |  |  | 15,887 |  |  |  | (14,662 | ) |  |  | (208.4 | %)
Other income |  |  | 29,903 |  |  |  | 27,936 |  |  |  | 7.0 | % |  |  | 27,936 |  |  |  | 80 |  |  | NM |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | (24,421 | ) |  |  | (27,179 | ) |  |  | (10.1 | %) |  |  | (27,179 | ) |  |  | (41,998 | ) |  |  | (35.3 | %)
Interest expense |  |  | (3,004 | ) |  |  | (10,481 | ) |  |  | (71.3 | %) |  |  | (10,481 | ) |  |  | (15,792 | ) |  |  | (33.6 | %)
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | (3,529 | ) |  |  | — |  |  | NM |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,060 | ) |  | NM |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 1,971 |  |  |  | 32,803 |  |  |  | (94.0 | %) |  |  | 32,803 |  |  |  | (29,111 | ) |  |  | (212.7 | %)
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (2,821 | ) |  |  | (3,449 | ) |  |  | (18.2 | %) |  |  | (3,449 | ) |  |  | 8,105 |  |  |  | (142.6 | %)
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (850 | ) |  | $ | 29,354 |  |  |  | (102.9 | %) |  | $ | 29,354 |  |  | $ | (21,006 | ) |  |  | (239.7 | %)
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio (1) |  |  | 59.6 | % |  |  | 64.7 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 64.7 | % |  |  | 59.2 | % |  |  |
Expense ratio (2) |  |  | 39.2 | % |  |  | 37.4 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 37.4 | % |  |  | 38.0 | % |  |  |
Combined ratio (3) |  |  | 98.8 | % |  |  | 102.1 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 102.1 | % |  |  | 97.2 | % |  |  |

NM – not meaningful

(1)
The loss ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is generally viewed in the insurance industry as an indicator of underwriting profitability and is calculated by dividing net losses and loss adjustment expenses by net earned premiums.
(2)
The expense ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is calculated by dividing the sum of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses by net earned premiums.
(3)
The combined ratio is a GAAP financial measure and is the sum of the Company’s loss and expense ratios.

48

Selected Financial Data by Business Segment

The following table summarizes selected financial data by business segment.

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Gross written premiums (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 401,025 |  |  | $ | 373,552 |  |  | $ | 310,354 |  |  | $ | 280,472 |  |  | $ | 221,869 |
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 158,711 |  |  |  | 103,690 |  |  |  | 55,616 |  |  |  | 34,837 |  |  |  | 6,915 |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 559,736 |  |  |  | 477,242 |  |  |  | 365,970 |  |  |  | 315,309 |  |  |  | 228,784 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 167,867 |  |  |  | 204,880 |  |  |  | 240,633 |  |  |  | 321,552 |  |  |  | 319,113 |
Total gross written premiums |  | $ | 727,603 |  |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  | $ | 606,603 |  |  | $ | 636,861 |  |  | $ | 547,897 |
Ceded premiums written |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 17,343 |  |  | $ | 20,447 |  |  | $ | 21,609 |  |  | $ | 19,998 |  |  | $ | 15,873 |
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 17,343 |  |  |  | 20,447 |  |  |  | 21,609 |  |  |  | 19,998 |  |  |  | 15,873 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 118,929 |  |  |  | 81,607 |  |  |  | 36,827 |  |  |  | 54,774 |  |  |  | 59,477 |
Total ceded premiums written |  | $ | 136,272 |  |  | $ | 102,054 |  |  | $ | 58,436 |  |  | $ | 74,772 |  |  | $ | 75,350 |
Net written premiums (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 383,682 |  |  | $ | 353,105 |  |  | $ | 288,745 |  |  | $ | 260,474 |  |  | $ | 205,996 |
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 158,711 |  |  |  | 103,690 |  |  |  | 55,616 |  |  |  | 34,837 |  |  |  | 6,915 |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 542,393 |  |  |  | 456,795 |  |  |  | 344,361 |  |  |  | 295,311 |  |  |  | 212,911 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 48,938 |  |  |  | 123,273 |  |  |  | 203,806 |  |  |  | 266,778 |  |  |  | 259,636 |
Total net written premiums |  | $ | 591,331 |  |  | $ | 580,068 |  |  | $ | 548,167 |  |  | $ | 562,089 |  |  | $ | 472,547 |
Net earned premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 377,953 |  |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  | $ | 277,892 |  |  | $ | 234,064 |  |  | $ | 197,085 |
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 141,287 |  |  |  | 76,663 |  |  |  | 46,105 |  |  |  | 19,154 |  |  |  | 6,172 |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 519,240 |  |  |  | 408,166 |  |  |  | 323,997 |  |  |  | 253,218 |  |  |  | 203,257 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 83,231 |  |  |  | 187,444 |  |  |  | 243,702 |  |  |  | 272,044 |  |  |  | 264,518 |
Total net earned premiums |  | $ | 602,471 |  |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  | $ | 567,699 |  |  | $ | 525,262 |  |  | $ | 467,775 |
Underwriting income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 12,122 |  |  | $ | 9,478 |  |  | $ | 35,712 |  |  | $ | 41,718 |  |  | $ | 14,163 |
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 4,099 |  |  |  | 1,806 |  |  |  | 1,430 |  |  |  | 3,061 |  |  |  | (490 | )
Continuing Lines |  |  | 16,221 |  |  |  | 11,284 |  |  |  | 37,142 |  |  |  | 44,779 |  |  |  | 13,673 |
Exited Lines |  |  | (7,897 | ) |  |  | (21,664 | ) |  |  | (19,213 | ) |  |  | (1,506 | ) |  |  | (69,577 | )
Total underwriting income (loss) |  | $ | 8,324 |  |  | $ | (10,380 | ) |  | $ | 17,929 |  |  | $ | 43,273 |  |  | $ | (55,904 | )

(1)
Gross written premiums represent the amount received or to be received for insurance policies written without reduction for reinsurance costs or other deductions.
(2)
Net written premiums equal gross written premiums less ceded premiums written.
(3)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

49

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
Loss ratio |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Commercial Specialty |  |  | 59.6 | % |  |  | 61.0 | % |  |  | 50.5 | % |  |  | 41.4 | % |  |  | 51.9 | %
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 60.4 | % |  |  | 62.7 | % |  |  | 62.3 | % |  |  | 56.8 | % |  |  | 90.3 | %
Continuing Lines |  |  | 59.9 | % |  |  | 61.3 | % |  |  | 52.2 | % |  |  | 42.5 | % |  |  | 53.0 | %
Exited Lines |  |  | 58.2 | % |  |  | 71.9 | % |  |  | 68.6 | % |  |  | 61.6 | % |  |  | 85.8 | %
Total loss ratio |  |  | 59.6 | % |  |  | 64.7 | % |  |  | 59.2 | % |  |  | 52.5 | % |  |  | 71.5 | %
Expense ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  |  | 37.4 | % |  |  | 36.5 | % |  |  | 36.9 | % |  |  | 41.2 | % |  |  | 41.3 | %
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 36.6 | % |  |  | 34.8 | % |  |  | 35.0 | % |  |  | 26.5 | % |  |  | 14.2 | %
Continuing Lines |  |  | 37.2 | % |  |  | 36.2 | % |  |  | 36.7 | % |  |  | 40.1 | % |  |  | 40.5 | %
Exited Lines |  |  | 51.9 | % |  |  | 40.2 | % |  |  | 39.7 | % |  |  | 39.3 | % |  |  | 41.0 | %
Total expense ratio |  |  | 39.2 | % |  |  | 37.4 | % |  |  | 38.0 | % |  |  | 39.7 | % |  |  | 40.8 | %
Combined ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | 87.4 | % |  |  | 82.6 | % |  |  | 93.2 | %
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | 97.3 | % |  |  | 83.3 | % |  |  | 104.5 | %
Continuing Lines |  |  | 97.1 | % |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | 88.9 | % |  |  | 82.6 | % |  |  | 93.5 | %
Exited Lines |  |  | 110.1 | % |  |  | 112.1 | % |  |  | 108.3 | % |  |  | 100.9 | % |  |  | 126.8 | %
Total combined ratio |  |  | 98.8 | % |  |  | 102.1 | % |  |  | 97.2 | % |  |  | 92.2 | % |  |  | 112.3 | %

Premiums

The following table summarizes the change in premium volume by business segment:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 401,025 |  |  | $ | 373,552 |  |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | $ | 373,552 |  |  | $ | 310,354 |  |  |  | 20.4 | %
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 158,711 |  |  |  | 103,690 |  |  |  | 53.1 | % |  |  | 103,690 |  |  |  | 55,616 |  |  |  | 86.4 | %
Continuing Lines |  |  | 559,736 |  |  |  | 477,242 |  |  |  | 17.3 | % |  |  | 477,242 |  |  |  | 365,970 |  |  |  | 30.4 | %
Exited Lines |  |  | 167,867 |  |  |  | 204,880 |  |  |  | (18.1 | %) |  |  | 204,880 |  |  |  | 240,633 |  |  |  | (14.9 | %)
Total gross written premiums |  | $ | 727,603 |  |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  |  | 6.7 | % |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  | $ | 606,603 |  |  |  | 12.4 | %
Ceded premiums written |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 17,343 |  |  | $ | 20,447 |  |  |  | (15.2 | %) |  | $ | 20,447 |  |  | $ | 21,609 |  |  |  | (5.4 | %)
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 17,343 |  |  |  | 20,447 |  |  |  | (15.2 | %) |  |  | 20,447 |  |  |  | 21,609 |  |  |  | (5.4 | %)
Exited Lines |  |  | 118,929 |  |  |  | 81,607 |  |  |  | 45.7 | % |  |  | 81,607 |  |  |  | 36,827 |  |  |  | 121.6 | %
Total ceded premiums written |  | $ | 136,272 |  |  | $ | 102,054 |  |  |  | 33.5 | % |  | $ | 102,054 |  |  | $ | 58,436 |  |  |  | 74.6 | %
Net written premiums (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 383,682 |  |  | $ | 353,105 |  |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | $ | 353,105 |  |  | $ | 288,745 |  |  |  | 22.3 | %
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 158,711 |  |  |  | 103,690 |  |  |  | 53.1 | % |  |  | 103,690 |  |  |  | 55,616 |  |  |  | 86.4 | %
Continuing Lines |  |  | 542,393 |  |  |  | 456,795 |  |  |  | 18.7 | % |  |  | 456,795 |  |  |  | 344,361 |  |  |  | 32.7 | %
Exited Lines |  |  | 48,938 |  |  |  | 123,273 |  |  |  | (60.3 | %) |  |  | 123,273 |  |  |  | 203,806 |  |  |  | (39.5 | %)
Total net written premiums |  | $ | 591,331 |  |  | $ | 580,068 |  |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | $ | 580,068 |  |  | $ | 548,167 |  |  |  | 5.8 | %
Net earned premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 377,953 |  |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  | $ | 277,892 |  |  |  | 19.3 | %
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 141,287 |  |  |  | 76,663 |  |  |  | 84.3 | % |  |  | 76,663 |  |  |  | 46,105 |  |  |  | 66.3 | %
Continuing Lines |  |  | 519,240 |  |  |  | 408,166 |  |  |  | 27.2 | % |  |  | 408,166 |  |  |  | 323,997 |  |  |  | 26.0 | %
Exited Lines |  |  | 83,231 |  |  |  | 187,444 |  |  |  | (55.6 | %) |  |  | 187,444 |  |  |  | 243,702 |  |  |  | (23.1 | %)
Total net earned premiums |  | $ | 602,471 |  |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  |  | 1.2 | % |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  | $ | 567,699 |  |  |  | 4.9 | %

(1)
Gross written premiums represent the amount received or to be received for insurance policies written without reduction for reinsurance costs or other deductions.
(2)
Net written premiums equal gross written premiums less ceded premiums written.
(3)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

Gross written premiums increased by 6.7% for year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to 2021. The increase in gross written premiums is mainly due to the continued growth of existing wholesale agent relationships and increased pricing from

50

both rate and exposure growth within Commercial Specialty and the organic growth of existing casualty treaties within Reinsurance Operations. This increase was partially offset by actions taken within Commercial Specialty to improve underwriting results by not renewing underperforming business as well as a reduction in premiums within Exited Lines.

Gross written premiums increased by 12.4% for year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to 2020. The increase in gross written premiums is mainly due to the continued growth from existing wholesale agent relationships, increased pricing, and several new wholesale agent relationships within Commercial Specialty as well as the organic growth of an existing casualty treaty within Reinsurance Operations. This growth in premiums was partially offset by the reduction of premiums within Exited Lines due to reducing catastrophe exposed business, reduction in business not providing an adequate return on capital, and the non-renewal of the Company’s property catastrophe treaties.

To support growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

Net Retention

The ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums is referred to as the Company’s net premium retention. The Company’s net premium retention is summarized by segments as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Commercial Specialty |  |  | 95.7 | % |  |  | 94.5 | % |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 94.5 | % |  |  | 93.0 | % |  |  | 1.5 |
Reinsurance |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | — |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 96.9 | % |  |  | 95.7 | % |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 95.7 | % |  |  | 94.1 | % |  |  | 1.6 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 29.2 | % |  |  | 60.2 | % |  |  | (31.0 | ) |  |  | 60.2 | % |  |  | 84.7 | % |  |  | (24.5 | )
Total |  |  | 81.3 | % |  |  | 85.0 | % |  |  | (3.7 | ) |  |  | 85.0 | % |  |  | 90.4 | % |  |  | (5.4 | )

The net premium retention for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased by 3.7 points as compared to 2021. The reduction in retention is primarily due to all of the Company's manufactured and dwelling homes policies, except for Florida and Louisiana which are in run-off, were ceded to American Family Mutual Insurance Company in 2022 and all policies written with an effective date of August 8, 2022 and later within the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business were ceded to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company. See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the sale of renewal rights related to the Company’s manufactured and dwelling homes business and the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business.

The net premium retention for the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased by 5.4 points as compared to 2020. This decrease is primarily due to ceding the majority of the manufactured home and dwelling policies that were in force on November 30, 2021.

Net Earned Premiums

Net earned premiums within the Commercial Specialty segment increased by 14.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021. The increase in net earned premiums was primarily due to a growth in premiums written as a result of organic growth from existing agents and pricing increases. Property net earned premiums were $143.1 million and $139.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $234.9 million and $191.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net earned premiums within the Commercial Specialty segment increased by 19.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020. The increase in net earned premiums was primarily due to a growth in premiums written as a result of organic growth from existing agents, pricing increases, and several new wholesale agent relationships. Property net earned premiums were $139.6 million and $122.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $191.9 million and $155.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

51

Net earned premiums within the Reinsurance Operations segment increased by 84.3% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to organic growth of existing casualty treaties. Casualty net earned premiums were $141.3 million and $76.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There was no property net earned premiums for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. To support growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

Net earned premiums within the Reinsurance Operations segment increased by 66.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020 primarily due to organic growth of an existing casualty treaty. Casualty net earned premiums were $76.7 million and $46.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. There was no property net earned premiums for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Net earned premiums within the Exited Lines segment decreased by 55.6% for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the same period in 2021 primarily due to the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company’s manufactured and dwelling homes business on October 26, 2021 and the sale of renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business on August 8, 2022. The decrease in net earned premiums is also due to exiting lines of business unrelated to the company’s continuing businesses. Property net earned premiums were $63.9 million and $163.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $19.3 million and $24.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net earned premiums within the Exited Lines segment decreased by 23.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the same period in 2020 primarily due to a continued reduction of catastrophe exposed business, a reduction in business not providing an adequate return on capital, and the non-renewal of the Company’s property catastrophe treaties. Property net earned premiums were $163.4 million and $214.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $24.1 million and $28.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Underwriting Results

Commercial Specialty

The components of income from the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 401,025 |  |  | $ | 373,552 |  |  |  | 7.4 | % |  | $ | 373,552 |  |  | $ | 310,354 |  |  |  | 20.4 | %
Net written premiums |  | $ | 383,682 |  |  | $ | 353,105 |  |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | $ | 353,105 |  |  | $ | 288,745 |  |  |  | 22.3 | %
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 377,953 |  |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  | $ | 277,892 |  |  |  | 19.3 | %
Other income |  | $ | 1,029 |  |  | $ | 1,028 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | $ | 1,028 |  |  | $ | 888 |  |  |  | 15.8 | %
Total revenues |  |  | 378,982 |  |  |  | 332,531 |  |  |  | 14.0 | % |  |  | 332,531 |  |  |  | 278,780 |  |  |  | 19.3 | %
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 225,389 |  |  |  | 202,176 |  |  |  | 11.5 | % |  |  | 202,176 |  |  |  | 140,388 |  |  |  | 44.0 | %
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 141,471 |  |  |  | 120,877 |  |  |  | 17.0 | % |  |  | 120,877 |  |  |  | 102,680 |  |  |  | 17.7 | %
Underwriting income |  | $ | 12,122 |  |  | $ | 9,478 |  |  |  | 27.9 | % |  | $ | 9,478 |  |  | $ | 35,712 |  |  |  | (73.5 | %)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current accident year |  |  | 60.0 | % |  |  | 60.5 | % |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | 60.5 | % |  |  | 59.0 | % |  |  | 1.5 |
Prior accident year |  |  | (0.4 | %) |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | (8.5 | %) |  |  | 9.0 |
Calendar year loss ratio |  |  | 59.6 | % |  |  | 61.0 | % |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | 61.0 | % |  |  | 50.5 | % |  |  | 10.5 |
Expense ratio |  |  | 37.4 | % |  |  | 36.5 | % |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  | 36.5 | % |  |  | 36.9 | % |  |  | (0.4 | )
Combined ratio |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | 87.4 | % |  |  | 10.1 |

52

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures and ratios

The table below reconciles the non-GAAP measures or ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 73,054 |  |  |  | 51.1 | % |  | $ | 65,556 |  |  |  | 47.0 | % |  | $ | 53,951 |  |  |  | 43.9 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (3,608 | ) |  |  | (2.5 | %) |  |  | 1,703 |  |  |  | 1.2 | % |  |  | (1,124 | ) |  |  | (0.9 | %)
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 69,446 |  |  |  | 48.6 | % |  | $ | 67,259 |  |  |  | 48.2 | % |  | $ | 52,827 |  |  |  | 43.0 | %
Catastrophe losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 10,979 |  |  |  | 7.7 | % |  | $ | 19,404 |  |  |  | 13.9 | % |  | $ | 23,621 |  |  |  | 19.2 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 504 |  |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | 181 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | 1,064 |  |  |  | 0.9 | %
Catastrophe losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 11,483 |  |  |  | 8.1 | % |  | $ | 19,585 |  |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | $ | 24,685 |  |  |  | 20.1 | %
Total property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 84,033 |  |  |  | 58.8 | % |  | $ | 84,960 |  |  |  | 60.9 | % |  | $ | 77,572 |  |  |  | 63.1 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (3,104 | ) |  |  | (2.1 | %) |  |  | 1,884 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (0.0 | %)
Total property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 80,929 |  |  |  | 56.7 | % |  | $ | 86,844 |  |  |  | 62.2 | % |  | $ | 77,512 |  |  |  | 63.1 | %
Casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Casualty losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 142,800 |  |  |  | 60.8 | % |  | $ | 115,646 |  |  |  | 60.3 | % |  | $ | 86,305 |  |  |  | 55.7 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 1,660 |  |  |  | 0.7 | % |  |  | (314 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | %) |  |  | (23,429 | ) |  |  | (15.1 | %)
Total Casualty losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 144,460 |  |  |  | 61.5 | % |  | $ | 115,332 |  |  |  | 60.1 | % |  | $ | 62,876 |  |  |  | 40.6 | %
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 226,833 |  |  |  | 60.0 | % |  | $ | 200,606 |  |  |  | 60.5 | % |  | $ | 163,877 |  |  |  | 59.0 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (1,444 | ) |  |  | (0.4 | %) |  |  | 1,570 |  |  |  | 0.5 | % |  |  | (23,489 | ) |  |  | (8.5 | %)
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio (2) |  | $ | 225,389 |  |  |  | 59.6 | % |  | $ | 202,176 |  |  |  | 61.0 | % |  | $ | 140,388 |  |  |  | 50.5 | %

(1)
Non-GAAP measure / ratio
(2)
Most directly comparable GAAP measure / ratio

Premiums

See “Result of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Other Income

Other income was $1.0 million, $1.0 million, and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income.

53

Loss Ratio

The current accident year losses and loss ratio is summarized as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Property losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  | $ | 73,054 |  |  | $ | 65,556 |  |  |  | 11.4 | % |  | $ | 65,556 |  |  | $ | 53,951 |  |  |  | 21.5 | %
Catastrophe |  |  | 10,979 |  |  |  | 19,404 |  |  |  | (43.4 | %) |  |  | 19,404 |  |  |  | 23,621 |  |  |  | (17.9 | %)
Property losses |  |  | 84,033 |  |  |  | 84,960 |  |  |  | (1.1 | %) |  |  | 84,960 |  |  |  | 77,572 |  |  |  | 9.5 | %
Casualty losses |  |  | 142,800 |  |  |  | 115,646 |  |  |  | 23.5 | % |  |  | 115,646 |  |  |  | 86,305 |  |  |  | 34.0 | %
Total accident year losses |  | $ | 226,833 |  |  | $ | 200,606 |  |  |  | 13.1 | % |  | $ | 200,606 |  |  | $ | 163,877 |  |  |  | 22.4 | %

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Current accident year loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  |  | 51.1 | % |  |  | 47.0 | % |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 47.0 | % |  |  | 43.9 | % |  |  | 3.1 |
Catastrophe |  |  | 7.7 | % |  |  | 13.9 | % |  |  | (6.2 | ) |  |  | 13.9 | % |  |  | 19.2 | % |  |  | (5.3 | )
Property loss ratio |  |  | 58.8 | % |  |  | 60.9 | % |  |  | (2.1 | ) |  |  | 60.9 | % |  |  | 63.1 | % |  |  | (2.2 | )
Casualty loss ratio |  |  | 60.8 | % |  |  | 60.3 | % |  |  | 0.5 |  |  |  | 60.3 | % |  |  | 55.7 | % |  |  | 4.6 |
Total accident year loss ratio |  |  | 60.0 | % |  |  | 60.5 | % |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | 60.5 | % |  |  | 59.0 | % |  |  | 1.5 |

The current accident year property non-catastrophe loss ratio for 2022 increased by 4.1 points compared to 2021 primarily due to higher claims severity resulting from inflation and other factors. The current accident year property non-catastrophe loss ratio for 2021 increased by 3.1 points compared to 2020 primarily due to higher claims severity resulting from inflation and other factors.

The current accident year property catastrophe loss ratio for 2022 improved by 6.2 points compared to 2021 due to lower claims frequency and severity as a result of taking underwriting actions to reduce catastrophe exposure. The current accident year property catastrophe loss ratio for 2021 improved by 5.3 points compared to 2020 due to lower claims frequency.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio for 2022 increased by 0.5 points compared to 2021 due to higher claims severity resulting from inflation and other factors. The current accident year casualty loss ratio for 2021 increased by 4.6 points compared to 2020 due to higher claims frequency.

The calendar year loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 includes a decrease of $1.4 million, or 0.4%, an increase of $1.6 million or 0.5%, and a decrease of $23.5 million or 8.5%, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratios

The expense ratio increased 0.9 points from 36.5% for 2021 to 37.4% for 2022 primarily due to higher compensation cost.

The expense ratio improved 0.4 points from 36.9% for 2020 to 36.5% for 2021 primarily due to higher earned premiums.

COVID-19

COVID-19 could result in declines in business, non-payment of premiums, and increases in claims that could adversely affect Commercial Specialty’s business, financial condition, and results of operation.

There is risk that legislation could be passed or there could be a court ruling which would require the Company to cover business interruption claims regardless of terms, exclusions including the virus exclusions contained within the Company’s Commercial Specialty policies, or other conditions included in these policies that would otherwise preclude coverage.

54

Reinsurance Operations

The components of income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 (1) |  |  | 2021 (1) |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 (1) |  |  | 2020 (1) |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 158,711 |  |  | $ | 103,690 |  |  |  | 53.1 | % |  | $ | 103,690 |  |  | $ | 55,616 |  |  |  | 86.4 | %
Net written premiums |  | $ | 158,711 |  |  | $ | 103,690 |  |  |  | 53.1 | % |  | $ | 103,690 |  |  | $ | 55,616 |  |  |  | 86.4 | %
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 141,287 |  |  | $ | 76,663 |  |  |  | 84.3 | % |  | $ | 76,663 |  |  | $ | 46,105 |  |  |  | 66.3 | %
Other income (loss) |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | (13.7 | %) |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | (149.7 | %)
Total revenues |  |  | 141,205 |  |  |  | 76,568 |  |  |  | 84.4 | % |  |  | 76,568 |  |  |  | 46,296 |  |  |  | 65.4 | %
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 85,385 |  |  |  | 48,064 |  |  |  | 77.6 | % |  |  | 48,064 |  |  |  | 28,718 |  |  |  | 67.4 | %
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 51,721 |  |  |  | 26,698 |  |  |  | 93.7 | % |  |  | 26,698 |  |  |  | 16,148 |  |  |  | 65.3 | %
Underwriting income |  | $ | 4,099 |  |  | $ | 1,806 |  |  |  | 127.0 | % |  | $ | 1,806 |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  |  | 26.3 | %

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2022 (1) |  |  | 2021 (1) |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 (1) |  |  | 2020 (1) |  |  | Change |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current accident year (2) |  |  | 61.5 | % |  |  | 64.1 | % |  |  | (2.6 | ) |  |  | 64.1 | % |  |  | 65.9 | % |  |  | (1.8 | )
Prior accident year |  |  | (1.1 | %) |  |  | (1.4 | %) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  |  | (1.4 | %) |  |  | (3.6 | %) |  |  | 2.2 |
Calendar year loss ratio (3) |  |  | 60.4 | % |  |  | 62.7 | % |  |  | (2.3 | ) |  |  | 62.7 | % |  |  | 62.3 | % |  |  | 0.4 |
Expense ratio |  |  | 36.6 | % |  |  | 34.8 | % |  |  | 1.8 |  |  |  | 34.8 | % |  |  | 35.0 | % |  |  | (0.2 | )
Combined ratio |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | (0.5 | ) |  |  | 97.5 | % |  |  | 97.3 | % |  |  | 0.2 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates
(2)
Non-GAAP ratio
(3)
Most directly comparable GAAP ratio

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial ratios

The table above includes a reconciliation of the current accident year loss ratio, which is a non-GAAP ratio, to its calendar year loss ratio, which is its most directly comparable GAAP ratio. The Company believes this non-GAAP ratio is useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends in the Company's Reinsurance Operations may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. This non-GAAP ratio should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

Premiums

See “Result of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Other Income (Loss)

Reinsurance Operations recognized other loss of $0.1 million in 2022, other loss of $0.1 million in 2021, and other income of $0.2 million in 2020. Other income (loss) is comprised of foreign exchange gains and losses.

Loss Ratio

The current accident year loss ratio for 2022 improved by 2.6 points compared to 2021 reflecting a mix of business change and growth in a treaty that has a lower expected loss ratio than last year. The current accident year loss ratio for 2021 improved by 1.8 points compared to 2020 reflecting a mix of business change and growth in a treaty that has a lower expected loss ratio.

55

The calendar year loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 includes a decrease of $1.5 million, or 1.1%, a decrease of $1.1 million or 1.4%, and a decrease of $1.7 million or 3.6%, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratio

The expense ratio increased 1.8 points from 34.8% for 2021 to 36.6% for 2022. This increase in the expense ratio was primarily due to an increase in commission expense which was partially offset by a reduction in the expense ratio as a result of a growth in net earned premiums.

The expense ratio improved 0.2 points from 35.0% for 2020 to 34.8% for 2021.

COVID-19

COVID-19 could result in declines in business, non-payment of premiums, and increases in claims that could adversely affect the Reinsurance Operations’ business, financial condition, and results of operation.

Exited Lines

The components of loss from the Company’s Exited Lines segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 167,867 |  |  | $ | 204,880 |  |  |  | (18.1 | %) |  | $ | 204,880 |  |  | $ | 240,633 |  |  |  | (14.9 | %)
Net written premiums |  | $ | 48,938 |  |  | $ | 123,273 |  |  |  | (60.3 | %) |  | $ | 123,273 |  |  | $ | 203,806 |  |  |  | (39.5 | %)
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 83,231 |  |  | $ | 187,444 |  |  |  | (55.6 | %) |  | $ | 187,444 |  |  | $ | 243,702 |  |  |  | (23.1 | %)
Other income |  |  | 515 |  |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | (41.6 | %) |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | 959 |  |  |  | (8.0 | %)
Total revenues |  |  | 83,746 |  |  |  | 188,326 |  |  |  | (55.5 | %) |  |  | 188,326 |  |  |  | 244,661 |  |  |  | (23.0 | %)
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 48,454 |  |  |  | 134,724 |  |  |  | (64.0 | %) |  |  | 134,724 |  |  |  | 167,095 |  |  |  | (19.4 | %)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 43,189 |  |  |  | 75,266 |  |  |  | (42.6 | %) |  |  | 75,266 |  |  |  | 96,779 |  |  |  | (22.2 | %)
Underwriting loss |  | $ | (7,897 | ) |  | $ | (21,664 | ) |  |  | (63.5 | %) |  | $ | (21,664 | ) |  | $ | (19,213 | ) |  |  | 12.8 | %

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current accident year |  |  | 64.4 | % |  |  | 67.5 | % |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  |  | 67.5 | % |  |  | 71.2 | % |  |  | (3.7 | )
Prior accident year |  |  | (6.2 | %) |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | (10.6 | ) |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | (2.6 | %) |  |  | 7.0 |
Calendar year loss ratio |  |  | 58.2 | % |  |  | 71.9 | % |  |  | (13.7 | ) |  |  | 71.9 | % |  |  | 68.6 | % |  |  | 3.3 |
Expense ratio |  |  | 51.9 | % |  |  | 40.2 | % |  |  | 11.7 |  |  |  | 40.2 | % |  |  | 39.7 | % |  |  | 0.5 |
Combined ratio |  |  | 110.1 | % |  |  | 112.1 | % |  |  | (2.0 | ) |  |  | 112.1 | % |  |  | 108.3 | % |  |  | 3.8 |

56

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures and ratios

The table below reconciles the non-GAAP measures or ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends in the Company's Exited Lines segment may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
|  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 32,562 |  |  |  | 50.9 | % |  | $ | 79,146 |  |  |  | 48.5 | % |  | $ | 89,033 |  |  |  | 41.4 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (4,262 | ) |  |  | (6.7 | %) |  |  | 5,090 |  |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | (7,257 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | %)
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 28,300 |  |  |  | 44.2 | % |  | $ | 84,236 |  |  |  | 51.6 | % |  | $ | 81,776 |  |  |  | 38.0 | %
Catastrophe losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 11,011 |  |  |  | 17.2 | % |  | $ | 34,274 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 69,092 |  |  |  | 32.2 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (391 | ) |  |  | (0.6 | %) |  |  | 5,608 |  |  |  | 3.4 | % |  |  | 3,228 |  |  |  | 1.5 | %
Catastrophe losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 10,620 |  |  |  | 16.6 | % |  | $ | 39,882 |  |  |  | 24.4 | % |  | $ | 72,320 |  |  |  | 33.7 | %
Total property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 43,573 |  |  |  | 68.1 | % |  | $ | 113,420 |  |  |  | 69.5 | % |  | $ | 158,125 |  |  |  | 73.6 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (4,653 | ) |  |  | (7.3 | %) |  |  | 10,698 |  |  |  | 6.5 | % |  |  | (4,029 | ) |  |  | (1.9 | %)
Total property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 38,920 |  |  |  | 60.8 | % |  | $ | 124,118 |  |  |  | 76.0 | % |  | $ | 154,096 |  |  |  | 71.7 | %
Casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Casualty losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 10,052 |  |  |  | 52.0 | % |  | $ | 13,103 |  |  |  | 54.4 | % |  | $ | 15,340 |  |  |  | 53.2 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (518 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | %) |  |  | (2,497 | ) |  |  | (10.4 | %) |  |  | (2,341 | ) |  |  | (8.1 | %)
Total Casualty losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 9,534 |  |  |  | 49.3 | % |  | $ | 10,606 |  |  |  | 44.0 | % |  | $ | 12,999 |  |  |  | 45.1 | %
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 53,625 |  |  |  | 64.4 | % |  | $ | 126,523 |  |  |  | 67.5 | % |  | $ | 173,465 |  |  |  | 71.2 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (5,171 | ) |  |  | (6.2 | %) |  |  | 8,201 |  |  |  | 4.4 | % |  |  | (6,370 | ) |  |  | (2.6 | %)
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio (2) |  | $ | 48,454 |  |  |  | 58.2 | % |  | $ | 134,724 |  |  |  | 71.9 | % |  | $ | 167,095 |  |  |  | 68.6 | %

(1)
Non-GAAP measure / ratio
(2)
Most directly comparable GAAP measure / ratio

Premiums

See “Result of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums for 2022.

Other Income

Other income was $0.5 million, $0.9 million, and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income.

57

Loss Ratio

The current accident year losses and loss ratio is summarized as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Property losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  | $ | 32,562 |  |  | $ | 79,146 |  |  |  | (58.9 | %) |  | $ | 79,146 |  |  | $ | 89,033 |  |  |  | (11.1 | %)
Catastrophe |  |  | 11,011 |  |  |  | 34,274 |  |  |  | (67.9 | %) |  |  | 34,274 |  |  |  | 69,092 |  |  |  | (50.4 | %)
Property losses |  |  | 43,573 |  |  |  | 113,420 |  |  |  | (61.6 | %) |  |  | 113,420 |  |  |  | 158,125 |  |  |  | (28.3 | %)
Casualty losses |  |  | 10,052 |  |  |  | 13,103 |  |  |  | (23.3 | %) |  |  | 13,103 |  |  |  | 15,340 |  |  |  | (14.6 | %)
Total accident year losses |  | $ | 53,625 |  |  | $ | 126,523 |  |  |  | (57.6 | %) |  | $ | 126,523 |  |  | $ | 173,465 |  |  |  | (27.1 | %)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Current accident year loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  |  | 50.9 | % |  |  | 48.5 | % |  |  | 2.4 |  |  |  | 48.5 | % |  |  | 41.4 | % |  |  | 7.1 |
Catastrophe |  |  | 17.2 | % |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | (3.8 | ) |  |  | 21.0 | % |  |  | 32.2 | % |  |  | (11.2 | )
Property loss ratio |  |  | 68.1 | % |  |  | 69.5 | % |  |  | (1.4 | ) |  |  | 69.5 | % |  |  | 73.6 | % |  |  | (4.1 | )
Casualty loss ratio |  |  | 52.0 | % |  |  | 54.4 | % |  |  | (2.4 | ) |  |  | 54.4 | % |  |  | 53.2 | % |  |  | 1.2 |
Total accident year loss ratio |  |  | 64.4 | % |  |  | 67.5 | % |  |  | (3.1 | ) |  |  | 67.5 | % |  |  | 71.2 | % |  |  | (3.7 | )

The current accident year property non-catastrophe loss ratio for 2022 increased by 2.4 points compared to 2021 primarily due to higher claims frequency. The current accident year property non-catastrophe loss ratio for 2021 increased by 7.1 points compared to 2020 primarily reflecting higher claims frequency, a higher loss ratio in the property reinsurance treaties, and higher claims severity in both the specialty property lines and the Farm, Ranch & Stable lines resulting from inflation and other factors.

The current accident year property catastrophe loss ratio for 2022 improved by 3.8 points compared to 2021 recognizing lower claims frequency. The current accident year property catastrophe loss ratio for 2021 improved by 11.2 points compared to 2020 reflecting lower claims frequency and severity in the specialty property and Farm, Ranch & Stable lines and an improvement in the property catastrophe reinsurance treaties loss ratios.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio for 2022 improved by 2.4 points compared to 2021 mainly due to lower claims severity in the Farm, Ranch & Stable business lines. The current accident year casualty loss ratio for 2021 increased by 1.2 points compared to 2020 primarily due to higher claims severity resulting from inflation and other factors.

The calendar year loss ratio for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 includes a decrease of $5.2 million, or 6.2%, an increase of $8.2 million, or 4.4%, and a decrease of $6.4 million, or 2.6%, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratios

The expense ratio increased 11.7 points from 40.2% for 2021 to 51.9% for 2022. The increase in the expense ratio is primarily due to the reduction in earned premiums resulting from the runoff of lines of business that the Company is no longer writing.

The expense ratio increased 0.5 points from 39.7% for 2020 to 40.2% for 2021. The increase in the expense ratio is primarily due to a reduction in earned premiums partially offset by a reduction in commission expense.

COVID-19

COVID-19 could result in declines in business and non-payment of premiums that could adversely affect Exited Lines’ business, financial condition, and results of operation.

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Unallocated Corporate Items

The Company’s fixed income portfolio, excluding cash, continues to maintain high quality with an A average rating and a duration of 1.7 years.

Net Investment Income

|  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Gross investment income (1) |  | $ | 29,776 |  |  | $ | 39,662 |  |  |  | (24.9 | %) |  | $ | 39,662 |  |  | $ | 31,487 |  |  |  | 26.0 | %
Investment expenses |  |  | (2,149 | ) |  |  | (2,642 | ) |  |  | (18.7 | %) |  |  | (2,642 | ) |  |  | (3,095 | ) |  |  | (14.6 | %)
Net investment income |  | $ | 27,627 |  |  | $ | 37,020 |  |  |  | (25.4 | %) |  | $ | 37,020 |  |  | $ | 28,392 |  |  |  | 30.4 | %

(1)
Excludes realized gains and losses

Gross investment income for 2022 decreased by 24.9% and net investment income for 2022 decreased by 25.4% compared to 2021. The decrease was primarily due to decreased returns from alternative investments and lowered invested assets due to the liquidation of the Company’s common stock portfolio and a portion of the bond portfolio in order to raise funds to retire the 2047 Notes in April 2022. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in yield within the fixed maturities portfolio due to the rise in rates. Gross investment income for 2021 increased by 26.0% and net investment income for 2021 increased by 30.4% compared to 2020. The increase was primarily due to increased returns from alternative investments offset by a decrease in yield within the fixed maturities portfolio.

At December 31, 2022, the Company held agency mortgage-backed securities with a market value of $3.3 million. Excluding the agency mortgage-backed securities, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 1.7 years as of December 31, 2022, compared with 3.3 years as of December 31, 2021. Including cash and short-term investments, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio, excluding agency mortgage-backed securities, was 1.6 years as of December 31, 2022, compared to 3.1 years as of December 31, 2021. Changes in interest rates can cause principal payments on certain investments to extend or shorten which can impact duration. At December 31, 2022, the Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 3.5% compared with 2.2% at December 31, 2021. The embedded book yield on the $31.6 million of taxable municipal bonds in the Company’s portfolio was 3.1% at December 31, 2022, compared to an embedded book yield of 2.8% on the Company’s taxable municipal bonds of $54.6 million at December 31, 2021.

At December 31, 2021, the Company held agency mortgage-backed securities with a market value of $148.6 million. Excluding the agency mortgage-backed securities, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 3.3 years as of December 31, 2021, compared with 4.8 years as of December 31, 2020. Including cash and short-term investments, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio, excluding agency mortgage-backed securities, was 3.1 years as of December 31, 2021, compared to 4.4 years as of December 31, 2020. Changes in interest rates can cause principal payments on certain investments to extend or shorten which can impact duration. At December 31, 2021, the Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 2.2% compared with 2.3% at December 31, 2020. The embedded book yield on the $54.6 million of taxable municipal bonds in the Company’s portfolio was 2.8% at December 31, 2021, compared to an embedded book yield of 3.0% on the Company’s taxable municipal bonds of $61.2 million at December 31, 2020.

Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Equity securities |  | $ | (3,392 | ) |  | $ | 13,440 |  |  | $ | (15,250 | )
Fixed maturities |  |  | (13,405 | ) |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | 23,604 |
Derivatives |  |  | 10,073 |  |  |  | 2,105 |  |  |  | (22,256 | )
Other-than-temporary impairment losses |  |  | (26,205 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (760 | )
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (32,929 | ) |  | $ | 15,887 |  |  | $ | (14,662 | )

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In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. In connection with these actions, the Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or greater as having an intent to sell, the majority of which were sold in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of approximately two years. As a result of these actions, book yield increased from 2.2% at December 31, 2021 to 3.5% at December 31, 2022.

See Note 6 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for an analysis of total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Corporate and Other Operating Expenses

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Corporate expenses - nondisposition related |  | $ | 13,959 |  |  | $ | 19,977 |  |  | $ | 41,998 |
Impairments and expenses related to dispositions within Exited Lines |  |  | 10,462 |  |  |  | 7,202 |  |  |  | — |
Corporate and Other Operating Expenses |  | $ | 24,421 |  |  | $ | 27,179 |  |  | $ | 41,998 |

Corporate expenses - nondisposition related consist of outside legal fees, other professional fees, directors’ fees, management fees & advisory fees, salaries and benefits for holding company personnel, development costs for new products, impairment losses, and taxes incurred which are not directly related to operations. The decrease in corporate expenses - nondisposition related for 2022 as compared to 2021 was primarily due to the Company receiving an employee retention credit under the CARES Act of $5.5 million. Corporate expenses in 2020 were higher primarily due to incurring expenses related to the redomestication which included an advisory fee of $10.0 million and legal and professional fees.

Impairments and expenses related to dispositions within Exited Lines represent impairments of goodwill, intangible assets, software, and lease costs as well as legal expenses and merger and acquisition fees related to the sale of renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business and the Company's manufactured and dwelling homes business. Impairments and expenses related to dispositions within Exited Lines were $10.5 million and $7.2 million during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There was no impairments and expenses related to dispositions within Exited Lines during the year ended December 31, 2020. See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company’s Farm, Ranch & Stable business and the Company's manufactured and dwelling homes business.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $3.0 million, $10.5 million, and $15.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The reduction in interest expense is primarily due to the redemption of the Company’s 7.75% Subordinated Notes due in 2045 and the repayment of the margin borrowing facility in August 2020 as well as the redemption of the 7.875% subordinated notes on April 15, 2022.

See Note 14 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details on the Company’s debt.

Income Tax Benefit/ Expense

The income tax expense was $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared with income tax expense of $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in income tax expense is primarily due to lower taxable income in the Company's U.S. subsidiaries.

The income tax expense was $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared with income tax benefit of $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The difference between 2021 and 2020 is due to the increase in net income at Global Indemnity Group, LLC which is treated as a partnership for tax.

See Note 12 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a comparison of income tax between periods.

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Net Income (Loss)

The factors described above resulted in a net loss of $0.9 million, net income of $29.4 million, and a net loss of $21.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Funds

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company. Its principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including those of its insurance companies: United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s short-term and long-term liquidity needs include but are not limited to the payment of corporate expenses, debt service payments, distributions to shareholders, and share repurchases. The Company also has commitments in the form of operating leases, commitments to fund limited liability investments, and unpaid losses and loss expense obligations. See the contractual obligation table below for additional information on these commitments.

In order to meet its short-term and long-term needs, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s principal sources of cash includes investment income, dividends from subsidiaries, other permitted disbursements from its direct and indirect subsidiaries, reimbursement for equity awards granted to employees and intercompany borrowings. The principal sources of funds at these direct and indirect subsidiaries include underwriting operations, investment income, proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments, capital contributions, intercompany borrowings, and dividends from subsidiaries. Funds are used principally by these operating subsidiaries to pay claims and operating expenses, to make debt payments, fund margin requirements on interest rate swap agreements, to purchase investments, and to make distribution payments. In addition, the Company periodically reviews opportunities related to business acquisitions and as a result, liquidity may be needed in the future.

GBLI Holdings, LLC is a holding company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Penn-Patriot Insurance Company. GBLI Holdings, LLC’s principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries which include United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn-Star Insurance Company. GBLI Holdings, LLC is dependent on dividends from its subsidiaries as well as reimbursements from its subsidiaries for utilization of net operating losses and other tax attributes in order to meet its corporate expense obligations and intercompany financing obligations.

The future liquidity of both Global Indemnity Group, LLC and GBLI Holdings, LLC is dependent on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate income to pay dividends. Global Indemnity Group, LLC and GBLI Holdings, LLC’s insurance companies are restricted by statute as to the amount of dividends that they may pay without the prior approval of regulatory authorities. The dividend limitations imposed by state laws are based on the statutory financial results of each insurance company that are determined by using statutory accounting practices that differ in various respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. See “Regulation—Statutory Accounting Principles.” Key differences relate to, among other items, deferred acquisition costs, limitations on deferred income taxes, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes.

Under Virginia law, Penn-Patriot Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution of cash or other property, the fair market value of which, together with that of any other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 consecutive months exceeds the lesser of either (1) 10% of its surplus as of the 31 st day of December of the last preceding year, or (2) its net income, not including net realized capital gains, for the 12 month period ending on the 31 st day of December of the last preceding year, not including pro rata distributions of any class of its securities, unless the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. In determining whether the dividend must be approved, undistributed net income from the second and third preceding years, not including net realized capital gains, may be carried forward.

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Under Pennsylvania law, United National Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn-Star Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution that, together with other dividends or distributions made within the preceding 12 consecutive months, exceeds the greater of (1) 10% of its surplus as shown on its last annual statement on file with the commissioner or (2) its net income for the period covered by such statement, not including pro rata distributions of any class of its own securities, unless the commissioner has received notice from the insurer of the declaration of the dividend and the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. An additional limitation is that Pennsylvania does not permit a domestic insurer to declare or pay a dividend except out of unassigned funds (surplus) unless otherwise approved by the commissioner before the dividend is paid. Furthermore, no dividend or other distribution may be declared or paid by a Pennsylvania insurance company that would reduce its total capital and surplus to an amount that is less than the amount required by the Insurance Department for the kind or kinds of business that it is authorized to transact. Pennsylvania law allows loans to affiliates up to 10% of statutory surplus without prior regulatory approval.

Under Indiana law, Diamond State Insurance Company may not pay any dividend or make any distribution of cash or other property, the fair market value of which, together with that of any other dividends or distributions made within the 12 consecutive months ending on the date on which the proposed dividend or distribution is scheduled to be made, exceeds the greater of (1) 10% of its surplus as of the 31 st day of December of the last preceding year, or (2) its net income for the 12 month period ending on the 31 st day of December of the last preceding year, unless the commissioner approves the proposed payment or fails to disapprove such payment within 30 days after receiving notice of such payment. An additional limitation is that Indiana does not permit a domestic insurer to declare or pay a dividend except out of unassigned surplus unless otherwise approved by the commissioner before the dividend is paid.

In 2022, the United National insurance companies, Penn-America insurance companies, and American Reliable Insurance Company paid dividends in the amount of $4.5 million, $7.5 million, and $124.8 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022. The $124.8 million of dividends paid by American Reliable Insurance Company represented two extraordinary dividends approved by the Arizona Department of Insurance. An extraordinary dividend in the amount of $22.5 million was paid in April 2022 and an extraordinary dividend in the amount of $102.3 million, which was contingent on the sale of American Reliable Insurance Company to Everett Cash Mutual, was paid in December 2022. See Note 22 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for the maximum amount of distributions that U.S. insurance companies could pay as dividends in 2023.

Surplus Levels

Global Indemnity’s insurance companies are required by law to maintain a certain minimum level of policyholders’ surplus on a statutory basis. Policyholders’ surplus is calculated by subtracting total liabilities from total assets. The NAIC has risk-based capital standards that are designed to identify property and casualty insurers that may be inadequately capitalized based on the inherent risks of each insurer’s assets and liabilities and mix of net written premiums. Insurers falling below a calculated threshold may be subject to varying degrees of regulatory action. Based on the standards currently adopted, the policyholders’ surplus of each of the insurance companies is in excess of the prescribed minimum company action level risk-based capital requirements.

Sources of operating funds consist primarily of net written premiums and investment income. Funds are used primarily to pay claims and operating expenses and to purchase investments. As a result of the dividend / distribution policy, funds may also be used to pay distributions to shareholders of the Company.

The Company’s reconciliation of net income (loss) to net cash provided by operations is generally influenced by the following:

•
the fact that the Company collects premiums, net of commissions, in advance of losses paid;
•
the timing of the Company’s settlements with its reinsurers; and
•
the timing of the Company’s loss payments.

Net cash provided by operating activities in 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $44.2 million, $90.8 million and $32.7 million, respectively.

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In 2022, the decrease in operating cash flows of approximately $46.6 million from the prior year was primarily a net result of the following items:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | Change |
Net premiums collected |  | $ | 541,087 |  |  | $ | 599,870 |  |  | $ | (58,783 | )
Net losses paid |  |  | (272,585 | ) |  |  | (299,027 | ) |  |  | 26,442 |
Underwriting and corporate expenses |  |  | (251,031 | ) |  |  | (241,017 | ) |  |  | (10,014 | )
Net investment income |  |  | 32,316 |  |  |  | 41,367 |  |  |  | (9,051 | )
Net federal income taxes paid |  |  | (426 | ) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (372 | )
Interest paid |  |  | (5,125 | ) |  |  | (10,340 | ) |  |  | 5,215 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 44,236 |  |  | $ | 90,799 |  |  | $ | (46,563 | )

In 2021, the increase in operating cash flows of approximately $58.1 million from the prior year was primarily a net result of the following items:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | Change |
Net premiums collected |  | $ | 599,870 |  |  | $ | 552,692 |  |  | $ | 47,178 |
Net losses paid |  |  | (299,027 | ) |  |  | (308,341 | ) |  |  | 9,314 |
Underwriting and corporate expenses |  |  | (241,017 | ) |  |  | (241,906 | ) |  |  | 889 |
Net investment income |  |  | 41,367 |  |  |  | 36,002 |  |  |  | 5,365 |
Net federal income taxes recovered (paid) |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | 10,825 |  |  |  | (10,879 | )
Interest paid |  |  | (10,340 | ) |  |  | (16,602 | ) |  |  | 6,262 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 90,799 |  |  | $ | 32,670 |  |  | $ | 58,129 |

See the consolidated statements of cash flows in the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for details concerning the Company’s investing and financing activities.

Liquidity

Currently, the Company believes each of its insurance companies maintains sufficient liquidity to pay claims through cash generated by operations and liquid investments. The holding companies also maintain sufficient liquidity to meet their obligations. The Company monitors its investment portfolios to assure liability and investment durations are closely matched.

Prospectively, as fixed income investments mature and new cash is obtained, the cash available to invest will be invested in accordance with the Company’s investment policy. The Company’s investment policy allows the Company to invest in taxable and tax-exempt fixed income investments as well as publicly traded and private equity investments. With respect to bonds, the Company’s credit exposure limit for each issuer varies with the issuer’s credit quality. The allocation between taxable and tax-exempt bonds is determined based on market conditions and tax considerations. The fixed income portfolio currently has a duration of 1.7 years.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company also had future funding commitments of $14.2 million related to investments that are currently in their harvest period and it is unlikely that a capital call will be made.

The Company has access to various capital sources including dividends from insurance subsidiaries and access to the debt and equity capital markets. The Company believes it has sufficient liquidity to meet its capital needs. See Note 22 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for a discussion of the Company’s dividend capacity. However, the Company’s future capital requirements depend on many factors, including the amount of premium it writes, the amount of loss reserves by lines of business, and catastrophe exposure. To the extent that the Company needs to raise additional funds, any equity or debt financing for this purpose, if available at all, may be on terms that are not favorable to the Company. If the Company cannot obtain adequate capital, its business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Sale of Renewal Rights related to Farm, Ranch & Stable and Sale of American Reliable Insurance Company

On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company for $30.0 million. The Company retained the unearned premium reserves for business written prior to August 8, 2022. Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company also acquired the

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Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, American Reliable Insurance Company, on December 31, 2022 for an amount equal to book value, which was $10.0 million, at the time of closing.

Stock Repurchase

On October 21, 2022, GBLI announced that it would commence a stock repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it had authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchase program from $32 million, which was authorized on October 21, 2022, to $60 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.

Under the repurchase program, repurchases may be made from time to time using a variety of methods, including open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, all in compliance with Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Insider Trading Policy, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and other applicable legal requirements. The repurchase program does not obligate Global Indemnity Group, LLC to acquire any particular amount of class A common shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s discretion.

Through March 15, 2023, the Company repurchased 1,157,082 shares from third parties under this program for an aggregate amount of $28.4 million, or $24.54 per share. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $1.44 per share.

Restructuring

The Company is restructuring its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. The restructuring plan was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022 and is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2023. The Company incurred restructuring charges of $3.4 million in the fourth quarter of 2022 and $2.1 million in the first quarter of 2023 for a total of $5.5 million. The Company anticipates recurring annual expense savings of $16.0 million beginning in 2023.

COVID-19

The Company’s liquidity could be negatively impacted by the cancellation, delays, or non-payment of premiums related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and its lasting impacts. There is continued risk that legislation could be passed or there could be a court ruling which would require the Company to cover business interruption claims regardless of terms, exclusions including the virus exclusions contained within the Company’s Commercial Specialty and Farm, Ranch & Stable policies, or other conditions included in policies that would otherwise preclude coverage which would negatively impact liquidity. In addition, the liquidity of the Company’s investment portfolio could be negatively impacted by disruption experienced in global financial markets. Management is taking actions it considers prudent to minimize the impact on the Company’s liquidity. However, given the ongoing uncertainty surrounding the duration, magnitude and geographic reach of COVID-19, the Company is regularly evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on its liquidity.

Distributions

Global Indemnity has adopted a distribution program. Although subject to the absolute discretion of the Board of Directors and factors, conditions, and prospects as such may exist from time to time when the Board of Directors considers the advisability of declaring a quarterly distribution, Global Indemnity Group, LLC currently anticipates a distribution rate of $0.25 per share per quarter ($1.00 per share per year). As of December 31, 2022, there are currently 13,867,272 shares outstanding.

During 2022, the Board of Directors approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on March 21, 2022, June 20, 2022, October 4, 2022, and December 23, 2022. Distributions paid to common shareholders were $14.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, distributions of $0.4 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during the year ended December 31, 2022.

During 2021, the Board of Directors approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on March 22, 2021, June 21, 2021, September 23, 2021, and December 20, 2021. Distributions paid to common shareholders were $14.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, distributions of $0.4 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during the year ended December 31, 2021.

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During 2020, the Board of Directors approved a dividend payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on March 24, 2020 and June 23, 2020 and approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on September 25, 2020 and December 24, 2020. Dividends / distributions paid to common shareholders were $14.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, distributions of $0.1 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Investment Portfolio

As a result of duration shortening, the Company significantly reduced its interest rate risk with more than 80% of the fixed maturity portfolio maturing over the next three years. With a shorter duration, the investment portfolio is well positioned to increase book yield by investing maturities in higher yielding bonds. At December 31, 2022, the Company's embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 3.5% compared with 2.2% at December 31, 2021.

On May 18, 2022, the Company provided the Credit Fund, LLC with formal withdrawal request in full. Proceeds of $99.6 million were received on July 29, 2022 and were invested in fixed income investments with maturities of two years and less.

Sale of Renewal Rights Related to Manufactured & Dwelling Homes Business

On October 26, 2021, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its manufactured and dwelling homes business to K2 Insurance Services (“K2”) and American Family Mutual Insurance Company (“American Family”). Pursuant to the tripartite transaction, the Company received $28.0 million in cash in October 2021. The Company also retained the American Reliable 50-state licensed operating unit, $65 million of net capital supporting the business, and a related $42 million unearned premium reserve. The Company currently leases office space in Scottsdale, Arizona. As part of this sale, K2 is subleasing approximately one third of the Scottsdale, Arizona office space. Currently, the Company intends to exercise the early termination clause in their Scottsdale, Arizona lease. If the Company exercises the early termination clause, it will receive $1.6 million in sublease payments from K2. If it does not exercise the early termination clause, it will receive $2.4 million in sublease payments from K2 between October 2021 and November 2029.

To facilitate the transaction, American Reliable retained the specialty residential property business in Florida and Louisiana and also retained business that was previously placed in runoff. American Reliable commenced the non-renewal of manufactured home insurance in Florida beginning on March 11, 2022, for policies expiring on or after July 10, 2022. American Reliable and United National non-renewed manufactured home and dwelling insurance in Louisiana beginning on or about January 31, 2022, for policies renewing on or after March 7, 2022. American Family assumed 100% of the risks for all policies covered under the renewal rights agreement which are written or renewed after October 26, 2021, except for policies covering properties in the state of Florida. The Company also retained risk for business previously placed in runoff and policies in Louisiana.

In addition, effective November 30, 2021, the Company and American Family reached an agreement where American Family agreed to reinsure 100% of the Company’s unearned premium reserves of the same types as the policies comprising the manufactured and dwelling homes business lines noted above that were in force as of November 30, 2021. The approximate amount of the unearned premium reserves at November 30, 2021 was $33.8 million. The Company received a 40% ceding commission which included a provision for a 4% claims administration fee to be paid by the Company directly to K2 Claims.

Trust accounts

Global Indemnity Reinsurance established trust accounts to collateralize exposure it had to certain third-party ceding companies. As a result of the redomestication, Penn-Patriot Insurance Company now holds these trust accounts. The Company invests the funds in securities that have durations that closely match the expected duration of the liabilities assumed. The Company believes that Penn-Patriot Insurance Company will have sufficient liquidity to pay claims prospectively.

Capital Resources

Investment Portfolio

In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. The Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or

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greater as having an intent to sell. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities are being reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of two years and less. As a result of these actions, book yield increased from 2.2% at December 31, 2021 to 3.5% at December 31, 2022.

Redemption of Debt

On April 15, 2022, the Company redeemed the entire $130 million in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2047 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2047 Notes redeemed to, but not including the Redemption Date of April 15, 2022. The funds to redeem the debt were primarily obtained through the sale of the Company’s equity portfolio in the amount of $75.9 million, $32.0 million in dividends from insurance company subsidiaries, $18.4 million from distributions received from private equity investments, and the remainder from its subsidiary, GBLI Holdings, LLC.

As a result of this redemption, the Company no longer has any outstanding debt with third parties.

Intercompany Pooling Arrangement

The Company’s U.S. insurance companies participate in an intercompany pooling arrangement whereby premiums, losses, and expenses are shared pro rata amongst the U.S. insurance companies. Prior to completion of the sale of American Reliable, American Reliable comprised 30% of the pool. Due to the sale of American Reliable on December 31, 2022, the intercompany pooling agreement was amended. American Reliable was removed from the pool and its 30% participation in the business and capital was allocated to the Company’s remaining five insurance companies.

The intercompany reinsurance agreement was updated in 2022 to require each company in the reinsurance pool to fund its proportionate share of collateral required to fund certain third party ceding companies.

For additional information on the Sale of American Reliable, please see the liquidity section above.

Intercompany Loan

On August 28, 2020, Global Indemnity Investments, Inc. entered into a promissory note with Global Indemnity Group, LLC for the principal amount of $11.3 million. This note was issued in conjunction with Global Indemnity Investment Inc.’s purchase of limited liability partnership interests from Global Indemnity Group, LLC. The note bears interest at a rate of 1.47% and is due on August 28, 2030. This loan was fully repaid at December 31, 2021.

On December 15, 2021, Global Indemnity Investments, Inc. entered into a $10.0 million discretionary line of credit demand note with Global Indemnity Group, LLC, as borrower. Each advance outstanding under this note will bear interest at an annual interest rate equal to the short-term applicable federal rate in effect at the time the advance was granted and will reset once a month. The outstanding principal amount of each advance shall be payable on the last day of the applicable interest period of such advance and on demand. There is no balance outstanding on this note at December 31, 2022.

On April 13, 2022, GBLI Holdings, LLC issued a promissory note to Global Indemnity Group, LLC for the principal amount of $69.4 million. This note bears interest at a rate equal to the short-term, annual compound Applicable Federal Rate ("AFR") in effect for April 2022 which was 1.26%. On each third anniversary of this Note, the interest rate shall reset to the then applicable short-term, annual compounded AFR for such month. The Note is due on April 13, 2031. The outstanding balance on this note was $69.4 million at December 31, 2022.

On April 13, 2022, GBLI Holdings, LLC issued a promissory note to Global Indemnity Investment Inc. for the principal amount of $18.4 million. This note bears interest at a rate equal to the short-term, annual compound AFR in effect for April 2022 which was 1.26%. On each third anniversary of this Note, the interest rate shall reset to the then applicable short-term, annual compounded AFR for such month. The Note is due on April 13, 2031. The outstanding balance on this note was $18.4 million at December 31, 2022.

Intercompany Dividends and Capital Contributions

In addition to intercompany dividends that are paid in the ordinary course of business, American Reliable Insurance Company paid an extraordinary dividend in December 2022, which was approved by the Arizona Department of Insurance, in the amount of $102.3 million which was treated as one of a series of liquidating distributions of American Reliable Insurance Company. In conjunction with the liquidation of American Reliable Insurance Company, a series of capital

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contributions were made downstream within GBLI Holdings, LLC and subsidiaries in an effort to reallocate the capital from the sale of American Reliable Insurance Company.

All of the intercompany transactions discussed above eliminate in consolidation and have no impact on the consolidating financial statements.

Margin Borrowing Facility

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had available a margin borrowing facility. The Company did not have any amounts outstanding on the margin borrowing facility as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. The borrowing rate for this facility was tied to the Fed Funds Effective rate and was approximately 5.1% and 0.8% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This facility is due on demand. The borrowings are subject to maintenance margin, which is a minimum account balance that must be maintained. A decline in market conditions could require an additional deposit of collateral. The Company did not have any securities that were deposited as collateral at December 31, 2022 or 2021. The amount borrowed against the margin account may fluctuate as routine investment transactions, such as dividends received, investment income received, maturities and pay-downs, impact cash balances. The margin facility contains customary events of default, including, without limitation, insolvency, failure to make required payments, failure to comply with any representations or warranties, failure to adequately assure future performance, and failure of a guarantor to perform under its guarantee.

Derivative Instruments

The Company entered into derivative instruments related to interest rate swaps. Due to fluctuations in interest rates, the Company received $12.7 million and $2.7 million in connection with these derivative instruments for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company terminated its outstanding interest rate swaps in the fourth quarter of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has no interest rate swap agreements.

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Contractual Obligations

The Company has commitments in the form of operating leases, commitments to fund limited liability investments, subordinated notes, and unpaid losses and loss expense obligations. As of December 31, 2022, contractual obligations related to Global Indemnity’s commitments, including any principal and interest payments, were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Payment Due by Period |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Total |  |  | Less than 1 year |  |  | 1 – 3 years |  |  | 3 – 5 years |  |  | More than 5 years |
Operating leases (1) |  | $ | 16,106 |  |  | $ | 2,995 |  |  | $ | 5,630 |  |  | $ | 4,240 |  |  | $ | 3,241 |
Commitments to fund limited partnership investment (2) |  |  | 14,214 |  |  |  | 14,214 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses obligations (3) |  |  | 832,404 |  |  |  | 322,972 |  |  |  | 284,682 |  |  |  | 122,364 |  |  |  | 102,386 |
Total |  | $ | 862,724 |  |  | $ | 340,181 |  |  | $ | 290,312 |  |  | $ | 126,604 |  |  | $ | 105,627 |

(1)
The Company leases office space and equipment as part of its normal operations. The amounts shown above represent future commitments under such operating leases.
(2)
Represents future funding commitment of the Company’s participation in a limited partnership investment. See Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on this commitment.
(3)
These amounts represent the gross future amounts needed to pay losses and related loss adjustment expenses and do not reflect amounts that are expected to be recovered from the Company’s reinsurers. See discussion in “Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses” for more details.

Inflation

Property and casualty insurance premiums are established before the Company knows the amount of losses and loss adjustment expenses or the extent to which inflation may affect such amounts. The Company attempts to anticipate the potential impact of inflation in establishing its reserves.

Future increases in inflation could result in future increases in interest rates, which in turn are likely to result in a decline in the market value of the investment portfolio and resulting in unrealized losses and reductions in shareholders' equity.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the statements under “Business,” “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Security Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. These statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "believe," "expect," "may," "will," "should," "project," "plan," "seek," "intend," or "anticipate" or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, and include discussions of strategy, financial projections and estimates and their underlying assumptions, statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of identified transactions or natural disasters, and statements about the future performance, operations, products and services of the companies.

The Company’s business and operations are and will be subject to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors. Consequently, actual results and experience may materially differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I of this report for risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and experience to differ from those projected.

The forward-looking statements contained in this report are primarily based on the Company’s current expectations and projections about future events and trends that it believes may affect the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations, prospects, business strategy and financial needs. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors described in the section captioned “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this report. These risks are not exhaustive. Other sections of this report include additional factors that could adversely impact the Company’s business and financial performance. Moreover, the Company operates in a very competitive environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for the Company to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this report. The Company cannot provide assurance that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

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In addition, statements that “the Company believes” and similar statements reflect the Company’s beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to the Company as of the date of this report, and while the Company believes such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and these statements should not be read to indicate that the Company have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

This report and the documents that are referenced in this report and have filed as exhibits to this report should be read with the understanding that actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be materially different from what the Company expects. The Company qualifies all of its forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

The Company’s forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they were made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITAT IVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in interest rates, equity prices, credit risk, illiquidity, foreign exchange rates and commodity prices. The Company’s consolidated balance sheets includes the estimated fair values of assets that are subject to market risk. The Company’s primary market risks are interest rate risk and credit risks associated with investments in fixed maturities, equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities, and foreign exchange risk associated with premium received that is denominated in foreign currencies. Each of these risks is discussed in more detail below. The Company has no commodity risk.

Interest Rate Risk

The Company’s primary market risk exposure is to changes in interest rates. The Company’s fixed income investments are exposed to interest rate risk. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of these securities. As interest rates rise, the market value of the Company’s fixed income investments fall, and the converse is also true. The Company seeks to manage interest rate risk through an active portfolio management strategy that involves the selection, by the Company’s managers, of investments with appropriate characteristics, such as duration, yield, currency, and liquidity that are tailored to the anticipated cash outflow characteristics of the Company’s liabilities. The Company’s strategy for managing interest rate risk also includes maintaining a high quality bond portfolio with a relatively short duration to reduce the effect of interest rate changes on book value. A significant portion of the Company’s investment portfolio matures each year, allowing for reinvestment at current market rates.

As of December 31, 2022, assuming identical shifts in interest rates for securities of all maturities, the table below illustrates the sensitivity of market value in Global Indemnity’s bonds to selected hypothetical changes in basis point increases and decreases:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  | Change in Market Value |
Basis Point Change |  | Market Value |  |  |  |  |  | % |
(200) |  | $ | 1,289,601 |  |  |  | 41,403 |  |  |  | 3.3 | %
(100) |  |  | 1,268,914 |  |  |  | 20,716 |  |  |  | 1.7 | %
No change |  |  | 1,248,198 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
100 |  |  | 1,227,459 |  |  |  | (20,739 | ) |  |  | (1.7 | %)
200 |  |  | 1,206,726 |  |  |  | (41,472 | ) |  |  | (3.3 | %)

Credit Risk

The Company’s investment policy requires that its investments in debt instruments are of high credit quality issuers and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer based upon the rating of the security.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $24.3 million worth of investment exposure to subprime and Alt-A investments. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $10.1 million of those investments have been rated BBB to AAA by Standard & Poor’s and $14.2 million were rated below investment grade. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $35.3 million worth of investment exposure to subprime and Alt-A investments. As of December 31, 2021, approximately $19.1 million of those investments have been rated BBB to AAA by Standard & Poor’s and $16.1 million were rated below investment grade. There was no credit loss recorded on these investments during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

In addition, the Company has credit risk exposure to its general agencies and reinsurers. The Company seeks to mitigate and control its risks to producers by typically requiring its general agencies to render payments within no more than 45 days after the month in which a policy is effective and including provisions within the Company’s general agency contracts that allow it to terminate a general agency's authority in the event of non-payment.

With respect to its credit exposure to reinsurers, the Company seeks to mitigate and control its risk by ceding business to only those reinsurers having adequate financial strength and sufficient capital to fund their obligation. In addition, the Company seeks to mitigate credit risk to reinsurers through the use of trusts and letters of credit for collateral.

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Equity Price Risk

The Company exited its investment in the stable dividend equity portfolio during the first quarter of 2022. The Company continues to hold a minimal amount of equity securities as of December 31, 2022, however, the positions do not pose a significant equity price risk.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

The Company has foreign currency exchange risk associated with a portion of the business previously written at Global Indemnity Reinsurance, as well as a small portion of expenses related to corporate overhead in its Ireland office. The Company also maintains cash accounts in foreign currencies in order to pay expenses in foreign countries. At period-end, the Company re-measures those non-U.S. currency financial assets to their current U.S. dollar equivalent. Financial liabilities, if any, are generally adjusted within the reserving process. However, for known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, the Company re-measures the liabilities to their current U.S. dollar equivalent each period end.

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Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMEN TS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Index to Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Ernst & Young LLP, Philadelphia PA, Auditor Firm ID: 00 42) |  | 73
Consolidated Balance Sheets |  | 75
Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 76
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) |  | 77
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity |  | 78
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows |  | 79
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements |  | 80

Index to Financial Statement Schedules

Schedule I |  | Summary of Investments – Other Than Investments in Related Parties |  | S-1
Schedule II |  | Condensed Financial Information of Registrant |  | S-2
Schedule III |  | Supplementary Insurance Information |  | S-5
Schedule IV |  | Reinsurance Earned Premiums |  | S-6
Schedule V |  | Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves |  | S-7
Schedule VI |  | Supplementary Information for Property Casualty Underwriters |  | S-8

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Report of Independ ent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Global Indemnity Group, LLC (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 15, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

|  | Valuation of Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses
Description of the Matter |  | At December 31, 2022, the Company’s liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses was $832 million, of which a significant portion represents incurred but not reported reserves. As described in Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements, the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represents the Company’s best estimate of future amounts needed to pay losses and related settlement expenses with respect to events insured by the Company. The difference between the estimated ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses and the case incurred loss (paid loss plus case reserve) is considered to be incurred but not reported. There is significant uncertainty inherent in determining management’s best estimate of the ultimate loss and loss adjustment expenses, requiring the use of informed actuarially based estimates and management’s judgment. In particular, the Company’s long-tail reserve categories (such as general liability, construction defect and environmental exposures) are influenced by factors that are subject to significant variation over a long period of time or have high potential severities within the selection and weighting of actuarial methods and assumptions. Assumptions fundamental to the reserving process include claims frequency and severity as well as the review of historical payment and claim reporting patterns.

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|  | Auditing management’s best estimate of the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses was complex and involved the use of our actuarial specialists due to the significant estimation uncertainty associated with evaluating management’s methods and assumptions in determining the Company’s recorded loss and loss adjustment reserves.
How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit |  | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls over the process for estimating loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. This included, among others, the review and approval processes management has in place for the methods and assumptions used in estimating the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves. To test the Company’s estimate of loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, our audit procedures included among others, the assistance of our actuarial specialists to evaluate the assumptions used in the actuarial methods, by comparing the significant assumptions, including severity, frequency, payment patterns and expected loss ratios to the Company’s historical experience. In addition, we evaluated the selection and the weighting of actuarial methods used by management with those methods used in prior periods and those used in the industry. We developed a range of reasonable reserve estimates which included performing independent projections for a sample of lines of business and compared the range of reserve estimates to the Company’s recorded reserves. We also performed a review of historical results of the development of the loss and loss adjustment expense reserves related to prior years.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 15, 2023

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GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated B alance Sheets

(In thousands, except share amounts)

ASSETS |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $1,301,723 and $1,193,746; net of allowance for expected credit losses of: $0 at December 31, 2022 and 2021 |  | $ | 1,248,198 |  |  | $ | 1,201,866 |
Equity securities, at fair value |  |  | 17,520 |  |  |  | 99,978 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 38,176 |  |  |  | 152,651 |
Total investments |  |  | 1,303,894 |  |  |  | 1,454,495 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 38,846 |  |  |  | 78,278 |
Premium receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $3,322 and $2,996 at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively |  |  | 168,743 |  |  |  | 128,444 |
Reinsurance receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $8,992 at December 31, 2022 and 2021 |  |  | 85,721 |  |  |  | 99,864 |
Funds held by ceding insurers |  |  | 19,191 |  |  |  | 27,958 |
Deferred federal income taxes |  |  | 47,099 |  |  |  | 37,329 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 64,894 |  |  |  | 60,331 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 14,810 |  |  |  | 20,261 |
Goodwill |  |  | 4,820 |  |  |  | 5,398 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums |  |  | 17,421 |  |  |  | 53,494 |
Lease right of use assets |  |  | 11,739 |  |  |  | 16,051 |
Other assets |  |  | 23,597 |  |  |  | 30,906 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,800,775 |  |  | $ | 2,012,809 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 832,404 |  |  | $ | 759,904 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | 269,353 |  |  |  | 316,566 |
Ceded balances payable |  |  | 17,241 |  |  |  | 35,340 |
Payable for securities purchased |  |  | 66 |  |  |  | 794 |
Contingent commissions |  |  | 8,816 |  |  |  | 7,903 |
Debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 126,430 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 15,701 |  |  |  | 19,079 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 30,965 |  |  |  | 40,172 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 1,174,546 |  |  |  | 1,306,188 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 18) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A cumulative fixed rate preferred shares, $1,000 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: 4,000 and 4,000 shares, respectively, liquidation preference: $1,000 per share and $1,000 per share, respectively |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Common shares: no par value; 900,000,000 common shares authorized; class A common shares issued: 10,876,041 and 10,574,589, respectively; class A common shares outstanding: 10,073,660 and 10,557,093, respectively; class B common shares issued and outstanding: 3,793,612 and 3,947,206, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 451,305 |  |  |  | 447,406 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | (43,058 | ) |  |  | 6,404 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 233,468 |  |  |  | 249,301 |
Class A common shares in treasury, at cost: 802,381 and 17,496 shares, respectively |  |  | (19,486 | ) |  |  | (490 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 626,229 |  |  |  | 706,621 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,800,775 |  |  | $ | 2,012,809 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statem ents of Operations

(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 727,603 |  |  | $ | 682,122 |  |  | $ | 606,603 |
Ceded written premiums |  |  | (136,272 | ) |  |  | (102,054 | ) |  |  | (58,436 | )
Net written premiums |  |  | 591,331 |  |  |  | 580,068 |  |  |  | 548,167 |
Change in net unearned premiums |  |  | 11,140 |  |  |  | 15,542 |  |  |  | 19,532 |
Net earned premiums |  |  | 602,471 |  |  |  | 595,610 |  |  |  | 567,699 |
Net investment income |  |  | 27,627 |  |  |  | 37,020 |  |  |  | 28,392 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (32,929 | ) |  |  | 15,887 |  |  |  | (14,662 | )
Other income |  |  | 31,365 |  |  |  | 29,751 |  |  |  | 2,118 |
Total revenues |  |  | 628,534 |  |  |  | 678,268 |  |  |  | 583,547 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 359,228 |  |  |  | 384,964 |  |  |  | 336,201 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 236,381 |  |  |  | 222,841 |  |  |  | 215,607 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 24,421 |  |  |  | 27,179 |  |  |  | 41,998 |
Interest expense |  |  | 3,004 |  |  |  | 10,481 |  |  |  | 15,792 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 3,529 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,060 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | 1,971 |  |  |  | 32,803 |  |  |  | (29,111 | )
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 2,821 |  |  |  | 3,449 |  |  |  | (8,105 | )
Net income (loss) |  |  | (850 | ) |  |  | 29,354 |  |  |  | (21,006 | )
Less: preferred stock distributions |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 152 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  | $ | (1,290 | ) |  | $ | 28,914 |  |  | $ | (21,158 | )
Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | (1.48 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | 1.97 |  |  | $ | (1.48 | )
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 14,482,164 |  |  |  | 14,426,739 |  |  |  | 14,291,265 |
Diluted |  |  | 14,482,164 |  |  |  | 14,664,330 |  |  |  | 14,291,265 |
Cash dividends/distributions declared per common share |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | 1.00 |

(1)
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, “weighted average shares outstanding - basic” was used to calculate “diluted earnings per share” due to a net loss for these periods.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (850 | ) |  | $ | 29,354 |  |  | $ | (21,006 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) |  |  | (81,729 | ) |  |  | (27,384 | ) |  |  | 33,334 |
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income (loss) |  |  | 32,253 |  |  |  | (278 | ) |  |  | (17,794 | )
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | 1,159 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (49,462 | ) |  |  | (27,904 | ) |  |  | 16,699 |
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | (50,312 | ) |  | $ | 1,450 |  |  | $ | (4,307 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

77

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Ch anges in Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Number of Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning of period |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | — |
Preferred shares issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Number at end of period |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Number of class A common shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning of period |  |  | 10,574,589 |  |  |  | 10,263,722 |  |  |  | 10,282,277 |
Common shares issued under share incentive plans, net of forfeitures |  |  | 50,598 |  |  |  | 41,508 |  |  |  | (6,576 | )
Common shares issued to directors |  |  | 97,260 |  |  |  | 83,199 |  |  |  | 108,521 |
Reduction in treasury shares due to redomestication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (120,500 | )
Share conversion |  |  | 153,594 |  |  |  | 186,160 |  |  |  | — |
Number at end of period |  |  | 10,876,041 |  |  |  | 10,574,589 |  |  |  | 10,263,722 |
Number of class B common shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning of period |  |  | 3,947,206 |  |  |  | 4,133,366 |  |  |  | 4,133,366 |
Share conversion |  |  | (153,594 | ) |  |  | (186,160 | ) |  |  | — |
Number at end of period |  |  | 3,793,612 |  |  |  | 3,947,206 |  |  |  | 4,133,366 |
Par value of Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | — |
Preferred shares issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |
Par value of class A common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Reduction in par due to redomestication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Par value of class B common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |
Reduction in par due to redomestication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Additional paid-in capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 447,406 |  |  | $ | 445,051 |  |  | $ | 442,403 |
Reduction in treasury shares due to redomestication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,126 | )
Share compensation plans |  |  | 3,899 |  |  |  | 2,355 |  |  |  | 6,774 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 451,305 |  |  | $ | 447,406 |  |  | $ | 445,051 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of deferred income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 6,404 |  |  | $ | 34,308 |  |  | $ | 17,609 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) |  |  | (49,476 | ) |  |  | (27,662 | ) |  |  | 15,540 |
Unrealized foreign currency translation gains (losses) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (242 | ) |  |  | 1,159 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (49,462 | ) |  |  | (27,904 | ) |  |  | 16,699 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (43,058 | ) |  | $ | 6,404 |  |  | $ | 34,308 |
Retained earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 249,301 |  |  | $ | 234,965 |  |  | $ | 270,768 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | (850 | ) |  |  | 29,354 |  |  |  | (21,006 | )
Preferred share distributions |  |  | (440 | ) |  |  | (440 | ) |  |  | (152 | )
Dividends / distributions to shareholders |  |  | (14,543 | ) |  |  | (14,578 | ) |  |  | (14,645 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 233,468 |  |  | $ | 249,301 |  |  | $ | 234,965 |
Number of treasury shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning of period |  |  | 17,496 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 115,221 |
Class A common shares purchased |  |  | 923,036 |  |  |  | 17,318 |  |  |  | 5,120 |
Class A common shares purchased by GBLI director |  |  | (138,151 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Retirement of treasury shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 159 |
Forfeited shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | — |
Reduction in treasury shares due to redomestication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (120,500 | )
Number at end of period |  |  | 802,381 |  |  |  | 17,496 |  |  |  | — |
Treasury shares, at cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (490 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (3,973 | )
Class A common shares purchased, at cost |  |  | (22,335 | ) |  |  | (490 | ) |  |  | (153 | )
Class A common shares purchased by GBLI director |  |  | 3,339 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reduction in treasury shares due to redomestication |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,126 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (19,486 | ) |  | $ | (490 | ) |  | $ | — |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 626,229 |  |  | $ | 706,621 |  |  | $ | 718,324 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

78

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statem ents of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (850 | ) |  | $ | 29,354 |  |  | $ | (21,006 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization and depreciation |  |  | 8,398 |  |  |  | 10,414 |  |  |  | 7,027 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 217 |
Gross proceeds from sale of renewal rights |  |  | (30,000 | ) |  |  | (28,000 | ) |  |  | — |
Impairment loss on right of use lease assets |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | 1,515 |  |  |  | — |
Impairment loss on software |  |  | 508 |  |  |  | 2,000 |  |  |  | — |
Impairment loss on goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | 5,657 |  |  |  | 1,295 |  |  |  | — |
Restricted stock and stock option expense |  |  | 3,899 |  |  |  | 2,355 |  |  |  | 6,774 |
Deferred federal income taxes |  |  | 2,395 |  |  |  | 3,395 |  |  |  | (8,268 | )
Amortization of bond premium and discount, net |  |  | 1,267 |  |  |  | 6,509 |  |  |  | 6,957 |
Net realized investment (gains) losses |  |  | 32,929 |  |  |  | (15,887 | ) |  |  | 14,662 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 3,529 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,060 |
(Income) loss from equity method investments, net of distributions |  |  | 6,549 |  |  |  | (2,716 | ) |  |  | 6,346 |
Changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premium receivables, net |  |  | (40,299 | ) |  |  | (19,013 | ) |  |  | 8,604 |
Reinsurance receivables, net |  |  | 14,143 |  |  |  | (11,156 | ) |  |  | (4,770 | )
Funds held by ceding insurers |  |  | 8,785 |  |  |  | 17,216 |  |  |  | 4,294 |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 72,500 |  |  |  | 97,093 |  |  |  | 32,630 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | (47,213 | ) |  |  | 25,071 |  |  |  | (23,366 | )
Ceded balances payable |  |  | (18,099 | ) |  |  | 26,397 |  |  |  | (11,461 | )
Other assets and liabilities |  |  | (12,814 | ) |  |  | (16,507 | ) |  |  | (8,240 | )
Contingent commissions |  |  | 913 |  |  |  | (2,929 | ) |  |  | (1,096 | )
Federal income tax receivable/payable |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,989 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | (4,563 | ) |  |  | 4,864 |  |  |  | 5,482 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums |  |  | 36,073 |  |  |  | (40,613 | ) |  |  | 3,835 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 44,236 |  |  |  | 90,799 |  |  |  | 32,670 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturities |  |  | 933,554 |  |  |  | 1,065,398 |  |  |  | 791,554 |
Proceeds from sale of equity securities |  |  | 88,726 |  |  |  | 54,691 |  |  |  | 604,772 |
Proceeds from maturity of fixed maturities |  |  | 81,546 |  |  |  | 87,057 |  |  |  | 119,326 |
Proceeds from maturity of preferred stock |  |  | 1,000 |  |  |  | 666 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from other invested assets |  |  | 107,925 |  |  |  | 17,082 |  |  |  | 4,211 |
Amounts received (paid) in connection with derivatives |  |  | 12,726 |  |  |  | 2,723 |  |  |  | (20,456 | )
Purchases of fixed maturities |  |  | (1,164,683 | ) |  |  | (1,207,231 | ) |  |  | (808,618 | )
Purchases of equity securities |  |  | (10,660 | ) |  |  | (42,905 | ) |  |  | (455,907 | )
Purchases of other invested assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (70,000 | ) |  |  | (60,297 | )
Gross proceeds from sale of renewal rights |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | 28,000 |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities |  |  | 80,134 |  |  |  | (64,519 | ) |  |  | 174,585 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net repayments under margin borrowing facility |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (73,629 | )
Dividends / distributions paid to common shareholders |  |  | (14,366 | ) |  |  | (14,431 | ) |  |  | (14,252 | )
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders |  |  | (440 | ) |  |  | (440 | ) |  |  | (133 | )
Issuance of series A cumulative fixed rate preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Purchases of class A common shares |  |  | (22,335 | ) |  |  | (490 | ) |  |  | (153 | )
Issuance of class A common shares |  |  | 3,339 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Redemption of subordinated notes |  |  | (130,000 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | )
Net cash used for financing activities |  |  | (163,802 | ) |  |  | (15,361 | ) |  |  | (184,167 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (39,432 | ) |  |  | 10,919 |  |  |  | 23,088 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 78,278 |  |  |  | 67,359 |  |  |  | 44,271 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 38,846 |  |  | $ | 78,278 |  |  | $ | 67,359 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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1.
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Global Indemnity Group, LLC (“Global Indemnity” or "the Company"), a Delaware limited liability company formed on June 23, 2020, replaced Global Indemnity Limited, incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, as the ultimate parent company of the Global Indemnity group of companies as a result of a redomestication transaction completed on August 28, 2020. This transaction resulted in the redomestication of the Company to the United States. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GBLI. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s predecessors have been publicly traded since 2003. See Note 2 below for additional information regarding the redomestication.

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company decided to restructure its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company will be exiting its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company will cease writing new business and existing renewals will be placed in run-off for these four divisions. On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company. During the 2nd quarter of 2022, the Company decided that Farm, Ranch & Stable would not be a core business and a decision was made to not allocate additional resources to this segment. Previously, on October 26, 2021, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its manufactured and dwelling homes business which were part of the Specialty Property segment. In 2021, the Company decided to cease writing certain Property Brokerage business which was part of the Commercial Specialty segment, as well as exit certain property and catastrophe lines within the Reinsurance Operations segment. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company also decided it will reduce writings within its Reinsurance Operations segment. Based on the decisions to exit or downsize these lines of business, the Company changed the way it manages and analyzes its operating results. The chief operating decision makers decided they will be reviewing the specific results of the Exited Lines in a separate segment. The chief operating decision makers also determined that the small amount of specialty property business that remained from the Specialty Property segment would be included as a product offering in the Commercial Specialty segment for purpose of reviewing results and allocating resources. Several smaller reinsurance treaties have also been reclassified from Reinsurance to Commercial Specialty. The Reinsurance Operations segment writes casualty treaties as well as individual excess policies. Accordingly, the Company has three reportable segments: Commercial Specialty, Reinsurance Operations, and Exited Lines. Management believes these segments allow users of the Company’s financial statements to better understand the Company's performance, better assess prospects for future net cash flows, and make more informed judgments about the Company as a whole. The segment results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 have been revised to reflect these changes. See Note 23 for additional information regarding segments.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company that is classified as a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and meets the qualifying income exception to maintain partnership status.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC owns all shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including those of its insurance companies: United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company.

The insurance companies’ primary activity is providing insurance products across a distribution network that includes wholesale general agents, wholesale brokers, and retailers. The insurance companies manage the distribution of these products through two ongoing business segments: Commercial Specialty and Reinsurance Operations. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech product offerings. These product lines are offered primarily in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. The company also has an Exited Lines segment that contains lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff, including specialty personal lines and property and casualty products such as manufactured home, dwelling, motorcycle, watercraft, certain homeowners business, certain business lines within property brokerage, property and catastrophe reinsurance treaties, and the farm, ranch and equine business. Collectively, the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are licensed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differs in certain respects from those principles followed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

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Certain amounts not reported in prior year’s Consolidated Statements of Operations have been reported to conform to the presentation adopted in the current year. Specifically, the Company reported ceded written premiums and change in net unearned premiums in the current year presentation. This change had no effect on total revenues, total expenses, or net income (loss) reported for the prior years.

2.
Redomestication

At 12:01 a.m., Eastern Time, on August 28, 2020 (the "Effective Time"), Global Indemnity Limited, incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, completed a scheme of arrangement and amalgamation under Sections 86 and 87 of the Cayman Islands Companies Law (2020 Revision) (the "Scheme of Arrangement") that effected certain transactions (the "Redomestication") that resulted in the shareholders of Global Indemnity Limited becoming the holders of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

As a result, any references to class A common shares or class B common shares after the Effective Time refer to Global Indemnity Group, LLC class A common shares or class B common shares and any references to class A common shares or class B common shares prior to the Effective Time refers to Global Indemnity Limited A ordinary shares or B ordinary shares.

The Redomestication was approved by Global Indemnity Limited’s shareholders at a special meeting and an extraordinary general meeting held on August 25, 2020, convened by Order of the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands dated July 22, 2020. The terms and conditions of the issuance of the securities in connection with the Redomestication were sanctioned by the Grand Court of the Cayman Islands pursuant to an Order granted on August 26, 2020 after a hearing upon the fairness of such terms and conditions at which all holders of Global Indemnity Limited ordinary shares had a right to appear and of which adequate notice had been given.

Following completion of the Scheme of Arrangement, Global Indemnity Group, LLC survived as the ultimate parent company of the Global Indemnity group of companies. Additionally, as part of the Redomestication transactions, Global Indemnity Reinsurance Company was merged with and into Penn-Patriot, with Penn-Patriot surviving, resulting in the assumption of Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s business by the Global Indemnity group of companies’ existing U.S. insurance company subsidiaries (the "GI Bermuda Transaction" and, together with the Redomestication and the other transactions described in Global Indemnity Limited's Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 23, 2020 (the "Redomestication Proxy Statement"), the "Transactions").

Prior to the Redomestication, the Global Indemnity Limited A ordinary shares were listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market ("Nasdaq") under the symbol "GBLI" and registered under Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). At the Effective Time, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares were deemed to be registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act pursuant to Rule 12g-3(a) under the Exchange Act. The issuance of the class A common shares by Global Indemnity Group, LLC in the Redomestication was exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), by virtue of Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act. The Company’s class A common shares began trading on Nasdaq under the symbol "GBLI," the same symbol under which the Global Indemnity Limited ordinary shares previously traded, at the commencement of trading on Nasdaq on August 28, 2020. Effective January 3, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC voluntarily transferred the listing of its class A commons shares from the Nasdaq to the NYSE and is trading under the ticker symbol GBLI.

On August 27, 2020, Global Indemnity Group, LLC issued 4,000 series A cumulative fixed rate preferred interests. Following the Effective Time, all of the issued and outstanding series A fixed rate preferred interests were unaffected by the Scheme of Arrangement. See Note 16 for additional information regarding the issuance of these preferred interests. The issuance of series A preferred interests was made pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The series A preferred interests are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other securities or property of Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

3.
Sale of Renewal Rights

Manufactured & Dwelling Homes Business

On October 26, 2021, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its manufactured and dwelling homes business to K2 Insurance Services (“K2”) and American Family Mutual Insurance Company (“American Family”). Pursuant to the tripartite transaction, the Company received $28.0 million in cash in October 2021. The Company also retained the American Reliable 50-state licensed operating unit, $65 million of net capital supporting the business, and a related $42 million unearned premium reserve. The Company currently leases office space in Scottsdale, Arizona. As part of this sale, K2 is subleasing approximately one third of the Scottsdale, Arizona office space. Currently, the Company intends to exercise the early termination clause in their Scottsdale, Arizona lease. If the Company exercises the early termination clause, it will receive $1.6 million in sublease payments from K2. If it does not exercise the early termination clause, it will receive $2.4 million in sublease payments from K2 between October 2021 and November 2029.

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To facilitate the transaction, American Reliable retained the specialty residential property business in Florida and Louisiana and also retained business that was previously placed in runoff. American Reliable commenced the non-renewal of manufactured home insurance in Florida beginning on March 11, 2022, for policies expiring on or after July 10, 2022. American Reliable and United National non-renewed manufactured home and dwelling insurance in Louisiana beginning on or about January 31, 2022, for policies renewing on or after March 7, 2022. American Family assumed 100% of the risks for all policies covered under the renewal rights agreement which are written or renewed after October 26, 2021, except for policies covering properties in the state of Florida. The Company also retained risk for business previously placed in runoff and policies in Louisiana.

The gross proceeds from this sale of $28.0 million are included in other income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Legal expenses and merger and acquisition fees related to the sale were $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, the Company recorded an impairment of goodwill, intangible assets, software, and lease costs in the amount of $1.1 million, $0.2 million, $2.0 million, and $1.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2021. The Company also recorded an additional impairment of lease cost in the amount of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairments and expenses related to sale are included on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  | $ | 644 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | — |  |  |  | 7,202 |  |  |  | — |
Total impairments and expenses related to sale |  | $ | 644 |  |  | $ | 7,202 |  |  | $ | — |

See Note 9 for additional information on the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets and Note 15 for additional information on impairment of leases.

In addition, effective November 30, 2021, the Company and American Family reached an agreement where American Family agreed to reinsure 100% of the Company’s unearned premium reserves of the same types as the policies comprising the manufactured and dwelling homes business lines noted above that were in force as of November 30, 2021. The approximate amount of the unearned premium reserves at November 30, 2021 was $33.8 million. The Company received a 40% ceding commission which included a provision for a 4% claims administration fee to be paid by the Company directly to K2 Claims.

Farm, Ranch & Stable

On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company for $30.0 million. The Company retained the unearned premium reserves for business written prior to August 8, 2022.

The gross proceeds from this sale of $3 0.0 million are included in other income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. In addition, the Company also recorded an impairment of goodwill, intangible assets, software, and lease costs in the amount of $0.6 million, $5.1 million, $0.5 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2022. Legal expenses and merger and acquisition fees related to the sale were $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The impairments and expenses related to sale are included on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  | $ | 1,034 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 8,142 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total impairments and expenses related to sale |  | $ | 9,176 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

See Note 9 for additional information on the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets and Note 15 for additional information on impairment of leases.

In conjunction with this sale, Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company also acquired the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, American Reliable Insurance Company, on December 31, 2022 for an amount equal to book value, which was $10.0 million, at the time of closing.

4.
Restructuring

The Company is restructuring its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company is exiting its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company will cease writing new business and existing

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renewals will be placed in run-off for these four divisions. The restructuring plan was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022 and is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2023.

In connection with the restructuring plan, the Company incurred restructuring costs of $3.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Of this amount, $2.6 million was related to employee termination and severance, which was included in corporate and other operating expenses, and $0.8 million was related to lease right of use asset impairments, which were included in a cquisition costs and other underwriting expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2022. Other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets included an accrual of $2.6 million related to restructuring costs at December 31, 2022.

Any information technology initiatives related to business lines within Exited Lines have been discontinued.

5.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Investments

The Company’s investments in fixed maturities, which are classified as available for sale, and equity securities are carried at their fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair values of the Company's fixed maturities and equity securities are determined on the basis of quoted market prices where available. If quoted market prices are not available, the Company uses third-party pricing services to assist in determining fair value. In many instances, these services examine the pricing of similar instruments to estimate fair value. The Company purchases bonds with the expectation of holding them to their maturity; however, changes to the portfolio are sometimes required to assure it is appropriately matched to liabilities. In addition, changes in financial market conditions and tax considerations may cause the Company to sell an investment before it matures. The difference between amortized cost and fair value of the Company’s fixed maturity portfolio, net of the effect of deferred income taxes, is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity and, accordingly, has no effect on net income (loss) other than for the credit loss component of impairments and losses recognized as a result of the intent to sell. Equity securities are measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognized in net income (loss).

For investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies where the ownership interest is less than 3%, the Company carries these investments at fair value, and the change in the difference between cost and the fair value of these interests, net of the effect of deferred income taxes, is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders' equity and, accordingly, has no effect on net income (loss). The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies where its ownership interest exceeds 3%. The equity method of accounting for an investment in a limited partnership and limited liability company requires that its cost basis be updated to account for the income or loss earned on the investment. The receipt of results for investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies may vary. If results are received on a timely basis, they are included in current results. If they are not received on a timely basis, they are recorded on a one quarter lag. The recording of such results are applied consistently for each investment once the timing of receiving the results has been established. The income or loss associated with the limited partnerships and limited liability companies is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations, and the adjusted cost basis approximates fair value.

The Company’s investments in other invested assets were valued at $38.2 million and $152.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These amounts relate to investments in limited partnerships and limited liability companies whose carrying value approximates fair value.

Net realized gains and losses on investments are determined based on the first-in, first-out method.

The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each available for sale debt security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded. Subsequent changes in the allowances are recorded in the period of change as either credit loss expense or reversal of credit loss expense. Any impairments related to factors other than credit losses and the intent to sell are recorded through other comprehensive income, net of taxes.

For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a credit loss exists include, among others, whether:

(1)
the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis;
(2)
the issuer is in financial distress;
(3)
the investment is secured;
(4)
a significant credit rating action occurred;

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(5)
scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed;
(6)
changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry;
(7)
the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity;
(8)
the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized; and
(9)
changes in US Treasury rates and/or credit spreads since original purchase to identify whether the unrealized loss is simply due to interest rate movement.

According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, any allowance for expected credit losses is written off and the amortized cost basis is written down to the fair value of the fixed maturity security with any incremental impairment reported in earnings. That new amortized cost basis shall not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value.

The Company elected the practical expedient to exclude accrued interest from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the available for sale debt securities for the purposes of identifying and measuring an impairment and to not measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued interest receivables. Accrued interest receivable is written off through net realized investment gains (losses) at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payment. The Company made an accounting policy election to present the accrued interest receivable balance with other assets on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial position. Accrued interest receivable related to fixed maturities was $8.4 million and $5.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Variable Interest Entities

A Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results.

The Company has variable interests in two VIEs for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For the purpose of the statements of cash flows, the Company considers all liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company has a cash management program that provides for the investment of excess cash balances primarily in short-term money market instruments. Generally, bank balances exceed federally insured limits. The carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents approximates fair value.

At December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had approximately $26.0 million and $65.4 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents that was invested in a diversified portfolio of high quality short-term debt securities.

Valuation of Premium Receivables

The Company evaluates the collectability of premium receivables based on a combination of factors. In instances in which the Company is aware of a specific circumstance where a party may be unable to meet its financial obligations to the Company, a specific allowance for expected credit losses against amounts due is recorded to reduce the net receivable to the amount reasonably believed by management to be collectible. For all remaining balances, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, direct placement with collection agencies, solvency of insured or agent, terminated agents, and other relevant factors. The allowance for expected credit losses was $3.3 million and $3.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

The Company tests for impairment of goodwill at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of goodwill for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of goodwill is recognized only if the carrying amount of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the goodwill over the implied fair value of the reporting unit goodwill.

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Impairment of intangible assets with an indefinite useful life is tested at least annually and more frequently as circumstances warrant in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Accounting guidance allows for the testing of indefinite lived intangible assets for impairment using both qualitative and quantitative factors. Impairment of indefinite lived intangible assets is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible assets exceeds the fair value of said assets. The amount of the impairment loss would be equal to the excess carrying value of the assets over the fair value of said assets.

Intangible assets that are not deemed to have an indefinite useful life are amortized over their estimated useful lives. The carrying amounts of definite lived intangible assets are regularly reviewed for indicators of impairment in accordance with applicable accounting guidance. Impairment is recognized only if the carrying amount of the intangible asset is in excess of its undiscounted projected cash flows. The impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the estimated fair value of the asset.

See Note 9 for additional information on goodwill and intangible assets as well as the results of qualitative impairment assessments performed.

Reinsurance

In the normal course of business, the Company seeks to reduce the loss that may arise from events that cause unfavorable underwriting results by reinsuring certain levels of risk from various areas of exposure with reinsurers. Amounts receivable from reinsurers are estimated in a manner consistent with the reinsured policy and the reinsurance contract.

The Company regularly reviews the collectability of reinsurance receivables. An allowance for uncollectible reinsurance receivables is recognized based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, disputes, applicable coverage defenses, insolvent reinsurers, financial strength of solvent reinsurers based on AM Best Ratings and other relevant factors. Any changes in the allowance resulting from this review are included in net losses and loss adjustment expenses on the consolidated statements of operations during the period in which the determination is made. The allowance for expected credit losses was $9.0 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The applicable accounting guidance requires that the reinsurer must assume significant insurance risk under the reinsured portions of the underlying insurance contracts and that there must be a reasonably possible chance that the reinsurer may realize a significant loss from the transaction. The Company has evaluated its reinsurance contracts and concluded that each contract qualifies for reinsurance accounting treatment pursuant to this guidance.

Income Taxes

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date.

A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The deferred tax asset balance is analyzed regularly by management. This assessment requires significant judgment and considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of carryforward periods, and tax planning strategies and/or actions. Management believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future operations can generate sufficient taxable income to realize the remaining deferred income tax assets, and accordingly, the Company has not established any valuation allowances.

Deferred Acquisition Costs

The costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts primarily include commissions, premium taxes and certain other costs that are directly related to the successful acquisition of new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts. The excess of the Company’s costs of acquiring new and renewal insurance and reinsurance contracts over the related ceding commissions earned from reinsurers is capitalized as deferred acquisition costs and amortized over the period in which the related premiums are earned.

The amortization of deferred acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $150.9 million, $144.9 million, and $140.9 million, respectively.

Premium Deficiency

A premium deficiency is recognized if the sum of expected loss and loss adjustment expenses and unamortized acquisition costs exceeds related unearned premium after consideration of investment income. This evaluation is done at a distribution and product line

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level in Insurance Operations and Exited Lines and at a treaty level in Reinsurance Operations. Any future expected loss on the related unearned premium is recorded first by impairing the unamortized acquisition costs on the related unearned premium followed by an increase to loss and loss adjustment expense reserves on additional expected loss in excess of unamortized acquisition costs. No premium deficiency reserve existed as of December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Derivative Instruments

The Company used derivative instruments to manage its exposure to cash flow variability from interest rate risk and limit exposure to severe equity market changes. The derivative instruments were carried on the balance sheet at fair value and included in other assets and other liabilities. Changes in the fair value of the derivative instruments and the periodic net interest settlements under the derivatives instruments were recognized as net realized investment gains (losses) on the consolidated statements of operations.

Margin Borrowing Facility

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet represent the outstanding borrowings, if any. The outstanding borrowings are due on demand; therefore, the cash receipts and cash payments related to the margin borrowing facility are shown net in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company did not have any amounts outstanding on the margin borrowing facility at December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Subordinated Notes

The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet represent the outstanding balances, net of deferred issuance cost. See Note 14 for details.

Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses represents the Company’s best estimate of future amounts needed to pay losses and related settlement expenses with respect to events insured by the Company. This liability is based upon the accumulation of individual case estimates for losses reported prior to the close of the accounting period with respect to direct business, estimates received from ceding companies with respect to assumed reinsurance, and estimates of unreported losses.

The process of establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment is complex, requiring the use of informed actuarially based estimates and management’s judgment. In some cases, significant periods of time, up to several years or more, may elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss and the reporting of that loss to the Company. To establish this liability, the Company regularly reviews and updates the methods of making such estimates and establishing the resulting liabilities. Any resulting adjustments are recorded in consolidated statements of operations during the period in which the determination is made.

Retirement of Treasury Stock

Upon the formal retirement of treasury stock, Global Indemnity Group, LLC offsets the par value of the treasury stock that is being retired against common shares and reflects any excess of cost over par value as a deduction from Additional Paid-in Capital.

Share Redemptions

When shares are redeemed, Global Indemnity Group, LLC offsets the par value of the redeemed shares against common shares and reflects any excess of cost over par value as a deduction from Retained Earnings.

Premiums

Premiums are recognized as revenue ratably over the term of the respective policies and treaties. Unearned premiums are computed on a pro rata basis to the day of expiration.

Mandatory reinstatement premiums assessed on reinsurance policies are earned in the period of the loss event that gave rise to the reinstatement premiums.

Contingent Commissions

Certain professional general agencies of GBLI are paid special incentives, referred to as contingent commissions, when results of business produced by these agencies are more favorable than predetermined thresholds. Similarly, in some circumstances, companies that cede business to the Reinsurance Operations are paid profit commissions based on the profitability of the ceded portfolio. These commissions are charged to other underwriting expenses when incurred.

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Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock options and other equity based compensation using the modified prospective application of the fair value-based method permitted by the appropriate accounting guidance. See Note 19 for details.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share have been calculated by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted-average common shares outstanding. In periods of net income, diluted earnings per share have been calculated by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted-average common shares outstanding and the weighted-average common share equivalents outstanding, which include options and other equity awards. In periods of net loss, diluted earnings per share is the same as basic earnings per share. See Note 21 for details.

Foreign Currency

At times, the Company maintains investments and cash accounts in foreign currencies related to the operations of its business. At period-end, the Company re-measures non-U.S. currency financial assets to their current U.S. dollar equivalent. The resulting gain or loss for foreign denominated fixed maturity investments, if any, is reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income in shareholders’ equity; whereas, the gain or loss on foreign denominated cash accounts and equity securities is reflected in income during the period. Financial liabilities, if any, are generally adjusted within the reserving process. However, for known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, the Company re-measures the liabilities to their current U.S. dollar equivalent each period end with the resulting gain or loss reflected in income during the period. Net transaction gains and losses, primarily comprised of re-measurement of known losses on claims to be paid in foreign currencies, were a gain of $0.3 million, $0.5 million, and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Leases with a term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. For leases with a term of greater than 12 months, lease right-of-use assets (“ROU”) and lease liabilities are included on the consolidated balance sheets.

Lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate; therefore, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The ROU asset is calculated using the initial lease liability amount, plus any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, minus any lease incentives received, plus any initial direct costs incurred. Lease expenses for minimum lease payments are recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company’s lease agreements may contain both lease and non-lease components which are accounted separately. The Company elected the practical expedient on not separating lease components from non-lease components for its equipment leases.

Rental income derived from subleases are recognized on a straight-line basis over the operating lease term.

Other Income

Other income is primarily comprised of fee income, foreign exchange gains and losses, and gain on sale of the renewal rights.

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6.
Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities securities were as follows as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 352,533 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,430 | ) |  | $ | 344,103 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 33,471 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,876 | ) |  |  | 31,595 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 67,560 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | (5,609 | ) |  |  | 62,116 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 198,161 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | (9,151 | ) |  |  | 189,400 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 104,777 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | (6,133 | ) |  |  | 98,664 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 353,622 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (14,858 | ) |  |  | 338,780 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 191,599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,059 | ) |  |  | 183,540 |
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 1,301,723 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | (54,116 | ) |  | $ | 1,248,198 |

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 149,934 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 603 |  |  | $ | (419 | ) |  | $ | 150,118 |
Agency obligations |  |  | 5,697 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | 5,630 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 53,637 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,385 |  |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | 54,721 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 250,007 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,618 |  |  |  | (2,284 | ) |  |  | 250,341 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 172,916 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | (974 | ) |  |  | 172,642 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 135,017 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,503 |  |  |  | (627 | ) |  |  | 136,893 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 288,866 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,571 |  |  |  | (2,054 | ) |  |  | 292,383 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 137,672 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,370 |  |  |  | (904 | ) |  |  | 139,138 |
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 1,193,746 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 15,751 |  |  | $ | (7,631 | ) |  | $ | 1,201,866 |

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company’s investments in equity securities consist of the following:

|  | December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Common stock |  | $ | 1,271 |  |  | $ | 75,987 |
Preferred stock |  |  | 16,249 |  |  |  | 23,991 |
Total |  | $ | 17,520 |  |  | $ | 99,978 |

Excluding U.S. treasuries, limited liability companies, and limited partnerships, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer in excess of 2.4% and 2.0% of shareholders' equity at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at December 31, 2022, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 114,555 |  |  | $ | 113,491 |
Due in one year through five years |  |  | 773,372 |  |  |  | 747,197 |
Due in five years through ten years |  |  | 29,200 |  |  |  | 25,594 |
Due in ten years through fifteen years |  |  | 202 |  |  |  | 198 |
Due after fifteen years |  |  | 13,896 |  |  |  | 11,538 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 67,560 |  |  |  | 62,116 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 198,161 |  |  |  | 189,400 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 104,777 |  |  |  | 98,664 |
Total |  | $ | 1,301,723 |  |  | $ | 1,248,198 |

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The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s fixed income securities with gross unrealized losses that are not deemed to have credit losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2022. The fair value amounts reported in the table are estimates that are prepared using the process described in Note 8.

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 335,781 |  |  | $ | (7,518 | ) |  | $ | 8,322 |  |  | $ | (912 | ) |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | (8,430 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 27,772 |  |  |  | (1,378 | ) |  |  | 3,778 |  |  |  | (498 | ) |  |  | 31,550 |  |  |  | (1,876 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 51,517 |  |  |  | (4,228 | ) |  |  | 7,860 |  |  |  | (1,381 | ) |  |  | 59,377 |  |  |  | (5,609 | )
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 97,857 |  |  |  | (3,610 | ) |  |  | 62,689 |  |  |  | (5,541 | ) |  |  | 160,546 |  |  |  | (9,151 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 67,926 |  |  |  | (4,072 | ) |  |  | 27,907 |  |  |  | (2,061 | ) |  |  | 95,833 |  |  |  | (6,133 | )
Corporate bonds |  |  | 261,123 |  |  |  | (8,480 | ) |  |  | 71,192 |  |  |  | (6,378 | ) |  |  | 332,315 |  |  |  | (14,858 | )
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 150,308 |  |  |  | (5,469 | ) |  |  | 31,232 |  |  |  | (2,590 | ) |  |  | 181,540 |  |  |  | (8,059 | )
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 992,284 |  |  | $ | (34,755 | ) |  | $ | 212,980 |  |  | $ | (19,361 | ) |  | $ | 1,205,264 |  |  | $ | (54,116 | )

The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s fixed income securities with gross unrealized losses that are not deemed to have credit losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of December 31, 2021. The fair value amounts reported in the table are estimates that are prepared using the process described in Note 8.

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 114,894 |  |  | $ | (390 | ) |  | $ | 970 |  |  | $ | (29 | ) |  | $ | 115,864 |  |  | $ | (419 | )
Agency obligations |  |  | 5,380 |  |  |  | (68 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,380 |  |  |  | (68 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 13,346 |  |  |  | (301 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13,346 |  |  |  | (301 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 143,674 |  |  |  | (2,222 | ) |  |  | 3,009 |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | 146,683 |  |  |  | (2,284 | )
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 102,309 |  |  |  | (703 | ) |  |  | 10,662 |  |  |  | (271 | ) |  |  | 112,971 |  |  |  | (974 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 50,448 |  |  |  | (466 | ) |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | (161 | ) |  |  | 51,734 |  |  |  | (627 | )
Corporate bonds |  |  | 129,146 |  |  |  | (1,954 | ) |  |  | 2,633 |  |  |  | (100 | ) |  |  | 131,779 |  |  |  | (2,054 | )
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 67,915 |  |  |  | (893 | ) |  |  | 412 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 68,327 |  |  |  | (904 | )
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 627,112 |  |  | $ | (6,997 | ) |  | $ | 18,972 |  |  | $ | (634 | ) |  | $ | 646,084 |  |  | $ | (7,631 | )

Subject to the risks and uncertainties in evaluating the potential impairment of a security’s value, the impairment evaluation conducted by the Company as of December 31, 2022 concluded the unrealized losses discussed above are non-credit losses on securities where management does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not be forced to sell the security before recovery. The impairment evaluation process is discussed in the “Investment” section of Note 5 (“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”).

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The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any:

U.S. treasuries – As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to U.S. treasuries were $8.430 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, macroeconomic and market analysis is conducted in evaluating these securities. Consideration is given to the interest rate environment, duration and yield curve management of the portfolio, sector allocation and security selection. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on U.S. treasuries during the period.

Obligations of states and political subdivisions – As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to obligations of states and political subdivisions were $1.876 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, elements that may influence the performance of the municipal bond market are considered in evaluating these securities such as investor expectations, supply and demand patterns, and current versus historical yield and spread relationships. The analysis relies on the output of fixed income credit analysts, as well as dedicated municipal bond analysts who perform extensive in-house fundamental analysis on each issuer, regardless of their rating by the major agencies. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on obligations of states and political subdivisions during the period.

Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) – As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to mortgage-backed securities were $5.609 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, mortgage-backed securities are modeled to project principal losses under downside, base, and upside scenarios for the economy and home prices. The primary assumption that drives the security and loan level modeling is the Home Price Index (“HPI”) projection. These forecasts incorporate not just national macro-economic trends, but also regional impacts to arrive at the most granular and accurate projections. These assumptions are incorporated into the model as a basis to generate delinquency probabilities, default curves, loss severity curves, and voluntary prepayment curves at the loan level within each deal. The model utilizes HPI-adjusted current loan to value, payment history, loan terms, loan modification history, and borrower characteristics as inputs to generate expected cash flows and principal loss for each bond under various scenarios. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on mortgage-backed securities during the period.

Asset backed securities (“ABS”) - As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to asset backed securities were $9.151 million. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s asset backed portfolio is 34.2. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before an asset backed security will incur its first dollar of principal losses. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, every ABS transaction is analyzed on a stand-alone basis. This analysis involves a thorough review of the collateral, prepayment, and structural risk in each transaction. Additionally, the analysis includes an in-depth credit analysis of the originator and servicer of the collateral. The analysis projects an expected loss for a deal given a set of assumptions specific to the asset type. These assumptions are used to calculate at what level of losses the deal will incur its first dollar of principal loss. The major assumptions used to calculate this ratio are loss severities, recovery lags, and no advances on principal and interest. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on asset backed securities during the period.

Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) - As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to the CMBS portfolio were $6.133 million. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s CMBS portfolio is 46.2. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before a commercial mortgage-backed security will incur its first dollar of principal loss. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, a loan level analysis is utilized where every underlying CMBS loan is re-underwritten based on a set of assumptions reflecting expectations for the future path of the economy. Each loan is analyzed over time using a series of tests to determine if a credit event will occur during the life of the loan. Inherent in this process are several economic scenarios and their corresponding rent/vacancy and capital market states. The five primary credit events that frame the analysis include loan modifications, term default, balloon default, extension, and ability to pay off at balloon. The resulting output is the expected loss adjusted cash flows for each bond under the base case and distressed scenarios. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on commercial mortgage-backed securities during the period.

Corporate bonds - As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to corporate bonds were $14.858 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, analysis for this asset class includes maintaining detailed financial models that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on corporate bonds during the period.

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Foreign bonds – As of December 31, 2022, gross unrealized losses related to foreign bonds were $8.059 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, detailed financial models are maintained that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on foreign bonds during the period.

The Company has evaluated its investment portfolio and has determined that an allowance for expected credit losses on its investments is not required.

The Company recorded the following impairments on its investment portfolio for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 and are related to securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company had an intent to sell the securities:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 (1) |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment related to intent to sell |  | $ | (26,205 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (760 | )
Total |  | $ | (26,205 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (760 | )

(1) In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. In connection with these actions, the Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or greater as having an intent to sell, the majority of which were sold in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of approximately two years. As a result of these actions, book yield increased from 2.2% at December 31, 2021 to 3.5% at December 31, 2022.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

|  | December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) from: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | (53,525 | ) |  | $ | 8,120 |
Foreign currency fluctuations |  |  | (127 | ) |  |  | (145 | )
Deferred taxes |  |  | 10,594 |  |  |  | (1,571 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | (43,058 | ) |  | $ | 6,404 |

The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax, by components, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Year Ended December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
Beginning balance, net of tax |  | $ | 6,519 |  |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | 6,404 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax |  |  | (101,255 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (101,237 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 39,610 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 39,610 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  | (61,645 | ) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (61,627 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 12,168 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 12,165 |
Ending balance, net of tax |  | $ | (42,958 | ) |  | $ | (100 | ) |  | $ | (43,058 | )

91

Year Ended December 31, 2021 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
Beginning balance, net of tax |  | $ | 34,181 |  |  | $ | 127 |  |  | $ | 34,308 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassification, before tax |  |  | (33,715 | ) |  |  | (306 | ) |  |  | (34,021 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  | (342 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (342 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  | (34,057 | ) |  |  | (306 | ) |  |  | (34,363 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 6,395 |  |  |  | 64 |  |  |  | 6,459 |
Ending balance, net of tax |  | $ | 6,519 |  |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | 6,404 |

The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities |  | Other net realized investment (gains) losses |  | $ | 39,610 |  |  | $ | (342 | )
|  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (7,357 | ) |  |  | 64 |
|  | Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | 32,253 |  |  | $ | (278 | )

Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 688 |  |  | $ | 11,390 |  |  | $ | 28,381 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (40,298 | ) |  |  | (11,048 | ) |  |  | (5,537 | )
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  | (39,610 | ) |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | 22,844 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  |  | 2,289 |  |  |  | 15,350 |  |  |  | 16,997 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (5,681 | ) |  |  | (1,910 | ) |  |  | (32,247 | )
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  | (3,392 | ) |  |  | 13,440 |  |  |  | (15,250 | )
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  |  | 12,844 |  |  |  | 8,035 |  |  |  | 19,460 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (2,771 | ) |  |  | (5,930 | ) |  |  | (41,716 | )
Net realized gains (losses) (1) |  |  | 10,073 |  |  |  | 2,105 |  |  |  | (22,256 | )
Total net realized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (32,929 | ) |  | $ | 15,887 |  |  | $ | (14,662 | )

(1)
Includes periodic net interest settlements related to the derivatives of $3.0 m illion, $5.6 million, and $4.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

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The following table shows the calculation of the portion of realized gains and losses related to equity securities held as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities |  | $ | (3,392 | ) |  | $ | 13,440 |  |  | $ | (15,250 | )
Less: net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period |  |  | 10,577 |  |  |  | 4,058 |  |  |  | (103 | )
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities |  | $ | (13,969 | ) |  | $ | 9,382 |  |  | $ | (15,147 | )

The proceeds from sales and redemptions of available for sale and equity securities resulting in net realized investme nt gains (losses) for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | 933,554 |  |  | $ | 1,065,398 |  |  | $ | 791,554 |
Equity securities |  |  | 88,726 |  |  |  | 54,691 |  |  |  | 604,772 |

Net Investment Income

The sources of net investment income for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | 33,852 |  |  | $ | 25,751 |  |  | $ | 31,987 |
Equity securities |  |  | 1,100 |  |  |  | 2,692 |  |  |  | 4,944 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 790 |  |  |  | 363 |  |  |  | 784 |
Other invested assets |  |  | (5,966 | ) |  |  | 10,856 |  |  |  | (6,228 | )
Total investment income |  |  | 29,776 |  |  |  | 39,662 |  |  |  | 31,487 |
Investment expense |  |  | (2,149 | ) |  |  | (2,642 | ) |  |  | (3,095 | )
Net investment income |  | $ | 27,627 |  |  | $ | 37,020 |  |  | $ | 28,392 |

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Comp any did no t own any fixed maturity securities that were non-income producing for the preceding twelve months.

The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net investment income |  | $ | 27,627 |  |  | $ | 37,020 |  |  | $ | 28,392 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (32,929 | ) |  |  | 15,887 |  |  |  | (14,662 | )
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) |  |  | (61,627 | ) |  |  | (34,363 | ) |  |  | 21,779 |
Net realized and unrealized investment returns |  |  | (94,556 | ) |  |  | (18,476 | ) |  |  | 7,117 |
Total investment return |  | $ | (66,929 | ) |  | $ | 18,544 |  |  | $ | 35,509 |
Total investment return % |  |  | (4.7 | %) |  |  | 1.2 | % |  |  | 2.3 | %
Average investment portfolio |  | $ | 1,437,327 |  |  | $ | 1,490,933 |  |  | $ | 1,528,425 |

Insurance Enhanced Asset-Backed and Credit Securities

As of December 31, 2022, the Company held insurance enhanced municipal bonds with a market value of approximately $6.8 million, which represe nted 0.5% of t he Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/receivable for securities purchased and sold. The financial guarantors of the Company’s $6.8 million municipal bonds include Assured Guaranty Corporation ($5.3 million) and Ambac Financi al Group ($1.5 million).

The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at December 31, 2022.

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Bonds Held on Deposit

Certain cash balances, cash equivalents, and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral, or were held in trust. The fair values were as follows as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Estimated Fair Value |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
On deposit with governmental authorities |  | $ | 19,290 |  |  | $ | 26,093 |
Held in trust pursuant to third-party requirements |  |  | 161,901 |  |  |  | 119,513 |
Letter of credit held for third-party requirements |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,512 |
Total |  | $ | 181,191 |  |  | $ | 148,118 |

Variable Interest Entities

A Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results.

The Company has variable interests in two VIE’s for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments.

The carrying value of one of the Company’s VIE’s, which invests in distressed securities and assets, was $4.8 million and $8.6 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $19.0 million and $22.8 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The carrying value and maximum exposure to loss of a second VIE that invests in Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) qualifying assets was $9.8 million and $11.7 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company’s investment in VIEs is included in other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in carrying value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

7.
Derivative Instruments

Derivatives are used by the Company to reduce risks from changes in interest rates and limit exposure to severe equity market changes. The Company has used interest rate swaps with terms to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company has also used exchange-traded futures contracts, which give the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements at a future date, to allow the Company to react faster to market conditions. When using derivatives, the Company posts collateral and settles variation margin in cash on a daily basis equal to the amount of the derivatives’ change in value.

The Company accounts for the interest rate swaps and futures as non-hedge instruments and recognizes the fair value of the interest rate swaps in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recognized as net realized investment gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company is ultimately responsible for the valuation of the interest rate swaps. To aid in determining the estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps, the Company relies on the forward interest rate curve and information obtained from a third-party financial institution.

The following table summarizes information on the location and the gross amount of the derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments under ASC 815 |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Notional Amount |  |  | Fair Value |
Interest rate swap agreements |  | Other assets/liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 213,022 |  |  | $ | (8,395 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 213,022 |  |  | $ | (8,395 | )

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The following table summarizes the net gains (losses) included in the consolidated statements of operations for changes in the fair value of the derivatives and the periodic net interest settlements under the derivatives for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Consolidated Statements of |  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Operations Line |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Interest rate swap agreements |  | Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | 10,073 |  |  | $ | 2,424 |  |  | $ | (10,691 | )
Futures contracts on bonds |  | Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (319 | ) |  |  | (2,576 | )
Futures contracts on equities |  | Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,989 | )
|  |  |  | $ | 10,073 |  |  | $ | 2,105 |  |  | $ | (22,256 | )

The Company terminated its outstanding interest rate swaps in the fourth quarter of 2022 and was not utilizing interest rate swap agreements as of December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2021, the Company was due $1.8 million for funds it needed to post to execute the swap transaction and $9.8 million for margin calls made in connection with the interest rate swaps. These amounts are included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

8.
Fair Value Measurements

The accounting standards related to fair value measurements define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, outline a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used to measure fair value, and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. These standards do not change existing guidance as to whether or not an instrument is carried at fair value. The Company has determined that its fair value measurements are in accordance with the requirements of these accounting standards.

The Company’s invested assets and derivative instruments are carried at their fair value and are categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy:

•
Level 1 – inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
•
Level 2 – inputs utilize other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for similar assets, either directly or indirectly.
•
Level 3 – inputs are unobservable for the asset, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset.

The following table presents information about the Company’s invested assets and derivative instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value.

As of December 31, 2022 |  | Fair Value Measurements |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 344,103 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,595 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,595 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,156 |  |  |  | 960 |  |  |  | 62,116 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98,664 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98,664 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 189,073 |  |  |  | 327 |  |  |  | 189,400 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,767 |  |  |  | 2,013 |  |  |  | 338,780 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 183,540 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 183,540 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 344,103 |  |  |  | 900,795 |  |  |  | 3,300 |  |  |  | 1,248,198 |
Equity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,249 |  |  |  | 1,271 |  |  |  | 17,520 |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | 917,044 |  |  | $ | 4,571 |  |  | $ | 1,265,718 |

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As of December 31, 2021 |  | Fair Value Measurements |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 150,118 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 150,118 |
Agency obligations |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,630 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,630 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,721 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,721 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 250,341 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 250,341 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 136,893 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 136,893 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 171,686 |  |  |  | 956 |  |  |  | 172,642 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 290,807 |  |  |  | 1,576 |  |  |  | 292,383 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 139,138 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 139,138 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 150,118 |  |  |  | 1,049,216 |  |  |  | 2,532 |  |  |  | 1,201,866 |
Equity securities |  |  | 75,750 |  |  |  | 23,991 |  |  |  | 237 |  |  |  | 99,978 |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 225,868 |  |  | $ | 1,073,207 |  |  | $ | 2,769 |  |  | $ | 1,301,844 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivative instruments |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,395 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,395 |
Total liabilities measured at fair value |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,395 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,395 |

The securities classified as Level 1 in the previous tables consist of U.S. treasuries and equity securities actively traded on an exchange.

The securities classified as Level 2 in the previous tables consist primarily of fixed maturities, equity securities, and derivative instruments. Based on the typical trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices for fixed maturities, security prices are derived through recent reported trades for identical or similar securities making adjustments through the reporting date based upon available market observable information. If there are no recent reported trades, matrix or model processes are used to develop a security price where future cash flow expectations are developed based upon collateral performance and discounted at an estimated market rate. Included in the pricing of asset-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and mortgage-backed securities are estimates of the rate of future prepayments of principal over the remaining life of the securities. Such estimates are derived based on the characteristics of the underlying structure and prepayment speeds previously experienced at the interest rate levels projected for the underlying collateral. The estimated fair value of the derivative instruments, consisting of interest rate swaps, was obtained from a third-party financial institution that utilizes observable inputs such as the forward interest rate curve.

The investments classified as Level 3 in the above table consist of fixed maturities and equity securities with unobservable inputs.

The following table presents changes in Level 3 investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,769 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total gains (realized / unrealized): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (35 | ) |  |  | — |
Included in earnings attributable to realized gains / losses |  |  | (61 | ) |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | — |
Transfers into level 3 |  |  | 857 |  |  |  | 1,400 |  |  |  | — |
Transfers out of level 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,815 | ) |  |  | — |
Amortization of bond premium and discount, net |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | — |
Purchases |  |  | 2,304 |  |  |  | 3,286 |  |  |  | — |
Sales |  |  | (1,283 | ) |  |  | (128 | ) |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  |  | 4,571 |  |  |  | 2,769 |  |  |  | — |
Gains included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains (losses) related to assets still held at end of reporting period |  | $ | 95 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

For the Company’s material debt arrangements, the current fair value of the Company’s debt at December 31, 2022 and 2021 was as follows:

|  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Carrying Value |  |  | Fair Value |
7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126,430 |  |  | $ | 129,238 |
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126,430 |  |  | $ | 129,238 |

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(1)
As of December 31, 2021, the carrying value and fair value of the 7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 are net of unamortized debt issuance cost of $3.6 million. In April 2022, the Company redeemed all of its outstanding 7.875% subordinated notes due 2047 and unamortized debt issuance cost of $3.5 million was written off and included in the consolidated statements of operations as loss on extinguishment of debt.

The subordinated notes due 2047 were publicly traded instruments which were classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

Fair Value of Alternative Investments

Other invested assets consist of limited liability companies and limited partnerships whose carrying value approximates fair value.

The following table provides the fair value and future funding commitments related to these investments at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

|  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Future Funding Commitment |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Future Funding Commitment |
European Non-Performing Loan Fund, LP (1) |  | $ | 4,832 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |  |  | $ | 8,636 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |
Distressed Debt Fund, LP (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 349 |  |  |  | 17,000 |
Mortgage Debt Fund, LP (3) |  |  | 9,771 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,707 |  |  |  | — |
Credit Fund, LLC (4) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 106,162 |  |  |  | — |
Global Debt Fund, LP (5) |  |  | 23,573 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 25,797 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 38,176 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |  |  | $ | 152,651 |  |  | $ | 31,214 |

(1)
This limited partnership invests in distressed securities and assets through senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured debt and equity, in both public and private large-cap and middle-market companies. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets.
(2)
This limited partnership invested in stressed and distressed securities and structured products. The Company received a final distribution from the limited partnership during the fourth quarter of 2022.
(3)
This limited partnership invests in REIT qualifying assets such as mortgage loans, investor property loans, and commercial mortgage loans. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets.
(4)
This limited liability company invests in a broad portfolio of non-investment grade loans, secured and unsecured corporate debt, credit default swaps, reverse repurchase agreements and synthetic indices. During the second quarter of 2022, the Company provided the fund with formal withdrawal requests in full and received a final distribution during the third quarter.
(5)
This limited partnership invests in performing, stressed or distressed securities and loans across the global fixed income markets. The Company does have the contractual option to withdraw all or a portion of its limited partnership interest by providing notice to the fund.

Limited Liability Companies and Limited Partnerships with ownership interest exceeding 3%

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in limited liability companies and limited partnerships where its ownership interest exceeds 3%. The equity method of accounting for an investment in a limited liability companies and limited partnerships requires that its cost basis be updated to account for the income or loss earned on the investment. In the Fair Value of Alternative Investments table above, all of the investments, except for the Credit Fund, LLC, are booked on a one quarter lag due to non-availability of data at the time the financial statements are prepared. Information for the Credit Fund, LLC was received on a timely basis and was included in current results. The investment income (loss) associated with the limited liability companies and limited partnerships whose ownership interest exceeds 3% is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations in the amounts of $(5.0) million, $10.0 million, and ($6.2) million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Pricing

The Company’s pricing vendors provide prices for all investment categories except for investments in limited liability companies and limited partnerships. Two primary vendors are utilized to provide prices for equity and fixed maturity securities.

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company’s pricing vendors for investment securities carried at fair value:

•
Equity security prices are received from primary and secondary exchanges.

•
Corporate and agency bonds are evaluated by utilizing a spread to a benchmark curve. Bonds with similar characteristics are grouped into specific sectors. Inputs for both asset classes consist of trade prices, broker quotes, the new issue market, and prices on comparable securities.

•
Data from commercial vendors is aggregated with market information, then converted into an option adjusted spread (“OAS”) matrix and prepayment model used for collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMO”). CMOs are categorized with mortgage-backed securities in the tables listed above. For asset-backed securities, spread data is derived from trade prices,

97

dealer quotations, and research reports. For both asset classes, evaluations utilize standard inputs plus new issue data, and collateral performance. The evaluated pricing models incorporate cash flows, broker quotes, market trades, historical prepayment speeds, and dealer projected speeds.

•
For obligations of state and political subdivisions, an attribute-based modeling system is used. The pricing model incorporates trades, market clearing yields, market color, and fundamental credit research.

•
U.S. treasuries are evaluated by obtaining feeds from a number of live data sources including primary and secondary dealers as well as inter-dealer brokers.
•
For mortgage-backed securities, various external analytical products are utilized and purchased from commercial vendors.

The Company performs certain procedures to validate whether the pricing information received from the pricing vendors is reasonable, to ensure that the fair value determination is consistent with accounting guidance, and to ensure that its assets are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s procedures include, but are not limited to:

•
Reviewing periodic reports provided by the Investment Manager that provides information regarding rating changes and securities placed on watch. This procedure allows the Company to understand why a particular security’s market value may have changed or may potentially change.
•
Understanding and periodically evaluating the various pricing methods and procedures used by the Company’s pricing vendors to ensure that investments are properly classified within the fair value hierarchy.
•
On a quarterly basis, the Company corroborates investment security prices received from its pricing vendors by obtaining pricing from a second pricing vendor for a sample of securities.

During 2022 and 2021, the Company has not adjusted quotes or prices obtained from the pricing vendors.

9.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill

As a result of an acquisition in 2010, the Company has goodwill of $4.8 million within the Commercial Specialty segment. The goodwill represents the excess purchase price over the Company’s best estimate of the fair value of the assets acquired.

As a result of an acquisition in 2015, the Company had goodwill of $1.7 million. Of this amount, $0.6 million was allocated to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business and $1.1 million was allocated to its specialty property business. This goodwill, which is part of the Exited Lines segment, was impaired due to the sale of the renewal rights related to Farm, Ranch & Stable business and manufactured and dwelling homes business. An impairment loss of $0.6 million and $1.1 million was included in corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Please see Note 3 for additional information on the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company’s Farm, Ranch & Stable business and the Company's manufactured and dwelling homes business.

Impairment testing performed in 2020 did no t result in an impairment of goodwill acquired.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Balance as of January 1, 2021 |  | $ | 4,820 |  |  | $ | 1,701 |  |  | $ | 6,521 |
Impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,123 | ) |  |  | (1,123 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2021 |  |  | 4,820 |  |  |  | 578 |  |  |  | 5,398 |
Impairment |  |  | — |  |  |  | (578 | ) |  |  | (578 | )
Balance as of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 4,820 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,820 |

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Accumulated impairment losses were $0.6 million and $1.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no accumulated impairment losses at January 1, 2021.

Intangible assets

The following table presents details of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) Description |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period |  | Cost |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Net Value |
Trademarks |  | Indefinite |  | $ | 4,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,800 |
Tradenames |  | Indefinite |  |  | 4,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,200 |
State insurance licenses |  | Indefinite |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,000 |  |  |  | 5,000 |
Customer relationships |  | 15 years |  |  | 5,300 |  |  |  | 4,490 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 810 |
Agent relationships |  | 10 years |  |  | 900 |  |  |  | 649 |  |  |  | 251 |  |  |  | — |
Tradenames |  | 7 years |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  |  | $ | 25,800 |  |  | $ | 5,739 |  |  | $ | 5,251 |  |  | $ | 14,810 |

The following table presents details of the Company’s intangible assets as of December 31, 2021:

(Dollars in thousands) Description |  | Weighted Average Amortization Period |  | Cost |  |  | Accumulated Amortization |  |  | Impairment |  |  | Net Value |
Trademarks |  | Indefinite |  | $ | 4,800 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,800 |
Tradenames |  | Indefinite |  |  | 4,200 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,200 |
State insurance licenses |  | Indefinite |  |  | 10,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,000 |
Customer relationships |  | 15 years |  |  | 5,300 |  |  |  | 4,137 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,163 |
Agent relationships |  | 10 years |  |  | 900 |  |  |  | 630 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 98 |
Tradenames |  | 7 years |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | 600 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  |  | $ | 25,800 |  |  | $ | 5,367 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 20,261 |

Amortization related to the Company’s definite lived intangible assets was $0.4 million, $0.5 million, and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. The weighted average amortization period for total definite lived intangible assets was 13.6 years.

The Company expects that amortization expense for the next five years will be as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
2023 |  | $ | 353 |
2024 |  |  | 353 |
2025 |  |  | 103 |
2026 |  |  | — |
2027 |  |  | — |

Intangible assets with indefinite lives

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, indefinite lived intangible assets, which are comprised of tradenames, trademarks, and state insurance licenses, was $14.0 million and $19.0 million, respectively.

State licenses with a net value of $5.0 million, within the Company’s Exited Lines segment, were impaired due to the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company’s Farm, Ranch & Stable business. This impairment loss of $5.0 million was included in corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. Please see Note 3 for additional information on the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company’s Farm, Ranch & Stable business.

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Other than the impairment of state insurance licenses due to the sale of the Farm, Ranch & Stable renewal rights, there was no impairment of intangible assets with indefinite lives in 2022, 2021, and 2020.

Intangible assets with definite lives

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, definite lived intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, were $0.8 million and $1.3 million, respectively, and were comprised of customer relationships, agent relationships, and tradenames.

Agent relationships with a net value of $0.1 million were impaired due to the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business and agent relationships with a net value o f $0.2 million were impaired due to the sale of renewal rights related to the Company’s manufactured and dwelling homes business. Both of these impairments were within the Company’s Exited Lines segment. These impairment losses of $0.1 million and $0.2 million was included in corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Please see Note 3 for additional information on the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company’s Farm, Ranch & Stable business and the Company's manufactured and dwelling homes business.

Other than the impairments of agent relationships due to the sales of renewal rights, there was no impairment of intangible assets with definite lives in 2022, 2021, and 2020.

10.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses - Premium Receivables and Reinsurance Receivables

For premium receivables, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, direct placement with collection agencies, solvency of insured or agent, terminated agents, and other relevant factors.

The following table is an analysis of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's premium receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,996 |  |  | $ | 2,900 |
Current period provision for expected credit losses |  |  | 1,796 |  |  |  | 1,033 |
Write-offs |  |  | (1,470 | ) |  |  | (937 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 3,322 |  |  | $ | 2,996 |

For reinsurance receivables, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, disputes, applicable coverage defenses, insolvent reinsurers, financial strength of solvent reinsurers based on AM Best Ratings and other relevant factors.

The following table is an analysis of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's reinsurance receivables for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |
Current period provision for expected credit losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | (71 | )
Write-offs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  |  | — |  |  |  | 71 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |

11.
Reinsurance

The Company cedes risk to unrelated reinsurers on a pro rata (“quota share”) and excess of loss basis in the ordinary course of business to limit its net loss exposure on insurance contracts. Reinsurance ceded arrangements do not discharge the Company of primary liability. Moreover, reinsurers may fail to pay the Company due to a lack of reinsurer liquidity, perceived improper underwriting, and losses for risks that are excluded from reinsurance coverage and other similar factors, all of which could adversely affect the Company’s financial results.

100

The Company had the following reinsurance balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Reinsurance receivables, net |  | $ | 85,721 |  |  | $ | 99,864 |
Collateral securing reinsurance receivables |  |  | (8,937 | ) |  |  | (9,855 | )
Reinsurance receivables, net of collateral |  | $ | 76,784 |  |  | $ | 90,009 |
Allowance for expected credit losses |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums |  |  | 17,421 |  |  |  | 53,494 |

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had one aggregate unsecured reinsurance receivables that exceeded 3% of shareholders’ equity from the following reinsurer. Unsecured reinsurance receivables include amounts receivable for paid and unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, less amounts secured by collateral.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Reinsurance Receivables |  |  | AM Best Ratings (As of December 31, 2022)
Munich Re America Corporation |  | $ | 45,246 |  |  | A+

The effect of reinsurance on premiums written and earned is as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Written |  |  | Earned |
For the year ended December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct business |  | $ | 573,412 |  |  | $ | 589,131 |
Reinsurance assumed |  |  | 154,191 |  |  |  | 135,896 |
Reinsurance ceded |  |  | (136,272 | ) |  |  | (122,556 | )
Net premiums |  | $ | 591,331 |  |  | $ | 602,471 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct business |  | $ | 584,467 |  |  | $ | 578,171 |
Reinsurance assumed |  |  | 97,655 |  |  |  | 78,880 |
Reinsurance ceded |  |  | (102,054 | ) |  |  | (61,441 | )
Net premiums |  | $ | 580,068 |  |  | $ | 595,610 |
For the year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |
Direct business |  | $ | 554,617 |  |  | $ | 560,658 |
Reinsurance assumed |  |  | 51,986 |  |  |  | 69,312 |
Reinsurance ceded |  |  | (58,436 | ) |  |  | (62,271 | )
Net premiums |  | $ | 548,167 |  |  | $ | 567,699 |

Ceded losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred were $48.7 million, $34.9 million, and $61.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

12.
Income Taxes

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and meets the qualifying income exception to maintain partnership status. As a publicly traded partnership, Global Indemnity Group, LLC is generally not subject to federal income tax and most state income taxes. However, income earned by the subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC is subject to corporate tax in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions.

As of December 31, 2022, the statutory income tax rates of the countries where the Company conducts or conducted business are 21% in the United States, 0% in Bermuda, 19% in the United Kingdom and 25% on non-trading income, 33% on capital gains and 12.5% on trading income in the Republic of Ireland. The statutory income tax rate of each country is applied against the expected annual taxable income of the Company in each country to estimate the annual income tax expense.

101

The Company's income (loss) before income taxes is derived from its U.S. subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company's income (loss) before income taxes from its non-U.S. subsidiaries and U.S. subsidiaries was as follows:

Year Ended December 31, 2020 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Non-U.S. Subsidiaries |  |  | U.S. Subsidiaries |  |  | Eliminations |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 46,654 |  |  | $ | 559,949 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 606,603 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 46,654 |  |  | $ | 501,513 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 548,167 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 53,384 |  |  | $ | 514,315 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 567,699 |
Net investment income |  |  | 17,186 |  |  |  | 20,348 |  |  |  | (9,142 | ) |  |  | 28,392 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  | (3,867 | ) |  |  | (10,795 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (14,662 | )
Other income |  |  | 148 |  |  |  | 1,970 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,118 |
Total revenues |  |  | 66,851 |  |  |  | 525,838 |  |  |  | (9,142 | ) |  |  | 583,547 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 12,874 |  |  |  | 323,327 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,201 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 17,827 |  |  |  | 197,780 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 215,607 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 23,357 |  |  |  | 18,641 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,998 |
Interest expense |  |  | 869 |  |  |  | 24,065 |  |  |  | (9,142 | ) |  |  | 15,792 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 3,060 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,060 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 8,864 |  |  | $ | (37,975 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (29,111 | )

The following table summarizes the components of income tax expense (benefit):

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Current income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | — |
U.S. Federal |  |  | 422 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 163 |
Total current income tax expense |  |  | 426 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 163 |
Deferred income tax expense (benefit): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal |  |  | 2,395 |  |  |  | 3,395 |  |  |  | (8,268 | )
Total deferred income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | 2,395 |  |  |  | 3,395 |  |  |  | (8,268 | )
Total income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 2,821 |  |  | $ | 3,449 |  |  | $ | (8,105 | )

The weighted average expected tax provision has been calculated using income (loss) before income taxes in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate.

The following table summarizes the differences between the tax provision for financial statement purposes and the expected tax provision at the weighted average tax rate:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |
Expected tax provision at weighted average |  | $ | 414 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 6,889 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | (7,975 | ) |  |  | 27.4 | %
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax exempt interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | — |
Dividend exclusion |  |  | (89 | ) |  |  | (4.5 | ) |  |  | (78 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (202 | ) |  |  | 0.7 |
Non-deductible interest |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,773 |  |  |  | (6.1 | )
Change in tax status |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 35.5 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,704 | ) |  |  | 5.8 |
Parent income treated as partnership for tax |  |  | 2,156 |  |  |  | 109.4 |  |  |  | (4,057 | ) |  |  | (12.4 | ) |  |  | (533 | ) |  |  | 1.8 |
Other |  |  | (360 | ) |  |  | (18.3 | ) |  |  | 695 |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  |  | 538 |  |  |  | (1.8 | )
Effective income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 2,821 |  |  |  | 143.1 | % |  | $ | 3,449 |  |  |  | 10.5 | % |  | $ | (8,105 | ) |  |  | 27.8 | %

The effective income tax expense rate for 2022 was 143.1%, compared with an effective income tax expense rate of 10.5% for 2021 and an effective income tax benefit rate of 27.8% for 2020. The difference between years is primarily due to a change in income or loss at the parent company which is treated as a partnership for tax.

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The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are presented below:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |  |  |  |
Discounted unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 9,522 |  |  | $ | 8,696 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | 10,581 |  |  |  | 11,049 |
Net operating loss carryforward |  |  | 24,454 |  |  |  | 28,584 |
Partnership K1 basis differences |  |  | 1,234 |  |  |  | 795 |
Loss on derivative instruments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,763 |
Capital loss carryforwards |  |  | 2,338 |  |  |  | — |
Investment impairments |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | 147 |
Stock options |  |  | 1,465 |  |  |  | 2,008 |
Stat-to-GAAP reinsurance reserve |  |  | 1,668 |  |  |  | 1,517 |
Unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale |  |  | 10,568 |  |  |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,211 |  |  |  | 1,613 |
Intercompany transfers |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Other |  |  | 1,353 |  |  |  | 1,826 |
Total deferred tax assets |  |  | 64,518 |  |  |  | 57,998 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Intangible assets |  |  | 3,146 |  |  |  | 4,395 |
Unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale and investments in limited partnerships included in accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,601 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 13,628 |  |  |  | 12,670 |
Partnership K1 basis differences |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,709 |
Other |  |  | 645 |  |  |  | 294 |
Total deferred tax liabilities |  |  | 17,419 |  |  |  | 20,669 |
Total net deferred tax assets |  | $ | 47,099 |  |  | $ | 37,329 |

The deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities listed in the table above relate to temporary differences between the Company’s accounting and tax carrying values and carryforwards for its companies in the United States. Management believes it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax assets will be completely utilized in future years. As a result, the Company has not recorded a valuation allowance at December 31, 2022 and 2021.

The Company has a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of $116.4 million as of December 31, 2022, which begins to expire in 2036 based on when the original NOL was generated. The Company’s NOL carryforward as of December 31, 2021 was $136.1 million.

The Company did no t have any Section 163(j) ("163(j)") carryforward as December 31, 2022 or 2021. The 163(j) carryforward relates to the limitation on the deduction for business interest expense paid or accrued.

The Company and some of its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various U.S. states and certain foreign jurisdictions. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal tax examinations by tax authorities for tax years before 2019.

The Company applies a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold for all tax uncertainties whereby it only recognizes those tax benefits that have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by relevant taxing authorities. All tax benefits recognized by the Company in 2022, 2021, and 2020 have a greater than 50% likelihood of being sustained upon examination by relevant taxing authorities.

The Company classifies all interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as income tax expense. The Company did no t incur any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did no t record any significant liabilities for tax-related interest and penalties on its consolidated balance sheets.

103

13.
Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Consolidated Activity

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 759,904 |  |  | $ | 662,811 |  |  | $ | 630,181 |
Less: Ceded reinsurance receivables |  |  | 94,443 |  |  |  | 82,158 |  |  |  | 76,273 |
Net balance at beginning of period |  |  | 665,461 |  |  |  | 580,653 |  |  |  | 553,908 |
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  |  | 367,298 |  |  |  | 376,306 |  |  |  | 367,739 |
Prior years |  |  | (8,070 | ) |  |  | 8,658 |  |  |  | (31,538 | )
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 359,228 |  |  |  | 384,964 |  |  |  | 336,201 |
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  |  | 103,442 |  |  |  | 149,092 |  |  |  | 183,109 |
Prior years |  |  | 161,864 |  |  |  | 151,064 |  |  |  | 126,347 |
Total paid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 265,306 |  |  |  | 300,156 |  |  |  | 309,456 |
Net balance at end of period |  |  | 759,383 |  |  |  | 665,461 |  |  |  | 580,653 |
Plus: Ceded reinsurance receivables |  |  | 73,021 |  |  |  | 94,443 |  |  |  | 82,158 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 832,404 |  |  | $ | 759,904 |  |  | $ | 662,811 |

When analyzing loss reserves and prior year development, the Company considers many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, loss trends, case reserve settlements that may have resulted in significant development, and any other additional or pertinent factors that may impact reserve estimates.

During 2022, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves by $8.1 million, which consisted of a $1.4 million decrease related to Commercial Specialty, a $1.5 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $5.2 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $1.4 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
General Liability: A $3.9 million increase mainly reflects higher than expected claims severity in accident years prior to 2006 and 2017 through 2021, partially offset by decreases in the 2006 through 2016 accident years.
•
Property: A $3.1 million decrease primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity in the 2019 through 2021 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2015 and 2018 accident year.
•
Professional: A $2.2 million decrease primarily in 2008 through 2010 and 2012 through 2015 accident years.

The $1.5 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional: A $3.6 million decrease was recognized in the 2016 accident year reflecting a reduction in the ultimate for the claims-made segment; the inception-to-date case incurred remains zero in this year.

•
General Liability: A $2.1 million increase in the 2019 through 2021 accident years based on reported information from a cedant.

The $5.2 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $4.6 million decrease primarily in the 2017 through 2019 and 2021 accident years, partially offset by increases in the 2016 and 2020 accident years.
•
General Liability: A $0.6 million decrease, primarily in the 2015 through 2017, 2019, and 2021 accident years, partially offset by increases in the 2018 and 2020 accident years.

During 2021, the Company increased its prior accident year loss reserves by $8.7 million, which consisted of a $1.6 million increase related to Commercial Specialty, a $1.1 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $8.2 million increase related to Exited Lines.

104

The $1.6 million increase in prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
General Liability: A $0.1 million increase in aggregate with $2.9 million of favorable development in the construction defect reserve category and $3.0 million of adverse development in the other general liability reserve categories. The reduction in the construction defect reserve category recognizes lower than expected claims frequency and severity in accident years prior to 2005 and the 2005 through 2009, 2011 and 2014 accident years with a slight increase recognized in the 2016 accident year. For the other general liability reserve categories, higher than anticipated claims severity was the main driver of the increases, primarily in accident years 2005 through 2007, 2009 and 2017 through 2020 accident years, partially offset by decreases prior to 2005, 2008 and 2013 through 2016 accident years.

•
Property: A $1.9 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity mainly in the 2016, 2018, and 2020 accident years, partially offset by a decrease in the 2015, 2017, and 2019 accident years.

•
Professional Liability: A $0.5 million decrease mainly in the 2019 and 2020 accident years, mainly reflecting lower than anticipated claims severity.

The $1.1 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional: A $1.1 million decrease was recognized in professional lines mainly in the 2015 accident year, reflecting that the inception-to-date case incurred remained zero for this claims-made segment in this year.

The $8.2 million increase of prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $12.4 millio n increase in total which is primarily due to case incurred emergence on a Property Brokerage claim in the 2018 accident year reflecting a higher estimated ultimate for Hurricane Michael. In addition, there was an increase in the 2016 and 2020 accident years which reflects higher than expected claims severity. The increases were partially offset by lower than expected severity in 2015, 2017 and 2019 accident years.

•
General Liability: A $2.6 million reduction primarily reflects lower than expected claims severity in the 2015 through 2017 and 2020 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2007, 2018 and 2019 accident year.

•
Reinsurance: A $1.6 million decrease was in the property lines and primarily in the 2011, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2020 accident years, partially offset by increases in the 2010, 2012 and 2019 accident years.

During 2020, the Company reduced its prior accident year loss reserves by $31.5 million, which consisted of a $23.5 million decrease related to Commercial Specialty, a $1.7 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $6.3 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $23.5 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
General Liability: A $20.4 million reduction in aggregate with $6.6 million of favorable development in the construction defect reserve category and $13.8 million of favorable development in the other general liability reserve categories. The reduction in the construction defect reserve category primarily recognizes lower than expected claims frequency and severity in the 2005 through 2009, 2012, 2015 and 2017 accident years, slightly offset by an increase in the 2016 accident year. For the other general liability reserve categories, lower than anticipated claims severity was the main driver of the favorable development primarily in the 2005 through 2015 accident years, partially offset by increases in the 2016 through 2019 accident years.
•
Professional Liability: A $1.8 million decrease mainly in the 2007 through 2010 and 2019 accident years recognizes lower than expected claims severity, partially offset by an increase in the 2006 accident year.
•
Commercial Auto Liability: A $1.0 million reduction primarily in the 2010 and 2012 through 2016 accident years recognizes lower than anticipated claims severity.
•
Property: A $0.1 million decrease primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity in a few of the prior accident years.
•
Workers Compensation: A $0.2 million decrease primarily in loss adjustment expense reserves in the 2012 accident year and accident years prior to 2005.

105

The $1.7 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional Lines: A $1.7 million decrease in the 2014 and 2015 accident years, reflecting that the inception-to-date case incurred remained zero for this claims-made segment in these years.

The $6.3 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $0.6 million decrease primarily reflects lower than anticipated claims severity in the 2015 through 2017 accident years and a reduction in the catastrophe reserve category in the 2017 accident year for subrogation recoveries from the California wildfires. This decrease is partially offset by a higher than expected claims severity in the 2018 and 2019 accident years. The bulk of the increase in the 2018 accident year reflects a higher estimated ultimate for Hurricane Michael; the increase in ultimate resulted from receiving additional information during the year for a Property Brokerage claim.

•
General Liability: A $2.4 million decrease primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity mainly in the 2009 and 2015 through 2019 accident years, mostly offset by increases in the 2007 and 2013 accident years due to higher than anticipated claims severity.
•
Reinsurance: A $3.3 million decrease was primarily based on a review of the experience reported from cedants. There was a $2.9 million decrease in the property lines in the 2009 through 2018 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2019 accident year. In addition, there was a reduction of $0.4 million in the liability & workers compensation lines in the 2009 through 2012 accident years.

Prior to 2001, the Company underwrote multi-peril business insuring general contractors, developers, and sub-contractors primarily involved in residential construction that has resulted in significant exposure to construction defect (“CD”) claims. The Company’s reserves for CD claims are established based upon management’s best estimate in consideration of known facts, existing case law, and generally accepted actuarial methodologies. However, due to the inherent uncertainty concerning this type of business, the ultimate exposure for these claims may vary significantly from the amounts currently recorded. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, gross reserves for CD claims were $34.8 million and $31.4 million, respectively, and net reserves for CD claims were $33.4 million and $30.2 million, respectively.

The Company has exposure to asbestos and environmental (“A&E”) claims. The asbestos exposure primarily arises from the sale of product liability insurance, and the environmental exposure arises from the sale of general liability and commercial multi-peril insurance. In establishing the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to A&E exposures, management considers facts currently known and the current state of the law and coverage litigation. Liabilities are recognized for known claims (including the cost of related litigation) when sufficient information has been developed to indicate the involvement of a specific insurance policy, and management can reasonably estimate its liability. In addition, liabilities have been established to cover additional exposures on both known and unasserted claims. Estimates of the liabilities are reviewed and updated regularly. Case law continues to evolve for such claims, and uncertainty exists about the outcome of coverage litigation and whether past claim experience will be representative of future claim experience. Included in net unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were IBNR reserves of $18.9 million, $20.1 million, and $27.3 million, respectively, and case reserves of approximately $2.8 million, $1.9 million, and $1.4 million, respectively, for known A&E-related claims.

106

The following table shows the Company’s gross reserves for A&E losses:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Gross reserve for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses – beginning of period |  | $ | 39,153 |  |  | $ | 47,593 |  |  | $ | 48,825 |
Plus: Change in incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 2,658 |  |  |  | (7,500 | ) |  |  | (259 | )
Less: Payments |  |  | 4,669 |  |  |  | 940 |  |  |  | 973 |
Gross reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses – end of period |  | $ | 37,142 |  |  | $ | 39,153 |  |  | $ | 47,593 |

The following table shows the Company’s net reserves for A&E losses:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Net reserve for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses – beginning of period |  | $ | 21,985 |  |  | $ | 28,679 |  |  | $ | 29,033 |
Plus: Change in incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 1,962 |  |  |  | (6,500 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Less: Payments |  |  | 2,300 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 355 |
Net reserves for A&E losses and loss adjustment expenses – end of period |  | $ | 21,647 |  |  | $ | 21,985 |  |  | $ | 28,679 |

Establishing reserves for A&E and other mass tort claims involves more judgment than other types of claims due to factors including, but not limited to, inconsistent court decisions, an increase in bankruptcy filings as a result of asbestos-related liabilities, and judicial interpretations that often expand theories of recovery and broaden the scope of coverage. The insurance industry continues to receive a substantial number of asbestos-related bodily injury claims, with an increasing focus being directed toward other parties, including installers of products containing asbestos rather than against asbestos manufacturers. This shift has resulted in significant insurance coverage litigation implicating applicable coverage defenses or determinations, if any, including but not limited to, determinations as to whether or not an asbestos-related bodily injury claim is subject to aggregate limits of liability found in most comprehensive general liability policies.

As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the survival ratio on a gross basis for the Company’s open A&E claims was 16.9 years, 33.3 years, and 35.5 years, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the survival ratio on a net basis for the Company’s open A&E claims was 22.8 years, 63.5 years, and 59.5 years, respectively. The survival ratio, which is the ratio of gross or net reserves to the 3-year average of annual paid claims, is a financial measure that indicates how long the current amount of gross or net reserves are expected to last based on the current rate of paid claims.

Line of Business Categories

The following is information, presented by lines of business with similar characteristics including similar payout patterns, about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2022, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of incurred-but-not-reported liabilities included within the net incurred claims amounts. The years included represent the number of years for which claims incurred typically remain outstanding but need not exceed 10 years including the most recent report period presented.

The information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2013 to 2021, is presented as required supplementary unaudited information.

Commercial Specialty

Property and Casualty Methodologies

Commercial Specialty’s internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses (“ALAE”) separately for property excluding catastrophe experience, property catastrophes, and casualty reserve categories. The internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed with data through December, 2022. Actuarial methodologies, such as the Loss Development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, were employed to develop estimates of ultimate loss & ALAE for most reserve categories. Additional actuarial methodologies were employed to develop estimates of ultimate loss & ALAE for mass tort and constructions defect reserve categories due to the unique characteristics of the exposures involved. Management’s ultimate selections considered the internal actuarial review and a third-party actuarial review completed during the fourth quarter of 2022. Case incurred is subtracted from the management selected ultimates to obtain the booked IBNR reserves. These methodologies are consistent with last year.

Commercial Specialty’s cumulative claim frequency has been calculated at the claim level and includes claims closed without payment.

107

Commercial Specialty – Property

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Accident Year |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2020 |  | $ | 75,609 |  |  | $ | 78,760 |  |  | $ | 77,860 |  |  | $ | 2,003 |  |  |  | 4,598 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 84,037 |  |  |  | 82,841 |  |  |  | 5,712 |  |  |  | 4,206 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 82,018 |  |  |  | 14,533 |  |  |  | 3,234 |
Total |  |  | $ | 242,719 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)
Incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims

Commercial Specialty – Property

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
Accident Year |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
2020 |  | $ | 47,486 |  |  | $ | 69,944 |  |  | $ | 73,640 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 50,846 |  |  |  | 74,860 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,744 |
Total |  |  |  | 198,244 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2020, net of reinsurance |  |  |  | 3,025 |
Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  |  | $ | 47,500 |

The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) |
Year |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |
Commercial Specialty - Property |  |  | 61.0 | % |  |  | 28.9 | % |  |  | 4.7 | %

Commercial Specialty – Casualty

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Accident Year |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  | $ | 63,931 |  |  | $ | 68,230 |  |  | $ | 68,081 |  |  | $ | 66,566 |  |  | $ | 65,193 |  |  | $ | 61,714 |  |  | $ | 58,961 |  |  | $ | 56,901 |  |  | $ | 56,786 |  |  | $ | 56,336 |  |  | $ | 1,226 |  |  |  | 2,597 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  | 61,427 |  |  |  | 60,779 |  |  |  | 58,618 |  |  |  | 57,828 |  |  |  | 57,230 |  |  |  | 54,971 |  |  |  | 51,329 |  |  |  | 50,919 |  |  |  | 49,134 |  |  |  | 2,006 |  |  |  | 2,400 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 57,710 |  |  |  | 57,088 |  |  |  | 58,384 |  |  |  | 58,993 |  |  |  | 60,231 |  |  |  | 56,498 |  |  |  | 56,279 |  |  |  | 55,322 |  |  |  | 2,652 |  |  |  | 2,162 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,576 |  |  |  | 54,123 |  |  |  | 53,751 |  |  |  | 52,078 |  |  |  | 52,760 |  |  |  | 52,401 |  |  |  | 52,347 |  |  |  | 2,949 |  |  |  | 1,997 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 54,654 |  |  |  | 54,978 |  |  |  | 53,876 |  |  |  | 54,704 |  |  |  | 56,273 |  |  |  | 57,369 |  |  |  | 4,535 |  |  |  | 1,915 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 58,220 |  |  |  | 57,605 |  |  |  | 57,922 |  |  |  | 60,372 |  |  |  | 60,879 |  |  |  | 7,436 |  |  |  | 2,345 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 69,145 |  |  |  | 69,114 |  |  |  | 73,968 |  |  |  | 76,844 |  |  |  | 9,924 |  |  |  | 2,695 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 83,553 |  |  |  | 84,260 |  |  |  | 88,347 |  |  |  | 23,282 |  |  |  | 2,719 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 112,124 |  |  |  | 113,382 |  |  |  | 55,202 |  |  |  | 3,689 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 138,225 |  |  |  | 106,457 |  |  |  | 2,782 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  | $ | 748,185 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)
Incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims

108

Commercial Specialty – Casualty

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
Accident Year |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
2013 |  | $ | 6,439 |  |  | $ | 17,969 |  |  | $ | 29,705 |  |  | $ | 38,641 |  |  | $ | 46,475 |  |  | $ | 51,167 |  |  | $ | 52,468 |  |  | $ | 53,194 |  |  | $ | 53,471 |  |  | $ | 53,525 |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  | 4,011 |  |  |  | 15,924 |  |  |  | 26,526 |  |  |  | 34,504 |  |  |  | 40,293 |  |  |  | 43,505 |  |  |  | 45,831 |  |  |  | 46,263 |  |  |  | 46,578 |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,355 |  |  |  | 14,865 |  |  |  | 25,559 |  |  |  | 36,357 |  |  |  | 43,116 |  |  |  | 46,272 |  |  |  | 48,524 |  |  |  | 50,169 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,148 |  |  |  | 14,047 |  |  |  | 22,064 |  |  |  | 34,973 |  |  |  | 40,639 |  |  |  | 44,130 |  |  |  | 47,352 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,996 |  |  |  | 12,879 |  |  |  | 23,326 |  |  |  | 33,511 |  |  |  | 39,926 |  |  |  | 46,169 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,303 |  |  |  | 13,869 |  |  |  | 22,194 |  |  |  | 34,745 |  |  |  | 42,884 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,222 |  |  |  | 14,017 |  |  |  | 30,439 |  |  |  | 48,285 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,510 |  |  |  | 19,623 |  |  |  | 40,665 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7,238 |  |  |  | 24,414 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,022 |
Total |  |  |  | 412,063 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance |  |  |  | 44,506 |
Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  |  | $ | 380,628 |

The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) |
Year |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10 |
Commercial Specialty - Casualty |  |  | 7.7 | % |  |  | 17.4 | % |  |  | 19.3 | % |  |  | 19.7 | % |  |  | 12.2 | % |  |  | 7.6 | % |  |  | 4.3 | % |  |  | 1.7 | % |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 0.1 | %

Reinsurance Lines

Casualty Methodology

Reinsurance Operations’ internal reserve reviews were completed for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses (“ALAE”) by treaty. The current book of business is constituted of professional liability portfolios, retrocessions for casualty business, and primary reinsurance on a few smaller treaties. The reserve reviews were completed based on the latest data reported from the cedants which is typically on a quarter lag. Paid loss, ALAE and case reserves, shown in the reinsurance category tables below, which are originally based in a foreign currency, are remeasured in U.S. dollars based on the Foreign Exchange (“FX”) rate at the end of the period. Management’s ultimate selections considered the internal actuarial review and a third-party actuarial review completed during the fourth quarter of 2022. Case incurred is subtracted from the management selected ultimates to obtain the booked IBNR reserves. These methodologies are consistent with last year.

The Company does not have direct access to claim frequency information underlying reinsurance contracts. As a result, the Company does not believe providing claim frequency information is practicable.

Reinsurance Lines – Casualty

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Accident Year |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2013 |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | 1,009 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | 850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 1,954 |  |  |  | 1,954 |  |  |  | 1,954 |  |  |  | 590 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,779 |  |  |  | 2,779 |  |  |  | 2,779 |  |  |  | 2,779 |  |  |  | 2,179 |  |  |  | 1,090 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | 3,627 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |  | 4,358 |  |  |  | 4,356 |  |  |  | — |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5,573 |  |  |  | 5,573 |  |  |  | 5,573 |  |  |  | 5,574 |  |  |  | 5,574 |  |  |  | 5,568 |  |  |  | — |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,686 |  |  |  | 13,686 |  |  |  | 13,685 |  |  |  | 14,080 |  |  |  | 11,092 |  |  |  | — |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,398 |  |  |  | 30,375 |  |  |  | 31,258 |  |  |  | 23,998 |  |  |  | — |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 49,177 |  |  |  | 50,122 |  |  |  | 42,927 |  |  |  | — |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 86,624 |  |  |  | 82,247 |  |  |  | — |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Total |  |  | $ | 192,016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)
Incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims

109

Reinsurance Lines – Casualty

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
Accident Year |  | 2013 |  |  | 2014 |  |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
2013 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
2014 |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 801 |  |  |  | 1,014 |  |  |  | 1,925 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 2,174 |  |  |  | 4,503 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,593 |  |  |  | 3,986 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,986 |
Total |  |  |  | 12,408 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2013, net of reinsurance |  |  |  | — |
Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  |  | $ | 179,608 |

The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) (1) |
Year |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 10 |
Reinsurance Lines - Casualty |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  | 1.9 | % |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | — | % |  |  | — | %

(1)
May not be indicative of future average annual percentage payout of incurred claims due to a change in mix of business

Exited Lines

Property and Casualty Methodologies

Exited Lines’ internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed for loss and allocated loss adjustment expenses (“ALAE”) separately for property excluding catastrophe experience, property catastrophes, and casualty reserve categories. The internal actuarial reserve reviews were completed with data through December, 2022. Actuarial methodologies, such as the Loss Development and Bornhuetter-Ferguson methods, were employed to develop estimates of ultimate loss & ALAE. Management’s ultimate selections considered the internal actuarial review and a third-party actuarial review completed during the fourth quarter of 2022. Case incurred is subtracted from the management selected ultimates to obtain the booked IBNR reserves. These methodologies are consistent with last year.

Exited Lines includes business acquired in the purchase of American Reliable, which occurred on January 1, 2015. The acquisition included the purchase of the business of the legal entity as well as additional books of business written by other Assurant entities. In addition, ceding arrangements subsequent to the date of the acquisition are not consistent with years prior to the acquisition. As a result, it is not practical, nor would it be consistent, to include information for years prior to 2015 in the development tables for Exited Lines. It also includes experience for reinsurance contracts which the Company does not have direct access to claim frequency information, so claim frequency information will not be provided for Exited Lines as it is not available for all the experience contained within this category.

110

Exited Lines – Property

(Dollars in thousands)

|  |  |  |  | Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Accident Year |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2019 |  | $ | 155,116 |  |  | $ | 159,713 |  |  | $ | 162,523 |  |  | $ | 160,865 |  |  | $ | 6,645 |  |  |  | — |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  | 155,747 |  |  |  | 159,718 |  |  |  | 161,351 |  |  |  | 9,558 |  |  |  | — |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 108,708 |  |  |  | 106,079 |  |  |  | 4,715 |  |  |  | — |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 42,818 |  |  |  | 4,017 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 471,113 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)
Incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims

Exited Lines – Property

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |
Accident Year |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
2019 |  | $ | 99,554 |  |  | $ | 128,338 |  |  | $ | 140,463 |  |  | $ | 145,406 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  | 121,430 |  |  |  | 143,332 |  |  |  | 148,159 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 82,528 |  |  |  | 98,809 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 34,533 |
Total |  |  |  | 426,907 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2019, net of reinsurance |  |  |  | 44,812 |
Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  |  | $ | 89,018 |

The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022.

|  | Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) |
Year |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |
Exited Lines - Property |  |  | 73.9 | % |  |  | 15.6 | % |  |  | 5.3 | % |  |  | 3.1 | %

Exited Lines – Casualty

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Incurred Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  | As of December 31, 2022 |
Accident Year |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Cumulative Number of Reported Claims |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
2015 |  | $ | 18,612 |  |  | $ | 20,170 |  |  | $ | 21,243 |  |  | $ | 21,720 |  |  | $ | 21,133 |  |  | $ | 20,677 |  |  | $ | 20,045 |  |  | $ | 19,837 |  |  | $ | 864 |  |  |  | — |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  | 21,030 |  |  |  | 20,726 |  |  |  | 19,423 |  |  |  | 17,035 |  |  |  | 16,719 |  |  |  | 16,256 |  |  |  | 16,074 |  |  |  | 1,127 |  |  |  | — |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 19,683 |  |  |  | 18,730 |  |  |  | 17,624 |  |  |  | 17,056 |  |  |  | 15,516 |  |  |  | 15,114 |  |  |  | 1,518 |  |  |  | — |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,835 |  |  |  | 15,439 |  |  |  | 15,414 |  |  |  | 15,979 |  |  |  | 16,340 |  |  |  | 1,721 |  |  |  | — |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,574 |  |  |  | 13,518 |  |  |  | 13,870 |  |  |  | 13,613 |  |  |  | 2,934 |  |  |  | — |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 13,285 |  |  |  | 13,099 |  |  |  | 13,697 |  |  |  | 4,555 |  |  |  | — |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,376 |  |  |  | 12,160 |  |  |  | 8,115 |  |  |  | — |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,317 |  |  |  | 5,986 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 115,152 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)
Incurred-but-not-reported liabilities plus expected development on reported claims

111

Exited Lines – Casualty

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claims Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | For the Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Accident Year |  | 2015 |  |  | 2016 |  |  | 2017 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2020 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2022 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
2015 |  | $ | 3,527 |  |  | $ | 8,605 |  |  | $ | 12,515 |  |  | $ | 15,575 |  |  | $ | 17,959 |  |  | $ | 18,584 |  |  | $ | 18,785 |  |  | $ | 18,806 |
2016 |  |  |  |  |  | 3,494 |  |  |  | 6,865 |  |  |  | 9,745 |  |  |  | 11,824 |  |  |  | 12,478 |  |  |  | 14,347 |  |  |  | 14,783 |
2017 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,051 |  |  |  | 4,635 |  |  |  | 8,406 |  |  |  | 11,585 |  |  |  | 12,021 |  |  |  | 12,413 |
2018 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,334 |  |  |  | 4,522 |  |  |  | 8,840 |  |  |  | 12,593 |  |  |  | 14,169 |
2019 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,975 |  |  |  | 5,011 |  |  |  | 7,900 |  |  |  | 9,820 |
2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,583 |  |  |  | 4,949 |  |  |  | 7,531 |
2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,628 |  |  |  | 3,125 |
2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 854 |
Total |  |  |  | 81,501 |
All outstanding liabilities before 2015, net of reinsurance |  |  |  | 4,683 |
Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  |  | $ | 38,334 |

The following is required supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2022:

|  | Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance (Unaudited) |
Year |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 5 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 8 |
Exited Lines - Casualty |  |  | 13.9 | % |  |  | 20.3 | % |  |  | 21.5 | % |  |  | 17.3 | % |  |  | 7.2 | % |  |  | 5.8 | % |  |  | 1.9 | % |  |  | 0.1 | %

The reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Net outstanding liabilities |  |  |
Commercial Specialty – Property |  | $ | 47,500 |
Commercial Specialty – Casualty |  |  | 380,628 |
Reinsurance Lines – Casualty |  |  | 179,608 |
Exited Lines – Property |  |  | 89,018 |
Exited Lines – Casualty |  |  | 38,334 |
Liabilities for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance |  |  | 735,088 |
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims |  |  |
Commercial Specialty – Property |  |  | 5,951 |
Commercial Specialty – Casualty |  |  | 45,273 |
Reinsurance Lines – Casualty |  |  | — |
Exited Lines – Property |  |  | 19,590 |
Exited Lines – Casualty |  |  | (40 | )
Total reinsurance recoverable on unpaid claims |  |  | 70,774 |
Other outstanding liabilities |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  |  |
Ceded Allowance |  |  | 8,992 |
Unallocated claims adjustment expenses |  |  | 14,818 |
Loss Clearing |  |  | (918 | )
Reinsurance Lines |  |  |
Unallocated claims adjustment expenses |  |  | 595 |
Exited Lines |  |  |
Fronted business ceded to Assurant |  |  | 2,189 |
Unallocated claims adjustment expenses |  |  | 2,042 |
Other |  |  | (1,176 | )
Total other outstanding liabilities |  |  | 26,542 |
Total gross liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 832,404 |

112

14.
Debt

The Company’s outstanding debt consisted of the following at December 31, 2022 and 2021:

|  | December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 (1) |
7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 126,430 |

(1) Amounts outstanding at December 31, 2021 represent outstanding principal of $130.0 million, net of unamortized debt costs of $3.6 million

Margin Borrowing Facility

The Company has available a margin borrowing facility but did no t have any amounts outstanding on the margin borrowing facility as of December 31, 2022 or 2021. The borrowing rate for this facility is tied to the Fed Funds Effective rate and was approximately 5.1% and 0.8% at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This facility is due on demand. The borrowings are subject to maintenance margin, which is a minimum account balance that must be maintained. A decline in market conditions could require an additional deposit of collateral. The Company did no t have any securities that were deposited as collateral at December 31, 2022 or 2021. The amount borrowed against the margin account may fluctuate as routine investment transactions, such as dividends received, investment income received, maturities and pay-downs, impact cash balances. The margin facility contains customary events of default, including, without limitation, insolvency, failure to make required payments, failure to comply with any representations or warranties, failure to adequately assure future performance, and failure of a guarantor to perform under its guarantee.

The Company recorded interest expense related to the Margin Borrowing Facility of approximately $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company did no t incur any interest expense related to the Margin Borrowing Facility for the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045

In August 2020, GBLI Holdings and Global Indemnity Limited redeemed the entire outstanding $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.75% Subordinated Notes due 2045 (“2045 Notes”). In connection with the redemption, the Company wrote off deferred issuance costs of $3.1 million which was recognized as a loss on extinguishment of debt in its consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Interest expense, including amortization of deferred issuance costs through the date of redemption, recognized on the 2045 Notes was $4.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The Company did no t incur any interest expense related to the 2045 Notes for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047

On April 15, 2022, the Company redeemed the entire $130.0 million in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2047 Notes plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2047 Notes redeemed to, but not including the Redemption Date of April 15, 2022. In connection with the redemption, the Company wrote off deferred issuance costs of $3.5 million which was recognized as a loss on extinguishment of debt in its consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest expense, including amortization of deferred issuance costs through the date of redemption, recognized on the 2047 Notes was $3.0 million, $10.4 million, and $10.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

In connection with the redemption of the 2047 Notes, the Supplemental Indenture and the co-obligor transaction are no longer effective. Please see Note 13 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Supplemental Indenture and the co-obligor transaction.

As a result of this redemption, the Company no longer has any outstanding debt with third parties.

15.
Leases

The Company leases office space and equipment under various operating lease arrangements. The Company’s leases have remaining lease terms ranging from 8 months to 7 years. Some building leases have options to extend, terminate, or retract the leased area. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company exercised the contraction clause of one of its leases. The Company incurred a $0.3 million contraction fee in conjunction with exercising the contraction clause. The related lease ROU asset and lease liability were revalued when the Company exercised the contraction clause.

113

In conjunction with the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business, lease ROU assets related to building space, parking, and equipment at the Company’s Omaha Nebraska location were evaluated for impairment. An impairment loss of $0.5 million was recognized and included in acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. The lease ROU assets and lease liabilities related to the Omaha Nebraska building and parking lease were also re-measured due to the Company’s intention to exercise the early termination clause which allows the Company to reduce the length of the lease term from 125 months to 65 months.

In conjunction with the sale of the renewal rights related to the Company's manufactured and dwelling homes business, lease ROU assets related to building space, parking, and equipment at the Company’s Scottsdale Arizona location were evaluated for impairment. An impairment loss of $0.7 million was recognized in acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. An impairment loss of $1.5 million was recognized and included in corporate and other operating expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021. The lease ROU assets and lease liabilities related to the Scottsdale Arizona building and parking lease were also re-measured due to the Company’s intention to exercise the early termination clause which allows the Company to reduce the length of the lease term from 131 months to 95 months.

As part of this sale, K2 is subleasing approximately one third of the Company’s Scottsdale, Arizona office. If the Company exercises the early termination clause, it will receive $1.6 million in sublease payments from K2. If it does not exercise the early termination clause, it will receive $2.4 million in sublease payments from K2 between October 2021 and November 2029. Rental income derived from this sublease will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the operating lease term.

Please see Note 3 for additional information on the sale of renewal rights.

Since employees in Ireland work remotely, the company decided to terminate its lease in Cavan Ireland. As a result, an impairment loss of $0.2 million was recognized and included in acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The impairments losses recognized on leases were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Scottsdale Arizona |  | $ | 681 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | — |
Omaha Nebraska |  |  | 488 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Cavan Ireland |  |  | 168 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total lease impairment |  | $ | 1,337 |  |  | $ | 1,515 |  |  | $ | — |

The components of lease expenses were as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Operating lease expenses |  | $ | 2,372 |  |  | $ | 2,789 |  |  | $ | 2,952 |
Short-term lease expenses |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 7 |
Sublease income |  |  | (331 | ) |  |  | (55 | ) |  |  | — |
Total lease expenses |  | $ | 2,056 |  |  | $ | 2,742 |  |  | $ | 2,959 |

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases was as follows:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | $ | 2,056 |  |  | $ | 2,797 |  |  | $ | 2,012 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease obligations: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 783 |  |  | $ | 772 |

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Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases was as follows:

The table below presents the lease-related assets and liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

|  |  |  | December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Classification on the consolidated balance sheets |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease assets |  | Lease right of use assets |  | $ | 11,739 |  |  | $ | 16,051 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating lease liabilities |  | Lease liabilities |  | $ | 15,701 |  |  | $ | 19,079 |
Weighted-average remaining lease term |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases |  |  |  | 6.6 years |  |  | 7.7 years |
Weighted-average discount rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating leases (1) |  |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | 0.9 | %

(1) Represents the Company’s incremental borrowing rate at the time the leases were contracted.

At December 31, 2022, future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases were as follows.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Operating Leases (1) |  |  | Expected Sublease Income |
2023 |  | $ | 2,995 |  |  | $ | 291 |
2024 |  |  | 2,799 |  |  |  | 297 |
2025 |  |  | 2,831 |  |  |  | 388 |
2026 |  |  | 2,650 |  |  |  | 342 |
2027 |  |  | 1,590 |  |  |  | — |
Thereafter |  |  | 3,241 |  |  |  | — |
Total future minimum lease payments |  |  | 16,106 |  |  |  | 1,318 |
Less: amount representing interest |  |  | 405 |  |  |  | — |
Present value of minimum lease payments |  | $ | 15,701 |  |  | $ | 1,318 |

(1)
Includes future minimum lease payments of $4.6 million on leases that have been impaired because the property is no longer in use.

16.
Shareholders’ Equity

On August 28, 2020, Global Indemnity completed a scheme of arrangement and amalgamation that effected certain transactions (the "Redomestication") that resulted in the shareholders of Global Indemnity Limited becoming the holders of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

The treasury shares of Global Indemnity Limited were not subject to the scheme of arrangement. The carrying value of the Global Indemnity Limited treasury shares, $4.1 million, were offset against the Additional Paid-in Capital account of Global Indemnity Limited, according to the Company’s policy regarding the treatment of treasury shares.

Issuance of Preferred Shares

On August 27, 2020, Global Indemnity Group, LLC issued and sold to Wyncote LLC (“Wyncote”), an affiliate of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, 4,000 Series A Preferred Interests at a price of $1,000 per Series A Preferred Interest, for the aggregate purchase price of $4,000,000. The issuance of Series A Preferred Interests to Wyncote was made pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The Series A Preferred Interests are not convertible into or exchangeable for any other securities or property of Global Indemnity Group, LLC. The preferred shares are redeemable at the discretion of Global Indemnity Group, LLC after five years or at the discretion of the holders upon the occurrence of a change in control of Global Indemnity Group, LLC. While the preferred shares are non-voting, the preferred shareholders are entitled to appoint two additional members to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors whenever the “Unpaid Targeted Priority Return” (as defined in the applicable Share Designation) with respect to the preferred shares exceed zero immediately following six or more “Distribution Dates” (as defined in the applicable Share Designation), whether or not such Distribution Dates occur consecutively and Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors is obligated to take, and cause Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s officers to take, any necessary actions to effectuate such appointments, including expanding the size of the Board of Directors, in connection with any exercise of the foregoing provisions.

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Following the effective time of the Redomestication (the “Effective Time”), all of the issued and outstanding Series A Preferred Interests sold to Wyncote remain outstanding as "Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares", unaffected by the Scheme of Arrangement and subject to the terms of the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Global Indemnity Group, LLC (the “LLCA”) and that certain Share Designation, effective as of the Effective Time, that sets forth the designation, rights, preferences, powers, duties, restrictions, limitations and obligations of the Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares from and after the Effective Time.

Distribution Restrictions

The ability of Global Indemnity Group, LLC to pay distributions is subject to applicable federal and state laws and Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s LLCA. Distributions of cash or other assets of Global Indemnity Group, LLC may be paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s shareholders out of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s assets legally available therefor only when, and if determined by the Board. Each Series A Preferred Shareholder is entitled to a “Priority Return” (as defined in the applicable Share Designation). On each Distribution Date, Global Indemnity Group, LLC shall make a distribution to each holder of the Series A Preferred Shares out of, and subject to a determination by the Board that the Company has on the applicable Distribution Date, funds legally available therefor, payable in cash only, in an amount equal to the estimated amount necessary to reduce the Unpaid Priority Return of each Series A Preferred Share immediately after such Distribution Date to zero. All such distributions shall be made pro rata in relation to each such Series A Preferred Share’s Unpaid Priority Return.

Since Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company and has no direct operations, its ability to pay distributions depends, in part, on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate income to pay dividends. Penn-Patriot Insurance Company and its insurance subsidiaries are subject to significant regulatory restrictions limiting their ability to declare and pay dividends. Global Indemnity Investments, Inc. is dependent on generating investment income in order to pay a dividend to Global Indemnity Group, LLC. See Note 22 for additional information regarding dividend limitations imposed on Penn-Patriot Insurance Company and its subsidiaries.

Dividend / Distribution Program

During the fourth quarter of 2017, Global Indemnity announced the adoption of a dividend / distribution program. Although subject to the absolute discretion of the Board of Directors and factors, conditions, and prospects as such may exist from time to time when the Board of Directors considers the advisability of declaring a quarterly dividend / distribution, Global Indemnity Group, LLC currently anticipates a distribution rate of $0.25 per share per quarter ($1.00 per share per year).

Dividends/ Distributions

Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share per quarter were declared during the year ended December 31, 2022 as follows:

Approval Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Total Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands) |
March 3, 2022 |  | March 21, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 3,597 |
June 2, 2022 |  | June 20, 2022 |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | 3,602 |
September 23, 2022 |  | October 4, 2022 |  | October 11, 2022 |  |  | 3,616 |
December 8, 2022 |  | December 23, 2022 |  | December 30, 2022 |  |  | 3,389 |
Various (1) |  | Various |  | Various |  |  | 339 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,543 |

(1)
Represents distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures

Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share per quarter were declared during the year ended December 31, 2021 as follows:

Approval Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Total Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands) |
February 14, 2021 |  | March 22, 2021 |  | March 31, 2021 |  | $ | 3,570 |
June 5, 2021 |  | June 21, 2021 |  | June 30, 2021 |  |  | 3,579 |
September 11, 2021 |  | September 23, 2021 |  | September 30, 2021 |  |  | 3,583 |
December 4, 2021 |  | December 20, 2021 |  | December 31, 2021 |  |  | 3,587 |
Various (1) |  | Various |  | Various |  |  | 259 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,578 |

(1)
Represents distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures

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Dividend / Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share per quarter were declared during the year ended December 31, 2020 as follows:

Approval Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Total Dividends / Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands) |
February 9, 2020 (1) |  | March 24, 2020 |  | March 31, 2020 |  | $ | 3,539 |
June 7, 2020 (1) |  | June 23, 2020 |  | June 30, 2020 |  |  | 3,545 |
September 13, 2020 (2) |  | September 25, 2020 |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | 3,552 |
December 6, 2020 (2) |  | December 24, 2020 |  | December 31, 2020 |  |  | 3,558 |
Various (3) |  | Various |  | Various |  |  | 451 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14,645 |

(1)
Represents dividends payments
(2)
Represents distribution / return of capital payments
(3)
Represents dividends / distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures

In addition, distributions of $0.4 million, $0.4 million, and $0.1 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, accrued distributions on unvested common shares, which were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, were $1.1 million and $0.9 million, respectively. Accrued preferred distributions were less than $0.1 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and were also included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Repurchases and Redemptions of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Common Shares

Global Indemnity Group, LLC allows employees to surrender class A common shares as payment for the tax liability incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock that was issued under the Company’s share incentive plan in effect at the time of issuance. During 2022, 2021, and 2020, Global Indemnity purchased an aggregate of 15,954, 17,318 and 5,120, respectively, of surrendered class A common shares from its employees for $0.4 million, $0.5 million, and $0.2 million, respectively.

On October 21, 2022, GBLI announced that it would commence a stock repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. Repurchases of up to $32 million of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s currently outstanding class A common shares have been authorized by Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors. On January 3, 2023, the Company announced that it increased the stock repurchase authorization to $60 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.

Under the repurchase program, repurchases may be made from time to time using a variety of methods, including open market purchases or privately negotiated transactions, all in compliance with Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Insider Trading Policy, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, and other applicable legal requirements. The repurchase program does not obligate Global Indemnity Group, LLC to acquire any particular amount of class A common shares, and the repurchase program may be suspended or discontinued at any time at Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s discretion.

During 2022, Global Indemnity repurchased 907,082 shares from third parties under this repurchase program for an aggregate amount of $21.9 million or $24.17 per share. Of these shares repurchased, one of the Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC purchased 138,151 shares for $24.17 per share in December 31, 2022. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $1.09 per share.

Shares purchased from employees or third parties by Global Indemnity Group, LLC are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost until formally retired by Global Indemnity Group, LLC.

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The following table provides information with respect to the class A common shares that were surrendered, repurchased, or redeemed in 2022:

Period (1) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased or Redeemed |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) |
Class A common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
January 1-31, 2022 |  |  | 4,781 |  | (3) | $ | 25.13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
June 1-30, 2022 |  |  | 11,173 |  | (3) | $ | 26.28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
October 1-31, 2022 |  |  | 200,000 |  | (4) | $ | 23.49 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 27,302,000 |
November 1-30, 2022 |  |  | 250,000 |  | (4) | $ | 24.50 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  |  | 21,177,000 |
December 1-31, 2022 |  |  | 457,082 |  | (4) | $ | 24.28 |  |  |  | 457,082 |  |  |  | 10,079,066 |
Total |  |  | 923,036 |  |  | $ | 24.20 |  |  |  | 907,082 |  |  |  |

(1)
Based on settlement date.
(2)
Based on the $32 million share repurchase authorization announced on October 21, 2022.
(3)
Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock.
(4)
Purchased as part of the repurchase program announced in October 2022.

The following table provides information with respect to the class A common shares that were surrendered, repurchased, or redeemed in 2021:

Period (1) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased or Redeemed |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
Class A common shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
January 1-31, 2021 |  |  | 6,720 |  | (2) | $ | 28.59 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
March 1-31, 2021 |  |  | 3,095 |  | (2) | $ | 29.40 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
June 1-30, 2021 |  |  | 7,100 |  | (2) | $ | 27.64 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
November 1-30, 2021 |  |  | 403 |  | (2) | $ | 26.80 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 17,318 |  |  | $ | 28.30 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |

(1)
Based on settlement date.
(2)
Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC converted 153,594 and 186,160 of class B common shares to class A common shares on November 14, 2022 and April 5, 2021, respectively. There were no other class B common shares that were surrendered, repurchased, or redeemed in 2022 or 2021.

Each class A common share has one vote and each class B common share has ten votes.

As of December 31, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares were held by approximately 150 shareholders of record. The Fox Paine Entities comprise the two holders of record of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class B common shares as of December 31, 2022. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shares were held by 1 holder of record, an affiliate of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, as of December 31, 2022.

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17.
Related Party Transactions

Fox Paine Entities

Pursuant to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s LLCA, Fox Paine Capital Fund II International, L.P. (the “Fox Paine Fund”), together with Fox Mercury Investments, L.P. and certain of its affiliates (the “FM Entities”), and Fox Paine & Company LLC (collectively, the “Fox Paine Entities”) currently constitute a Class B Majority Shareholder (as defined in the LLCA) and, as such, have the right to appoint a number of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors equal in aggregate to the pro rata percentage of the voting power in Global Indemnity Group, LLC beneficially held by the Fox Paine Entities, rounded up to the nearest whole number of directors. The Fox Paine Entities beneficially own shares representing approximately 83.2% of the voting power of Global Indemnity Group, LLC as of December 31, 2022. The Fox Paine Entities control the appointment or election of all of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Directors due to the LLCA and their controlling share ownership. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Chairman is the chief executive and founder of Fox Paine & Company, LLC.

On August 27, 2020, Global Indemnity Group, LLC issued and sold to Wyncote LLC, an affiliate of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, 4,000 Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Interests at a price of $1,000 per Series A Preferred Interest, for the aggregate purchase price of $4,000,000. While these preferred interests are non-voting, the preferred shareholders are entitled to appoint two additional members to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors whenever the “Unpaid Targeted Priority Return” with respect to the preferred interests exceed zero immediately following six or more “Distribution Dates”, whether or not such Distribution Dates occur consecutively. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors is obligated to take, and cause Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s officers to take, any necessary actions to effectuate such appointments, including expanding the size of the Board of Directors, in connection with any exercise of the foregoing provisions. See Note 16 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of this report for additional information on the Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Interests.

Pursuant to the Third Amended and Restated Management Agreement, (“Management Agreement”) dated August 28, 2020, between Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Fox Paine & Company, LLC, Global Indemnity Group, LLC agrees to pay, or to cause one of its affiliates to pay, an annual service fee (“Annual Service Fee”) as compensation for Fox Paine & Company, LLC’s ongoing provision of certain financial and strategic consulting, advisory and other services to Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its affiliates, and to reimburse all direct and indirect expenses paid or incurred in connection with such services upon request, excluding expenses for travel, lodging, meals, and other items relating to attendance at regularly scheduled meetings of the Board of Directors. The Annual Service Fee is adjusted annually to reflect the aggregate increase in the CPI-U. The current fee charged in 2022 was $3.0 million. Should Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Fox Paine & Company, LLC agree that the Annual Service Fee will be deferred, the Annual Service Fee will become subject to an annual adjustment equal to the percentage rate of return the Company earns on its investment portfolio multiplied by the aggregate Annual Service Fees and adjustment amounts accumulated and unpaid through such date.

Management fee expense of $2.9 million, $2.7 million, and $2.6 million was incurred during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Prepaid management fees, which were included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, were $2.1 million and $1.9 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

In addition, Fox Paine & Company, LLC may also propose and negotiate transaction fees with the Company subject to the provisions of the Company’s related party transaction and conflict matter policies, including approval of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Conflicts Committee of the Board of Directors, for those services from time to time. Each of the Company’s transactions with Fox Paine & Company, LLC are reviewed and approved by Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Conflicts Committee, which is composed of independent directors, and the Board of Directors (other than Saul A. Fox, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Chief Executive of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, who is not a member of the Conflicts Committee and recuses himself from the Board of Directors’ deliberations related to fees paid to Fox Paine & Company, LLC or its affiliates).

Redomestication Fee

Pursuant to the Management Agreement, Fox Paine & Company, LLC performed extensive financial advisory services for the Company in connection with the conceptualization, design, structuring and implementation of the redomestication plan. In accordance with the Management Agreement, Fox Paine & Company, LLC may propose and negotiate advisory fees for such services with the Company, subject to the provisions of the Company’s related party transaction policies. The Company agreed to pay an advisory fee to Fox Paine & Company, LLC for such services in an amount of $10.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The $10.0 million fee was approved by the Conflicts Committee.

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18.
Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company maintains insurance and reinsurance coverage for such risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers’ have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business.

Commitments

In 2014, the Company entered into a $50 million commitment to purchase an alternative investment vehicle which is comprised of European non-performing loans. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has funded $35.8 mi llion of this commitment leaving $14.2 million as unfunded. Since the investment period has concluded, the Company expects minimal capital calls will be made prospectively.

In 2021, the Company entered into a $25 million commitment to purchase an alternative investment vehicle comprised of performing, stressed or distressed securities and loans across the global fixed income markets. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has fully funded this commitment.

Other Commitments

The Company is party to a Management Agreement, as amended, with Fox Paine & Company, LLC, whereby in connection with certain management services provided to it by Fox Paine & Company, LLC, the Company agreed to pay an annual management fee to Fox Paine & Company, LLC. See Note 17 above for additional information pertaining to this management agreement.

COVID-19

There is risk that legislation could be passed or there could be a court ruling which would require the Company to cover business interruption claims regardless of terms, exclusions including the virus exclusions contained within the Company’s Commercial Specialty and Exited Lines policies, or other conditions included in policies that would otherwise preclude coverage.

19.
Share-Based Compensation Plans

The fair value method of accounting recognizes share-based compensation to employees and non-employee directors in the consolidated statements of operations using the grant-date fair value of the stock options and other equity-based compensation expensed over the requisite service and vesting period.

For the purpose of determining the fair value of stock option awards, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company elected a policy to accrue for compensation cost based on the number of awards that are expected to vest. An estimation of forfeitures is required when recognizing compensation expense which is then adjusted over the requisite service period should actual forfeitures differ from such estimates. Changes in estimated forfeitures are recognized through a cumulative adjustment to compensation in the period of change.

Excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies associated with share-based payment awards are required to be recognized as an income tax benefit or expense in net income (loss) with the corresponding cash flows recognized as an operating activity in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow.

In connection with the Redomestication, the 2018 Share Incentive Plan was amended and restated to reflect Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s assumption of the sponsorship of the plan and other changes deemed necessary and appropriate to reflect the completion of the Redomestication.

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Options

Award activity for stock options granted under the Plan and the weighted average exercise price per share are summarized as follows:

|  | Time-Based Options |  |  | Performance- Based Options |  |  | Total Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |
Options outstanding at January 1, 2020 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 800,000 |  |  | $ | 35.06 |
Options issued |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | 52.79 |
Options forfeited |  |  | — |  |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | (100,000 | ) |  |  | 38.43 |
Options exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options expired |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options purchased by the Company |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 900,000 |  |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  | 40.04 |
Options issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | 140,000 |  |  |  | 140,000 |  |  |  | 28.70 |
Options forfeited |  |  | (300,000 | ) |  |  | (146,667 | ) |  |  | (446,667 | ) |  |  | 47.06 |
Options exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options expired |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options purchased by the Company |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  |  | 93,333 |  |  |  | 693,333 |  |  |  | 33.23 |
Options issued |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 20.77 |
Options forfeited |  |  | — |  |  |  | (46,666 | ) |  |  | (46,666 | ) |  |  | 28.70 |
Options exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options expired |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options purchased by the Company |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Options outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 800,000 |  |  |  | 46,667 |  |  |  | 846,667 |  |  | $ | 30.54 |
Options exercisable at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 50,000 |  |  | $ | 20.77 |

The Company awarded 200,000 time-based options with an average strike price of $20.77 during the year ended December 31, 2022. None of these options were forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2022. See note below under Chief Executive Officer for additional information. The Company awarded 140,000 performance-based options with an average strike price of $28.70 during the year ended December 31, 2021. Of these options, 46,666 options and 46,667 options were forfeited during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company awarded 300,000 time-based options with an average strike price of $52.79 during the year ended December 31, 2020. These options were forfeited during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The Company recorded $0.3 million, ($1.1) million, and $1.6 million of compensation expense for stock options under the Plan during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

The Company did no t receive any proceeds from the exercise of options during 2022, 2021 or 2020 under the Plan.

Compensation expense related to options outstanding under the Plan is anticipated to be $0.6 million in 2023.

Option intrinsic values, which are the differences between the fair value of $23.31 at December 31, 2022 and the weighted average strike price of the option, are as follows:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Strike Price |  |  | Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding |  |  | 846,667 |  |  |  | 30.54 |  |  | $2.1 Million |
Exercisable |  |  | 50,000 |  |  |  | 20.77 |  |  | $0.1 Million |
Exercised (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |

(1)
The intrinsic value of the exercised options is the difference between the fair market value at time of exercise and the strike price of the option.

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The weighted average fair value of options granted under the Plan was $2.98 in 2022, $6.95 in 2021 and $1.92 in 2020 using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model and the following weighted average assumptions.

|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Dividend yield |  | 2.0% |  | 2.0% |  | 2.0%
Expected volatility |  | 22.56% |  | 38.64% |  | 38.32%
Risk-free interest rate |  | 4.49% |  | 0.2% |  | 0.4%
Expected option life |  | 2.0 years |  | 3.5 years |  | 3.5 years

The following tables summarize the range of exercise prices of options outstanding at December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

Ranges of Exercise Prices |  | Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  | Weighted Average Per Share Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life
$15.00 - $19.99 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | $ | 17.87 |  |  | 0.0 years
$20.00 - $24.99 |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | $ | 20.77 |  |  | 6.8 years
$25.00 - $39.99 |  |  | 46,667 |  |  |  | $ | 28.70 |  |  | 8.1 years
$50.00 - $59.99 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | $ | 50.00 |  |  | 5.0 years
Total |  |  | 846,667 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Ranges of Exercise Prices |  | Outstanding at December 31, 2021 |  |  |  | Weighted Average Per Share Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life
$15.00 - $19.99 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | $ | 17.87 |  |  | 0.0 years
$25.00 - $39.99 |  |  | 93,333 |  |  |  | $ | 28.70 |  |  | 9.0 years
$50.00 - $59.99 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | $ | 50.00 |  |  | 6.0 years
Total |  |  | 693,333 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Ranges of Exercise Prices |  | Outstanding at December 31, 2020 |  |  |  | Weighted Average Per Share Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life
$15.00 — $19.99 |  |  | 300,000 |  |  |  | $ | 17.87 |  |  | 0.7 years
$25.00 — $39.99 |  |  | 100,000 |  |  |  | $ | 38.43 |  |  | 4.0 years
$50.00 — $59.99 |  |  | 600,000 |  |  |  | $ | 51.40 |  |  | 8.5 years
Total |  |  | 1,000,000 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Restricted Shares / Restricted Stock Units

In addition to stock option grants, the Plan also provides for the granting of restricted shares and restricted stock units to employees and non-employee Directors. The Company recognized compensation expense for restricted stock of $2.0 million, $2.5 million, and $3.2 million for 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. There is no unrecognized compensation expense for the non-vested restricted stock at December 31, 2022. The Company recognized compensation expense for restricted stock units of $1.5 million, $0.9 million, and $3.2 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The total unrecognized compensation expense for the non-vested restricted stock units is $0.7 million at December 31, 2022, which will be recognized over a weighted average life of 1.2 years.

The following table summarizes the restricted stock grants since the 2003 inception of the original share incentive plan:

|  | Restricted Stock Awards |
Year |  | Employees |  |  | Directors |  |  | Total |
Inception through 2019 |  |  | 1,171,576 |  |  |  | 639,080 |  |  |  | 1,810,656 |
2020 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 108,521 |  |  |  | 108,521 |
2021 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 83,199 |  |  |  | 83,199 |
2022 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 97,260 |  |  |  | 97,260 |
|  |  | 1,171,576 |  |  |  | 928,060 |  |  |  | 2,099,636 |

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The following table summarizes the non-vested restricted shares activity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Price Per Share |
Non-vested Restricted Shares at January 1, 2020 |  |  | 62,240 |  |  |  | 37.00 |
Shares issued |  |  | 108,521 |  |  |  | 24.86 |
Shares vested |  |  | (128,623 | ) |  |  | 26.84 |
Shares forfeited |  |  | (6,735 | ) |  |  | 27.74 |
Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 35,403 |  |  |  | 38.45 |
Shares issued |  |  | 83,199 |  |  |  | 27.24 |
Shares vested |  |  | (101,048 | ) |  |  | 29.59 |
Shares forfeited |  |  | (2,915 | ) |  |  | 36.58 |
Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 14,639 |  |  |  | 36.23 |
Shares issued |  |  | 97,260 |  |  |  | 25.08 |
Shares vested |  |  | (100,975 | ) |  |  | 25.49 |
Shares forfeited |  |  | (10,924 | ) |  |  | 36.23 |
Non-vested Restricted Shares at December 31, 2022 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |

The following table summarizes the restricted stock unit grants since the 2003 inception of the original share incentive plan:

|  | Restricted Stock Unit Awards |
Year |  | Employees |  |  | Directors |  |  | Total |
Inception through 2019 |  |  | 175,498 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 175,498 |
2020 |  |  | 161,238 |  |  |  | 41,667 |  |  |  | 202,905 |
2021 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
2022 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  |  | 336,736 |  |  |  | 41,667 |  |  |  | 378,403 |

The following table summarizes the non-vested restricted stock units activity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Number of Restricted Stock Units |  |  | Weighted Average Price Per Restricted Stock Unit |
Non-vested Restricted Stock Units at January 1, 2020 |  |  | 175,498 |  |  | $ | 30.18 |
Restricted Stock Units issued |  |  | 202,905 |  |  |  | 29.02 |
Restricted Stock Units vested |  |  | (41,667 | ) |  |  | 24.00 |
Restricted Stock Units forfeited |  |  | (21,710 | ) |  |  | 30.06 |
Non-vested Restricted Stock Units at December 31, 2020 |  |  | 315,026 |  |  | $ | 30.26 |
Restricted Stock Units issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Restricted Stock Units vested |  |  | (44,245 | ) |  |  | 30.08 |
Restricted Stock Units forfeited |  |  | (43,425 | ) |  |  | 30.06 |
Non-vested Restricted Stock Units at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 227,356 |  |  | $ | 30.33 |
Restricted Stock Units issued |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Restricted Stock Units vested |  |  | (47,633 | ) |  |  | 30.35 |
Restricted Stock Units forfeited |  |  | (51,885 | ) |  |  | 29.82 |
Non-vested Restricted Stock Units at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 127,838 |  |  | $ | 30.53 |

Upon vesting, the restricted stock units are converted to restricted class A common shares. Based on the terms of the restricted share and restricted stock unit grants, all forfeited shares revert back to the Company.

During 2020, the Company granted 202,905 restricted stock units comprised of grants of 161,238 restricted stock units to key employees with a weighted average grant date value of $30.32 per share and a grant of 41,667 restricted stock units to a non-employee director with a weighted average grant date fair value of $24.00 per share.

Of the 161,238 restricted stock units, 3,375 of these restricted stock units vest evenly over three years on January 1, 2021, January 1, 2022 and January 1, 2023.

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66,957 of these restricted stock units vest as follows:

•
10.0% vested on June 18, 2021, 20% vested on June 18, 2022, and 30.0% and 40.0% of the restricted stock units will vest on June 18, 2023 and June 18, 2024, respectively.

The remaining 90,906 restricted stock units vest as follows:

•
16.5% vested on January 1, 2021, 16.5% vested on January 1, 2022, and 17.0% of the restricted stock units will vest on January 1, 2023.
•
Subject to Board approval, 50% of restricted stock units will vest 100%, no later than March 15, 2023, following a re-measurement of 2019 results as of December 31, 2022.

The Company did no t grant any restricted class A common shares during 2020.

During 2022, 2021, and 2020, the Company granted 97,260, 83,199, and 108,521 class A common shares, respectively, at a weighted average grant date value of $25.08, $27.24, and $24.86 per share, respectively, to non-employee directors of the Company under the Plan. Of these shares granted during 2022, 2021, and 2020, 32,540 shares, 20,392 shares, and 30,172 shares, respectively, are deferred until January 1, 2024 or a change of control, whichever is earlier. The remaining shares granted to non-employee directors of the Company in 2022, 2021, and 2020 were fully vested but subject to certain restrictions.

There was no restricted class A common shares or restricted stock units granted to key employees during the years ended December 31, 2022 or 2021.

Book Value Appreciation Rights (“BVAR”)

In 2021, the Company granted 2,500,000 Penn-Patriot BVARs with an aggregate initial notional value equal to approximately 5% of Penn-Patriot’s book value, which entitled the holder to a payment based on the value of the per-BVAR appreciation in Penn-Patriot’s book value over the initial notional value. These BVARs were forfeited in 2022.

In 2021, the Company also granted 400,000 Penn-Patriot BVARS with an aggregate initial notional value equal to approximately 0.8% of Penn-Patriot’s book value, which entitled the holder to a payment based on the value of the per-BVAR appreciation in Penn-Patriot’s book value over the initial notional value. These BVARs were forfeited in 2022.

There were no BVARs granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020.

The Company recorded $2.3 million in compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2021. This expense was reversed in 2022 when the BVARs were forfeited. There was no compensation expense related to BVARs during the year ended 2020. There were no accrued expenses related to BVARs as of December 31, 2022. Accrued expenses related to BVARs was $2.3 million as of December 31, 2021.

Book Value Rights ("BVR")

In 2022, the Comp any granted 179,096 Penn-Patriot Book Value Rights. Of these BVR, 69,034 BVR have a three year cliff vesting period. 34,463 BVR will vest on December 31, 2024. 20,855 BVR will vest 50% on April 18, 2025 and 50% on April 18, 2027. The remaining 54,745 BVR will vest as follows:

•
16.5% will vest on January 1, 2023, 16.5% will vest on January 1, 2024, and 17.0% of the book value rights will vest on January 1, 2025.
•
Subject to Board approval, 50% of the book value rights will vest 100%, no later than March 15, 2026, following a re-measurement of 2022 results as of December 31, 2025.

In 2021, the Company granted 131,438 Penn-Patriot Book Value Rights. Of these BVR, 97,432 BVR have a three year cliff vesting period. Of the remaining 34,006 BVR, 50% vested on October 26, 2022 and 50% will vest upon Penn-Patriot’s Affiliates reduction of the Total Insured Value of a specified book of premium by 95% which is estimated to occur on approximately October 26, 2023.

There were no book value rights issued during the year ended December 31, 2020.

All of the book value rights are payable in either cash or Global Indemnity Group, LLC's class A common shares at the discretion of Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board of Directors.

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The following table summarizes the non-vested book value rights activity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Number of Shares |
Non-vested Book Value Rights at January 1, 2020 and 2021 |  |  | — |
BVR issued |  |  | 131,438 |
BVR vested |  |  | — |
BVR forfeited |  |  | (5,000 | )
Non-vested Book Value Rights at December 31, 2021 |  |  | 126,438 |
BVR issued |  |  | 179,096 |
BVR vested |  |  | (17,006 | )
BVR forfeited |  |  | (59,505 | )
Non-vested Book Value Rights at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 229,023 |

The Company recorded $0.8 million and $0.1 million in compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and had $0.7 million and $0.1 million accrued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to the book value rights. There was no compensation expense related to book value rights during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Chief Executive Officer

Effective October 21, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board of Directors appointed Joseph W. Brown as its Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"). The CEO Agreement provides for a grant of 200,000 stock options to acquire GBLI class A common shares with an exercise price equal to the closing price of GBLI’s class A common shares on the date of the grant. The options vest in four equal tranches as follows: 25% on each of November 1, 2022, February 1, 2023, May 1, 2023 and August 1, 2023 (subject to Mr. Brown remaining employed with the Company through each vesting date), and to the extent vested, are exercisable within 7 years of the grant notwithstanding any earlier termination of employment. The stock options are subject to the terms and conditions for stock options as reflected in the Company’s 2018 Share Incentive Plan and written option agreement.

The CEO Agreement provides that GBLI may terminate Mr. Brown’s employment at any time for any reason. If Mr. Brown is terminated without “cause” prior to August 1, 2023, the stock option will accelerate and fully vest.

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20.
401(k) Plan

The Company maintains a 401(k) defined contribution plan that covers all eligible U.S. employees. Under this plan, the Company matches 100% of the first 6% contributed by an employee. Vesting on contributions made by the Company is immediate. Total expenses for the plan were $2.0 million, $1.9 million, and $1.9 million for the three years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

21.
Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share have been computed using the weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the period.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (850 | ) |  | $ | 29,354 |  |  | $ | (21,006 | )
Less: preferred stock distributions |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 440 |  |  |  | 152 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  | $ | (1,290 | ) |  | $ | 28,914 |  |  | $ | (21,158 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares for basic earnings per share |  |  | 14,482,164 |  |  |  | 14,426,739 |  |  |  | 14,291,265 |
Non-vested restricted stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,016 |  |  |  | — |
Non-vested restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  |  | 120,936 |  |  |  | — |
Options |  |  | — |  |  |  | 105,639 |  |  |  | — |
Weighted average shares for diluted earnings per share (1) |  |  | 14,482,164 |  |  |  | 14,664,330 |  |  |  | 14,291,265 |
Earnings per share - Basic |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | 2.00 |  |  | $ | (1.48 | )
Earnings per share - Diluted |  | $ | (0.09 | ) |  | $ | 1.97 |  |  | $ | (1.48 | )

(1)
For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, “weighted average shares outstanding – basic” was used to calculate “diluted earnings per share” due to a net loss for these periods.

If the Company had not incurr ed a loss in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020, 14,644,274 and 14,458,008 weighted average shares, respectively, would have been used to compute the diluted loss per share calculation. In addition to the basic shares, weighted average shares for the diluted calculation for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2020 would have included 0 and 17,470 shares of non-vested restricted stock, respectively, 74,987 and 57,456 restricted stock units, respectively, and 87,124 and 91,816 share equivalents for options, respectively.

The weighted average shares outstanding used to determine dilutive earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 does not include 346,667, 393,333, and 700,000 options, respectively, which were deemed to be anti-dilutive. The weighted average shares outstanding used to determine dilutive earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2020 does not include 66,957 restricted stock units which were deemed to be anti-dilutive. There were no restricted stock units which were deemed to be anti-dilutive for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

22.
Statutory Financial Information

GAAP differs in certain respects from Statutory Accounting Principles (“SAP”) as prescribed or permitted by the various U.S. state insurance departments. The principal differences between SAP and GAAP are as follows:

•
Under SAP, investments in debt securities are primarily carried at amortized cost, while under GAAP the Company records its debt securities at estimated fair value.
•
Under SAP, policy acquisition costs, such as commissions, premium taxes, fees and other costs of underwriting policies are charged to current operations as incurred, while under GAAP such costs are deferred and amortized on a pro rata basis over the period covered by the policy.
•
Under SAP, certain assets designated as "Non-admitted assets" (such as prepaid expenses) are charged against surplus.

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•
Under SAP, net deferred income tax assets are admitted following the application of specified criteria, with the resulting admitted deferred tax amount being credited directly to surplus.
•
Under SAP, certain premium receivables are non-admitted and are charged against surplus based upon aging criteria.
•
Under SAP, the costs and related receivables for guaranty funds and other assessments are recorded based on management's estimate of the ultimate liability and related receivable settlement, while under GAAP such costs are accrued when the liability is probable and reasonably estimable and the related receivable amount is based on future premium collections or policy surcharges from in-force policies.
•
Under SAP, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported net of the effects of reinsurance transactions, whereas under GAAP, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported gross of reinsurance.
•
Under SAP, a provision for reinsurance is charged to surplus based on the authorized status of reinsurers, available collateral, and certain aging criteria, whereas under GAAP, an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance is established based on management’s best estimate of the collectability of reinsurance receivables.
•
Under SAP, the tax impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act enacted on December 22, 2017 is recorded through surplus, whereas under GAAP, the tax impact is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”) issues model laws and regulations, many of which have been adopted by state insurance regulators, relating to: (a) risk-based capital ("RBC") standards; (b) codification of insurance accounting principles; (c) investment restrictions; and (d) restrictions on the ability of insurance companies to pay dividends.

The Company’s insurance subsidiaries are required by law to maintain certain minimum surplus on a statutory basis, and are subject to regulations under which payment of a dividend from statutory surplus is restricted and may require prior approval of regulatory authorities. Applying the current regulatory restrictions as of December 31, 2022, the maximum amount of distributions that could be paid in 2023 by Penn-Patriot Insurance Company, the United National insurance companies, and the Penn-America insurance companies under applicable laws and regulations without regulatory approval is approximately $36.7 million, $25.5 million, and $11.0 million, respectively. The Penn-America insurance companies limitation includes $3.6 million that would be distributed to United National Insurance Company or its subsidiary, Penn Independent Corporation, based on the December 31, 2022 ownership percentages. In 2022, the United National insurance companies, Penn-America insurance companies, and American Reliable Insurance Company paid dividends in the amount of $4.5 million, $7.5 million, and $124.8 million, respectively, during the year ended December 31, 2022. The $124.8 million of dividends paid by American Reliable Insurance Company represented two extraordinary dividends approved by the Arizona Department of Insurance. An extraordinary dividend in the amount of $22.5 million was paid in April 2022 and an extraordinary dividend in the amount of $102.3 million, which was contingent on the sale of American Reliable Insurance Company to Everett Cash Mutual, was paid in December 2022.

The NAIC's RBC model provides a tool for insurance regulators to determine the levels of statutory capital and surplus an insurer must maintain in relation to its insurance and investment risks, as well as its reinsurance exposures, to assess the potential need for regulatory attention. The model provides four levels of regulatory attention, varying with the ratio of an insurance company's total adjusted capital to its authorized control level RBC ("ACLRBC"). If a company’s total adjusted capital is:

(a)
less than or equal to 200%, but greater than 150% of its ACLRBC (the "Company Action Level"), the company must submit a comprehensive plan to the regulatory authority proposing corrective actions aimed at improving its capital position;
(b)
less than or equal to 150%, but greater than 100% of its ACLRBC (the "Regulatory Action Level"), the regulatory authority will perform a special examination of the company and issue an order specifying the corrective actions that must be followed;
(c)
less than or equal to 100%, but greater than 70% of its ACLRBC (the "Authorized Control Level"), the regulatory authority may take any action it deems necessary, including placing the company under regulatory control; and
(d)
less than or equal to 70% of its ACLRBC (the "Mandatory Control Level"), the regulatory authority must place the company under its control.

Based on the standards currently adopted, the Company reported in its 2022 statutory filings that the capital and surplus of the insurance companies are above the prescribed Company Action Level RBC requirements.

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The following is selected information for the Company’s insurance companies, net of intercompany eliminations, where applicable, as determined in accordance with SAP:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Statutory capital and surplus, as of end of period |  | $ | 367,275 |  |  | $ | 359,471 |  |  | $ | 342,987 |
Statutory net income |  |  | 23,044 |  |  |  | 29,696 |  |  |  | 73,655 |

Prior to Global Indemnity Reinsurance’s merger into Penn-Patriot on August 28, 2020, Global Indemnity Reinsurance was required to also prepare annual statutory financial statements. The Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 (the “Insurance Act”) prescribes rules for the preparation and substance of these statutory financial statements which include, in statutory form, a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of capital and surplus and notes thereto. The statutory financial statements are not prepared in accordance with GAAP or SAP and are distinct from the financial statements prepared for presentation to Global Indemnity Reinsurance's shareholders and under the Bermuda Companies Act 1981 (the “Companies Act”), which financial statements will be prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The principal differences between statutory financial statements prepared under the Insurance Act and GAAP are as follows:

•
Under the Insurance Act, policy acquisition costs, such as commissions, premium taxes, fees and other costs of underwriting policies are charged to current operations as incurred, while under GAAP such costs are deferred and amortized on a pro rata basis over the period covered by the policy.
•
Under the Insurance Act, prepaid expenses and intangible assets are charged to current operations as incurred, while under GAAP such costs are deferred and amortized on a pro rata basis.
•
Under the Insurance Act, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported net of the effects of reinsurance transactions, whereas under GAAP, unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses and unearned premiums are reported gross of reinsurance.

Under the Companies Act, Global Indemnity Reinsurance may only declare or pay a dividend if it has no reasonable grounds for believing that it is, or would after the payment be, unable to pay its liabilities as they become due, or if the realizable value of its assets would not be less than the aggregate of its liabilities and its issued share capital and share premium accounts. Global Indemnity Reinsurance is also prohibited, without the approval of the BMA, from reducing by 15% or more its total statutory capital or 25% or more of its total statutory capital and surplus as set out in its previous year’s statutory financial statements, and any application for such approval must include such information as the BMA may require. In June, 2020, Global Indemnity Reinsurance declared and paid a dividend of $226.0 million to its parent company, Global Indemnity Limited. On August 26, 2020, Global Indemnity Reinsurance merged into Penn-Patriot Insurance Company.

As a result of the merger, the Company no longer has any subsidiaries which are Bermuda licensed companies and is not required to prepare annual statutory financial statements in accordance with the Bermuda Insurance Act 1978 for 2022, 2021 and 2020.

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23.
Segment Information

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company decided to restructure its insurance operations in an effort to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech products. As a result, the Company will be exiting its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company will cease writing new business and existing renewals will be placed in run-off for these four divisions. On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company. During the 2nd quarter of 2022, the Company decided that Farm, Ranch & Stable would not be a core business and a decision was made to not allocate additional resources to this segment. Previously, on October 26, 2021, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its manufactured and dwelling homes business which were part of the Specialty Property segment. In 2021, the Company decided to cease writing certain Property Brokerage business which was part of the Commercial Specialty segment, as well as exit certain property and catastrophe lines within the Reinsurance Operations segment. In the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company also decided it will reduce writings within its Reinsurance Operations segment. Based on the decisions to exit or downsize these lines of business, the Company changed the way it manages and analyzes its operating results. The chief operating decision makers decided they will be reviewing the specific results of the Exited Lines in a separate segment. The chief operating decision makers also determined that the small amount of specialty property business that remained from the Specialty Property segment would be included as a product offering in the Commercial Specialty segment for purpose of reviewing results and allocating resources. Several smaller reinsurance treaties have also been reclassified from Reinsurance to Commercial Specialty. The Reinsurance Operations segment writes casualty treaties as well as individual excess policies. Accordingly, the Company has three reportable segments: Commercial Specialty, Reinsurance Operations, and Exited Lines. Management believes these segments allow users of the Company’s financial statements to better understand the Company's performance, better assess prospects for future net cash flows, and make more informed judgments about the Company as a whole. The segment results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 have been revised to reflect these changes.

All three segments follow the same accounting policies used for the Company’s consolidated financial statements. For further disclosure regarding the Company’s accounting policies, please see Note 5.

129

The Company manages its business through two ongoing business segments. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Wholesale Commercial and InsurTech product offerings. Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. The company also has an Exited Lines segment that contains lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff.

The following are tabulations of business segment information for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. Corporate information is included to reconcile segment data to the consolidated financial statements.

2022: (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) |  | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 401,025 |  |  |  | $ | 158,711 |  |  |  | $ | 167,867 |  |  | $ | 727,603 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 383,682 |  |  |  | $ | 158,711 |  |  |  | $ | 48,938 |  |  | $ | 591,331 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 377,953 |  |  |  | $ | 141,287 |  |  |  | $ | 83,231 |  |  | $ | 602,471 |
Other income (loss) |  |  | 1,029 |  |  |  |  | (82 | ) |  |  |  | 515 |  |  |  | 1,462 |
Total revenues |  |  | 378,982 |  |  |  |  | 141,205 |  |  |  |  | 83,746 |  |  |  | 603,933 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 225,389 |  |  |  |  | 85,385 |  |  |  |  | 48,454 |  |  |  | 359,228 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 141,471 |  |  |  |  | 51,721 |  |  |  |  | 43,189 |  |  |  | 236,381 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | 12,122 |  |  |  | $ | 4,099 |  |  |  | $ | (7,897 | ) |  |  | 8,324 |
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,627 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (32,929 | )
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 29,903 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24,421 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,004 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,529 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,971 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,821 | )
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (850 | )
Segment assets |  | $ | 980,884 |  |  |  | $ | 376,405 |  |  |  | $ | 277,031 |  |  | $ | 1,634,320 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 166,455 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,800,775 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

130

2021: (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) |  |  | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 373,552 |  |  |  | $ | 103,690 |  |  |  |  | $ | 204,880 |  |  | $ | 682,122 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 353,105 |  |  |  | $ | 103,690 |  |  |  |  | $ | 123,273 |  |  | $ | 580,068 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  |  | $ | 76,663 |  |  |  |  | $ | 187,444 |  |  | $ | 595,610 |
Other income (loss) |  |  | 1,028 |  |  |  |  | (95 | ) |  |  |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | 1,815 |
Total revenues |  |  | 332,531 |  |  |  |  | 76,568 |  |  |  |  |  | 188,326 |  |  |  | 597,425 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 202,176 |  |  |  |  | 48,064 |  |  |  |  |  | 134,724 |  |  |  | 384,964 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 120,877 |  |  |  |  | 26,698 |  |  |  |  |  | 75,266 |  |  |  | 222,841 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | 9,478 |  |  |  | $ | 1,806 |  |  |  |  | $ | (21,664 | ) |  |  | (10,380 | )
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 37,020 |
Net realized investment gains |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15,887 |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 27,936 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (27,179 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (10,481 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32,803 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,449 | )
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 29,354 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 915,428 |  |  |  | $ | 247,366 |  |  |  |  | $ | 464,936 |  |  | $ | 1,627,730 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 385,079 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,012,809 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

131

2020: (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) |  |  | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 310,354 |  |  |  | $ | 55,616 |  |  |  |  | $ | 240,633 |  |  | $ | 606,603 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 288,745 |  |  |  | $ | 55,616 |  |  |  |  | $ | 203,806 |  |  | $ | 548,167 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 277,892 |  |  |  | $ | 46,105 |  |  |  |  | $ | 243,702 |  |  | $ | 567,699 |
Other income |  |  | 888 |  |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  |  |  | 959 |  |  |  | 2,038 |
Total revenues |  |  | 278,780 |  |  |  |  | 46,296 |  |  |  |  |  | 244,661 |  |  |  | 569,737 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 140,388 |  |  |  |  | 28,718 |  |  |  |  |  | 167,095 |  |  |  | 336,201 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 102,680 |  |  |  |  | 16,148 |  |  |  |  |  | 96,779 |  |  |  | 215,607 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | 35,712 |  |  |  | $ | 1,430 |  |  |  |  | $ | (19,213 | ) |  |  | 17,929 |
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28,392 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,662 | )
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 80 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (41,998 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15,792 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,060 | )
Loss before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (29,111 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,105 |
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (21,006 | )
Segment assets |  | $ | 824,987 |  |  |  | $ | 137,950 |  |  |  |  | $ | 555,943 |  |  | $ | 1,518,880 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 386,028 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,904,908 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

24.
Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Taxes and Interest Paid

The Company paid the following net federal income taxes and interest for 2022, 2021, and 2020:

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 |
Federal income taxes paid |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | 162 |
Federal income taxes recovered |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 10,987 |
Interest paid |  |  | 5,125 |  |  |  | 10,340 |  |  |  | 16,602 |

25.
Government Assistance

On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") which provides tax relief and incentives to help in the recovery of businesses that partially or fully suspended operations during the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic in 2020. The CARES Act contains numerous benefits, one of which is the Employee Retention Credit for Employers Subject to Closure Due to COVID-19 (the “COVID-19 Employee Retention Credit” or “ERC”). The ERC was further enhanced with the passage of the Consolidated Appropriation Act (“CAA”) in December 2020.

The Company qualified for a $5.3 million credit in 2021 by continuing to pay employees at locations that were fully or partially suspended as a result of a COVID-19 related government order. In 2021, qualified wages paid by employers with an average of 500 or less full time employees is defined as all wages paid during any quarter in which the employer is eligible for the ERC. In 2021, the credit was 70% of qualified wages up to a maximum credit of $7,000 per employee per quarter.

The Company receive d $5.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. Of this amount, $5.3 million was recorded as a reduction to compens ation cost, which is a component of corporate and other operating expenses, and $0.2 million was recorded as interest income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations during the year ended December 31, 2022. The Company did not receive any amounts during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

132

26.
New Accounting Pronouncements

Accounting Standards Adopted in 2022

In November, 2021, the FASB issued updated guidance which requires business entities to make annual disclosures about certain government assistance that it receives. The updated guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company adopted this guidance on January 1, 2022. Other than the $5.5 million of payments received for the Cares Act, the adoption of this new accounting guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

27.
Subsequent Events

Distribution

On March 2, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Board of Directors approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to be paid on March 31, 2023 to all shareholders of record as of the close of business on March 24, 2023.

Share Repurchase

On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it has authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchase program from $32 million, which was authorized on October 21, 2022, to $60 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027.

S ubsequent to year end, an additi onal 250,000 shares were repurchased as part of the share repurchase program. Including the 2022 repurchases, a total of 1,157,082 shares were repurchased at an average purchase price of $24.54 per share as part of the $60 million share repurchase program.

133

Item 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCO UNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None

Item 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company's reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The Company's management, with the participation of its Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022. Based upon that evaluation and subject to the foregoing, the Principal Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, the design and operation of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurances regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements of the Company in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

•
pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
•
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company's management and Directors; and
•
provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has assessed the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. The standard measures adopted by management in making its evaluation are the measures in the Internal Control Integrated Framework published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013.

Based upon its assessment, management has concluded that the Company's internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2022, and that there were no material weaknesses in the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of that date.

Ernst & Young, LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which has audited and reported on the consolidated financial statements contained in this Form 10-K, has issued its report on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. See “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” on page 135.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2022 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.

134

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Global Indemnity Group, LLC (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated March 15, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 15, 2023

135

Item 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

None

136

PART III

Item 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFF ICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 (“2023 Proxy Statement”).

Item 11. EXECUTIV E COMPENSATION

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2023 Proxy Statement.

Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWN ERS AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2023 Proxy Statement.

Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATE D TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2023 Proxy Statement.

Item 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOU NTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to, and will be contained in, the Company’s 2023 Proxy Statement.

137

PART IV

Item 15. EXHIBITS, FINANC IAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by the Company in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

The following documents are filed as part of this report:

(a)(1) The Financial Statements listed in the accompanying index on page 72 are filed as part of this report.

(a)(2) The Financial Statement Schedules listed in the accompanying index on page 72 are filed as part of this report.

Exhibit No. |  | Description
3.1 |  | Share Designation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File No. 001-34809)).
3.2 |  | Second Amended and Restated LLC Agreement of Global Indemnity Group, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).
4.1+ |  | Description of Securities
4.2 |  | Indenture, dated as of August 12, 2015, by and between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 12, 2015) (File No. 001-34809)).
4.3 |  | First Supplemental Indenture, dated November 7, 2016, among Global Indemnity Limited, Global Indemnity plc and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Trustee, to the Indenture dated as of August 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated November 7, 2016 (File No. 001-34809)).
4.4 |  | Officers’ Certificate, dated August 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated August 12, 2015 (File No. 001-34809)).
4.5 |  | Second Supplemental Indenture, dated as of March 23, 2017, among Global Indemnity Limited, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated March 23, 2017 (File No. 001-34809)).
4.6 |  | Form of 7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 (File No. 001-34809)).
4.7 |  | Third Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 25, 2018, by and among the Company, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, and U.S. Bank National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 25, 2018 (File No. 001-34809)).
4.8 |  | Fourth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 28, 2020, among Global Indemnity Limited, GBLI Holdings, LLC, New CayCo, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, to the Indenture dated as of August 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).
4.9 |  | Fifth Supplemental Indenture, dated as of August 28, 2020, among New CayCo, GBLI Holdings, LLC, Global Indemnity Group, LLC, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee and U.S. Bank, National Association, as trustee, to the Indenture dated as of August 12, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).
10.1* |  | Second Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated May 6, 2020, by and among Global Indemnity Limited and Fox Paine & Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2020 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.2* |  | Third Amended and Restated Management Agreement, dated as of August 28, 2020, by and between Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Fox Paine & Company, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).

138

10.3* |  | Management Agreement, dated as of September 5, 2003, by and among United National Group, Ltd., Fox Paine & Company, LLC and The AMC Group, L.P. with related Indemnity Letter (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of Amendment No. 1 to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-108857) filed on October 28, 2003)(File No. 000-50511)).
10.4* |  | Global Indemnity Limited Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated and effective as of November 7, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated November 7, 2016 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.5* |  | Global Indemnity Limited 2018 Share Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s current Report on Form 8-K dated June 14, 2018 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.6* |  | Amended and Restated Global Indemnity Group, LLC 2018 Share Incentive Plan, dated as of August 28, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).
10.7* |  | Global Indemnity Limited Annual Incentive Awards Program, as amended and restated and effective as of November 7, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.16 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated November 7, 2016 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.8* |  | Amended and Restated Global Indemnity Group, LLC Annual Incentive Awards Program, dated as of August 28, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).
10.9* |  | Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated July 2, 2010, by and among Global Indemnity plc (as successor to United America Indemnity, Ltd.) and the signatories thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.10* |  | Assignment and Assumption Agreement relating to the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated July 2, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.11* |  | Amendment to the Amended and Restated Shareholders Agreement, dated as of October 31, 2013, by and among Global Indemnity plc and the signatories thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 of the Company’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2013 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.12* |  | Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of November 7, 2016, between Global Indemnity Limited and Global Indemnity plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated November 7, 2016 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.13* |  | Indemnification Agreement between United America Indemnity, Ltd. and Fox Paine Capital Fund II International L.P., dated July 2, 2010 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12b dated July 2, 2010 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.14* |  | Assignment and Assumption Agreement, dated as of November 7, 2016, between Global Indemnity Limited, Global Indemnity plc and Fox Paine Capital Fund II International L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated November 7, 2016 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.15* |  | Executive Employment Agreement, dated as of December 8, 2009, between United America Indemnity, Ltd. and Thomas M. McGeehan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 (File No. 000-50511)).
10.16* |  | Amendment to Executive Employment Agreement with Thomas M. McGeehan, dated November 7, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated November 7, 2016 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.17* |  | Amendment to the Executive Employment Agreement with Thomas M. McGeehan, dated as of August 28, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File no. 001-34809)).
10.21* |  | Terms of Employment with Jonathan E. Oltman effective January 19, 2021. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.24 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.22* |  | Chief Executive Officer Agreement with David Charlton effective April 19, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated April 21, 2021 (File No. 001-34809)).

139

10.23* |  | Chief Executive Officer Agreement with David Charlton amended and restated as of May 7, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.24* |  | Separation Agreement and General Release with David Charlton dated November 16, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 21, 2022 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.25* |  | Chief Executive Officer Agreement with Joseph W. Brown dated November 16, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 22, 2022 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.26* |  | Chief Operating Officer Agreement with Reiner R. Mauer effective May 14, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated May 17, 2021 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.27* |  | Separation Agreement and General Release with Reiner Mauer dated November 21, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 28, 2022 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.28 |  | Institutional Services Customer Agreement dated as of December 12, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.29 |  | Confidentiality Agreement between Fox Paine & Company, LLC and Global Indemnity Limited, dated September 17, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 (File No. 001-34809)).
10.30 |  | Preferred Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 27, 2020, by and between Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Wyncote LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K12B dated August 28, 2020 (File No. 001-34809)).
21.1+ |  | List of Subsidiaries.
23.1+ |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
31.1+ |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1+ |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
+ |  | Filed or furnished herewith.
* |  | Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement required to be filed as an exhibit to this Form 10-K.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

140

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Global Indemnity has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

By: |  | /s/ Joseph W. Brown
Name: |  | Joseph W. Brown
Title: |  | Chief Executive Officer
Date: |  | March 15, 2023

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated below on March 15, 2023.

SIGNATURE |  | TITLE
/s/ Saul A. Fox |  | Chairman
Saul A. Fox |  |
/s/ Joseph W. Brown |  | Chief Executive Officer and Director
Joseph W. Brown |  |
/s/ Thomas M. McGeehan |  | Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
Thomas M. McGeehan |  |
/s/ Fred R. Donner |  | Director
Fred Donner |  |
/s/ Seth J. Gersch |  | Director
Seth J. Gersch |  |
/s/ Jason B. Hurwitz |  | Director
Jason B. Hurwitz |  |
/s/ Gary C. Tolman |  | Director
Gary C. Tolman |  |

141

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE I -- SUMMARY OF INVESTM ENTS -- OTHER THAN INVESTMENTS

IN RELATED PARTIES

(In thousands)

|  | As of December 31, 2022 |
|  | Cost * |  |  | Value |  |  | Amount Included in the Balance Sheet |
Type of Investment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
United States government and government agencies and authorities |  | $ | 352,533 |  |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | 344,103 |
States, municipalities, and political subdivisions |  |  | 33,471 |  |  |  | 31,595 |  |  |  | 31,595 |
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities |  |  | 370,498 |  |  |  | 350,180 |  |  |  | 350,180 |
Public utilities |  |  | 39,796 |  |  |  | 38,261 |  |  |  | 38,261 |
All other corporate bonds |  |  | 505,425 |  |  |  | 484,059 |  |  |  | 484,059 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 1,301,723 |  |  |  | 1,248,198 |  |  |  | 1,248,198 |
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Public utilities |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Industrial and miscellaneous |  |  | 17,520 |  |  |  | 17,520 |  |  |  | 17,520 |
Total equity securities |  |  | 17,520 |  |  |  | 17,520 |  |  |  | 17,520 |
Other long-term investments |  |  | 38,176 |  |  |  | 38,176 |  |  |  | 38,176 |
Total investments |  | $ | 1,357,419 |  |  | $ | 1,303,894 |  |  | $ | 1,303,894 |

* Original cost of fixed maturities adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts; original cost of equity securities and other long-term investments adjusted for income or loss earned on investments in accordance with equity method of accounting. All amounts are shown net of impairment losses.

S-1

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE II – Condensed Financ ial Information of Registrant

(Parent Only)

Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, except share data)

ASSETS |  | December 31, 2022 |  |  | December 31, 2021 |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | 86,310 |  |  | $ | 59,113 |
Equity securities, at fair value |  |  | 1,694 |  |  |  | 77,264 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 23,573 |  |  |  | 86,234 |
Total investments |  |  | 111,577 |  |  |  | 222,611 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 4,775 |  |  |  | 3,389 |
Intercompany note receivable (1) |  |  | 69,400 |  |  |  | — |
Interest receivable – affiliates |  |  | 627 |  |  |  | — |
Equity in unconsolidated subsidiaries (1) |  |  | 444,517 |  |  |  | 480,866 |
Receivable for securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 332 |
Other assets |  |  | 1,130 |  |  |  | 4,978 |
Total assets |  | $ | 632,026 |  |  | $ | 712,176 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Note payable - affiliates (1) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,800 |
Payable for securities |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | — |
Due to affiliates (1) |  |  | 4,623 |  |  |  | 1,622 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 1,125 |  |  |  | 1,133 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 5,797 |  |  |  | 5,555 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A cumulative fixed rate preferred shares, $1,000 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: 4,000 and 4,000 shares, respectively, liquidation preference: $1,000 per share and $1,000 per share, respectively |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Common shares: no par value; 900,000,000 common shares authorized; class A common shares issued: 10,876,041 and 10,574,589, respectively; class A common shares outstanding: 10,073,660 and 10,557,093, respectively; class B common shares issued and outstanding: 3,793,612 and 3,947,206, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 451,305 |  |  |  | 447,406 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  | (43,058 | ) |  |  | 6,404 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 233,468 |  |  |  | 249,301 |
Class A common shares in treasury, at cost: 802,381 and 17,496 shares, respectively |  |  | (19,486 | ) |  |  | (490 | )
Total shareholders' equity |  |  | 626,229 |  |  |  | 706,621 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 632,026 |  |  | $ | 712,176 |

(1)
This item has been eliminated in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8.

S-2

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE II – Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (continued)

(Parent Only)

Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 (1) |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  | $ | (1,980 | ) |  | $ | 6,763 |  |  | $ | 2,876 |
Intercompany interest income (2) |  |  | 627 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 57 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (4,620 | ) |  |  | 13,563 |  |  |  | (1,444 | )
Other income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1 |
Total revenues |  |  | (5,973 | ) |  |  | 20,326 |  |  |  | 1,490 |
Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Intercompany interest expense (2) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 550 |
Interest expense |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 142 |  |  |  | 218 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 723 |  |  |  | 864 |  |  |  | 23,641 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | 3,529 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,060 |
Income (loss) before equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries |  |  | (10,268 | ) |  |  | 19,319 |  |  |  | (25,979 | )
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries (2) |  |  | 9,418 |  |  |  | 10,035 |  |  |  | 4,973 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | (850 | ) |  |  | 29,354 |  |  |  | (21,006 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holdings losses arising during the period |  |  | (8,274 | ) |  |  | (3,568 | ) |  |  | (4,581 | )
Equity in other comprehensive income (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries (2) |  |  | (45,764 | ) |  |  | (24,300 | ) |  |  | 21,657 |
Recognition of previously unrealized holding (gains) losses |  |  | 4,576 |  |  |  | (36 | ) |  |  | (377 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (49,462 | ) |  |  | (27,904 | ) |  |  | 16,699 |
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | (50,312 | ) |  | $ | 1,450 |  |  | $ | (4,307 | )

(1)
Includes activity for Global Indemnity Limited from January 1, 2020 to August 27, 2020 and activity for Global Indemnity Group, LLC from August 28, 2020 to December 31, 2020
(2)
This item has been eliminated in the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8.

S-3

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Condensed Financial Information of Registrant – (continued)

(Parent Only)

Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Years Ended December 31, |
|  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  |  | 2020 (1) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | $ | 7,720 |  |  | $ | 7,264 |  |  | $ | (23,602 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturities |  |  | 70,151 |  |  |  | 84,070 |  |  |  | 126,834 |
Proceeds from sale of equity securities |  |  | 76,466 |  |  |  | 27,600 |  |  |  | 137,533 |
Proceeds from maturity of fixed maturities |  |  | 438 |  |  |  | 1,087 |  |  |  | 423 |
Proceeds from other invested assets |  |  | 58,577 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,700 |
Purchases of fixed maturities |  |  | (105,025 | ) |  |  | (60,800 | ) |  |  | (202,664 | )
Purchases of equity securities |  |  | (939 | ) |  |  | (30,956 | ) |  |  | (168,795 | )
Purchases of other invested assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | (25,000 | ) |  |  | (60,000 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  |  | 99,668 |  |  |  | (3,999 | ) |  |  | (164,969 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributions paid to common shareholders |  |  | (14,366 | ) |  |  | (14,431 | ) |  |  | (14,252 | )
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders |  |  | (440 | ) |  |  | (440 | ) |  |  | (133 | )
Issuance of note receivable to affiliates |  |  | (69,400 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the repayment of a note receivable from affiliate |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,283 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from issuance of note payable to affiliates |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,800 |  |  |  | — |
Repayment of note payable to affiliates |  |  | (2,800 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Issuance of series A cumulative fixed rate preferred shares |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Dividends from subsidiaries |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 226,000 |
Capital contribution |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,466 | )
Purchase of class A common shares |  |  | (22,335 | ) |  |  | (490 | ) |  |  | (153 | )
Issuance of class A common shares |  |  | 3,339 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities |  |  | (106,002 | ) |  |  | (1,278 | ) |  |  | 188,996 |
Net change in cash and equivalents |  |  | 1,386 |  |  |  | 1,987 |  |  |  | 425 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 3,389 |  |  |  | 1,402 |  |  |  | 977 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 4,775 |  |  | $ | 3,389 |  |  | $ | 1,402 |

(1)
Includes activity for Global Indemnity Limited from January 1, 2020 to August 27, 2020 and activity for Global Indemnity Group, LLC from August 28, 2020 to December 31, 2020

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8.

S-4

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE III -- SUPPLEMENTA RY INSURANCE INFORMATION

(Dollars in thousands)

Segment |  | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs |  |  | Future Policy Benefits, Losses, Claims And Loss Expenses |  |  | Unearned Premiums |  |  | Other Policy and Benefits Payable |
At December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 34,953 |  |  | $ | 498,102 |  |  | $ | 162,588 |  |  | $ | — |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 25,907 |  |  |  | 180,203 |  |  |  | 72,779 |  |  |  | — |
Exited Lines |  |  | 4,034 |  |  |  | 154,099 |  |  |  | 33,986 |  |  |  | — |
At December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 33,264 |  |  | $ | 459,174 |  |  | $ | 156,842 |  |  | $ | — |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 18,366 |  |  |  | 102,006 |  |  |  | 55,355 |  |  |  | — |
Exited Lines |  |  | 8,701 |  |  |  | 198,724 |  |  |  | 104,369 |  |  |  | — |
At December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 28,701 |  |  | $ | 393,933 |  |  | $ | 135,015 |  |  | $ | — |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 8,910 |  |  |  | 57,881 |  |  |  | 28,329 |  |  |  | — |
Exited Lines |  |  | 27,584 |  |  |  | 210,997 |  |  |  | 128,151 |  |  |  | — |

Segment |  | Premium Revenue |  |  | Benefits, Claims, Losses And Settlement Expenses |  |  | Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs |  |  | Net Written Premium |
For the year ended December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 377,953 |  |  | $ | 225,389 |  |  | $ | 85,530 |  |  | $ | 383,682 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 141,287 |  |  |  | 85,385 |  |  |  | 49,673 |  |  |  | 158,711 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 83,231 |  |  |  | 48,454 |  |  |  | 15,743 |  |  |  | 48,938 |
Total |  | $ | 602,471 |  |  | $ | 359,228 |  |  | $ | 150,946 |  |  | $ | 591,331 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 331,503 |  |  | $ | 202,176 |  |  | $ | 74,337 |  |  | $ | 353,105 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 76,663 |  |  |  | 48,064 |  |  |  | 25,027 |  |  |  | 103,690 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 187,444 |  |  |  | 134,724 |  |  |  | 45,580 |  |  |  | 123,273 |
Total |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  | $ | 384,964 |  |  | $ | 144,944 |  |  | $ | 580,068 |
For the year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 277,892 |  |  | $ | 140,388 |  |  | $ | 60,806 |  |  | $ | 288,745 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 46,105 |  |  |  | 28,718 |  |  |  | 14,199 |  |  |  | 55,616 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 243,702 |  |  |  | 167,095 |  |  |  | 65,910 |  |  |  | 203,806 |
Total |  | $ | 567,699 |  |  | $ | 336,201 |  |  | $ | 140,915 |  |  | $ | 548,167 |

Unallocated Corporate Items |  | Net Investment Income |  |  | Corporate and Other Operating Expenses |
For the year ended December 31, 2022: |  | $ | 27,627 |  |  | $ | 24,421 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  | 37,020 |  |  |  | 27,179 |
For the year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  | 28,392 |  |  |  | 41,998 |

S-5

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE IV -- REINSURANCE

EARNED PREMIUMS

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Direct Amount |  |  | Ceded to Other Companies |  |  | Assumed from Other Companies |  |  | Net Amount |  |  | Percentage of Amount Assumed to Net
For the year ended December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & Liability Insurance |  | $ | 589,131 |  |  | $ | 122,556 |  |  | $ | 135,896 |  |  | $ | 602,471 |  |  | 22.6%
For the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & Liability Insurance |  | $ | 578,171 |  |  | $ | 61,441 |  |  | $ | 78,880 |  |  | $ | 595,610 |  |  | 13.2%
For the year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property & Liability Insurance |  | $ | 560,658 |  |  | $ | 62,271 |  |  | $ | 69,312 |  |  | $ | 567,699 |  |  | 12.2%

S-6

GLOBAL INDEM NITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE V - VALUATION AND QUA LIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES

(Dollars in thousands)

Description |  | Balance at Beginning of Period |  |  | Charged (Credited) to Costs and Expenses |  |  | Charged (Credited) to Other Accounts |  |  | Other Deductions |  |  | Balance at End of Period |
For the year ended December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment asset valuation reserves: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Allowance for doubtful accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums, accounts and notes receivable |  | $ | 2,996 |  |  | $ | 326 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,322 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reinsurance receivables |  |  | 8,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,992 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment asset valuation reserves: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Allowance for doubtful accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums, accounts and notes receivable |  | $ | 2,900 |  |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,996 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reinsurance receivables |  |  | 8,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,992 |
For the year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investment asset valuation reserves: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage loans |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Allowance for doubtful accounts: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums, accounts and notes receivable |  | $ | 2,754 |  |  | $ | 146 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,900 |
Deferred tax asset valuation allowance |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Reinsurance receivables |  |  | 8,992 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,992 |

S-7

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

SCHEDULE VI -- SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIO N FOR PROPERTY CASUALTY UNDERWRITERS

(Dollars in thousands)

|  | Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs |  |  | Reserves for Unpaid Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses |  |  | Discount If Any Deducted |  |  | Unearned Premiums |
Consolidated Property & Casualty Entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
As of December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 64,894 |  |  | $ | 832,404 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 269,353 |
As of December 31, 2021 |  |  | 60,331 |  |  |  | 759,904 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 316,566 |
As of December 31, 2020 |  |  | 65,195 |  |  |  | 662,811 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 291,495 |

|  | Earned |  |  | Net Investment |  |  | Claims and Claim Adjustment Expense Incurred Related To |  |  | Amortization Of Deferred Policy |  |  | Paid Claims and Claim Adjustment |  |  | Premiums |
|  | Premiums |  |  | Income |  |  | Current Year |  |  | Prior Year |  |  | Acquisition Costs |  |  | Expenses |  |  | Written |
Consolidated Property & Casualty Entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
For the year ended December 31, 2022: |  | $ | 602,471 |  |  | $ | 27,627 |  |  | $ | 367,298 |  |  | $ | (8,070 | ) |  | $ | 150,946 |  |  | $ | 265,306 |  |  | $ | 591,331 |
For the year ended December 31, 2021: |  |  | 595,610 |  |  |  | 37,020 |  |  |  | 376,306 |  |  |  | 8,658 |  |  |  | 144,944 |  |  |  | 300,156 |  |  |  | 580,068 |
For the year ended December 31, 2020: |  |  | 567,699 |  |  |  | 28,392 |  |  |  | 367,739 |  |  |  | (31,538 | ) |  |  | 140,908 |  |  |  | 309,456 |  |  |  | 548,167 |

Note: All of the Company's insurance subsidiaries are 100% owned and consolidated.

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