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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from to

001-34809

Commission File Number

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 85-2619578
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

112 S. French Street, Suite 105

Wilmington, DE 19801

(Address of principal executive office including zip code)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (302) 691-6276

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrant was required to submit such files.). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:

Large accelerated filer | ☐; |  | Accelerated filer | ☒;
Non-accelerated filer | ☐; |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐;
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Shares | GBLI | New York Stock Exchange

As of November 2, 2023, the registrant had outstanding 9,748,933 Class A Common Shares and 3,793,612 Class B Common Shares.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  |  | Page
| PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements: |  | 3
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets As of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022 |  | 3
|  | Consolidated Statements of Operations Quarters and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2022 (Unaudited) |  | 4
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) Quarters and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2022 (Unaudited) |  | 5
|  | Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity Quarters and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2022 (Unaudited) |  | 6
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and September 30, 2022 (Unaudited) |  | 7
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  | 8
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  | 35
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |  | 52
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  | 52
| PART II – OTHER INFORMATION |  |
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  | 53
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  | 53
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  | 53
Item 3. |  | Defaults Upon Senior Securities |  | 53
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures |  | 53
Item 5. |  | Other Information |  | 53
Item 6. |  | Exhibits |  | 54
Signature |  | 55

PART I – FINANCI AL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financ ial Statements

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated B alance Sheets

(In thousands, except share amounts)

|  | (Unaudited) September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost: $1,334,130 and $1,301,723; net of allowance for expected credit losses of $0 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022) |  | $ | 1,287,095 |  |  | $ | 1,248,198 |
Equity securities, at fair value |  |  | 16,954 |  |  |  | 17,520 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 36,868 |  |  |  | 38,176 |
Total investments |  |  | 1,340,917 |  |  |  | 1,303,894 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 46,470 |  |  |  | 38,846 |
Premium receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $4,120 at September 30, 2023 and $3,322 at December 31, 2022 |  |  | 131,107 |  |  |  | 168,743 |
Reinsurance receivables, net of allowance for expected credit losses of $8,992 at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 |  |  | 85,581 |  |  |  | 85,721 |
Funds held by ceding insurers |  |  | 19,884 |  |  |  | 19,191 |
Deferred federal income taxes |  |  | 41,220 |  |  |  | 47,099 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 45,942 |  |  |  | 64,894 |
Intangible assets |  |  | 14,545 |  |  |  | 14,810 |
Goodwill |  |  | 4,820 |  |  |  | 4,820 |
Prepaid reinsurance premiums |  |  | 7,190 |  |  |  | 17,421 |
Lease right of use assets |  |  | 10,115 |  |  |  | 11,739 |
Other assets |  |  | 20,055 |  |  |  | 23,597 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,767,846 |  |  | $ | 1,800,775 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  | $ | 861,803 |  |  | $ | 832,404 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | 195,680 |  |  |  | 269,353 |
Ceded balances payable |  |  | 3,532 |  |  |  | 17,241 |
Payable for securities purchased |  |  | 20,607 |  |  |  | 66 |
Contingent commissions |  |  | 4,801 |  |  |  | 8,816 |
Lease liabilities |  |  | 13,515 |  |  |  | 15,701 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 37,253 |  |  |  | 30,965 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 1,137,191 |  |  | $ | 1,174,546 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A cumulative fixed rate preferred shares, $1,000 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized, shares issued and outstanding: 4,000 and 4,000 shares, respectively, liquidation preference: $1,000 per share and $1,000 per share, respectively |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Common shares: no par value; 900,000,000 common shares authorized; class A common shares issued: 11,020,174 and 10,876,041 respectively; class A common shares outstanding: 9,748,933 and 10,073,660, respectively; class B common shares issued and outstanding: 3,793,612 and 3,793,612, respectively |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 454,416 |  |  |  | 451,305 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (38,117 | ) |  |  | (43,058 | )
Retained earnings |  |  | 242,519 |  |  |  | 233,468 |
Class A common shares in treasury, at cost: 1,271,241 and 802,381 shares, respectively |  |  | (32,163 | ) |  |  | (19,486 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  |  | 630,655 |  |  |  | 626,229 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,767,846 |  |  | $ | 1,800,775 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

3

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statem ents of Operations

(In thousands, except shares and per share data)

|  | (Unaudited) Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 98,926 |  |  | $ | 175,827 |  |  | $ | 332,011 |  |  | $ | 563,633 |
Ceded written premiums |  |  | (3,303 | ) |  |  | (32,992 | ) |  |  | (14,531 | ) |  |  | (94,158 | )
Net written premiums |  |  | 95,623 |  |  |  | 142,835 |  |  |  | 317,480 |  |  |  | 469,475 |
Change in net unearned premiums |  |  | 16,072 |  |  |  | 10,809 |  |  |  | 63,443 |  |  |  | (11,259 | )
Net earned premiums |  |  | 111,695 |  |  |  | 153,644 |  |  |  | 380,923 |  |  |  | 458,216 |
Net investment income |  |  | 14,200 |  |  |  | 8,389 |  |  |  | 39,424 |  |  |  | 16,911 |
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |  | (2,414 | ) |  |  | (33,067 | )
Other income |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 30,316 |  |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | 30,839 |
Total revenues |  |  | 126,061 |  |  |  | 194,583 |  |  |  | 418,868 |  |  |  | 472,899 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 65,116 |  |  |  | 88,459 |  |  |  | 231,199 |  |  |  | 265,772 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 46,202 |  |  |  | 60,876 |  |  |  | 146,781 |  |  |  | 178,666 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 5,280 |  |  |  | 14,064 |  |  |  | 16,638 |  |  |  | 21,718 |
Interest expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 3,004 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,529 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 9,463 |  |  |  | 31,184 |  |  |  | 24,238 |  |  |  | 210 |
Income tax expense |  |  | 1,763 |  |  |  | 7,438 |  |  |  | 4,707 |  |  |  | 3,399 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,700 |  |  | $ | 23,746 |  |  | $ | 19,531 |  |  | $ | (3,189 | )
Less: preferred stock distributions |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | 330 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  | $ | 7,590 |  |  | $ | 23,636 |  |  | $ | 19,201 |  |  | $ | (3,519 | )
Per share data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 1.42 |  |  | $ | (0.24 | )
Diluted |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | (0.24 | )
Weighted-average number of shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 13,522,874 |  |  |  | 14,589,797 |  |  |  | 13,556,665 |  |  |  | 14,549,601 |
Diluted |  |  | 13,814,445 |  |  |  | 14,795,962 |  |  |  | 13,798,876 |  |  |  | 14,549,601 |
Cash distributions declared per common share |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |  |  | $ | 0.75 |

(1)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, “weighted average shares outstanding – basic” was used to calculate “diluted earnings per share” due to a net loss for the period.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

4

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands)

|  | (Unaudited) Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,700 |  |  | $ | 23,746 |  |  | $ | 19,531 |  |  | $ | (3,189 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holding gains (losses) |  |  | (897 | ) |  |  | (18,777 | ) |  |  | 4,183 |  |  |  | (82,653 | )
Reclassification adjustment for losses included in net income (loss) |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 194 |  |  |  | 1,060 |  |  |  | 31,156 |
Unrealized foreign currency translation losses |  |  | (143 | ) |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | (302 | ) |  |  | (244 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  |  | (946 | ) |  |  | (18,712 | ) |  |  | 4,941 |  |  |  | (51,741 | )
Comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | 6,754 |  |  | $ | 5,034 |  |  | $ | 24,472 |  |  | $ | (54,930 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

5

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statements of Ch anges in Shareholders’ Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)

|  | (Unaudited) Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Number of Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning and end of period |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |  |  |  | 4,000 |
Number of class A common shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning of period |  |  | 11,000,287 |  |  |  | 10,675,757 |  |  |  | 10,876,041 |  |  |  | 10,574,589 |
Common shares issued under share incentive plans, net of forfeitures |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 75,541 |  |  |  | 50,598 |
Common shares issued to directors |  |  | 19,887 |  |  |  | 26,116 |  |  |  | 68,592 |  |  |  | 76,686 |
Number at end of period |  |  | 11,020,174 |  |  |  | 10,701,873 |  |  |  | 11,020,174 |  |  |  | 10,701,873 |
Number of class B common shares issued: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning and end of period |  |  | 3,793,612 |  |  |  | 3,947,206 |  |  |  | 3,793,612 |  |  |  | 3,947,206 |
Par value of Series A Cumulative Fixed Rate Preferred Shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |  |  | $ | 4,000 |
Additional paid-in capital: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 453,427 |  |  | $ | 450,052 |  |  | $ | 451,305 |  |  | $ | 447,406 |
Share compensation plans |  |  | 989 |  |  |  | 1,090 |  |  |  | 3,111 |  |  |  | 3,736 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 454,416 |  |  | $ | 451,142 |  |  | $ | 454,416 |  |  | $ | 451,142 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of deferred income tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (37,171 | ) |  | $ | (26,625 | ) |  | $ | (43,058 | ) |  | $ | 6,404 |
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) |  |  | (803 | ) |  |  | (18,583 | ) |  |  | 5,243 |  |  |  | (51,497 | )
Unrealized foreign currency translation losses |  |  | (143 | ) |  |  | (129 | ) |  |  | (302 | ) |  |  | (244 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | (946 | ) |  |  | (18,712 | ) |  |  | 4,941 |  |  |  | (51,741 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (38,117 | ) |  | $ | (45,337 | ) |  | $ | (38,117 | ) |  | $ | (45,337 | )
Retained earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 238,315 |  |  | $ | 214,757 |  |  | $ | 233,468 |  |  | $ | 249,301 |
Net income (loss) |  |  | 7,700 |  |  |  | 23,746 |  |  |  | 19,531 |  |  |  | (3,189 | )
Preferred share distributions |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  | (110 | ) |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | (330 | )
Distributions to shareholders ($0.25 per share per quarter in 2023 and 2022) |  |  | (3,386 | ) |  |  | (3,700 | ) |  |  | (10,150 | ) |  |  | (11,089 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 242,519 |  |  | $ | 234,693 |  |  | $ | 242,519 |  |  | $ | 234,693 |
Number of treasury shares: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Number at beginning of period |  |  | 1,271,241 |  |  |  | 33,450 |  |  |  | 802,381 |  |  |  | 17,496 |
Class A common shares purchased |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 468,860 |  |  |  | 15,954 |
Number at end of period |  |  | 1,271,241 |  |  |  | 33,450 |  |  |  | 1,271,241 |  |  |  | 33,450 |
Treasury shares, at cost: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (32,163 | ) |  | $ | (904 | ) |  | $ | (19,486 | ) |  | $ | (490 | )
Class A common shares purchased, at cost |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12,677 | ) |  |  | (414 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (32,163 | ) |  | $ | (904 | ) |  | $ | (32,163 | ) |  | $ | (904 | )
Total shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 630,655 |  |  | $ | 643,594 |  |  | $ | 630,655 |  |  | $ | 643,594 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

6

GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC

Consolidated Statem ents of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

|  | (Unaudited) Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 19,531 |  |  | $ | (3,189 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization and depreciation |  |  | 4,801 |  |  |  | 6,436 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41 |
Gross proceeds from sale of renewal rights related to Farm, Ranch & Stable business lines |  |  | — |  |  |  | (30,000 | )
Impairment loss on right of use lease assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 488 |
Impairment loss on software |  |  | — |  |  |  | 508 |
Impairment loss on goodwill and intangible assets |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,657 |
Restricted stock and stock option expense |  |  | 3,111 |  |  |  | 3,737 |
Deferred federal income taxes |  |  | 4,711 |  |  |  | 3,418 |
Amortization of bond premium and discount, net |  |  | (3,874 | ) |  |  | 1,335 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  | 2,414 |  |  |  | 33,067 |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | 3,529 |
Loss from equity method investments, net of distributions |  |  | 112 |  |  |  | 6,362 |
Changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |
Premium receivables, net |  |  | 37,636 |  |  |  | (32,270 | )
Reinsurance receivables, net |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | (8,677 | )
Funds held by ceding insurers |  |  | (1,076 | ) |  |  | 5,868 |
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 29,399 |  |  |  | 65,690 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | (73,673 | ) |  |  | 13,970 |
Ceded balances payable |  |  | (13,709 | ) |  |  | (18,733 | )
Other assets and liabilities |  |  | 2,061 |  |  |  | (3,398 | )
Contingent commissions |  |  | (4,015 | ) |  |  | 454 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 18,952 |  |  |  | (9,833 | )
Prepaid reinsurance premiums |  |  | 10,231 |  |  |  | (2,711 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  |  | 36,752 |  |  |  | 41,749 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from sale of fixed maturities |  |  | 114,058 |  |  |  | 866,458 |
Proceeds from sale of equity securities |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 88,726 |
Proceeds from maturity of fixed maturities |  |  | 158,216 |  |  |  | 54,228 |
Proceeds from maturity of preferred stock |  |  | 500 |  |  |  | — |
Proceeds from other invested assets |  |  | 1,196 |  |  |  | 108,066 |
Amounts received in connection with derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,390 |
Purchases of fixed maturities |  |  | (282,564 | ) |  |  | (1,104,326 | )
Purchases of equity securities |  |  | (74 | ) |  |  | (10,573 | )
Gross proceeds from sale of renewal rights related to Farm, Ranch & Stable business |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Net cash provided by (used for) investing activities |  |  | (8,644 | ) |  |  | 36,969 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Distributions paid to common shareholders |  |  | (7,477 | ) |  |  | (7,361 | )
Distributions paid to preferred shareholders |  |  | (330 | ) |  |  | (330 | )
Purchases of class A common shares |  |  | (12,677 | ) |  |  | (414 | )
Redemption of subordinated notes |  |  | — |  |  |  | (130,000 | )
Net cash used for financing activities |  |  | (20,484 | ) |  |  | (138,105 | )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 7,624 |  |  |  | (59,387 | )
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period |  |  | 38,846 |  |  |  | 78,278 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period |  | $ | 46,470 |  |  | $ | 18,891 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

7

1.
Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

Global Indemnity Group, LLC (“Global Indemnity”, "GBLI", or “the Company”), a Delaware limited liability company formed on June 23, 2020, replaced Global Indemnity Limited, incorporated in the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability, as the ultimate parent company of the Global Indemnity group of companies as a result of a redomestication transaction completed on August 28, 2020. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GBLI. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s predecessors have been publicly traded since 2003. See Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the redomestication.

The interim consolidated financial statements are unaudited, but have been prepared in conformity with United States of America generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), which differs in certain respects from those principles followed in reports to insurance regulatory authorities. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, of a normal recurring nature and are necessary for a fair statement of results for the interim periods. Results of operations for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results of a full year. The accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

2.
Restructuring

The Company restructured its insurance operations to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Package Specialty and Targeted Specialty products. As a result, the Company exited its four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company ceased writing new business and existing renewals were placed in run-off for these four divisions. The restructuring plan, which was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022, was completed in the first quarter of 2023.

In connection with the restructuring plan, the Company incurred restructuring costs of $3.4 million during the fourth quarter of 2022 and $2.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 for total restructuring costs of $5.5 million.

The following table summarizes charges incurred by expense type and the remaining liability as of December 31, 2022 and September 30, 2023:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Consolidated Statements of Operations Line |  | Employee Termination |  |  | Lease Right of Use Asset Impairment |  |  | Total |
Charges incurred in 2022 |  | Corporate and other operating expenses |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,635 |
Charges incurred in 2022 |  | Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 812 |  |  |  | 812 |
Non-cash asset charges |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (812 | ) |  |  | (812 | )
Liability at December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  | 2,635 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,635 |
Charges incurred in 2023 |  | Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 2,121 |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,121 |
Cash payments in 2023 |  |  |  |  | (4,523 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (4,523 | )
Liability at September 30, 2023 |  |  |  | $ | 233 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 233 |

(1) These charges were recorded within the Company's Exited Line segment.

Any information technology initiatives related to business lines within Exited Lines have been discontinued.

8

3.
Sale of Renewal Rights

On August 8, 2022, the Company sold the renewal rights related to its Farm, Ranch & Stable business for policies written on or after August 8, 2022 to Everett Cash Mutual Insurance Company for $30.0 million. The Company retained the unearned premium reserves for business written prior to August 8, 2022.

The gross proceeds from this sale of $30.0 million are included in other income on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. In addition, the Company also recorded an impairment of goodwill, intangible assets, software, and lease costs in the amount of $0.6 million, $5.1 million, $0.5 million, and $0.5 million, respectively, for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Legal expenses and merger and acquisition fees related to the sale were $2.5 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

The impairments and expenses related to sale are included on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022 as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  | $ | 1,034 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | 8,142 |
Total impairments and expenses related to sale |  | $ | 9,176 |

4.
Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities securities were as follows as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of September 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 451,829 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | (6,671 | ) |  | $ | 445,171 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 27,975 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,760 | ) |  |  | 26,215 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 66,571 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (7,487 | ) |  |  | 59,102 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 208,011 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | (7,124 | ) |  |  | 200,974 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 85,375 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (6,628 | ) |  |  | 78,760 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 331,758 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | (11,351 | ) |  |  | 320,487 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 162,611 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (6,236 | ) |  |  | 156,386 |
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 1,334,130 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | (47,257 | ) |  | $ | 1,287,095 |

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Allowance for Expected Credit Losses |  |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
As of December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 352,533 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (8,430 | ) |  | $ | 344,103 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 33,471 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (1,876 | ) |  |  | 31,595 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 67,560 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 165 |  |  |  | (5,609 | ) |  |  | 62,116 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 198,161 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | (9,151 | ) |  |  | 189,400 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 104,777 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | (6,133 | ) |  |  | 98,664 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | 353,622 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (14,858 | ) |  |  | 338,780 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 191,599 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (8,059 | ) |  |  | 183,540 |
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 1,301,723 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 591 |  |  | $ | (54,116 | ) |  | $ | 1,248,198 |

9

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s investments in equity securities consist of the following:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Common stock |  | $ | 1,189 |  |  | $ | 1,271 |
Preferred stock |  |  | 15,765 |  |  |  | 16,249 |
Total |  | $ | 16,954 |  |  | $ | 17,520 |

Excluding U.S. treasuries and limited partnerships, the Company did not hold any debt or equity investments in a single issuer in exc ess of 2.1% and 2.4% of shareholders' equity at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio classified as available for sale at September 30, 2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  |  | Estimated Fair Value |
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 652,549 |  |  | $ | 645,791 |
Due in one year through five years |  |  | 294,500 |  |  |  | 279,512 |
Due in five years through ten years |  |  | 15,533 |  |  |  | 13,157 |
Due after ten years |  |  | 11,591 |  |  |  | 9,799 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 66,571 |  |  |  | 59,102 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 208,011 |  |  |  | 200,974 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 85,375 |  |  |  | 78,760 |
Total |  | $ | 1,334,130 |  |  | $ | 1,287,095 |

The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s fixed income securities with gross unrealized losses that are not deemed to have credit losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of September 30, 2023. The fair value amounts reported in the table are estimates that are prepared using the process described in Note 6.

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 97,951 |  |  | $ | (1,146 | ) |  | $ | 252,138 |  |  | $ | (5,525 | ) |  | $ | 350,089 |  |  | $ | (6,671 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,215 |  |  |  | (1,760 | ) |  |  | 26,215 |  |  |  | (1,760 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 22,425 |  |  |  | (1,738 | ) |  |  | 35,093 |  |  |  | (5,749 | ) |  |  | 57,518 |  |  |  | (7,487 | )
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 66,818 |  |  |  | (1,024 | ) |  |  | 115,001 |  |  |  | (6,100 | ) |  |  | 181,819 |  |  |  | (7,124 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 2,203 |  |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | 76,236 |  |  |  | (6,523 | ) |  |  | 78,439 |  |  |  | (6,628 | )
Corporate bonds |  |  | 57,729 |  |  |  | (566 | ) |  |  | 241,105 |  |  |  | (10,785 | ) |  |  | 298,834 |  |  |  | (11,351 | )
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 27,112 |  |  |  | (104 | ) |  |  | 115,392 |  |  |  | (6,132 | ) |  |  | 142,504 |  |  |  | (6,236 | )
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 274,238 |  |  | $ | (4,683 | ) |  | $ | 861,180 |  |  | $ | (42,574 | ) |  | $ | 1,135,418 |  |  | $ | (47,257 | )

The following table contains an analysis of the Company’s fixed income securities with gross unrealized losses that are not deemed to have credit losses, categorized by the period that the securities were in a continuous loss position as of

10

December 31, 2022. The fair value amounts reported in the table are estimates that are prepared using the process described in Note 6.

|  | Less than 12 months |  |  | 12 months or longer |  |  | Total |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 335,781 |  |  | $ | (7,518 | ) |  | $ | 8,322 |  |  | $ | (912 | ) |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | (8,430 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | 27,772 |  |  |  | (1,378 | ) |  |  | 3,778 |  |  |  | (498 | ) |  |  | 31,550 |  |  |  | (1,876 | )
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 51,517 |  |  |  | (4,228 | ) |  |  | 7,860 |  |  |  | (1,381 | ) |  |  | 59,377 |  |  |  | (5,609 | )
Asset-backed securities |  |  | 97,857 |  |  |  | (3,610 | ) |  |  | 62,689 |  |  |  | (5,541 | ) |  |  | 160,546 |  |  |  | (9,151 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | 67,926 |  |  |  | (4,072 | ) |  |  | 27,907 |  |  |  | (2,061 | ) |  |  | 95,833 |  |  |  | (6,133 | )
Corporate bonds |  |  | 261,123 |  |  |  | (8,480 | ) |  |  | 71,192 |  |  |  | (6,378 | ) |  |  | 332,315 |  |  |  | (14,858 | )
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | 150,308 |  |  |  | (5,469 | ) |  |  | 31,232 |  |  |  | (2,590 | ) |  |  | 181,540 |  |  |  | (8,059 | )
Total fixed maturities |  | $ | 992,284 |  |  | $ | (34,755 | ) |  | $ | 212,980 |  |  | $ | (19,361 | ) |  | $ | 1,205,264 |  |  | $ | (54,116 | )

The Company regularly performs various analytical valuation procedures with respect to its investments, including reviewing each available for sale debt security in an unrealized loss position to assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost basis has resulted from a credit loss or other factors. In assessing whether a credit loss exists, the Company compares the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the security to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and an allowance for expected credit losses is recorded. Subsequent changes in the allowances are recorded in the period of change as either credit loss expense or reversal of credit loss expense. Any impairments related to factors other than credit losses and the intent to sell are recorded through other comprehensive income, net of taxes.

For fixed maturities, the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that a credit loss exists include, among others, whether:

(1)
the extent to which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis;
(2)
the issuer is in financial distress;
(3)
the investment is secured;
(4)
a significant credit rating action occurred;
(5)
scheduled interest payments were delayed or missed;
(6)
changes in laws or regulations have affected an issuer or industry;
(7)
the investment has an unrealized loss and was identified by the Company’s investment manager as an investment to be sold before recovery or maturity;
(8)
the investment failed cash flow projection testing to determine if anticipated principal and interest payments will be realized; and
(9)
changes in US Treasury rates and/or credit spreads since original purchase to identify whether the unrealized loss is simply due to interest rate movement.

According to accounting guidance for debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company is required to assess whether it has the intent to sell the debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell the debt security before the anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, any allowance for expected credit losses is written off and the amortized cost basis is written down to the fair value of the fixed maturity security with any incremental impairment reported in earnings. That new amortized cost basis shall not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value.

The Company elected the practical expedient to exclude accrued interest from both the fair value and the amortized cost basis of the available for sale debt securities for the purposes of identifying and measuring an impairment and to not measure an allowance for expected credit losses for accrued interest receivables. Accrued interest receivable is written off through net realized investment gains (losses) at the time the issuer of the bond defaults or is expected to default on payment. The Company made an accounting policy election to present the accrued interest receivable balance with other assets on the

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Company’s consolidated statements of financial position. Accrued interest receivable related to fixed maturities was $6.5 million and $8.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following is a description, by asset type, of the methodology and significant inputs that the Company used to measure the amount of credit loss recognized in earnings, if any:

U.S. treasuries – As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to U.S. treasuries were $6.671 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, macroeconomic and market analysis is conducted in evaluating these securities. Consideration is given to the interest rate environment, duration and yield curve management of the portfolio, sector allocation and security selection. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on U.S. treasuries during the period.

Obligations of states and political subdivisions – As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to obligations of states and political subdivisions were $1.760 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, elements that may influence the performance of the municipal bond market are considered in evaluating these securities such as investor expectations, supply and demand patterns, and current versus historical yield and spread relationships. The analysis relies on the output of fixed income credit analysts, as well as dedicated municipal bond analysts who perform extensive in-house fundamental analysis on each issuer, regardless of their rating by the major agencies. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on obligations of states and political subdivisions during the period.

Mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”) – As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to mortgage-backed securities were $7.487 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, mortgage-backed securities are modeled to project principal losses under downside, base, and upside scenarios for the economy and home prices. The primary assumption that drives the security and loan level modeling is the Home Price Index (“HPI”) projection. These forecasts incorporate not just national macro-economic trends, but also regional impacts to arrive at the most granular and accurate projections. These assumptions are incorporated into the model as a basis to generate delinquency probabilities, default curves, loss severity curves, and voluntary prepayment curves at the loan level within each deal. The model utilizes HPI-adjusted current loan to value, payment history, loan terms, loan modification history, and borrower characteristics as inputs to generate expected cash flows and principal loss for each bond under various scenarios. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on mortgage-backed securities during the period.

Asset backed securities (“ABS”) - As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to asset backed securities were $7.124 million. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s asset backed portfolio is 35.9. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before an asset backed security will incur its first dollar of principal losses. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, every ABS transaction is analyzed on a stand-alone basis. This analysis involves a thorough review of the collateral, prepayment, and structural risk in each transaction. Additionally, the analysis includes an in-depth credit analysis of the originator and servicer of the collateral. The analysis projects an expected loss for a deal given a set of assumptions specific to the asset type. These assumptions are used to calculate at what level of losses the deal will incur its first dollar of principal loss. The major assumptions used to calculate this ratio are loss severities, recovery lags, and no advances on principal and interest. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on asset backed securities during the period.

Commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) - As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to the CMBS portfolio were $6.628 million. The weighted average credit enhancement for the Company’s CMBS portfolio is 47.1. This represents the percentage of pool losses that can occur before a commercial mortgage-backed security will incur its first dollar of principal loss. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, a loan level analysis is utilized where every underlying CMBS loan is re-underwritten based on a set of assumptions reflecting expectations for the future path of the economy. Each loan is analyzed over time using a series of tests to determine if a credit event will occur during the life of the loan. Inherent in this process are several economic scenarios and their corresponding rent/vacancy and capital market states. The five primary credit events that frame the analysis include loan modifications, term default, balloon default, extension, and ability to pay off at balloon. The resulting output is the expected loss adjusted cash flows for each bond under the base case and distressed scenarios. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on commercial mortgage-backed securities during the period.

12

Corporate bonds - As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to corporate bonds were $11.351 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, analysis for this asset class includes maintaining detailed financial models that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on corporate bonds during the period.

Foreign bonds – As of September 30, 2023, gross unrealized losses related to foreign bonds were $6.236 million. To assess whether the decline in fair value below amortized cost has resulted from a credit loss or other factors, detailed financial models are maintained that include a projection of each issuer’s future financial performance, including prospective debt servicing capabilities, capital structure composition, and the value of the collateral. The analysis incorporates the macroeconomic environment, industry conditions in which the issuer operates, the issuer’s current competitive position, its vulnerability to changes in the competitive and regulatory environment, issuer liquidity, issuer commitment to bondholders, issuer creditworthiness, and asset protection. Part of the process also includes running downside scenarios to evaluate the expected likelihood of default as well as potential losses in the event of default. Based on the analysis performed, the Company did not recognize a credit loss on foreign bonds during the period.

The Company has evaluated its investment portfolio and has determined that an allowance for expected credit losses on its investments is not required.

The Company recorded the following impairments on its investment portfolio for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and are related to securities in an unrealized loss position where the Company had an intent to sell the securities:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 (1) |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impairment related to intent to sell |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,205 | )
Total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (26,205 | )

(1)
In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. In connection with these actions, the Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or greater as having an intent to sell resulting in other-than-temporary impairment losses. The majority of which were sold in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of two years. As a result of these actions, the Company's book yield rose over time. Book yield was approximately 2.2% at December 31, 2021 and 4.0% at September 30, 2023.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands) |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
Net unrealized gains (losses) from: |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | (47,035 | ) |  | $ | (53,525 | )
Foreign currency fluctuations |  |  | (509 | ) |  |  | (127 | )
Deferred taxes |  |  | 9,427 |  |  |  | 10,594 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax |  | $ | (38,117 | ) |  | $ | (43,058 | )

13

The following tables present the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, by components, for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Quarter Ended September 30, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Beginning balance, net of tax |  | $ | (36,912 | ) |  | $ | (259 | ) |  | $ | (37,171 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification, before tax |  |  | (1,192 | ) |  |  | (181 | ) |  |  | (1,373 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 118 |
Other comprehensive loss, before tax |  |  | (1,074 | ) |  |  | (181 | ) |  |  | (1,255 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 271 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 309 |
Ending balance, net of tax |  | $ | (37,715 | ) |  | $ | (402 | ) |  | $ | (38,117 | )

Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Beginning balance, net of tax |  | $ | (26,395 | ) |  | $ | (230 | ) |  | $ | (26,625 | )
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification, before tax |  |  | (23,133 | ) |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | (23,296 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 259 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 259 |
Other comprehensive loss, before tax |  |  | (22,874 | ) |  |  | (163 | ) |  |  | (23,037 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 4,291 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 4,325 |
Ending balance, net of tax |  | $ | (44,978 | ) |  | $ | (359 | ) |  | $ | (45,337 | )

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Beginning balance, net of tax |  | $ | (42,958 | ) |  | $ | (100 | ) |  | $ | (43,058 | )
Other comprehensive (loss) before reclassification, before tax |  |  | 5,179 |  |  |  | (382 | ) |  |  | 4,797 |
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 1,311 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,311 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  |  | 6,490 |  |  |  | (382 | ) |  |  | 6,108 |
Income tax (expense) benefit |  |  | (1,247 | ) |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | (1,167 | )
Ending balance, net of tax |  | $ | (37,715 | ) |  | $ | (402 | ) |  | $ | (38,117 | )

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Unrealized Gains and Losses on Available for Sale Securities |  |  | Foreign Currency Items |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) |
Beginning balance, net of tax |  | $ | 6,519 |  |  | $ | (115 | ) |  | $ | 6,404 |
Other comprehensive loss before reclassification, before tax |  |  | (102,400 | ) |  |  | (309 | ) |  |  | (102,709 | )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income, before tax |  |  | 38,340 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,340 |
Other comprehensive loss, before tax |  |  | (64,060 | ) |  |  | (309 | ) |  |  | (64,369 | )
Income tax benefit |  |  | 12,563 |  |  |  | 65 |  |  |  | 12,628 |
Ending balance, net of tax |  | $ | (44,978 | ) |  | $ | (359 | ) |  | $ | (45,337 | )

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The reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  |  |  | Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Quarters Ended September 30, |
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities |  | Other net realized investment (gains) losses |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 259 |
|  | Other than temporary impairment losses on investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
|  | Total before tax |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 259 |
|  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (65 | )
|  | Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | 194 |

|  |  |  | Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
(Dollars in thousands) |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components |  | Affected Line Item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Unrealized gains and losses on available for sale securities |  | Other net realized investment (gains) losses |  | $ | 1,311 |  |  | $ | 12,135 |
|  | Other than temporary impairment losses on investments |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,205 |
|  | Total before tax |  | $ | 1,311 |  |  | $ | 38,340 |
|  | Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (251 | ) |  |  | (7,184 | )
|  | Total reclassifications, net of tax |  | $ | 1,060 |  |  | $ | 31,156 |

Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 226 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 512 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (485 | ) |  |  | (1,340 | ) |  |  | (38,852 | )
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | (259 | ) |  |  | (1,311 | ) |  |  | (38,340 | )
Equity securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  |  | 163 |  |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | 726 |  |  |  | 1,803 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | (178 | ) |  |  | (219 | ) |  |  | (1,829 | ) |  |  | (5,623 | )
Net realized gains (losses) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | (1,103 | ) |  |  | (3,820 | )
Derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross realized gains |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,906 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,867 |
Gross realized losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | (353 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (2,774 | )
Net realized gains (losses) (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,093 |
Total net realized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (133 | ) |  | $ | 2,234 |  |  | $ | (2,414 | ) |  | $ | (33,067 | )

(1)
Includes periodic net interest settlements related to the derivatives of $0.5 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2022 and $3.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

15

The following table shows the calculation of the portion of realized gains and losses related to equity securities held as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | (1,103 | ) |  | $ | (3,820 | )
Less: net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | 10,616 |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities |  | $ | (30 | ) |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | (1,135 | ) |  | $ | (14,436 | )

The proceeds from sales and redemptions of available for sale and equity securities resulting in net realized inv estment gains (losses) for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | 114,058 |  |  | $ | 866,458 |
Equity securities |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 88,726 |

Net Investment Income

The sources of net investment income for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Fixed maturities |  | $ | 12,961 |  |  | $ | 9,595 |  |  | $ | 36,734 |  |  | $ | 23,466 |
Equity securities |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 233 |  |  |  | 635 |  |  |  | 842 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 501 |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | 1,064 |  |  |  | 220 |
Other invested assets |  |  | 916 |  |  |  | (1,061 | ) |  |  | 2,080 |  |  |  | (5,935 | )
Total investment income |  |  | 14,566 |  |  |  | 8,856 |  |  |  | 40,513 |  |  |  | 18,593 |
Investment expense |  |  | (366 | ) |  |  | (467 | ) |  |  | (1,089 | ) |  |  | (1,682 | )
Net investment income |  | $ | 14,200 |  |  | $ | 8,389 |  |  | $ | 39,424 |  |  | $ | 16,911 |

The Company’s total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Net investment income |  | $ | 14,200 |  |  | $ | 8,389 |  |  | $ | 39,424 |  |  | $ | 16,911 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |  | (2,414 | ) |  |  | (33,067 | )
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses) |  |  | (1,254 | ) |  |  | (23,037 | ) |  |  | 6,108 |  |  |  | (64,369 | )
Net realized and unrealized investment returns |  |  | (1,387 | ) |  |  | (20,803 | ) |  |  | 3,694 |  |  |  | (97,436 | )
Total investment return |  | $ | 12,813 |  |  | $ | (12,414 | ) |  | $ | 43,118 |  |  | $ | (80,525 | )
Total investment return % (1) |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | (0.9 | %) |  |  | 3.2 | % |  |  | (5.6 | %)
Average investment portfolio (2) |  | $ | 1,355,077 |  |  | $ | 1,341,285 |  |  | $ | 1,354,727 |  |  | $ | 1,444,037 |

(1)
Not annualized.
(2)
Average of total cash and invested assets, net of receivable/payable for securities purchased and sold, as of the beginning and end of the period.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Compa ny did no t own any fixed maturity securities that were non-income producing for the preceding twelve months.

16

Insurance Enhanced Asset-Backed and Credit Securities

As of September 30, 2023, the Company held insurance enhanced municipal bonds with a market value of approximately $4.9 million which represented 0.4% of the Company’s total cash and invested assets, net of payable/ receivable for securities purchased and sold. The financial guarantors of the Company’s $4.9 million municipal bonds include Assured Guaranty Corporation ($3.7 million) and Ambac Financial Group ($1.2 million).

The Company had no direct investments in the entities that have provided financial guarantees or other credit support to any security held by the Company at September 30, 2023.

Bonds Held on Deposit

Certain cash and cash equivalents and bonds available for sale were deposited with various governmental authorities in accordance with statutory requirements, were held as collateral, or were held in trust. The fair values were as follows as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

|  | Estimated Fair Value |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
On deposit with governmental authorities |  | $ | 18,721 |  |  | $ | 19,290 |
Held in trust pursuant to third party requirements |  |  | 166,025 |  |  |  | 161,901 |
Total (1) |  | $ | 184,746 |  |  | $ | 181,191 |

(1)
Includes cash and cash equivalents of $10.4 million and $3.7 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, with the remainder related to bonds available for sale.

Variable Interest Entities

A Variable Interest Entity (“VIE”) refers to an investment in which an investor holds a controlling interest that is not based on the majority of voting rights. Under the VIE model, the party that has the power to exercise significant management influence and maintain a controlling financial interest in the entity’s economics is said to be the primary beneficiary, and is required to consolidate the entity within their results. Other entities that participate in a VIE, for which their financial interests fluctuate with changes in the fair value of the investment entity’s net assets but do not have significant management influence and the ability to direct the VIE’s significant economic activities are said to have a variable interest in the VIE but do not consolidate the VIE in their financial results.

The Company has variable i nterests in two VIE’s for which it is not the primary beneficiary. These investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting as their ownership interest exceeds 3% of their respective investments.

The carrying value of one of the Company’s VIE’s, which invests in distressed securities and assets, was $4.1 million and $4.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss from this VIE, which factors in future funding commitments, was $18.3 million and $19.0 million at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The carrying value and maximum exposure to loss of a second VIE that invests in Real Estate Investment Trust (“REIT”) qualifying assets was $9.1 million and $9.8 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The Company’s investment in VIEs is included i n other invested assets on the consolidated balance sheets with changes in carrying value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

5.
Derivative Instruments

Derivatives were used by the Company to reduce risks from changes in interest rates and limit exposure to severe equity market changes. The Company used interest rate swaps with terms to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed rate and floating rate interest amounts as calculated by reference to an agreed notional amount. The Company has also used exchange-traded futures contracts, which gave the holder the right and obligation to participate in market movements at a future date, to allow the Company to react faster to market conditions. When using derivatives, the Company posted collateral and settled variation margin in cash on a daily basis equal to the amount of the derivatives’ change in value.

17

The Company accounted for the interest rate swaps and futures as non-hedge instruments and recognized the fair value of the interest rate swaps in other assets or other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets with the changes in fair value recognized as net realized investment gains or losses in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company was ultimately responsible for the valuation of the interest rate swaps. To aid in determining the estimated fair value of the interest rate swaps, the Company relied on the forward interest rate curve and information obtained from a third party financial institution.

The following table summar izes the net gains included in the consolidated statements of operations for changes in the fair value of the derivatives and the periodic net interest settlements under the derivatives for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  |  |  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Consolidated Statements of Operations Line |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Interest rate swap agreements |  | Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,553 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,093 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,553 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,093 |

The Company terminated its outstanding interest rate swaps in the fourth quarter of 2022 and was not utilizing interest rate swap agreements as of December 31, 2022. The re are no outst anding amounts related to the interest rate swap agreements on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

6.
Fair Value Measurements

The accounting standards related to fair value measurements define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, outline a fair value hierarchy based on inputs used to measure fair value, and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. These standards do not change existing guidance as to whether or not an instrument is carried at fair value. The Company has determined that its fair value measurements are in accordance with the requirements of these accounting standards.

The Company’s invested assets are carried at their fair value and are categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy:

•
Level 1 – inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

•
Level 2 – inputs utilize other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for similar assets, either directly or indirectly.

•
Level 3 – inputs are unobservable for the asset, and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls has been determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset.

18

The following table presents information about the Company’s invested assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized by the Company to determine such fair value.

|  | Fair Value Measurements |
As of September 30, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 445,171 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 445,171 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,215 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 26,215 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 58,153 |  |  |  | 949 |  |  |  | 59,102 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,760 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 78,760 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,974 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 200,974 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 319,056 |  |  |  | 1,431 |  |  |  | 320,487 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 156,386 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 156,386 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 445,171 |  |  |  | 839,544 |  |  |  | 2,380 |  |  |  | 1,287,095 |
Equity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 15,765 |  |  |  | 1,189 |  |  |  | 16,954 |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 445,171 |  |  | $ | 855,309 |  |  | $ | 3,569 |  |  | $ | 1,304,049 |

|  | Fair Value Measurements |
As of December 31, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed maturities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. treasuries |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 344,103 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,595 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 31,595 |
Mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 61,156 |  |  |  | 960 |  |  |  | 62,116 |
Commercial mortgage-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98,664 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 98,664 |
Asset-backed securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 189,073 |  |  |  | 327 |  |  |  | 189,400 |
Corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 336,767 |  |  |  | 2,013 |  |  |  | 338,780 |
Foreign corporate bonds |  |  | — |  |  |  | 183,540 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 183,540 |
Total fixed maturities |  |  | 344,103 |  |  |  | 900,795 |  |  |  | 3,300 |  |  |  | 1,248,198 |
Equity securities |  |  | — |  |  |  | 16,249 |  |  |  | 1,271 |  |  |  | 17,520 |
Total assets measured at fair value |  | $ | 344,103 |  |  | $ | 917,044 |  |  | $ | 4,571 |  |  | $ | 1,265,718 |

The securities classified as Level 1 in the above tables consist of U.S. treasuries actively traded on an exchange.

The securities classified as Level 2 in the above tables consist primarily of fixed maturities and equity securities. Based on the typical trading volumes and the lack of quoted market prices for fixed maturities, security prices are derived through recent reported trades for identical or similar securities making adjustments through the reporting date based upon available market observable information. If there are no recent reported trades, matrix or model processes are used to develop a security price where future cash flow expectations are developed based upon collateral performance and discounted at an estimated market rate. Included in the pricing of asset-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, and mortgage-backed securities are estimates of the rate of future prepayments of principal over the remaining life of the securities. Such estimates are derived based on the characteristics of the underlying structure and prepayment speeds previously experienced at the interest rate levels projected for the underlying collateral.

The investments classified as Level 3 in the above table consist of fixed maturities and equity securities with unobservable inputs.

19

The following table presents changes in Level 3 investments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 3,787 |  |  | $ | 4,350 |  |  | $ | 4,571 |  |  | $ | 2,769 |
Total gains (realized / unrealized): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Included in accumulated other comprehensive income |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (45 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (29 | )
Included in earnings attributable to realized gains / losses |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (148 | ) |  |  | (175 | )
Transfers into level 3 |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 857 |
Amortization of bond premium and discount, net |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 4 |
Purchases |  |  | 182 |  |  |  | 596 |  |  |  | 295 |  |  |  | 2,075 |
Sales |  |  | (428 | ) |  |  | (652 | ) |  |  | (1,164 | ) |  |  | (1,254 | )
Ending balance |  |  | 3,569 |  |  |  | 4,247 |  |  |  | 3,569 |  |  |  | 4,247 |
Gains (losses) included in earnings attributable to the change in unrealized gains (losses) related to assets still held at end of reporting period |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (131 | ) |  | $ | (19 | )

Fair Value of Alternative Investments

Other invested assets consist of limited partnerships whose carrying value approximates fair value. The following table provides the fair value and future funding commitments related to these investments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

|  | September 30, 2023 |  |  | December 31, 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Fair Value |  |  | Future Funding Commitment |  |  | Fair Value |  |  | Future Funding Commitment |
European Non-Performing Loan Fund, LP (1) |  | $ | 4,110 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |  |  | $ | 4,832 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |
Mortgage Debt Fund, LP (2) |  |  | 9,064 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,771 |  |  |  | — |
Global Debt Fund, LP (3) |  |  | 23,694 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 23,573 |  |  |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 36,868 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |  |  | $ | 38,176 |  |  | $ | 14,214 |

(1)
This limited partnership invests in distressed securities and assets through senior and subordinated, secured and unsecured debt and equity, in both public and private large-cap and middle-market companies. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets.
(2)
This limited partnership invests in REIT qualifying assets such as mortgage loans, investor property loans, and commercial mortgage loans. The Company does not have the ability to sell or transfer its limited partnership interest without consent from the general partner. The Company does not have the contractual option to redeem its limited partnership interest but receives distributions based on the liquidation of the underlying assets.
(3)
This limited partnership invests in performing, stressed or distressed securities and loans across the global fixed income markets. The Company does have the contractual option to withdraw all or a portion of its limited partnership interest by providing notice to the fund.

Limited Liability Companies and Limited Partnerships with ownership interest exceeding 3%

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in limited liability companies and limited partnerships where its ownership interest exceeds 3%. The equity method of accounting for an investment in limited liability companies and limited partnerships requires that its cost basis be updated to account for the income or loss earned on the investment. In the Fair Value of Alternative Investm ents table above, all of the investments are booked on a one quarter lag due to non-availability of data at the time the financial statements are prepared. The investment income (loss) associated with the limited liability companies and limited partnerships whose ownership interest exceeds 3% is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations in the amounts of $0.1 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $0.8 million and ($5.2) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Pricing

The Company’s pricing vendors provide prices for all investment categories except for investments in limited liability companies and limited partnerships. Two primary vendors are utilized to provide prices for equity and fixed maturity securities.

20

The following is a description of the valuation methodologies used by the Company’s pricing vendors for investment securities carried at fair value:

•
Equity security prices are received from primary and secondary exchanges.

•
Corporate and agency bonds are evaluated by utilizing a spread to a benchmark curve. Bonds with similar characteristics are grouped into specific sectors. Inputs for both asset classes consist of trade prices, broker quotes, the new issue market, and prices on comparable securities.

•
Data from commercial vendors is aggregated with market information, then converted into an option adjusted spread (“OAS”) matrix and prepayment model used for collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMO”). CMOs are categorized with mortgage-backed securities in the tables listed above. For asset-backed securities, spread data is derived from trade prices, dealer quotations, and research reports. For both asset classes, evaluations utilize standard inputs plus new issue data, and collateral performance. The evaluated pricing models incorporate cash flows, broker quotes, market trades, historical prepayment speeds, and dealer projected speeds.
•
For obligations of state and political subdivisions, an attribute-based modeling system is used. The pricing model incorporates trades, market clearing yields, market color, and fundamental credit research.
•
U.S. treasuries are evaluated by obtaining feeds from a number of live data sources including primary and secondary dealers as well as inter-dealer brokers.
•
For mortgage-backed securities, various external analytical products are utilized and purchased from commercial vendors.

The Company performs certain procedures to validate whether the pricing information received from the pricing vendors is reasonable, to ensure that the fair value determination is consistent with accounting guidance, and to ensure that its assets are properly classified in the fair value hierarchy. The Company’s procedures include, but are not limited to:

•
Reviewing periodic reports provided by the Investment Manager that provides information regarding rating changes and securities placed on watch. This procedure allows the Company to understand why a particular security’s market value may have changed or may potentially change.
•
Understanding and periodically evaluating the various pricing methods and procedures used by the Company’s pricing vendors to ensure that investments are properly classified within the fair value hierarchy.
•
On a quarterly basis, the Company corroborates investment security prices received from its pricing vendors by obtaining pricing from a second pricing vendor for a sample of securities.

During the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company has not adjusted q uotes or prices obtained from the pricing vendors.

7.
Allowance for Expected Credit Losses - Premium Receivables and Reinsurance Receivables

For premium receivables, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, direct placement with collection agencies, solvency of insured or agent, terminated agents, and other relevant factors.

21

The following table is an analysis of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's premium receivables for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 4,056 |  |  | $ | 2,919 |  |  | $ | 3,322 |  |  | $ | 2,996 |
Current period provision for expected credit losses |  |  | 428 |  |  |  | 393 |  |  |  | 2,145 |  |  |  | 1,012 |
Write-offs |  |  | (364 | ) |  |  | (461 | ) |  |  | (1,347 | ) |  |  | (1,157 | )
Ending balance |  | $ | 4,120 |  |  | $ | 2,851 |  |  | $ | 4,120 |  |  | $ | 2,851 |

For reinsurance receivables, the allowance is based upon the Company’s ongoing review of key aspects of amounts outstanding, including but not limited to, length of collection periods, disputes, applicable coverage defenses, insolvent reinsurers, financial strength of solvent reinsurers based on AM Best Ratings and other relevant factors.

The following table is an analysis of the allowance for expected credit losses related to the Company's reinsurance receivables for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Beginning balance |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |
Current period provision for expected credit losses |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Write-offs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Recoveries of amounts previously written off |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |  |  | $ | 8,992 |

8.
Income Taxes

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a publicly traded partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and meets the qualifying income exception to maintain partnership status. As a publicly traded partnership, Global Indemnity Group, LLC is generally not subject to federal income tax and most state income taxes. However, income earned by the subsidiaries of Global Indemnity Group, LLC is subject to corporate tax in the United States and certain foreign jurisdictions.

As of September 30, 2023, the statutory income tax rates of the countries where the Company conducts business are 21% in the United States, 0% in Bermuda, and 25% on non-trading income, 33% on capital gains and 12.5% on trading income in the Republic of Ireland. The statutory income tax rate of each country is applied against the expected annual taxable income of the Company in each country to estimate the annual income tax expense.

The Company’s income (loss) before income taxes is derived from its U.S. subsidiaries for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

The following table summarizes the components of income tax expense (benefit):

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Current income tax benefit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (19 | )
Total current income tax benefit |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | (19 | )
Deferred income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Federal |  | $ | 1,767 |  |  | $ | 7,457 |  |  | $ | 4,711 |  |  | $ | 3,418 |
Total deferred income tax expense |  |  | 1,767 |  |  |  | 7,457 |  |  |  | 4,711 |  |  |  | 3,418 |
Total income tax expense |  | $ | 1,763 |  |  | $ | 7,438 |  |  | $ | 4,707 |  |  | $ | 3,399 |

The weighted average expected tax provision has been calculated using income (loss) before income taxes in each jurisdiction multiplied by that jurisdiction’s applicable statutory tax rate.

22

The following table summarizes the differences between the tax provision for financial statement purposes and the expected tax provision at the weighted average tax rate:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |
Expected tax provision at weighted average tax rate |  | $ | 1,987 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 6,549 |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend exclusion |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | )
Change in tax status |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 2.4 |
Parent income treated as partnership for tax |  |  | (326 | ) |  |  | (3.4 | ) |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Other |  |  | 118 |  |  |  | 1.2 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 0.3 |
Effective income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 1,763 |  |  |  | 18.6 | % |  | $ | 7,438 |  |  |  | 23.9 | %

The effective income tax expense rate for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 was 18.6% compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 23.9% for the quarter ended September 30, 2022. The difference between 2023 and 2022 is primarily due to a change in income or loss at the parent company which is treated as a partnership for tax.

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |  |  | Amount |  |  | % of Pre- Tax Income |
Expected tax provision at weighted average tax rate |  | $ | 5,090 |  |  |  | 21.0 | % |  | $ | 44 |  |  |  | 21.0 | %
Adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Dividend exclusion |  |  | (54 | ) |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | (66 | ) |  |  | (31.4 | )
Change in tax status |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 700 |  |  |  | 333.3 |
Parent (income) loss treated as partnership for tax |  |  | (668 | ) |  |  | (2.8 | ) |  |  | 2,171 |  |  |  | 1,033.8 |
Other |  |  | 339 |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  | 550 |  |  |  | 261.9 |
Effective income tax expense (benefit) |  | $ | 4,707 |  |  |  | 19.4 | % |  | $ | 3,399 |  |  |  | 1,618.6 | %

The effective income tax expense rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 was 19.4% compared to an effective income tax expense rate of 1,618.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The difference between 2023 and 2022 is primarily due to a change in income or loss at the parent company which is treated as a partnership for tax.

The Company has a net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward of $87.3 million as of September 30, 2023, which begins to expire in 2036 based on when the original NOL was generated. The Company’s NOL carryforward as of December 31, 2022 was $116.4 million.

The Company did no t h ave any Section 163(j) ("163(j)") carryforward as of September 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The 163(j) carryforward relates to the limitation on the deduction for business interest expense paid or accrued.

23

9.
Liability for Unpaid Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 866,951 |  |  | $ | 804,661 |  |  | $ | 832,404 |  |  | $ | 759,904 |
Less: Ceded reinsurance receivables |  |  | 73,933 |  |  |  | 94,185 |  |  |  | 73,021 |  |  |  | 94,443 |
Net balance at beginning of period |  |  | 793,018 |  |  |  | 710,476 |  |  |  | 759,383 |  |  |  | 665,461 |
Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  |  | 65,167 |  |  |  | 91,451 |  |  |  | 231,199 |  |  |  | 275,398 |
Prior years |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | (2,992 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (9,626 | )
Total incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 65,116 |  |  |  | 88,459 |  |  |  | 231,199 |  |  |  | 265,772 |
Paid losses and loss adjustment expenses related to: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current year |  |  | 20,990 |  |  |  | 33,972 |  |  |  | 55,174 |  |  |  | 76,366 |
Prior years |  |  | 50,361 |  |  |  | 35,282 |  |  |  | 148,625 |  |  |  | 125,186 |
Total paid losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 71,351 |  |  |  | 69,254 |  |  |  | 203,799 |  |  |  | 201,552 |
Net balance at end of period |  |  | 786,783 |  |  |  | 729,681 |  |  |  | 786,783 |  |  |  | 729,681 |
Plus: Ceded reinsurance receivables |  |  | 75,020 |  |  |  | 95,913 |  |  |  | 75,020 |  |  |  | 95,913 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 861,803 |  |  | $ | 825,594 |  |  | $ | 861,803 |  |  | $ | 825,594 |

When analyzing loss reserves and prior year development, the Company considers many factors, including the frequency and severity of claims, loss trends, case reserve settlements that may have resulted in significant development, and any other additional or pertinent factors that may impact reserve estimates.

During the third quarter of 2023, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves by $0.1 million, which consisted of a $14.5 million increase related to Commercial Specialty, a $2.7 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $11.9 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $14.5 million increase in prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $2.2 m illion increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2015 and 2018 through 2022 accident years.

•
General Liability: A $12.4 million increase primarily recog nizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2019 through 2022 accident years mainly due to a restaurant book of business that was not renewed and other terminated business, partially offset by decreases in accident years prior to 2005 and 2005 through 2018 accident years. Decreases related to construction defect segments totaled $6.5 million.
•
Professional: A $0.1 million decrease was mainly recognized in accident years prior to 2016.

The $2.7 million decrease of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional: A $2.6 million decrease primarily recognized favorable case incurred emergence in the 2020 accident year and a decrease in the 2017 accident year, partially offset by an increase in the 2016 accident year.

The $11.9 million decrease in prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $10.0 million decrease primarily resulted from the commutation of a reinsurance treaty related to the 2013 through 2020 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2022 accident year.
•
General Liability: A $1.8 million de crease primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity in the 2014, 2016 through 2019, 2021 and 2022 accident years mainly related to the Farm, Ranch & Stable business.

24

During the third quarter of 2022, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves by $3.0 million, which consisted of a $1.2 million decrease related to Commercial Specialty, a $1.2 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $0.6 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $1.2 million decrease of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $1.8 million decrease primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity in the 2020 and 2021 accident years.
•
General Liability: A $0.5 million increase mainly reflects higher than expected claims severity in accident years prior to 2005, 2005, 2017 and 2019 accident years, partially offset by decreases in the 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020 accident years.

The $1.2 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional: A $1.2 million decrease was recognized in the 2016 accident year reflecting a reduction in the ultimate for the claims-made segment. The inception-to-date case incurred remains zero in this year.

The $0.6 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $2.2 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2016, 2020 and 2021 accident years.
•
Reinsurance: A $2.7 million decrease primarily in the 2017 through 2021 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2016 accident year, was based on the reported information from cedants.

During the first nine months of 2023, the Company's adjustments to prior accident year loss reserves netted to zero. These adjustments consisted of a $21.0 million increase related to Commercial Specialty, a $1.7 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $19.3 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $21.0 million increase of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $1.4 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2015, 2018 through 2020 and 2022 accident years, partially offset by a decrease in the 2021 accident year.

•
General Liability: A $19.7 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2013 and 2019 through 2022 accident years mainly due to a restaurant book of business that was not renewed and other terminated business, partially offset by decreases in accident years prior to 2013 and 2014 through 2018 accident years. Decreases related to construction defect segments totaled $8.6 million.

•
Professional: A $0.1 million decrease was mainly recognized in accident years prior to 2017.

The $1.7 million decrease of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional: A $1.5 million decrease primarily recognized favorable case incurred emergence in the 2020 accident year and a decrease in the 2017 accident year, partially offset by increases in the 2016 and 2022 accident years.
•
General Liability: A $0.1 million decrease based on information received from the cedants.

25

The $19.3 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $15.9 million decrease is primarily due to the commutation of a reinsurance treaty related to the 2013 through 2020 accident years and other reductions reflecting lower than expected claims severity, partially offset by increases in the 2021 and 2022 accident years.

•
General Liability: A $3.4 million decre ase primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity in accident years 2012 through 2019, 2021 and 2022 mainly related to the Farm, Ranch & Stable business.

During the first nine months of 2022, the Company decreased its prior accident year loss reserves by $9.6 million, which consisted of a $1.6 million decrease related to Commercial Specialty, a $2.5 million decrease related to Reinsurance Operations, and a $5.5 million decrease related to Exited Lines.

The $1.6 million decrease of prior accident year loss reserves related to Commercial Specialty primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $3.3 million decrease primarily recognizes lower than expected claims severity in the 2019 through 2021 accident years.

•
General Liability: A $1.7 million increase mainly reflects higher than expected claims severity in accident years prior to 2005 and the 2017, 2019 and 2020 accident years, partially offset by decreases in the 2006, 2007, 2011 through 2015, 2018 and 2021 accident years.

The $2.5 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Reinsurance Operations primarily consisted of the following:

•
Professional: A $2.4 million decrease was recognized in the 2016 accident year reflecting a reduction in the ultimate for the claims-made segment. The inception-to-date case incurred remains zero in this year.

The $5.5 million reduction of prior accident year loss reserves related to Exited Lines primarily consisted of the following:

•
Property: A $2.0 million increase primarily recognizes higher than expected claims severity in the 2016, 2017, 2020 and 2021 accident years, partially offset by a reduction in the 2018 accident year.

•
General Liability: A $0.6 million reduction mainly reflects lower than expected claims severity in the 2017, 2019 and 2021 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2018 accident year.

•
Reinsurance: A $7.0 million decrease in the 2017 through 2021 accident years, partially offset by an increase in the 2016 accident year, was based on reported information from the cedants.

10.
Shareholders’ Equity

Repurchases of the Company's class A common shares

On October 21, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced it commenced a stock repurchase program beginning in the fourth quarter of 2022. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it had authorized an increase in the aggregate stock purchase program from $32 million, which was authorized on October 21, 2022, to $60 million. On June 8, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC's Board of Directors approved an additional increase in the existing share buyback authorization amount of $60 million to $135 million. The authorization to repurchase will expire on December 31, 2027. The timing and actual number of shares repurchased, if any, will depend on a variety of factors, including price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities.

26

The following table provides information with respect to the class A common shares that were surrendered or repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

Period (1) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2) |
January 1-31, 2023 |  |  | 3,302 |  | (3) | $ | 23.31 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
January 1-31, 2023 |  |  | 250,000 |  | (4) | $ | 25.90 |  |  |  | 250,000 |  |  | $ | 106,604,066 |
April 1-30, 2023 |  |  | 200,000 |  | (4) | $ | 28.00 |  |  |  | 200,000 |  |  | $ | 101,004,066 |
June 1-30, 2023 |  |  | 15,558 |  | (3) | $ | 33.74 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 101,004,066 |
Total |  |  | 468,860 |  |  | $ | 27.04 |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)
Based on settlement date.
(2)
Based on the $135 million share repurchase authorization.
(3)
Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock and/or restricted stock units.
(4)
Purchased as part of the repurchase program announced in October 2022.

The following table provides information with respect to the class A common shares that were surrendered or repurchased during the nine months ended September 30, 2022:

Period (1) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  |  | Average Price Paid Per Share |  |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Program |  |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs |
January 1-31, 2022 |  |  | 4,781 |  | (2) | $ | 25.13 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
June 1-30, 2022 |  |  | 11,173 |  | (2) | $ | 26.28 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Total |  |  | 15,954 |  |  | $ | 25.94 |  |  | — |  |  | — |

(1)
Based on settlement date.
(2)
Surrendered by employees as payment of taxes withheld on the vesting of restricted stock and/or restricted stock units.

There were no c lass B common shares that were surrendered or repurchased during the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

Each class A common share has one vote and each class B common share has ten votes.

As of September 30, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class A common shares were held by approximately 140 shareholders of record. There were two holders of record of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s class B common shares, all of whom are affiliated investment funds of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, as of September 30, 2023. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shares were held by 1 holder of record, an affiliate of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, as of September 30, 2023.

Please see Note 16 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Company’s repurchase program.

27

Distributions

Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share were declared during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as follows:

Approval Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Total Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands) |
March 2, 2023 |  | March 24, 2023 |  | March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 3,410 |
June 1, 2023 |  | June 23, 2023 |  | June 30, 2023 |  |  | 3,375 |
September 28, 2023 |  | October 9, 2023 |  | October 16, 2023 |  |  | 3,385 |
Various (1) |  | Various |  | Various |  |  | (20 | )
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10,150 |

(1)
Represents distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures.

Distribution payments of $0.25 per common share were declared during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 as follows:

Approval Date |  | Record Date |  | Payment Date |  | Total Distributions Declared (Dollars in thousands) |
March 3, 2022 |  | March 21, 2022 |  | March 31, 2022 |  | $ | 3,597 |
June 2, 2022 |  | June 20, 2022 |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  | 3,602 |
September 23, 2022 |  | October 4, 2022 |  | October 11, 2022 |  |  | 3,616 |
Various (1) |  | Various |  | Various |  |  | 274 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,089 |

(1)
Represents distributions declared on unvested shares, net of forfeitures.

In addition, distributions paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC's preferred shareholder were $0.1 million in each of the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and $0.3 million in each of the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Accrued distributions on unvested shares, which were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, were $0.3 million and $1.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In addition, distributions of $3.4 million, which were declared on September 28, 2023 but not paid until October 16, 2023, were also included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2023. Accrued preferred distributions were less than $0.1 million as of both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and were included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Please see Note 16 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information on the Company’s distribution program.

11.
Related Party Transactions

Fox Paine Entities

Pursuant to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Limited Liability Company Agreement (“LLCA”), Fox Paine Capital Fund II International, L.P. (the “Fox Paine Fund”), together with Fox Mercury Investments, L.P. and certain of its affiliates (the “FM Entities”), and Fox Paine & Company LLC (collectively, the “Fox Paine Entities”) currently constitute a Class B Majority Shareholder (as defined in the LLCA) and, as such, have the right to appoint a number of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s directors equal in aggregate to the pro rata percentage of the voting power in Global Indemnity Group, LLC beneficially held by the Fox Paine Entities, rounded up to the nearest whole number of directors. The Fox Paine Entities beneficially own shares representing approximately 83.8% of the voting power of Global Indemnity Group, LLC as of September 30, 2023. The Fox Paine Entities control the appointment or election of all of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Directors due to the LLCA and their controlling share ownership. Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Chairman is the chief executive and founder of Fox Paine & Company, LLC.

28

Management fee expense of $0.8 million and $0.7 million were incurred during the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and management fee expense of $2.3 million and $2.1 million were incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Prepaid management fees, which were included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets, were $2.9 million and $2.1 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

In addition, Fox Paine & Company, LLC may also propose and negotiate transaction fees with the Company subject to the provisions of the Company’s related party transaction and conflict matter policies, including approval of Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Conflicts Committee of the Board of Directors, for those services from time to time. Each of the Company’s transactions with Fox Paine & Company, LLC are reviewed and approved by Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s Conflicts Committee, which is composed of independent directors, and the Board of Directors (other than Saul A. Fox, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Global Indemnity Group, LLC and Chief Executive of Fox Paine & Company, LLC, who is not a member of the Conflicts Committee and recused himself from the Board of Directors’ deliberations related to fees paid to Fox Paine & Company, LLC or its affiliates).

12.
Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company maintains insurance and reinsurance coverage for such risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business.

Commitments

In 2014, the Company entered into a $50 million commitment to purchase an alternative investment vehicle which is comprised of European non-performing loans. As of September 30, 2023, the Company has funded $35.8 million of this commitment leaving $14.2 million as unfunded. Since the investment period has concluded, the Company expects minimal capital calls will be made prospectively.

Other Commitments

The Company is party to a Management Agreement, as amended, with Fox Paine & Company, LLC, whereby in connection with certain management services provided to it by Fox Paine & Company, LLC, the Company agreed to pay an annual management fee to Fox Paine & Company, LLC. See Note 11 above for additional information pertaining to this management agreement.

13.
Share-Based Compensation Plans

Share Incentive Plan

On June 14, 2023, the Company’s Shareholders approved the Global Indemnity Group, LLC 2023 Share Incentive Plan (“the 2023 Plan”). The primary purpose of the 2023 Plan is to provide Global Indemnity a competitive advantage in attracting, retaining, and motivating officers, employees, consultants and non-employee directors, and to position Global Indemnity to offer incentives linked to the financial results of the Company’s business and increases in shareholder value. Under the 2023 Plan, the Company may issue up to 2.5 million class A common shares pursuant to awards granted under the Plan. The 2023 Plan replaced the Global Indemnity Group, LLC 2018 Share Incentive Plan, as amended and restated on August 28, 2020 which expired pursuant to its terms on March 4, 2023.

29

Options

No stock options were awarded during the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022. No unvested stock options were forfeited during the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 or 2022.

Restricted Shares / Restricted Stock Units

There were no restricted class A common shares or restricted stock units granted to key employees during the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. There were no restricted class A common shares forfeited during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023. There were 4,282 restricted stock units forfeited during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023. There were no restricted class A common shares or restricted stock units forfeited during the quarter ended September 30, 2022. There were 10,924 restricted class A common shares and 10,585 restricted stock units forfeited during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

There were no restricted stock units that vested during the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. There were 61,652 and 47,633 restricted stock units that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Upon vesting, the restricted stock units converted to restricted class A common shares.

During the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 19,887 and 26,116 class A common shares, respectively, at a weighted average grant date value of $33.83 and $25.13 per share, respectively, to non-employee directors of the Company under the Plan. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company granted 68,592 and 76,686 class A common shares, respectively, at a weighted average grant date value of $29.43 and $25.57 per share, respectively, to non-employee directors of the Company under the Plan. The Company previously granted 157,139 shares to a non-employee director with deferred vesting. These shares vested on January 13, 2023. All other shares granted to non-employee directors of the Company are fully vested but are subject to certain restrictions.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

The Company did not have any Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans in place during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

14.
Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share have been computed using the weighted average number of common shares and common share equivalents outstanding during the period.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share data) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,700 |  |  | $ | 23,746 |  |  | $ | 19,531 |  |  | $ | (3,189 | )
Less: preferred stock distributions |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | 330 |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  | $ | 7,590 |  |  | $ | 23,636 |  |  | $ | 19,201 |  |  | $ | (3,519 | )
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares for basic earnings per share |  |  | 13,522,874 |  |  |  | 14,589,797 |  |  |  | 13,556,665 |  |  |  | 14,549,601 |
Non-vested restricted stock units |  |  | 65,609 |  |  |  | 119,469 |  |  |  | 57,721 |  |  |  | — |
Options |  |  | 225,962 |  |  |  | 86,696 |  |  |  | 184,490 |  |  |  | — |
Weighted average shares for diluted earnings per share (1) |  |  | 13,814,445 |  |  |  | 14,795,962 |  |  |  | 13,798,876 |  |  |  | 14,549,601 |
Earnings per share - Basic |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 1.62 |  |  | $ | 1.42 |  |  | $ | (0.24 | )
Earnings per share - Diluted |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 1.60 |  |  | $ | 1.39 |  |  | $ | (0.24 | )

(1)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, “weighted average shares outstanding – basic” was used to calculate “diluted earnings per share” due to a net loss for the period.

30

If the Company had not incurred a loss in the nine months ended September 30, 2022, 14,748,967 weighted average shares would have been used to compute the diluted loss per share calculation. In addition to the basic shares, weighted average shares for the diluted calculation for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 would have included 107,005 shares of non-vested restricted stock units and 92,360 share equivalents for options.

The weighted average shares outstanding used to determine dilutive earnings per share does not include 300,000 shares for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and 346,667 shares for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, which were deemed to be anti-dilutive. The weighted average shares outstanding used to determine dilutive earnings per share does not includ e 393,333 shares for both the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022, which were deemed to be anti-dilutive.

15.
Segment Information

During the fourth quarter of 2022, the Company restructured its insurance operations to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Package Specialty and Targeted Specialty products. As a result, the Company exited four brokerage divisions: Professional Liability, Excess Casualty, Environmental, and Middle Market Property. The Company ceased writing new business and existing renewals were placed in run-off for these four divisions. Based on the decisions to exit these lines of business, the Company changed the way it manages and analyzes its operating results. The chief operating decision makers decided they will be reviewing the specific results of these exited lines within the Company's Exited Lines segment. In addition, a decision was made in the fourth quarter of 2022 to reclassify several smaller reinsurance treaties from Reinsurance Operations to Commercial Specialty. Management believes these segment changes allow users of the Company’s financial statements to better understand the Company's performance, better assess prospects for future net cash flows, and make more informed judgments about the Company as a whole. Accordingly, the segment results for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022 have been revised to reflect these changes.

The Company manages its business through two ongoing business segments. Commercial Specialty offers specialty property and casualty products designed for GBLI's Package Specialty and Targeted Specialty product offerings. These product lines are offered primarily in the excess and surplus lines marketplace. Reinsurance Operations provides reinsurance and insurance solutions through brokers and primary writers including insurance and reinsurance companies. The Company also has an Exited Lines segment that contains lines of business that are no longer being written or are in runoff.

31

The following are tabulations of business segment information for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Corporate information is included to reconcile segment data to the consolidated financial statements.

Quarter Ended September 30, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 87,029 |  |  | $ | 11,864 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 98,926 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 84,103 |  |  | $ | 11,864 |  |  | $ | (344 | ) |  | $ | 95,623 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 83,679 |  |  | $ | 26,671 |  |  | $ | 1,345 |  |  | $ | 111,695 |
Other income |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 299 |
Total revenues |  |  | 83,954 |  |  |  | 26,671 |  |  |  | 1,369 |  |  |  | 111,994 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 63,624 |  |  |  | 13,673 |  |  |  | (12,181 | ) |  |  | 65,116 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 32,671 |  |  |  | 10,553 |  |  |  | 2,978 |  |  |  | 46,202 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | (12,341 | ) |  | $ | 2,445 |  |  | $ | 10,572 |  |  | $ | 676 |
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14,200 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (133 | )
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (5,280 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,463 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1,763 | )
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 7,700 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 1,020,613 |  |  | $ | 386,026 |  |  | $ | 186,614 |  |  | $ | 1,593,253 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174,593 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,767,846 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

Quarter Ended September 30, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 96,056 |  |  | $ | 43,055 |  |  | $ | 36,716 |  |  | $ | 175,827 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 93,172 |  |  | $ | 43,055 |  |  | $ | 6,608 |  |  | $ | 142,835 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 98,597 |  |  | $ | 35,046 |  |  | $ | 20,001 |  |  | $ | 153,644 |
Other income |  |  | 272 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 316 |
Total revenues |  |  | 98,869 |  |  |  | 35,046 |  |  |  | 20,045 |  |  |  | 153,960 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 56,833 |  |  |  | 20,316 |  |  |  | 11,310 |  |  |  | 88,459 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 37,817 |  |  |  | 13,013 |  |  |  | 10,046 |  |  |  | 60,876 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | 4,219 |  |  | $ | 1,717 |  |  | $ | (1,311 | ) |  | $ | 4,625 |
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8,389 |
Net realized investment gains |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2,234 |
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (14,064 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 31,184 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7,438 | )
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23,746 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 996,336 |  |  | $ | 372,036 |  |  | $ | 336,668 |  |  | $ | 1,705,040 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174,097 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,879,137 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

32

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 277,884 |  |  | $ | 50,124 |  |  | $ | 4,003 |  |  | $ | 332,011 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 267,233 |  |  | $ | 50,124 |  |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 317,480 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 270,269 |  |  | $ | 91,103 |  |  | $ | 19,551 |  |  | $ | 380,923 |
Other income |  |  | 808 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 935 |
Total revenues |  |  | 271,077 |  |  |  | 91,103 |  |  |  | 19,678 |  |  |  | 381,858 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 182,405 |  |  |  | 54,448 |  |  |  | (5,654 | ) |  |  | 231,199 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 102,169 |  |  |  | 34,106 |  |  |  | 10,506 |  |  |  | 146,781 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | (13,497 | ) |  | $ | 2,549 |  |  | $ | 14,826 |  |  | $ | 3,878 |
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39,424 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2,414 | )
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (16,638 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,238 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4,707 | )
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19,531 |
Segment assets |  | $ | 1,020,613 |  |  | $ | 386,026 |  |  | $ | 186,614 |  |  | $ | 1,593,253 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174,593 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,767,846 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 (Dollars in thousands) |  | Commercial Specialty |  |  | Reinsurance Operations |  | (1) | Exited Lines |  |  | Total |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 303,914 |  |  | $ | 130,575 |  |  | $ | 129,144 |  |  | $ | 563,633 |
Net written premiums |  | $ | 291,002 |  |  | $ | 130,575 |  |  | $ | 47,898 |  |  | $ | 469,475 |
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 283,791 |  |  | $ | 108,506 |  |  | $ | 65,919 |  |  | $ | 458,216 |
Other income |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 839 |
Total revenues |  |  | 284,582 |  |  |  | 108,506 |  |  |  | 65,967 |  |  |  | 459,055 |
Losses and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 163,296 |  |  |  | 64,168 |  |  |  | 38,308 |  |  |  | 265,772 |
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 106,886 |  |  |  | 39,527 |  |  |  | 32,253 |  |  |  | 178,666 |
Income (loss) from segments |  | $ | 14,400 |  |  | $ | 4,811 |  |  | $ | (4,594 | ) |  | $ | 14,617 |
Unallocated Items: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,911 |
Net realized investment losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (33,067 | )
Other income |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 30,000 |
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21,718 | )
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,004 | )
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,529 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 210 |
Income tax expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (3,399 | )
Net loss |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (3,189 | )
Segment assets |  | $ | 996,336 |  |  | $ | 372,036 |  |  | $ | 336,668 |  |  | $ | 1,705,040 |
Corporate assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 174,097 |
Total assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,879,137 |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

33

16.
New Accounting Pronouncements

The Company did not adopt any new accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

34

Item 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes of the Company included elsewhere in this report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including information with respect to the Company’s plans and strategy, constitutes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the end of this Item 2 for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein. For more information regarding the Company’s business and operations, please see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Financial Highlights

2023 Third Quarter Results of Operations

•
Net income of $7.7 million, or $0.56 per share basic and $0.55 per share diluted
•
Net earned premium of $111.7 million; Property: 31% and Casualty: 69%
•
Continuing Lines accident year combined ratio of 97.8% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared to 97.7% for the same period in 2022. Continuing Lines' accident year combined ratio is comprised of the accident year ratios for the Company's Commercial Specialty and Reinsurance Operations segments.
o
The accident year combined ratio was 97.6% for Commercial Specialty's and 98.2% for Reinsurance Operations during the quarter ended September 30, 2023.
o
The accident year combined ratio was 97.2% for Commercial Specialty's and 99.3% for Reinsurance Operations during the quarter ended September 30, 2022.
•
Net investment income of $14.2 million. Book yield on the fixed maturities portfolio was 4.0%.
•
Net realized investment losses of $0.1 million
•
Operating cash flows of $36.8 million

2023 Third Quarter Consolidated Financial Condition

•
Total investments of $1.3 billion; fixed maturities and short-term securities comprise 96% of total investments
•
Total assets of $1.8 billion
•
No third party debt
•
Total capital returned to shareholders of $606.1 million, comprising $522.2 million of share repurchases and $83.9 million of distributions / dividends. This includes $3.5 million of distributions during the third quarter of 2023.
•
Shareholders' equity of $630.7 million
•
Book value per common share of $46.27

Results of Operations

The Company realized net income of $7.7 million and $23.7 million during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and realized net income (loss) of $19.5 million and ($3.2) million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Excluding the net gain related to the sale of the Company’s Farm, Ranch, & Stable renewal rights, net income (loss)(1) would have been $7.3 million and ($19.6) million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Net investment income increased by $5.8 million and $22.5 million during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022. This significant increase in investment income is the result of

35

actions taken to reposition the investment portfolio in early 2022. Book yield for the fixed income investment portfolio was 4.0% at September 30, 2023 compared to 2.2% at December 31, 2021.

The Continuing Lines accident year underwriting income(2) was $2.7 million and $9.4 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, and the accident year combined ratio(2) was 97.8% and 97.6% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s results for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 98,926 |  |  | $ | 175,827 |  |  |  | (43.7 | %) |  | $ | 332,011 |  |  | $ | 563,633 |  |  |  | (41.1 | %)
Net written premiums |  | $ | 95,623 |  |  | $ | 142,835 |  |  |  | (33.1 | %) |  | $ | 317,480 |  |  | $ | 469,475 |  |  |  | (32.4 | %)
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 111,695 |  |  | $ | 153,644 |  |  |  | (27.3 | %) |  | $ | 380,923 |  |  | $ | 458,216 |  |  |  | (16.9 | %)
Other income |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 316 |  |  |  | (5.4 | %) |  |  | 935 |  |  |  | 839 |  |  |  | 11.4 | %
Total revenues |  |  | 111,994 |  |  |  | 153,960 |  |  |  | (27.3 | %) |  |  | 381,858 |  |  |  | 459,055 |  |  |  | (16.8 | %)
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 65,116 |  |  |  | 88,459 |  |  |  | (26.4 | %) |  |  | 231,199 |  |  |  | 265,772 |  |  |  | (13.0 | %)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 46,202 |  |  |  | 60,876 |  |  |  | (24.1 | %) |  |  | 146,781 |  |  |  | 178,666 |  |  |  | (17.8 | %)
Underwriting income |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 4,625 |  |  |  | (85.4 | %) |  |  | 3,878 |  |  |  | 14,617 |  |  |  | (73.5 | %)
Net investment income |  |  | 14,200 |  |  |  | 8,389 |  |  |  | 69.3 | % |  |  | 39,424 |  |  |  | 16,911 |  |  |  | 133.1 | %
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | 2,234 |  |  |  | (106.0 | %) |  |  | (2,414 | ) |  |  | (33,067 | ) |  |  | (92.7 | %)
Other income (sale of farm business) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | (100.0 | %) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 30,000 |  |  |  | (100.0 | %)
Corporate and other operating expenses |  |  | (5,280 | ) |  |  | (14,064 | ) |  |  | (62.5 | %) |  |  | (16,638 | ) |  |  | (21,718 | ) |  |  | (23.4 | %)
Interest expense |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (3,004 | ) |  |  | (99.6 | %)
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (3,529 | ) |  |  | (100.0 | %)
Income before income taxes |  |  | 9,463 |  |  |  | 31,184 |  |  |  | (69.7 | %) |  |  | 24,238 |  |  |  | 210 |  |  | NM |
Income tax expense |  |  | 1,763 |  |  |  | 7,438 |  |  |  | (76.3 | %) |  |  | 4,707 |  |  |  | 3,399 |  |  |  | 38.5 | %
Net income (loss) |  | $ | 7,700 |  |  | $ | 23,746 |  |  |  | (67.6 | %) |  | $ | 19,531 |  |  | $ | (3,189 | ) |  | NM |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio (3): |  |  | 58.3 | % |  |  | 57.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 60.7 | % |  |  | 58.0 | % |  |  |
Expense ratio (4) |  |  | 41.4 | % |  |  | 39.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 38.5 | % |  |  | 39.0 | % |  |  |
Combined ratio (5) |  |  | 99.7 | % |  |  | 97.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 99.2 | % |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  |

(1)
Net income (loss) excluding the net gain on the sale of the Company’s Farm, Ranch, & Stable renewal rights of $7.3 million and ($19.6) million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively, is a non-GAAP measure which excludes the impact of gross proceeds of $30.0 million, impairments and expenses related to the sale of $9.2 million, and tax expense of $4.4 million in both the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022. The Company’s most directly comparable GAAP measure is net income (loss) of $23.7 million and ($3.2) million during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. The Company believes the non-GAAP measure is useful to investors when evaluating the Company's performance as trends may be obscured by this one time transaction. This non-GAAP measure should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall profitability of the Company
(2)
The Continuing Lines accident year underwriting income of $2.7 million and $9.4 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, is a non-GAAP measure which excludes the impact of prior accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses and prior accident year contingent commission expenses totaling $12.6 million and $20.3 million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The Company's most directly comparable GAAP measure is the Continuing Lines underwriting income (loss) of ($9.9) million and ($10.9) million for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The Continuing Lines accident year combined ratio of 97.8% and 97.6% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, is a non-GAAP ratio which excludes the impact of prior accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses and prior accident year contingent commission expenses totaling 11.4% and 5.6% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The Company's most directly comparable GAAP ratio is the Continuing Lines combined ratio of 109.2% and 103.2% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful

36

to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Continuing Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.
(3)
The loss ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is generally viewed in the insurance industry as an indicator of underwriting profitability and is calculated by dividing net losses and loss adjustment expenses by net earned premiums.
(4)
The expense ratio is a GAAP financial measure that is calculated by dividing the sum of acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses by net earned premiums.
(5)
The combined ratio is a GAAP financial measure and is the sum of the Company’s loss and expense ratios.

NM – not meaningful

Premiums

The following table summarizes the change in premium volume by business segment:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | % Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | % Change |
Gross written premiums (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 87,029 |  |  | $ | 96,056 |  |  |  | (9.4 | %) |  | $ | 277,884 |  |  | $ | 303,914 |  |  |  | (8.6 | %)
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 11,864 |  |  |  | 43,055 |  |  |  | (72.4 | %) |  |  | 50,124 |  |  |  | 130,575 |  |  |  | (61.6 | %)
Continuing Lines |  |  | 98,893 |  |  |  | 139,111 |  |  |  | (28.9 | %) |  |  | 328,008 |  |  |  | 434,489 |  |  |  | (24.5 | %)
Exited Lines |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 36,716 |  |  |  | (99.9 | %) |  |  | 4,003 |  |  |  | 129,144 |  |  |  | (96.9 | %)
Total gross written premiums |  | $ | 98,926 |  |  | $ | 175,827 |  |  |  | (43.7 | %) |  | $ | 332,011 |  |  | $ | 563,633 |  |  |  | (41.1 | %)
Ceded written premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 2,926 |  |  | $ | 2,884 |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  | $ | 10,651 |  |  | $ | 12,912 |  |  |  | (17.5 | %)
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 2,926 |  |  |  | 2,884 |  |  |  | 1.5 | % |  |  | 10,651 |  |  |  | 12,912 |  |  |  | (17.5 | %)
Exited Lines |  |  | 377 |  |  |  | 30,108 |  |  |  | (98.7 | %) |  |  | 3,880 |  |  |  | 81,246 |  |  |  | (95.2 | %)
Total ceded written premiums |  | $ | 3,303 |  |  | $ | 32,992 |  |  |  | (90.0 | %) |  | $ | 14,531 |  |  | $ | 94,158 |  |  |  | (84.6 | %)
Net written premiums (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 84,103 |  |  | $ | 93,172 |  |  |  | (9.7 | %) |  | $ | 267,233 |  |  | $ | 291,002 |  |  |  | (8.2 | %)
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 11,864 |  |  |  | 43,055 |  |  |  | (72.4 | %) |  |  | 50,124 |  |  |  | 130,575 |  |  |  | (61.6 | %)
Continuing Lines |  |  | 95,967 |  |  |  | 136,227 |  |  |  | (29.6 | %) |  |  | 317,357 |  |  |  | 421,577 |  |  |  | (24.7 | %)
Exited Lines |  |  | (344 | ) |  |  | 6,608 |  |  |  | (105.2 | %) |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 47,898 |  |  |  | (99.7 | %)
Total net written premiums |  | $ | 95,623 |  |  | $ | 142,835 |  |  |  | (33.1 | %) |  | $ | 317,480 |  |  | $ | 469,475 |  |  |  | (32.4 | %)
Net earned premiums |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 83,679 |  |  | $ | 98,597 |  |  |  | (15.1 | %) |  | $ | 270,269 |  |  | $ | 283,791 |  |  |  | (4.8 | %)
Reinsurance Operations (3) |  |  | 26,671 |  |  |  | 35,046 |  |  |  | (23.9 | %) |  |  | 91,103 |  |  |  | 108,506 |  |  |  | (16.0 | %)
Continuing Lines |  |  | 110,350 |  |  |  | 133,643 |  |  |  | (17.4 | %) |  |  | 361,372 |  |  |  | 392,297 |  |  |  | (7.9 | %)
Exited Lines |  |  | 1,345 |  |  |  | 20,001 |  |  |  | (93.3 | %) |  |  | 19,551 |  |  |  | 65,919 |  |  |  | (70.3 | %)
Total net earned premiums |  | $ | 111,695 |  |  | $ | 153,644 |  |  |  | (27.3 | %) |  | $ | 380,923 |  |  | $ | 458,216 |  |  |  | (16.9 | %)

(1)
Gross written premiums represent the amount received or to be received for insurance policies written without reduction for reinsurance costs, ceded premiums, or other deductions.
(2)
Net written premiums equal gross written premiums less ceded written premiums.
(3)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates.

Gross written premiums decreased by 43.7% and 41.1% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to same periods in 2022. The decrease in gross written premiums is being driven by a reduction in premiums in both Continuing Lines as well as Exited Lines. The reduction in Continuing Lines is primarily due to the non-renewal of a casualty treaty within Reinsurance Operations, the non-renewal of a restaurant book of business within Commercial Specialty, and actions taken within Commercial Specialty to improve underwriting results by not renewing underperforming business. These decreases were partially offset by increased pricing within Commercial Specialty.

37

To support future growth in the Company's Commercial Specialty segment and provide capital for business initiatives including share repurchases, a decision was made to reduce writings in its Reinsurance Operations. The Company anticipates that its Reinsurance Operations will comprise a smaller percentage of the Company's overall business prospectively.

Net Retention

The ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums is referred to as the Company’s net premium retention. The Company’s net premium retention is summarized by segments as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Commercial Specialty |  |  | 96.6 | % |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | (0.4 | ) |  |  | 96.2 | % |  |  | 95.8 | % |  |  | 0.4 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | — |  |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  | — |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | 97.9 | % |  |  | (0.9 | ) |  |  | 96.8 | % |  |  | 97.0 | % |  |  | (0.2 | )
Exited Lines |  | NM |  |  |  | 18.0 | % |  | NM |  |  |  | 3.1 | % |  |  | 37.1 | % |  |  | (34.0 | )
Total |  |  | 96.7 | % |  |  | 81.2 | % |  |  | 15.5 |  |  |  | 95.6 | % |  |  | 83.3 | % |  |  | 12.3 |

NM – not meaningful

The net premium retention for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 increased by 15.5 points and 12.3 points, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022. While the Company still has ceding arrangements in place related to the sale of renewal rights, the Company's overall net retention is not significantly impacted in 2023 as Exited Lines' gross written premiums comprise a much smaller percentage of the Company's consolidated gross written premiums. See Note 3 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the sale of renewal rights related to the Company’s manufactured and dwelling homes business and the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business.

Net Earned Premiums

Net earned premiums within the Commercial Specialty segment decreased by 15.1% and 4.8% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022 primarily due to the reduction in premiums written in 2023 as a result of actions taken within Commercial Specialty to improve underwriting results by not renewing underperforming business as well as the non-renewal of a restaurant book of business. Property net earned premiums were $34.1 million and $35.7 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $107.6 million and $106.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $49.6 million and $62.9 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $162.7 million and $177.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net earned premiums within the Reinsurance Operations segment decreased by 23.9% and 16.0% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022 primarily due to the non-renewal of a casualty treaty. There were no property net earned premiums for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Casualty net earned premiums were $26.7 million and $35.0 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $91.1 million and $108.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Net earned premiums within the Exited Lines segment decreased by 93.3% and 70.3% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022 primarily due to the sale of renewal rights related to the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable business on August 8, 2022. The decrease in net earned premiums is also due to exiting lines of business unrelated to the Company’s continuing businesses. Property net earned premiums were $0.6 million and $14.8 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $13.3 million and $51.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Casualty net earned premiums were $0.7 million and $5.2 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $6.3 million and $14.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

38

Reserves

Management’s best estimate at September 30, 2023 was recorded as the loss reserves. Management’s best estimate is as of a particular point in time and is based upon known facts, the Company’s actuarial analyses, current law, and the Company’s judgment. This resulted in carried gross and net reserves of $861.8 million and $786.8 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023. A breakout of the Company’s gross and net reserves, as of September 30, 2023, is as follows:

|  | Gross Reserves |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Case |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Total |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 175,625 |  |  | $ | 344,010 |  |  | $ | 519,635 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 24,472 |  |  |  | 202,814 |  |  |  | 227,286 |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 200,097 |  |  |  | 546,824 |  |  |  | 746,921 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 52,477 |  |  |  | 62,405 |  |  |  | 114,882 |
Total |  | $ | 252,574 |  |  | $ | 609,229 |  |  | $ | 861,803 |

|  | Net Reserves (2) |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Case |  |  | IBNR (1) |  |  | Total |
Commercial Specialty |  | $ | 157,872 |  |  | $ | 313,458 |  |  | $ | 471,330 |
Reinsurance Operations |  |  | 24,472 |  |  |  | 202,814 |  |  |  | 227,286 |
Continuing Lines |  |  | 182,344 |  |  |  | 516,272 |  |  |  | 698,616 |
Exited Lines |  |  | 33,607 |  |  |  | 54,560 |  |  |  | 88,167 |
Total |  | $ | 215,951 |  |  | $ | 570,832 |  |  | $ | 786,783 |

(1)
Losses incurred but not reported, including the expected future emergence of case reserves.
(2)
Does not include reinsurance receivables on paid losses.

Each reserve category has an implicit frequency and severity for each accident year as a result of the various assumptions made. If the actual levels of loss frequency and severity are higher or lower than expected, the ultimate losses will be different than management’s best estimate. For most of its reserve categories, the Company believes that frequency can be predicted with greater accuracy than severity. Therefore, the Company believes management’s best estimate is more likely influenced by changes in severity than frequency. The following table, which the Company believes reflects a reasonable range of variability around its best estimate based on historical loss experience and management’s judgment, reflects the impact of changes (which could be favorable or unfavorable) in frequency and severity on the Company’s current accident year net loss estimate of $231.2 million for claims occurring during the nine months ended September 30, 2023:

|  |  |  | Severity Change |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | -10% |  |  | -5% |  |  | 0% |  |  | 5% |  |  | 10% |
Frequency Change |  | -5% |  |  | (33,524 | ) |  |  | (22,542 | ) |  |  | (11,560 | ) |  |  | (578 | ) |  |  | 10,404 |
|  | -3% |  |  | (29,362 | ) |  |  | (18,149 | ) |  |  | (6,936 | ) |  |  | 4,277 |  |  |  | 15,490 |
|  | -2% |  |  | (27,281 | ) |  |  | (15,953 | ) |  |  | (4,624 | ) |  |  | 6,705 |  |  |  | 18,034 |
|  | -1% |  |  | (25,201 | ) |  |  | (13,756 | ) |  |  | (2,312 | ) |  |  | 9,132 |  |  |  | 20,577 |
|  | 0% |  |  | (23,120 | ) |  |  | (11,560 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,560 |  |  |  | 23,120 |
|  | 1% |  |  | (21,039 | ) |  |  | (9,364 | ) |  |  | 2,312 |  |  |  | 13,988 |  |  |  | 25,663 |
|  | 2% |  |  | (18,958 | ) |  |  | (7,167 | ) |  |  | 4,624 |  |  |  | 16,415 |  |  |  | 28,206 |
|  | 3% |  |  | (16,878 | ) |  |  | (4,971 | ) |  |  | 6,936 |  |  |  | 18,843 |  |  |  | 30,749 |
|  | 5% |  |  | (12,716 | ) |  |  | (578 | ) |  |  | 11,560 |  |  |  | 23,698 |  |  |  | 35,836 |

The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses of $786.8 million as of September 30, 2023 relate to multiple accident years. Therefore, the impact of changes in frequency and severity for more than one accident year could be higher or lower than the amounts reflected above.

39

Underwriting Results

Commercial Specialty

Commercial Specialty's accident year underwriting income(1) was $2.3 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $3.0 million for the same period in 2022. Results for 2023 include $2.5 million of losses from the fires in Maui Hawaii. Commercial Specialty's results for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 include $14.5 million in strengthening of prior accident year reserves.

The components of income (loss) from the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 87,029 |  |  | $ | 96,056 |  |  |  | (9.4 | %) |  | $ | 277,884 |  |  | $ | 303,914 |  |  |  | (8.6 | %)
Net written premiums |  | $ | 84,103 |  |  | $ | 93,172 |  |  |  | (9.7 | %) |  | $ | 267,233 |  |  | $ | 291,002 |  |  |  | (8.2 | %)
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 83,679 |  |  | $ | 98,597 |  |  |  | (15.1 | %) |  | $ | 270,269 |  |  | $ | 283,791 |  |  |  | (4.8 | %)
Other income |  |  | 275 |  |  |  | 272 |  |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  | 808 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 2.1 | %
Total revenues |  |  | 83,954 |  |  |  | 98,869 |  |  |  | (15.1 | %) |  |  | 271,077 |  |  |  | 284,582 |  |  |  | (4.7 | %)
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 63,624 |  |  |  | 56,833 |  |  |  | 11.9 | % |  |  | 182,405 |  |  |  | 163,296 |  |  |  | 11.7 | %
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 32,671 |  |  |  | 37,817 |  |  |  | (13.6 | %) |  |  | 102,169 |  |  |  | 106,886 |  |  |  | (4.4 | %)
Underwriting income (loss) |  | $ | (12,341 | ) |  | $ | 4,219 |  |  | NM |  |  | $ | (13,497 | ) |  | $ | 14,400 |  |  |  | (193.7 | %)

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current accident year |  |  | 58.7 | % |  |  | 58.9 | % |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 59.7 | % |  |  | 58.1 | % |  |  | 1.6 |
Prior accident year |  |  | 17.3 | % |  |  | (1.3 | %) |  |  | 18.6 |  |  |  | 7.8 | % |  |  | (0.6 | %) |  |  | 8.4 |
Calendar year loss ratio |  |  | 76.0 | % |  |  | 57.6 | % |  |  | 18.4 |  |  |  | 67.5 | % |  |  | 57.5 | % |  |  | 10.0 |
Expense ratio |  |  | 39.0 | % |  |  | 38.4 | % |  |  | 0.6 |  |  |  | 37.8 | % |  |  | 37.7 | % |  |  | 0.1 |
Combined ratio |  |  | 115.0 | % |  |  | 96.0 | % |  |  | 19.0 |  |  |  | 105.3 | % |  |  | 95.2 | % |  |  | 10.1 |
Accident year combined ratio (2) |  |  | 97.6 | % |  |  | 97.2 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 97.4 | % |  |  | 95.8 | % |  |  |

(1)
The Commercial Specialty accident year underwriting income (loss) of $2.3 million and $3.0 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively, is a non-GAAP measure which excludes the impact of prior accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses and prior accident year contingent commission expenses totaling $14.6 million and ($1.2) million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The Company's most directly comparable GAAP measure is the Commercial Specialty underwriting income (loss) of ($12.3) million and $4.2 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Commercial Specialty may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.
(2)
The accident year combined ratio excludes the impact of prior accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses and prior accident year contingent commission expenses.

NM – not meaningful

40

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures and ratios

The table below reconciles the non-GAAP measures or ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Commercial Specialty may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 11,665 |  |  |  | 34.2 | % |  | $ | 16,879 |  |  |  | 47.2 | % |  | $ | 50,341 |  |  |  | 46.8 | % |  | $ | 52,372 |  |  |  | 49.1 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 1,009 |  |  |  | 3.0 | % |  |  | (1,907 | ) |  |  | (5.3 | %) |  |  | (1,686 | ) |  |  | (1.6 | %) |  |  | (3,214 | ) |  |  | (3.0 | %)
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 12,674 |  |  |  | 37.2 | % |  | $ | 14,972 |  |  |  | 41.9 | % |  | $ | 48,655 |  |  |  | 45.2 | % |  | $ | 49,158 |  |  |  | 46.1 | %
Catastrophe losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 5,170 |  |  |  | 15.2 | % |  | $ | 3,959 |  |  |  | 11.1 | % |  | $ | 12,585 |  |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | $ | 9,165 |  |  |  | 8.6 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 1,216 |  |  |  | 3.6 | % |  |  | 155 |  |  |  | 0.4 | % |  |  | 3,067 |  |  |  | 2.9 | % |  |  | (73 | ) |  |  | (0.1 | %)
Catastrophe losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 6,386 |  |  |  | 18.8 | % |  | $ | 4,114 |  |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | $ | 15,652 |  |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | $ | 9,092 |  |  |  | 8.5 | %
Total property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 16,835 |  |  |  | 49.4 | % |  | $ | 20,838 |  |  |  | 58.3 | % |  | $ | 62,926 |  |  |  | 58.5 | % |  | $ | 61,537 |  |  |  | 57.7 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 2,225 |  |  |  | 6.5 | % |  |  | (1,752 | ) |  |  | (4.9 | %) |  |  | 1,381 |  |  |  | 1.3 | % |  |  | (3,287 | ) |  |  | (3.1 | %)
Total property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 19,060 |  |  |  | 55.9 | % |  | $ | 19,086 |  |  |  | 53.4 | % |  | $ | 64,307 |  |  |  | 59.8 | % |  | $ | 58,250 |  |  |  | 54.6 | %
Casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total casualty losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 32,274 |  |  |  | 65.1 | % |  | $ | 37,210 |  |  |  | 59.2 | % |  | $ | 98,507 |  |  |  | 60.6 | % |  | $ | 103,378 |  |  |  | 58.3 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 12,290 |  |  |  | 24.8 | % |  |  | 537 |  |  |  | 0.9 | % |  |  | 19,591 |  |  |  | 12.0 | % |  |  | 1,668 |  |  |  | 0.9 | %
Total casualty losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | 44,564 |  |  |  | 89.9 | % |  | $ | 37,747 |  |  |  | 60.1 | % |  | $ | 118,098 |  |  |  | 72.6 | % |  | $ | 105,046 |  |  |  | 59.2 | %
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 49,109 |  |  |  | 58.7 | % |  | $ | 58,048 |  |  |  | 58.9 | % |  | $ | 161,433 |  |  |  | 59.7 | % |  | $ | 164,915 |  |  |  | 58.1 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | 14,515 |  |  |  | 17.3 | % |  |  | (1,215 | ) |  |  | (1.3 | %) |  |  | 20,972 |  |  |  | 7.8 | % |  |  | (1,619 | ) |  |  | (0.6 | %)
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio (2) |  | $ | 63,624 |  |  |  | 76.0 | % |  | $ | 56,833 |  |  |  | 57.6 | % |  | $ | 182,405 |  |  |  | 67.5 | % |  | $ | 163,296 |  |  |  | 57.5 | %

(1)
Non-GAAP measure / ratio
(2)
Most directly comparable GAAP measure / ratio

Premiums

See “Results of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Other Income

Other income was $0.3 million for each of the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and $0.8 million for each of the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income.

41

Loss Ratio

The current accident year losses and loss ratio is summarized as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Property losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  | $ | 11,665 |  |  | $ | 16,879 |  |  |  | (30.9 | %) |  | $ | 50,341 |  |  | $ | 52,372 |  |  |  | (3.9 | %)
Catastrophe |  |  | 5,170 |  |  |  | 3,959 |  |  |  | 30.6 | % |  |  | 12,585 |  |  |  | 9,165 |  |  |  | 37.3 | %
Property losses |  |  | 16,835 |  |  |  | 20,838 |  |  |  | (19.2 | %) |  |  | 62,926 |  |  |  | 61,537 |  |  |  | 2.3 | %
Casualty losses |  |  | 32,274 |  |  |  | 37,210 |  |  |  | (13.3 | %) |  |  | 98,507 |  |  |  | 103,378 |  |  |  | (4.7 | %)
Total accident year losses |  | $ | 49,109 |  |  | $ | 58,048 |  |  |  | (15.4 | %) |  | $ | 161,433 |  |  | $ | 164,915 |  |  |  | (2.1 | %)

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Current accident year loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  |  | 34.2 | % |  |  | 47.2 | % |  |  | (13.0 | ) |  |  | 46.8 | % |  |  | 49.1 | % |  |  | (2.3 | )
Catastrophe |  |  | 15.2 | % |  |  | 11.1 | % |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  | 11.7 | % |  |  | 8.6 | % |  |  | 3.1 |
Property loss ratio |  |  | 49.4 | % |  |  | 58.3 | % |  |  | (8.9 | ) |  |  | 58.5 | % |  |  | 57.7 | % |  |  | 0.8 |
Casualty loss ratio |  |  | 65.1 | % |  |  | 59.2 | % |  |  | 5.9 |  |  |  | 60.6 | % |  |  | 58.3 | % |  |  | 2.3 |
Total accident year loss ratio |  |  | 58.7 | % |  |  | 58.9 | % |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 59.7 | % |  |  | 58.1 | % |  |  | 1.6 |

The current accident year non-catastrophe property loss ratio improved by 13.0 points during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 mainly reflecting lower claims severity in the third accident quarter and calendar quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year non-catastrophe property loss ratio improved by 2.3 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 reflecting lower claims frequency compared to last year.

The current accident year catastrophe loss ratio increased by 4.1 points during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 recognizing higher claims frequency in the third accident quarter and calendar quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year catastrophe loss ratio increased by 3.1 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 recognizing higher claims frequency compared to last year.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio increased by 5.9 points during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 reflecting higher claims severity in the calendar quarter compared to last year.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio increased by 2.3 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 recognizing higher claims severity compared to last year.

The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes an increase of $14.5 million, or 17.3 percentage points, and an increase of $21.0 million, or 7.8 percentage points, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes a decrease of $1.2 million, or 1.3 percentage points, and a decrease of $1.6 million, or 0.6 percentage points, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratios

The expense ratio for the Company’s Commercial Specialty segment increased by 0.6 points from 38.4% for the quarter ended September 30, 2022 to 39.0% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and increased by 0.1 points from 37.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to 37.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to lower earned premiums.

42

Reinsurance Operations

The components of income from the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 (1) |  |  | 2022 (1) |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 (1) |  |  | 2022 (1) |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 11,864 |  |  | $ | 43,055 |  |  |  | (72.4 | %) |  | $ | 50,124 |  |  | $ | 130,575 |  |  |  | (61.6 | %)
Net written premiums |  | $ | 11,864 |  |  | $ | 43,055 |  |  |  | (72.4 | %) |  | $ | 50,124 |  |  | $ | 130,575 |  |  |  | (61.6 | %)
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 26,671 |  |  | $ | 35,046 |  |  |  | (23.9 | %) |  | $ | 91,103 |  |  | $ | 108,506 |  |  |  | (16.0 | %)
Total revenues |  |  | 26,671 |  |  |  | 35,046 |  |  |  | (23.9 | %) |  |  | 91,103 |  |  |  | 108,506 |  |  |  | (16.0 | %)
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | 13,673 |  |  |  | 20,316 |  |  |  | (32.7 | %) |  |  | 54,448 |  |  |  | 64,168 |  |  |  | (15.1 | %)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 10,553 |  |  |  | 13,013 |  |  |  | (18.9 | %) |  |  | 34,106 |  |  |  | 39,527 |  |  |  | (13.7 | %)
Underwriting income |  | $ | 2,445 |  |  | $ | 1,717 |  |  |  | 42.4 | % |  | $ | 2,549 |  |  | $ | 4,811 |  |  |  | (47.0 | %)

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current accident year (2) |  |  | 61.3 | % |  |  | 61.5 | % |  |  | (0.2 | ) |  |  | 61.6 | % |  |  | 61.4 | % |  |  | 0.2 |
Prior accident year |  |  | (10.0 | %) |  |  | (3.5 | %) |  |  | (6.5 | ) |  |  | (1.8 | %) |  |  | (2.3 | %) |  |  | 0.5 |
Calendar year loss ratio (3) |  |  | 51.3 | % |  |  | 58.0 | % |  |  | (6.7 | ) |  |  | 59.8 | % |  |  | 59.1 | % |  |  | 0.7 |
Expense ratio |  |  | 39.6 | % |  |  | 37.1 | % |  |  | 2.5 |  |  |  | 37.4 | % |  |  | 36.4 | % |  |  | 1.0 |
Combined ratio |  |  | 90.9 | % |  |  | 95.1 | % |  |  | (4.2 | ) |  |  | 97.2 | % |  |  | 95.5 | % |  |  | 1.7 |
Accident year combined ratio (4) |  |  | 98.2 | % |  |  | 99.3 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 98.3 | % |  |  | 97.8 | % |  |  |

(1)
External business only, excluding business assumed from affiliates
(2)
Non-GAAP ratio
(3)
Most directly comparable GAAP ratio
(4)
The accident year combined ratio excludes the impact of prior accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses and prior accident year contingent commission expenses.

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial ratios

The table above reconciles the non-GAAP ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Reinsurance Operations may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

Premiums

See “Results of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

Loss Ratio

The current accident year loss ratio improved by 0.2 points during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily reflecting mix of business changes as well as expected loss ratios varying by treaty.

43

The current accident year loss ratio increased by 0.2 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily reflecting an increase in the excess professional liability expected loss ratio.

The calendar year loss ratios for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes a decrease of $2.7 million, or 10.0 percentage points, and a decrease of $1.7 million, or 1.8 percentage points, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. The calendar year loss ratios for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes a decrease of $1.2 million, or 3.5 percentage, and a decrease of $2.5 million, or 2.3 point percentage, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratios

The expense ratio for the Company’s Reinsurance Operations segment increased by 2.5 points from 37.1% for the quarter ended September 30, 2022 to 39.6% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and increased by 1.0 points from 36.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to 37.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to an increase in commission expense related to prior accident years partially offset by a reduction in staff and professional services to align expenses with business being written.

Exited Lines

The components of income (loss) from the Company’s Exited Lines segment and corresponding underwriting ratios are as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Gross written premiums |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 36,716 |  |  |  | (99.9 | %) |  | $ | 4,003 |  |  | $ | 129,144 |  |  |  | (96.9 | %)
Net written premiums |  | $ | (344 | ) |  | $ | 6,608 |  |  |  | (105.2 | %) |  | $ | 123 |  |  | $ | 47,898 |  |  |  | (99.7 | %)
Net earned premiums |  | $ | 1,345 |  |  | $ | 20,001 |  |  |  | (93.3 | %) |  | $ | 19,551 |  |  | $ | 65,919 |  |  |  | (70.3 | %)
Other income |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (45.5 | %) |  |  | 127 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 164.6 | %
Total revenues |  |  | 1,369 |  |  |  | 20,045 |  |  |  | (93.2 | %) |  |  | 19,678 |  |  |  | 65,967 |  |  |  | (70.2 | %)
Losses and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses |  |  | (12,181 | ) |  |  | 11,310 |  |  |  | (207.7 | %) |  |  | (5,654 | ) |  |  | 38,308 |  |  |  | (114.8 | %)
Acquisition costs and other underwriting expenses |  |  | 2,978 |  |  |  | 10,046 |  |  |  | (70.4 | %) |  |  | 10,506 |  |  |  | 32,253 |  |  |  | (67.4 | %)
Underwriting income (loss) |  | $ | 10,572 |  |  | $ | (1,311 | ) |  |  | 906.4 | % |  | $ | 14,826 |  |  | $ | (4,594 | ) |  |  | 422.7 | %

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Underwriting Ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current accident year |  |  | (21.5 | %) |  |  | 59.3 | % |  |  | (80.8 | ) |  |  | 69.8 | % |  |  | 66.5 | % |  |  | 3.3 |
Prior accident year |  |  | (884.2 | %) |  |  | (2.8 | %) |  |  | (881.4 | ) |  |  | (98.7 | %) |  |  | (8.4 | %) |  |  | (90.3 | )
Calendar year loss ratio |  |  | (905.7 | %) |  |  | 56.5 | % |  |  | (962.2 | ) |  |  | (28.9 | %) |  |  | 58.1 | % |  |  | (87.0 | )
Expense ratio |  |  | 221.4 | % |  |  | 50.2 | % |  |  | 171.2 |  |  |  | 53.7 | % |  |  | 48.9 | % |  |  | 4.8 |
Combined ratio |  |  | (684.3 | %) |  |  | 106.7 | % |  |  | (791.0 | ) |  |  | 24.8 | % |  |  | 107.0 | % |  |  | (82.2 | )
Accident year combined ratio (1) |  |  | 169.9 | % |  |  | 106.6 | % |  |  |  |  |  | 122.9 | % |  |  | 109.9 | % |  |  |

(1)
The accident year combined ratio excludes the impact of prior accident year losses and loss adjustment expenses and prior accident year contingent commission expenses.

44

Reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures and ratios

The table below reconciles the non-GAAP measures or ratios, which excludes the impact of prior accident year adjustments, to its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio. The Company believes the non-GAAP measures or ratios are useful to investors when evaluating the Company's underwriting performance as trends within Exited Lines may be obscured by prior accident year adjustments. These non-GAAP measures or ratios should not be considered as a substitute for its most directly comparable GAAP measure or ratio and does not reflect the overall underwriting profitability of the Company.

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |  |  | Losses |  |  | Loss Ratio |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | (215 | ) |  |  | (36.1 | %) |  | $ | 7,313 |  |  |  | 49.5 | % |  | $ | 6,858 |  |  |  | 51.7 | % |  | $ | 26,909 |  |  |  | 52.5 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (7,339 | ) |  |  | (1,231.4 | %) |  |  | (310 | ) |  |  | (2.1 | %) |  |  | (8,976 | ) |  |  | (67.6 | %) |  |  | (3,562 | ) |  |  | (7.0 | %)
Non catastrophe property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | (7,554 | ) |  |  | (1,267.5 | %) |  | $ | 7,003 |  |  |  | 47.4 | % |  | $ | (2,118 | ) |  |  | (15.9 | %) |  | $ | 23,347 |  |  |  | 45.5 | %
Catastrophe losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | 63 |  |  |  | 10.6 | % |  | $ | 1,922 |  |  |  | 13.0 | % |  | $ | 3,218 |  |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | $ | 9,401 |  |  |  | 18.4 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (2,705 | ) |  |  | (453.9 | %) |  |  | (244 | ) |  |  | (1.7 | %) |  |  | (6,880 | ) |  |  | (51.8 | %) |  |  | (1,363 | ) |  |  | (2.7 | %)
Catastrophe losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | (2,642 | ) |  |  | (443.3 | %) |  | $ | 1,678 |  |  |  | 11.3 | % |  | $ | (3,662 | ) |  |  | (27.6 | %) |  | $ | 8,038 |  |  |  | 15.7 | %
Total property losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | (152 | ) |  |  | (25.5 | %) |  | $ | 9,235 |  |  |  | 62.5 | % |  | $ | 10,076 |  |  |  | 75.9 | % |  | $ | 36,310 |  |  |  | 70.9 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (10,044 | ) |  |  | (1,685.3 | %) |  |  | (554 | ) |  |  | (3.8 | %) |  |  | (15,856 | ) |  |  | (119.4 | %) |  |  | (4,925 | ) |  |  | (9.7 | %)
Total property losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | (10,196 | ) |  |  | (1,710.8 | %) |  | $ | 8,681 |  |  |  | 58.7 | % |  | $ | (5,780 | ) |  |  | (43.5 | %) |  | $ | 31,385 |  |  |  | 61.2 | %
Casualty |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total casualty losses and ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | (137 | ) |  |  | (18.3 | %) |  | $ | 2,626 |  |  |  | 50.3 | % |  | $ | 3,566 |  |  |  | 56.8 | % |  | $ | 7,539 |  |  |  | 51.3 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (1,848 | ) |  |  | (246.7 | %) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 0.1 | % |  |  | (3,440 | ) |  |  | (54.8 | %) |  |  | (616 | ) |  |  | (4.2 | %)
Total casualty losses and ratio (2) |  | $ | (1,985 | ) |  |  | (265.0 | %) |  | $ | 2,629 |  |  |  | 50.4 | % |  | $ | 126 |  |  |  | 2.0 | % |  | $ | 6,923 |  |  |  | 47.1 | %
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio excluding the effect of prior accident year (1) |  | $ | (289 | ) |  |  | (21.5 | %) |  | $ | 11,861 |  |  |  | 59.3 | % |  | $ | 13,642 |  |  |  | 69.8 | % |  | $ | 43,849 |  |  |  | 66.5 | %
Effect of prior accident year |  |  | (11,892 | ) |  |  | (884.2 | %) |  |  | (551 | ) |  |  | (2.8 | %) |  |  | (19,296 | ) |  |  | (98.7 | %) |  |  | (5,541 | ) |  |  | (8.4 | %)
Total net losses and loss adjustment expense and total loss ratio (2) |  | $ | (12,181 | ) |  |  | (905.7 | %) |  | $ | 11,310 |  |  |  | 56.5 | % |  | $ | (5,654 | ) |  |  | (28.9 | %) |  | $ | 38,308 |  |  |  | 58.1 | %

(1)
Non-GAAP measure / ratio
(2)
Most directly comparable GAAP measure / ratio

Premiums

See “Results of Operations” above for a discussion on consolidated premiums.

45

Other Income

The Company recognized income of less than $0.1 million for each of the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and income of $0.1 million and income of less than $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other income is primarily comprised of fee income net of bank fees.

Loss Ratio

The current accident year losses and loss ratio is summarized as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Property losses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  | $ | (215 | ) |  | $ | 7,313 |  |  |  | (102.9 | %) |  | $ | 6,858 |  |  | $ | 26,909 |  |  |  | (74.5 | %)
Catastrophe |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 1,922 |  |  |  | (96.7 | %) |  |  | 3,218 |  |  |  | 9,401 |  |  |  | (65.8 | %)
Property losses |  |  | (152 | ) |  |  | 9,235 |  |  |  | (101.6 | %) |  |  | 10,076 |  |  |  | 36,310 |  |  |  | (72.3 | %)
Casualty losses |  |  | (137 | ) |  |  | 2,626 |  |  |  | (105.2 | %) |  |  | 3,566 |  |  |  | 7,539 |  |  |  | (52.7 | %)
Total accident year losses |  | $ | (289 | ) |  | $ | 11,861 |  |  |  | (102.4 | %) |  | $ | 13,642 |  |  | $ | 43,849 |  |  |  | (68.9 | %)

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | Point |
|  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change (1) |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Current accident year loss ratio: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Property |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-catastrophe |  |  | (36.1 | %) |  |  | 49.5 | % |  |  | (85.6 | ) |  |  | 51.7 | % |  |  | 52.5 | % |  |  | (0.8 | )
Catastrophe |  |  | 10.6 | % |  |  | 13.0 | % |  |  | (2.4 | ) |  |  | 24.2 | % |  |  | 18.4 | % |  |  | 5.8 |
Property loss ratio |  |  | (25.5 | %) |  |  | 62.5 | % |  |  | (88.0 | ) |  |  | 75.9 | % |  |  | 70.9 | % |  |  | 5.0 |
Casualty loss ratio |  |  | (18.3 | )% |  |  | 50.3 | % |  |  | (68.6 | ) |  |  | 56.8 | % |  |  | 51.3 | % |  |  | 5.5 |
Total accident year loss ratio |  |  | (21.5 | %) |  |  | 59.3 | % |  |  | (80.8 | ) |  |  | 69.8 | % |  |  | 66.5 | % |  |  | 3.3 |

(1) The point change for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 is primarily due to a significant reduction in premiums and current accident year losses due to exiting various lines of business.

The current accident year non-catastrophe property loss ratio improved by 0.8 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily reflecting lower claims frequency compared to last year.

The current accident year catastrophe loss ratio increased by 5.8 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 primarily recognizing higher claims frequency compared to last year.

The current accident year casualty loss ratio increased by 5.5 points during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022 mainly reflecting higher claims frequency and growth in the brokerage divisions which had higher expected loss ratios.

The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes a decrease of $11.9 million, or 884.2 percentage points, and a decrease of $19.3 million, or 98.7 percentage points, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. The calendar year loss ratio for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2022 includes a decrease of $0.6 million, or 2.8 percentage points, and an decrease of $5.5 million, or 8.4 percentage points, respectively, related to reserve development on prior accident years. Please see Note 9 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for further discussion on prior accident year development.

Expense Ratio

The expense ratio for the Company’s Exited Lines increased by 171.2 points from 50.2% for the quarter ended September 30, 2022 to 221.4% for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 and increased by 4.8 points from 48.9% for the nine months ended

46

September 30, 2022 to 53.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to lower earned premiums as a result of restructuring actions.

Unallocated Corporate Items

The Company’s fixed income portfolio, excluding cash, continues to maintain high quality with an A+ average rating and a duration of 1.2 years.

Net Investment Income

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | % |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  | % |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Gross investment income (1) |  | $ | 14,566 |  |  | $ | 8,856 |  |  |  | 64.5 | % |  | $ | 40,513 |  |  | $ | 18,593 |  |  |  | 117.9 | %
Investment expenses |  |  | (366 | ) |  |  | (467 | ) |  |  | (21.6 | %) |  |  | (1,089 | ) |  |  | (1,682 | ) |  |  | (35.3 | %)
Net investment income |  | $ | 14,200 |  |  | $ | 8,389 |  |  |  | 69.3 | % |  | $ | 39,424 |  |  | $ | 16,911 |  |  |  | 133.1 | %

(1)
Excludes realized gains and losses

Gross investment income increased by 64.5% and 117.9% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in yield within the fixed maturities portfolio due to the rise in rates and increased returns from alternative investments.

Investment expenses decreased by 21.6% and 35.3% for the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2022 due to decreased investment management expenses.

At September 30, 2023, the Company held agency mortgage-backed securities with a market value of $2.8 million. Excluding the agency mortgage-backed securities, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio was 1.2 years as of September 30, 2023, compared with 1.7 years as of September 30, 2022. Including cash and short-term investments, the average duration of the Company’s fixed maturities portfolio, excluding agency mortgage-backed securities was 1.1 years and 1.7 years as of September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. Changes in interest rates can cause principal payments on certain investments to extend or shorten which can impact duration. The Company’s embedded book yield on its fixed maturities, not including cash, was 4.0% as of September 30, 2023, compared to 3.1% as of September 30, 2022. The embedded book yield on the $26.2 million of taxable municipal bonds in the Company’s portfolio was 3.0% at September 30, 2023, compared to an embedded book yield of 3.0% on the Company’s taxable municipal bonds of $33.0 million at September 30, 2022.

Net Realized Investment Gains (Losses)

The components of net realized investment gains (losses) for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Quarters Ended September 30, |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |
Equity securities |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | (1,103 | ) |  | $ | (3,820 | )
Fixed maturities |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | (259 | ) |  |  | (1,311 | ) |  |  | (12,135 | )
Derivatives |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,553 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 9,093 |
Other-than-temporary impairment losses (1) |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (26,205 | )
Net realized investment gains (losses) |  | $ | (133 | ) |  | $ | 2,234 |  |  | $ | (2,414 | ) |  | $ | (33,067 | )

(1) In response to a rising interest rate environment, the Company took action early in April 2022 to shorten the duration of its fixed maturities portfolio. In connection with these actions, the Company identified fixed maturities securities with a weighted average life of five years or greater as having an intent to sell resulting in other-than-temporary impairment losses. The majority of which were sold in the 2nd quarter of 2022. Most of the proceeds from the sale of these securities were reinvested into fixed income investments with maturities of two years. As a result of these actions, the Company's book yield rose over time. Book yield was approximately 2.2% at December 31, 2021 and 4.0% at September 30, 2023.

47

See Note 4 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for an analysis of total investment return on a pre-tax basis for the quarters and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.

Corporate and Other Operating Expenses

Corporate and other operating expenses consist of outside legal fees, other professional fees, directors’ fees, management fees & advisory fees, salaries and benefits for holding company personnel, development costs for new products, impairment losses, and taxes incurred which are not directly related to operations. Corporate and other operating expenses were $5.3 million and $14.1 million during the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The reduction in corporate and other operating expenses was primarily due to the Company incurring $9.2 million of impairments and expenses related to the sale of the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable renewal rights during the quarter ended September 30, 2022.

Corporate and other operating expenses were $16.6 million and $21.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Corporate and other operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 included $9.2 million of impairments and expenses related to the sale of the Company's Farm, Ranch & Stable renewal rights offset by a $2.7 million employee retention credit under the CARES Act that was received in May 2022. Corporate and other operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 includes $2.1 million in restructuring expenses.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was less than $0.1 million and $3.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The reduction in interest expense was due to the redemption of the 7.875% Subordinated Notes due 2047 on April 15, 2022.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $1.8 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 compared with income tax expense of $7.4 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in income tax expense is primarily due to lower taxable income in the Company's U.S. Subsidiaries during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022.

Income tax expense was $4.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared with an income tax expense of $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in income tax expense is primarily due to higher taxable income in the Company's U.S. Subsidiaries in 2023 during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022.

See Note 8 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for a comparison of income tax between periods.

Net Income (Loss)

The factors described above resulted in net income of $7.7 million and $23.7 million for the quarters ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and net income of $19.5 million and a net loss of $3.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Critical Accounting Estimates and Policies

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP, which require it to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses, recoverability of reinsurance receivables, investments, fair value measurements, goodwill and intangible assets, deferred acquisition costs, and taxation. For a detailed discussion on each of these policies, please see the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. There have been no significant changes to any of these policies or underlying methodologies during the current year.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources and Uses of Funds

Global Indemnity Group, LLC is a holding company. Its principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, including those of its insurance companies: United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, Penn-Star Insurance Company, and Penn-Patriot Insurance Company.

Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s short term and long term liquidity needs include but are not limited to the payment of corporate expenses, distributions to shareholders, and share repurchases. The Company also has commitments in the form of operating leases, commitments to fund limited liability investments, and unpaid losses and loss expense obligations. In order to meet its short term and long term needs, Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s principal sources of cash includes investment income, dividends from subsidiaries, other permitted disbursements from its direct and indirect subsidiaries, reimbursement for equity awards granted to employees and intercompany borrowings. The principal sources of funds at these direct and indirect subsidiaries include underwriting operations, investment income, proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments, capital contributions, intercompany borrowings, and dividends from subsidiaries. Funds are used principally by these operating subsidiaries to pay claims and operating expenses, to make debt payments, to purchase investments, and to make distribution payments. In addition, the Company periodically reviews opportunities related to business acquisitions, and as a result, liquidity may be needed in the future.

GBLI Holdings, LLC is a holding company which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Penn-Patriot Insurance Company. GBLI Holdings, LLC’s principal asset is its ownership of the shares of its direct and indirect subsidiaries which include United National Insurance Company, Diamond State Insurance Company, Penn-America Insurance Company, and Penn-Star Insurance Company. GBLI Holdings, LLC is dependent on dividends from its subsidiaries as well as reimbursements from its subsidiaries for utilization of net operating losses and other tax attributes in order to meet its corporate expense obligations and intercompany financing obligations.

As of September 30, 2023, the Company also had future funding commitments of $14.2 million related to investments that are currently in their harvest period and it is unlikely that a capital call will be made.

The future liquidity of both Global Indemnity Group, LLC and GBLI Holdings, LLC is dependent on the ability of its subsidiaries to generate income to pay dividends. Global Indemnity Group, LLC and GBLI Holdings, LLC’s insurance companies are restricted by statute as to the amount of dividends that they may pay without the prior approval of regulatory authorities. The dividend limitations imposed by state laws are based on the statutory financial results of each insurance company that are determined by using statutory accounting practices that differ in various respects from accounting principles used in financial statements prepared in conformity with GAAP. See “Regulation - Statutory Accounting Principles” in Item 1 of Part I of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Key differences relate to, among other items, deferred acquisition costs, limitations on deferred income taxes, reserve calculation assumptions and surplus notes. See Note 22 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of Part II of the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for further information on dividend limitations related to the Insurance Companies. There were no dividend declared or paid during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

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Cash Flows

Sources of operating funds consist primarily of net written premiums and investment income. Funds are used primarily to pay claims and operating expenses and to purchase investments. As a result of the distribution policy, funds are also used to pay distributions to shareholders of the Company.

The Company’s reconciliation of net income (loss) to net cash provided by operations is generally influenced by the following:

•
the fact that the Company collects premiums, net of commissions, in advance of losses paid;
•
the timing of the Company’s settlements with its reinsurers; and
•
the timing of the Company’s loss payments.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $36.8 million and $41.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in operating cash flows of approximately $5.0 million from the prior year was primarily a net result of the following items:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |  |  |
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2023 |  |  | 2022 |  |  | Change |
Net premiums collected |  | $ | 340,810 |  |  | $ | 423,744 |  |  | $ | (82,934 | )
Net losses paid |  |  | (201,660 | ) |  |  | (208,759 | ) |  |  | 7,099 |
Underwriting and corporate expenses |  |  | (139,374 | ) |  |  | (191,126 | ) |  |  | 51,752 |
Net investment income |  |  | 37,597 |  |  |  | 22,996 |  |  |  | 14,601 |
Net income taxes (paid) recovered |  |  | (609 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | (628 | )
Interest paid |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (5,125 | ) |  |  | 5,113 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | $ | 36,752 |  |  | $ | 41,749 |  |  | $ | (4,997 | )

See the consolidated statements of cash flows in the consolidated financial statements in Item 1 of Part I of this report for details concerning the Company’s investing and financing activities.

Liquidity

Stock Repurchase

On October 21, 2022, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that up to $32 million of share repurchases were authorized. On January 3, 2023, Global Indemnity Group, LLC announced that it authorized an increase in the aggregate stock repurchases from $32 million to $60 million. On June 8, 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an additional increase in the existing share buyback authorization amount of $60 million to $135 million.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 450,000 shares were repurchased for approximately $12.1 million at an average purchase price of $26.83 per share. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $0.60 per share since December 31, 2022.

From the time of the initial announcement, a total of 1,357,082 shares were repurchased for approximately $34.0 million at an average purchase price of $25.05 per share. 138,151 shares that were acquired were reissued at an average price per share of $24.17. As a result of these transactions, book value per share increased by $1.69 per share since inception of the stock repurchase program in October 2022.

Restructuring

The Company restructured its insurance operations to strengthen its market presence and enhance its focus on GBLI’s core Package Specialty and Targeted Specialty products. The restructuring plan, which was initiated in the fourth quarter of 2022, was completed in the first quarter of 2023. The Company incurred restructuring costs of $3.4 million during the fourth quarter of 2022 and $2.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 for total restructuring costs of $5.5

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million. Post completion of the restructuring plan, the Company anticipates recurring annual expense savings of $16.0 million.

Distributions

The Board of Directors approved a distribution payment of $0.25 per common share to all shareholders of record on the close of business on March 24, 2023, June 23, 2023, and October 9, 2023. Distributions paid to common shareholders were $7.5 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. In addition, distributions of $0.3 million were paid to Global Indemnity Group, LLC’s preferred shareholder during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Investment Portfolio

On July 31, 2023, the Company provided the Global Debt Fund, LP with a formal withdrawal request in full. Withdrawal proceeds are expected to be received starting in 2024. The Global Debt Fund, LP had a fair market value of $23.7 million at September 30, 2023.

Other than the items discussed in the preceding paragraphs, there have been no material changes to the Company’s liquidity during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Please see Item 7 of Part II in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s liquidity.

Capital Resources

There have been no material changes to the Company’s capital resources during the quarter and nine months ended September 30, 2023. Please see Item 7 of Part II in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s capital resources.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company has no off balance sheet arrangements.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Some of the statements under “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report may include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Security Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that reflect the Company’s current views with respect to future events and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are statements that are not historical facts. These statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "believe," "expect," "may," "will," "should," "project," "plan," "seek," "intend," or "anticipate" or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, and include discussions of strategy, financial projections and estimates and their underlying assumptions, statements regarding plans, objectives, expectations or consequences of identified transactions or natural disasters, and statements about the future performance, operations, products and services of the companies.

The Company’s business and operations are and will be subject to a variety of risks, uncertainties and other factors. Consequently, actual results and experience may materially differ from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of Part I in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and experience to differ from those projected. The Company’s forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they were made. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

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Item 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATI VE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

For the quarter ended September 30, 2023, global equities and U.S. equities fell approximately 3.3%. U.S. fixed income lost approximately 3.2% with the average spread moving wider during the quarter. The FOMC voted to maintain policy rates at current levels, but with a promise to remain vigilant in the battle against inflation that is nearly twice its 2% target. The U.S. economy has proven surprisingly resilient, aided by a consumer that has had the ability and willingness to spend at above-average levels for an extended period. Strong growth has helped to push interest rates to levels not seen since 2007, particularly further out the curve. This is coming at a time when the amount of U.S. Treasury issuance is increasing to finance growing deficits. While Congress was able to avert a government shutdown, the current political and fiscal challenges may further add to already elevated levels of volatility.

The Company’s investment grade fixed income portfolio continues to maintain high quality with an A+ average rating and a duration of 1.2 years. Portfolio purchases were focused within US Treasury securities. These purchases were funded primarily through cash inflows, as well as maturities and paydowns. During the third quarter, the portfolio’s allocation to US Treasury securities increased, while the portfolio’s exposure to investment grade credit decreased.

Other than the changes described in the preceding paragraphs, there have been no other material changes to the Company’s market risk since December 31, 2022. Please see Item 7A of Part II in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K for information regarding the Company’s market risk.

Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2023. Based upon that evaluation, and subject to the foregoing, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2023, the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.

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PART II-OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The Company is, from time to time, involved in various legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. The Company maintains insurance and reinsurance coverage for risks in amounts that it considers adequate. However, there can be no assurance that the insurance and reinsurance coverage that the Company maintains is sufficient or will be available in adequate amounts or at a reasonable cost. The Company does not believe that the resolution of any currently pending legal proceedings, either individually or taken as a whole, will have a material adverse effect on its business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition.

There is a greater potential for disputes with reinsurers who are in runoff. Some of the Company’s reinsurers’ have operations that are in runoff, and therefore, the Company closely monitors those relationships. The Company anticipates that, similar to the rest of the insurance and reinsurance industry, it will continue to be subject to litigation and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of business.

Item 1A. Ri sk Factors

The Company’s results of operations and financial condition are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A of Part I in the Company’s 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on March 15, 2023. The risk factors identified therein have not materially changed.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equi ty Securities and Use of Proceeds

The Company’s Share Incentive Plan allows employees to surrender the Company’s class A common shares as payment for the tax liability incurred upon the vesting of restricted stock. There were no shares surrendered by the Company’s employees during the quarter ended September 30, 2023. There were 18,860 shares surrendered by the Company’s employees during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. All class A common shares surrendered by the Company’s employees are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost until formally retired.

There were no shares repurchased by the Company during the quarter ended September 30, 2023. Global Indemnity Group, LLC repurchased 450,000 shares from third parties under its repurchase program during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. All class A common shares repurchased from third parties under its repurchase program are held as treasury stock and recorded at cost until formally retired.

Item 3. Defaults upo n Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Saf ety Disclosures

None.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits

31.1+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 (a) / 15d-14 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 (a) / 15d-14 (a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1+ |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2+ |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104 |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

+ Filed or furnished herewith, as applicable.

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SIGNA TURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

|  | GLOBAL INDEMNITY GROUP, LLC
|  | Registrant
Dated: November 9, 2023 |  | By: |  | /s/ Thomas M. McGeehan
|  |  |  | Thomas M. McGeehan
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  |  | (Authorized Signatory and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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