Stock-based compensation

a) Stock-based compensation expenses

Stock-based compensation expenses included in general and administrative expenses are as follows:



Year ended December 31,	2015			2014			2013
Share option plan (note 22(b))	$	716		$	921		$	981
Liability classified restricted share unit plan (note 22(d(i)))	(80		)	790			2,652
Equity classified restricted share unit plan (note 22(d(ii)))	713			419			—
Equity performance restricted share unit plan (note 22(e))	431			94			—
Liability classified deferred stock unit plan (note 22(f(i)))	(735		)	(1,100		)	2,560
Equity classified deferred stock unit plan (note 22(f(ii)))	651			2,181			—
	$	1,696		$	3,305		$	6,193

b) Share option plan

Under the 2004 Amended and Restated Share Option Plan, which was approved and became effective in 2006, directors, officers, employees and certain service providers to the Company are eligible to receive stock options to acquire voting common shares in the Company. Each stock option provides the right to acquire one common share in the Company and expires ten years from the grant date or on termination of employment. Options may be exercised at a price determined at the time the option is awarded, and vest as follows: no options vest on the award date and twenty percent vest on each subsequent anniversary date. For the year ended December 31, 2015, 3,399,399 shares are reserved and authorized for issuance under the share option plan.



	Number of options		Weighted average exercise price $ per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2012	3,029,734		5.70
Granted	177,400		5.91
Exercised(i)	(295,230	)	3.98
Forfeited	(698,624	)	7.12
Outstanding at December 31, 2013	2,213,280		5.51
Exercised⁽ⁱ⁾	(385,880	)	3.49
Forfeited	(61,480	)	7.83
Outstanding at December 31, 2014	1,765,920		5.87
Exercised⁽ⁱ⁾	(30,080	)	2.75
Forfeited	(287,840	)	8.91
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	1,448,000		5.33


(i)	All stock options exercised resulted in new common shares being issued (note 17(a)).

Cash received from option exercises for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $82 (2014 - $1,348; 2013 - $1,175). For the year ended December 31, 2015, the total intrinsic value of options exercised, calculated as market value at the exercise date less exercise price, multiplied by the number of units exercised, was $16 (December 31, 2014 - $1,711; 2013 - $524).

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2015:



	Options outstanding				Options exercisable
Exercise price	Number	Weighted average remaining life	Weighted average exercise price		Number	Weighted average remaining life	Weighted average exercise price
$2.75	288,900	6.4 years	$	2.75	149,420	6.5 years	$	2.75
$2.79	450,000	6.5 years	$	2.79	150,000	6.5 years	$	2.79
$3.69	29,100	2.9 years	$	3.69	29,100	2.9 years	$	3.69
$4.90	40,000	6.3 years	$	4.90	24,000	6.3 years	$	4.90
$5.00	127,760	0.4 years	$	5.00	127,760	0.4 years	$	5.00
$5.91	149,200	8.0 years	$	5.91	59,680	8.0 years	$	5.91
$6.56	79,860	5.9 years	$	6.56	63,080	5.9 years	$	6.56
$8.28	10,000	3.5 years	$	8.28	10,000	3.5 years	$	8.28
$8.58	30,000	4.7 years	$	8.58	30,000	4.7 years	$	8.58
$9.33	59,780	4.1 years	$	9.33	59,780	4.1 years	$	9.33
$10.13	59,060	5.0 years	$	10.13	59,060	5.0 years	$	10.13
$13.50	74,340	1.9 years	$	13.50	74,340	1.9 years	$	13.50
$16.46	50,000	2.3 years	$	16.46	50,000	2.3 years	$	16.46
	1,448,000	5.4 years	$	5.33	886,220	4.6 years	$	6.52

At December 31, 2015, the weighted average remaining contractual life of outstanding options is 5.4 years (December 31, 2014 – 6.1 years) and the weighted average exercise price was $5.33 (December 31, 2014 - $5.87). The fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2015 was $806 (December 31, 2014 – $983; December 31, 2013 - $1,278). At December 31, 2015, the Company had 886,220 exercisable options (December 31, 2014 – 824,720) with a weighted average exercise price of $6.52 (December 31, 2014 – $8.41).

At December 31, 2015, the total compensation costs related to non-vested awards not yet recognized was $684 (December 31, 2014 – $1,223) and these costs are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.7 years (December 31, 2014 – 2.5 years). There were no stock options granted under this plan for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

c) Senior executive stock option plan

On September 22, 2010, the Company modified a senior executive employment agreement to allow the option holder the right to settle options in cash which resulted in a change in classification of 550,000 stock options (senior executive stock options) from equity to a long term liability. The liability was measured at fair value using the Black-Scholes model at the modification date and subsequently at each period end date.

During the year ended December 31, 2015 the senior executive stock option plan expired and 258,200 options were forfeited.

At December 31, 2014, a current liability of $22 is included in accrued liabilities in relation to this plan. During the year ended December 31, 2014, 291,800 the senior executive stock options were exercised and settled in common shares. For the year ended December 31, 2014, the total intrinsic value of senior executive stock options exercised, calculated as market value at the exercise date less exercise price, multiplied by the number of units exercised, was $935 and cash received from stock option exercises was $1,459 (December 31, 2013 - $nil and $nil respectively).

The weighted average assumptions used in estimating the fair value of the fully vested senior executive stock options as at December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows:



Year ended December 31,	2015		2014		2013
Number of senior executive stock options	—		258,200		550,000
Weighted average fair value per option granted ($)	—		0.08		1.71
Weighted average assumptions:
Dividend yield	—	%	2.20	%	N/A
Expected volatility	—	%	49.68	%	39.12	%
Risk-free interest rate	—	%	0.25	%	0.22	%
Expected life (years)	0.0		0.4		1.4

d) Restricted share unit plan

Restricted Share Units (“RSU”) are granted each year to executives and other key employees with respect to services to be provided in that year and the following two years. The majority of RSUs vest at the end of a three-year term. The Company intends to settle all RSUs issued after February 19, 2014 with common shares purchased on the open market through a trust arrangement ("equity classified RSUs"). The Company will continue to settle RSUs granted prior to February 19, 2014 with cash ("liability classified RSUs").

i) Liability classified restricted share unit plan



	Number of units
Outstanding at December 31, 2012	1,110,275
Granted	555,204
Vested	(154,330	)
Forfeited	(487,205	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2013	1,023,944
Dividend equivalents granted	695
Vested	(350,271	)
Forfeited	(58,865	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014	615,503
Dividend equivalents granted	—
Vested	(277,707	)
Forfeited	(47,006	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	290,790

At December 31, 2015, the current portion of RSU liabilities of $671 were included in accrued liabilities (December 31, 2014 - $1,009) and the long term portion of RSU liabilities of $nil were included in other long term obligations (December 31, 2014 — $770) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 277,707 units were settled in cash for $1,030 (2014 - 350,271 units settled in cash for $2,678; 2013 - 154,330 units settled in cash for $727).

Using a fair market value of $2.42 per unit at December 31, 2015 (December 31, 2014 - $3.78), there were approximately $61 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non–vested share–based payment arrangements under the liability classified RSU Plan (December 31, 2014 – $641) and these costs are expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining contractual life of the liability classified RSUs of 0.3 years (December 31, 2014 – 0.8 years).

ii) Equity classified restricted share unit plan



	Number of units		Weighted average exercise price $ per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2013	—		—
Granted	274,256		7.98
Dividend equivalents granted	11,557		6.15
Vested	(605	)	7.75
Forfeited	(22,300	)	7.87
Outstanding at December 31, 2014	262,908		7.91
Granted	557,650		3.01
Dividend equivalents granted	22,882		3.03
Modified	(156	)	3.62
Vested	(19,798	)	3.63
Forfeited	(49,330	)	6.37
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	774,156		4.45

At December 31, 2015, there were approximately $1,877 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non–vested share–based payment arrangements under the equity classified RSU Plan (December 31, 2014 – $1,276) and these costs are expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining contractual life of the RSUs of 2.1 years (December 31, 2014 – 2.3 years). During the year ended December 31, 2015, 19,798 units vested, which were settled with common shares purchased on the open market through a trust arrangement (December 31, 2014 - 605 units; December 31, 2013 - $nil).

e) Performance restricted share units

On June 11, 2014, the Company entered into an amended and restated executive employment agreement with the Chief Executive Officer (the "CEO") and granted Performance Restricted Share Units ("PSU") as a long-term incentive, which became effective July 1, 2014. Commencing with a grant on July 1, 2015, PSUs were granted to certain additional senior management employees as part of their long-term incentive compensation. The PSUs vest at the end of a three-year term and are subject to performance criteria approved by the Human Resources and Compensation Committee at the date of the grant.



		Number of units
Outstanding at December 31, 2013		—
Granted		65,636
Dividend equivalents granted		536
Outstanding at December 31, 2014		66,172
Granted		350,724
Dividend equivalents granted		6,696
Outstanding at December 31, 2015		423,592

At December 31, 2015, for the July 1, 2014 grant there were approximately $281 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non–vested share–based payment arrangements (December 31, 2014 - $468) under the PSU plan and these costs are expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining contractual life of the PSUs of 1.5 years (December 31, 2014 - 2.5 years). At December 31, 2015, for the July 1, 2015 grant there were approximately $1,211 of total compensation costs related to non–vested share–based payment arrangements (December 31, 2014 - $nil) under the PSU plan and these costs are expected to be recognized over the weighted average remaining contractual life of the PSUs of 2.5 years (December 31, 2014 - 0 years). The Company intends to settle earned PSUs with common shares purchased on the open market through a trust arrangement.

f) Deferred stock unit plan

On November 27, 2007, the Company approved a Deferred Stock Unit (“DSU”) Plan, which became effective January 1, 2008. Under the DSU plan non-officer directors of the Company receive 50% of their annual fixed remuneration (which is included in general and administrative expenses) in the form of DSUs and may elect to receive all or a part of their annual fixed remuneration in excess of 50% in the form of DSUs. On February 19, 2014, the Company modified its DSU plan to permit awards to certain executives in addition to directors, whereby eligible executives could elect to receive up to 50% of their annual bonus in the form of DSUs. The executive participation aspect of the program was ended on December 2, 2015, though DSUs issued to executives prior to that time continue to be held. The DSUs vest immediately upon issuance and are only redeemable upon death or retirement of the participant. DSU holders who are not US taxpayers, may elect to defer the redemption date until a date no later than December 1st of the calendar year following the year in which the retirement or death occurred.

The Company intends to settle all DSUs issued with cash ("liability classified DSUs").

i) Liability classified deferred stock unit plan



	Number of units
Outstanding at December 31, 2012	625,156
Issued	141,509
Redeemed	(179,831	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2013	586,834
Issued	7,674
Redeemed	(63,886	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2014	530,622
Issued	—
Modified	571,569
Redeemed	(173,317	)
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	928,874

At December 31, 2015, the fair market value of these units was $2.42 per unit (December 31, 2014 – $3.78 per unit). At December 31, 2015, the current portion of DSU liabilities of $nil were included in accrued liabilities (December 31, 2014 - $408) and the long term portion of DSU liabilities of $2,246 were included in other long term obligations (December 31, 2014 - $1,597) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 173,317 units were redeemed and settled in cash for $527 (December 31, 2014 - 63,886 units were redeemed and settled in cash for $557; December 31, 2013 - 179,831 units were redeemed and settled in cash for $968). The DSU plan was modified in December, 2015 to eliminate the executives receiving 50% of their annual bonus in the form of DSUs. This modification resulted in $445 being paid out to the executives. There is no unrecognized compensation expense related to the DSUs, since these awards vest immediately when issued.

ii) Equity classified deferred stock unit plan



	Number of units		Weighted average exercise price $ per share
Outstanding at December 31, 2013	—		—
Granted	161,007		6.52
Dividend equivalents issued	8,721		6.10
Outstanding at December 31, 2014	169,728		6.50
Issued	378,867		3.29
Dividend equivalents granted	22,974		3.07
Modified	(571,569	)	2.58
Outstanding at December 31, 2015	—		—

In December, 2015 the equity classified DSU plan was modified and remaining units reclassed to the liability DSU plan at the fair market value on December 31, 2015 of $2.42 per unit. At December 31, 2015, there were no equity units remaining.

There is no unrecognized compensation expense related to equity classified DSUs, since these awards vest immediately when issued.