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Stock-based compensation | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2019
Share-based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stock-based compensation | Stock-based compensation Stock-based compensation expenses included in general and administrative expenses are as follows:
Year ended December 31, | Note |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Restricted share unit plan | 18(a) |  | $ | 1,933 |  |  | $ | 2,110 |
Performance restricted share unit plan | 18(b) |  | 1,892 |  |  | 1,910 |
Deferred stock unit plan | 18(c) |  | 5,618 |  |  | 7,415 |
Share option plan | 18(d) |  | — |  |  | 97 |
|  |  | $ | 9,443 |  |  | $ | 11,532 |
a) Restricted share unit plan Restricted Share Units (“RSU”) are granted each year to executives and other key employees with respect to services to be provided in that year and the following two years. The majority of RSUs vest at the end of a three-year term. The Company settles RSUs with common shares purchased on the open market through a trust arrangement.
|  | Number of units |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price $ per share |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 1,189,933 |  |  | 4.22 |
Granted |  | 266,196 |  |  | 8.02 |
Vested |  | (487,376 | ) |  | 3.01 |
Forfeited |  | (20,660 | ) |  | 5.45 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 948,093 |  |  | 5.88 |
Granted |  | 193,450 |  |  | 13.40 |
Vested |  | (465,194 | ) |  | 4.15 |
Forfeited |  | (26,272 | ) |  | 6.01 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 650,077 |  |  | 9.35 |
At December 31, 2019, there were approximately $3,104 of unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested share-based payment arrangements under the RSU plan (December 31, 2018 – $2,754) and these costs are expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining contractual life of the RSUs of 1.3 years (December 31, 2018 – 1.3 years). During the year ended December 31, 2019, 465,194 units vested, of which 426,514 units were settled with common shares purchased through a trust arrangement (December 31, 2018 - 487,376 units vested and settled). Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2019, 38,680 units were settled with common shares purchased through a trust arrangement. b) Performance restricted share unit plan Performance Restricted Share Units ("PSU") are granted each year to senior management employees with respect to services to be provided in that year and the following two years. The PSUs vest at the end of a three-year term and are subject to performance criteria approved by the Human Resources and Compensation Committee at the grant date. The Company settles PSUs with common shares purchased through a trust arrangement.
|  | Number of units |  | Weighted-average exercise price $ per share |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 896,633 |  |  | 4.81 |
Granted |  | 197,763 |  |  | 8.01 |
Vested |  | (353,279 | ) |  | 4.27 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 741,117 |  |  | 5.92 |
Granted |  | 122,274 |  |  | 13.12 |
Vested |  | (372,924 | ) |  | 4.45 |
Forfeited |  | (8,560 | ) |  | 8.09 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 481,907 |  |  | 8.85 |
At December 31, 2019, there were approximately $2,905 of total unrecognized compensation costs related to non–vested share–based payment arrangements under the PSU plan (December 31, 2018 - $2,713) and these costs are expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining contractual life of the PSUs of 1.2 years (December 31, 2018 - 1.3 years). During the year ended December 31, 2019, 372,924 units vested, of which 334,244 units were settled with common shares purchased through a trust arrangement at a factor of 2.00 common shares per PSU based on performance against grant date criteria (December 31, 2018 - 353,279 units at a factor of 2.00 vested and settled). Subsequent to the year ended December 31, 2019, 38,680 units were settled with common shares purchased through a trust arrangement. The Company estimated the fair value of the PSUs granted during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 using a Monte Carlo simulation with the following assumptions:
|  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Risk-free interest rate |  | 1.43 | % |  | 1.98 | %
Expected volatility |  | 40.12 | % |  | 45.04 | %
c) Deferred stock unit plan Under the DSU plan non-officer directors of the Company receive 50% of their annual fixed remuneration in the form of DSUs and may elect to receive all or a part of their annual fixed remuneration in excess of 50% in the form of DSUs. On February 19, 2014, the Company modified its DSU plan to permit awards to executives in addition to directors, whereby eligible executives could elect to receive up to 50% of their annual bonus in the form of DSUs. The DSUs vest immediately upon issuance and are only redeemable upon death or retirement of the participant. DSU holders that are not US taxpayers may elect to defer the redemption date until a date no later than December 1 of the calendar year following the year in which the retirement or death occurred.
|  | Number of units |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 991,583 |
Granted |  | 134,656 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 1,126,239 |
Granted |  | 82,191 |
Redeemed |  | (307,385 | )
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 901,045 |
At December 31, 2019, the fair market value of these units was $15.95 per unit (December 31, 2018 – $11.91 per unit). At December 31, 2019, the current portion of DSU liabilities of $nil was included in accrued liabilities (December 31, 2018 - $nil) and the long-term portion of DSU liabilities of $14,375 was included in other long-term obligations (December 31, 2018 - $13,413) in the consolidated balance sheets. During the year ended December 31, 2019, 307,385 units were redeemed and settled in cash for $5,084 (December 31, 2018 - nil units were redeemed and settled in cash for $nil). There is no unrecognized compensation expense related to the DSUs since these awards vest immediately upon issuance. d) Share option plan Under the 2004 Amended and Restated Share Option Plan, which was approved and became effective in 2006, directors, officers, employees and certain service providers to the Company are eligible to receive stock options to acquire voting common shares in the Company. Each stock option provides the right to acquire one common share in the Company and expires ten years from the grant date or on termination of employment. Options may be exercised at a price determined at the time the option is awarded, and vest as follows: no options vest on the award date and twenty percent vest on each subsequent anniversary date. For the year ended December 31, 2019, 2,495,619 shares are reserved and authorized for issuance under the share option plan.
|  | Number of options |  |  | Weighted-average exercise price $ per share |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  | 913,540 |  |  | 5.36 |
Exercised(i) |  | (297,940 | ) |  | 3.43 |
Forfeited or expired |  | (50,000 | ) |  | 16.46 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  | 565,600 |  |  | 5.40 |
Exercised(i) |  | (327,000 | ) |  | 5.97 |
Outstanding at December 31, 2019 |  | 238,600 |  |  | 4.61 |
(i) All stock options exercised resulted in new common shares being issued (note 15(a)). Cash received from options exercised for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1,953 (2018 - $1,023). For the year ended December 31, 2019, the total intrinsic value of options exercised, calculated as the market value at the exercise date less exercise price, multiplied by the number of units exercised, was $3,274 (December 31, 2018 - $1,351). The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2019:
|  | Options outstanding and exercisable |
Exercise price |  | Number |  |  | Weighted-average remaining life |  | Weighted- average exercise price |
$2.75 |  | 85,100 |  |  | 2.7 years |  | $ | 2.75 |
$2.79 |  | 50,000 |  |  | 2.5 years |  | $ | 2.79 |
$5.91 |  | 46,300 |  |  | 3.4 years |  | $ | 5.91 |
$6.56 |  | 34,000 |  |  | 1.6 years |  | $ | 6.56 |
$9.33 |  | 5,300 |  |  | 0.5 years |  | $ | 9.33 |
$10.13 |  | 17,900 |  |  | 0.8 years |  | $ | 10.13 |
|  | 238,600 |  |  | 2.4 years |  | $ | 4.61 |
At December 31, 2018, the weighted-average remaining contractual life of outstanding options was 3.3 years and the weighted-average exercise price was $5.40. The fair value of options vested during the year ended December 31, 2019 was $nil (December 31, 2018 – $98). At December 31, 2019, the Company had 238,600 exercisable options (December 31, 2018 – 565,600) with a weighted-average exercise price of $4.61 (December 31, 2018 – $5.40). At December 31, 2019 and 2018 there were no compensation costs related to non-vested awards not yet recognized and no stock options granted under this plan.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for share-based payment arrangement. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2228938 + Details
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