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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2018
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying financial statements for the periods prior to the Company’s IPO have been prepared on a standalone basis and are derived from ALPHAEON’s consolidated financial statements and accounting records. The Company’s financial statements included an allocation of certain assets and liabilities that have historically been held at the ALPHAEON corporate level but which were specifically identifiable or allocable to the Company. T he accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and pursuant to the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. These results reflect amounts attributable to the Company’s business, including the costs ALPHAEON incurred for the development and commercialization of the Product and costs and expenses under the License and Supply Agreement (the “Daewoong Agreement”) entered into with Daewoong Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (“Daewoong”), a South Korean pharmaceutical manufacturer, in September 2013, as further described below in Note 5, C ommitments and Contingencies. Prior to the Company’s IPO, ALPHAEON charged the Company external and internal administrative and research and development expenses that ALPHAEON incurred on the Company’s behalf. External research and development expenses charged to the Company included costs for contract research organizations (“CROs”), costs to conduct nonclinical and clinical studies on the Product, costs to acquire and evaluate clinical study data such as investigator grants, patient screening fees and laboratory work, and fees paid to consultants. ALPHAEON charged these costs to the Company at the same amount that ALPHAEON incurred such cost. Internal development expenses included costs for the work that ALPHAEON development employees perform for the Company. ALPHAEON charged the Company a full-time equivalent (“FTE”) rate that covers personnel-related expenses, including salaries and benefits, plus an allocation of facility-related expenses, including rent, utilities, depreciation, insurance and property taxes, for those research and development employees who work either directly or indirectly on the development of the Company’s drugs and certain administrative employees. ALPHAEON calculated the facility-related expenses to the Company based on a percentage of aggregate expenses incurred at ALPHAEON. ALPHAEON calculated depreciation expense of property and equipment using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of its assets of 3 to 5 years. As a result, the Company historically incurred related party borrowings from ALPHAEON for its share of the internal and external expenses for each of these functions based on the Company’s relative use of each function, plus an allocation of facility-related expenses. The Company’s management believes that the allocation and results were reasonable for all periods presented. However, allocations may not be indicative of actual expense Evolus would have incurred had it operated as an independent company for the periods presented. As of September 30, 2018, the Company did not have any accounts receivable or payable with ALPHAEON pursuant to the Services Agreement or otherwise. The Company has calculated its income tax amounts using a separate return methodology and has presented these amounts as if it were a separate taxpayer from ALPHAEON in each jurisdiction for each period the Company presented. Subsequent to the IPO, the Company will prepare a stand-alone tax return. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company did not have a tax sharing agreement with ALPHAEON. The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements and related disclosures have been prepared pursuant to Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), rules and regulations regarding interim financial reporting and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, as filed with the SEC on March 29, 2018. As permitted under those rules, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. The unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, the interim financial statements reflect all adjustments, which include normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair statement of the interim periods. The interim results presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2018 or for any other period. Acquisition The accounting for acquisitions requires extensive use of estimates and judgments to measure the fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, including in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), and liabilities assumed. Additionally, the Company must determine whether an acquired entity is considered to be a business or a set of net assets, because the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired can only be recognized as goodwill in a business combination. Evolus was formed in November 2012 for the purposes of developing the Product for distribution and sale. In October 2013, in a Stock Purchase Agreement, SCH acquired all of the Company’s outstanding equity from certain former stockholders of the Company (the “Evolus Founders”) in exchange for 15,000 Class AA units of SCH and 15,000 Class D units of SCH, which resulted in SCH obtaining a controlling financial interest in Evolus. Prior to the transaction with SCH, Evolus had executed the Daewoong Agreement with Daewoong and thereby secured exclusive rights to license and distribute the Product for aesthetic indications in the United States and certain other international markets, as well as non-exclusive rights to distribute in Japan (see Note 4, Related Party Transactions). The acquisition of the Company, which represented a business combination by SCH, was to provide SCH and ALPHAEON, access to the license held by Evolus to develop, produce and market clinical neurotoxins. In a series of related transactions in 2013, SCH acquired all of the Company’s outstanding equity in exchange for membership interests in SCH. In 2014, SCH contributed equity that it had acquired in 2013 to ALPHAEON. As a result of these transactions, the Company became a wholly-owned subsidiary of ALPHAEON. The Company remained a wholly-owned subsidiary of ALPHAEON until the completion of the IPO. SCH elected to apply push-down accounting pursuant to the guidance in ASC 805, Business Combinations. Accordingly, the financial statements reflect the new basis of accounting established by SCH when SCH obtained control of the Company in October 2013. The assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the acquisition were recognized based on their estimated fair values at the acquisition date. The determination of estimated fair values requires significant estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, determining the timing and estimated costs to complete the in-process projects, projecting regulatory approvals, estimating future cash flows and developing appropriate discount rates. The estimated fair values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed were based on reasonable assumptions. In connection with the acquisition, SCH and ALPHAEON entered into a stock purchase agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which they were obligated to make certain contingent payments to the Evolus Founders. However, since Evolus did not have an obligation associated with the contingent consideration arrangement prior to the Company’s IPO, no amounts were recognized in the Company’s financial statements for the contingent royalty obligation arrangement between SCH and ALPHAEON, and the Evolus Founders. As described in Note 4, Related Party Transactions, on December 14, 2017, SCH and ALPHAEON entered into an amendment to the Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Amended Purchase Agreement”), and the Company joined as a contractual party. Certain of the Evolus Founders from whom SCH purchased its equity interests include individuals previously employed by the Company in operational roles, including J. Christopher Marmo, Ph.D., the Company’s former Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Marmo is currently retained as a consultant to the Company and will be until the Company obtains U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval for the Product or until his consultancy is terminated pursuant to the terms of a consulting agreement entered into between the Company and Mr. Marmo. Pursuant to the Amended Purchase Agreement, ALPHAEON’s existing payment obligations set forth in the Stock Purchase Agreement were replaced with revised payment obligations, which will be payable directly to the Evolus Founders. As provided in the Amended Purchase Agreement, upon the closing of the IPO on February 12, 2018, ALPHAEON immediately and automatically assigned to the Company its payment obligations under the Amended Purchase Agreement. The fair value of these payment obligations are referred to as the “contingent royalty obligation payable to Evolus Founders, a related party” and the “contingent promissory note payable to Evolus Founders, a related party” in the accompanying condensed balance sheets. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and disclosures made in the accompanying notes. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates, judgments, and assumptions. Management considers many factors in selecting appropriate financial accounting policies and controls and in developing the estimates and assumptions that are used in the preparation of these financial statements. Management must apply significant judgment in this process. In addition, other factors may affect estimates, including expected business and operational changes, sensitivity and volatility associated with the assumptions used in developing estimates, and whether historical trends are expected to be representative of future trends. The estimation process often may yield a range of potentially reasonable estimates of the ultimate future outcomes, and management must select an amount that falls within that range of reasonable estimates. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates the most significant estimates, including those related to the fair values of financial instruments, intangible assets and goodwill, useful lives of intangible assets, and royalty obligations, among others. Although the Company bases these estimates on historical experience, knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments over the carrying values of assets and liabilities, this process may result in actual results differing materially from those estimated amounts used in the preparation of the financial statements. Risk and Uncertainties The Company has not commenced principal operations in the form of commercialized Product sales. The Product requires regulatory approval from the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, and other similar regulatory authorities prior to commercial sales. The Company’s current and any future product candidates may not receive the necessary approvals. If the Company is denied approval or approval is delayed, it may have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business and its financial statements. The Company is subject to risks common to early stage companies in the pharmaceutical industry including, but not limited to, dependency on the clinical and commercial success of its current and any future product candidates, ability to obtain regulatory approval of its current and any future product candidates, the need for substantial additional financing to achieve its goals, uncertainty of broad adoption of its approved products, if any, by physicians and patients, significant competition and untested manufacturing capabilities. Segment Reporting Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision-maker in making decisions regarding resource allocation and assessing performance. The Company has determined that it operates in a single operating and reportable segment. The Company’s chief operating decision maker, its Chief Executive Officer, manages operations and reviews the financial information as a single operating segment for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating its financial performance. Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy defines a three-tiered valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement is classified and disclosed by the Company in one of the three categories as follows:
• | Level 1—Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
• | Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
• | Level 3—Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are unobservable that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of goodwill may not be recoverable. The Company performs an annual qualitative assessment of its goodwill in the fourth quarter each calendar year to determine if any events or circumstances exist, such as an adverse change in business climate or a decline in the overall industry demand, that would indicate that it would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount, including goodwill. If events or circumstances do not indicate that the fair value of a reporting unit is below its carrying amount, then goodwill is not considered to be impaired and no further testing is required. If further testing is required, the Company performs a two-step process. The first step involves comparing the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the second step of the test is performed by comparing the carrying value of the goodwill in the reporting unit to its implied fair value. An impairment charge is recognized for the excess of the carrying value of goodwill over its implied fair value. For the purpose of impairment testing, the Company has determined that it has one reporting unit. There has been no impairment of goodwill for any of the periods presented. Intangible Asset The intangible asset in the accompanying condensed balance sheets represents IPR&D projects acquired that have not yet been completed. IPR&D assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized, but instead tested for impairment until the successful completion and commercialization or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts, at which point the IPR&D assets are either amortized over their estimated useful lives or written-off immediately. There has been no impairment of long-lived assets for any periods presented. Deferred Offering Costs Deferred offering costs, which primarily consisted of direct incremental legal and accounting fees relating to the IPO or Follow-On Offering, are capitalized until such time as the offering closes. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, approximately $3.2 million of deferred offering costs were offset against proceeds from the sale of registered equity securities in the Company’s IPO and Follow-On Offering. As of September 30, 2018, the Company did no t capitalize any deferred offering costs. As of December 31, 2017, $2.1 million of deferred offering costs were capitalized and included in “Other assets” in the accompanying condensed balance sheets. Joint and Several Liability Arrangements The Company measures obligations resulting from joint and several liability arrangements as the sum of the amount that the Company has (i) agreed to pay on the basis of its arrangement among its co-obligors, and (ii) any additional amounts that the Company expects to pay on behalf of its co-obligors. The determination of the “best estimate” from within the range of amounts that might be paid involves substantial judgment by the Company’s management. These estimates are subject to periodic revisions at each period as the joint and several liability is re-measured. Contingent Payment Obligations Payable to the Evolus Founders The Company determined the fair value of the contingent royalty obligation payable to the Evolus Founders under the Amended Purchase Agreement using a discounted cash flow method approach based on projected sales of the Product and the discount rate. Changes in the fair value of this contingent consideration are determined each period end and recorded in the operating expenses section of the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss and the non-current liabilities section of the condensed balance sheets. The fair value of the contingent royalty obligation could be impacted by changes such as: (i) changes in the discount rate which is reflective from rates related to the Company’s stage, or (ii) the amount and timing of sales of the Product, or (iii) a delay in FDA approval of the Product. The Company also determined the fair value of the contingent promissory note payable at present value using a discount rate for similar rated debt securities and is based on an estimated date that the Company believes the contingent promissory note will mature. Accretion related to the contingent promissory note is recorded in interest expense of the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss with a corresponding increase to the non-current liabilities section of the condensed balance sheets. The fair value of the contingent promissory note could be impacted by changes such as: (i) changes in the discount rate, or (ii) a delay in the first commercial sale of the Product in the United States. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense for employees and non-employee directors based on fair value at the date of grant. The fair value of equity awards that are expected to vest is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation expense recognized is net of actual forfeitures, when they occur. The Company also evaluates modifications made to the original terms of equity awards, when they occur or on the modification date, by first determining if the vesting conditions in the original equity award were expected to be satisfied or probable of achievement. The Company then determines if the vesting conditions in the modified equity award are expected to be satisfied or probable of achievement. The type of modification, including any changes to an employee service, market, or performance condition, determine whether the Company will record stock-based compensation expense based on the original fair value of the equity award or the fair value of the equity award on the modification date. The Company also evaluates all the relevant facts and circumstances to determine whether the stock-based compensation amortization period is appropriate. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value stock option grants. The Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected volatility of the Company’s common stock, expected risk-free interest rate, and the option’s expected life. The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock units are based on the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Compensation cost related to the grant of Evolus awards to the Company’s employees is recognized as an increase to additional paid-in capital in the accompanying condensed balance sheets and in general and administrative or research and development expenses in the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to Evolus equity awards of $5.1 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Prior to the IPO, the ALPHAEON common stock awards were valued at fair value on the date of grant and that fair value was recognized over the requisite service period. E stimates were used to determine the fair value of these awards, as shares of ALPHAEON’s common stock are not publicly traded. ALPHAEON common stock awards are subject to specified vesting schedules and requirements. The Company estimated the fair value of each ALPHAEON option on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model. Stock-based compensation expense is allocated to the Company over the required service period over which these ALPHAEON common stock awards and options would vest and is based upon the relative percentage of time utilized by ALPHAEON employees on Company matters. These ALPHAEON awards were recognized as a capital contribution which was recorded in the statement of stockholder’s equity (deficit) and a corresponding entry was recorded in the accompanying condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to ALPHAEON awards of $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. The Company did no t record any stock-based compensation expense related to ALPHAEON awards for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to ALPHAEON awards of $30,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded against deferred tax assets, to reduce the net carrying value, by the Company when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies in assessing the amount of the valuation allowance. When the Company establishes or reduces the valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets, its provision for income taxes will increase or decrease, respectively, in the period such determination is made. Additionally, the Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefit recognized in the financial statements for a particular tax position is based on the largest benefit that is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement. Accordingly, the Company establishes reserves for uncertain tax positions. The Company has not recognized interest or penalties in its statement of operations and comprehensive loss. On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”). Changes include, but are not limited to, a corporate tax rate decrease from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning in 2018. The Company calculated its best estimate of the impact of the TCJA in its 2017 income tax provision in accordance with its understanding of the TCJA and guidance available at that time. In addition, the SEC Staff issued SAB 118, which provides guidance on accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA. SAB 118 provides a measurement period that should not extend beyond one year from the TCJA enactment date for companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740. In accordance with SAB 118, a company must reflect the income tax effects of those aspects of the TCJA for which the accounting under ASC 740 is complete. To the extent that a company’s accounting for certain income tax effects of the TCJA is incomplete but it is able to determine a reasonable estimate, it must record a provisional estimate in the financial statements. If a company cannot determine a provisional estimate to be included in the financial statements, it should continue to apply ASC 740 on the basis of the provisions of the tax laws that were in effect immediately before the enactment of the TCJA. The Company’s accounting for the following TCJA elements described in the next paragraph is incomplete, but the Company was able to make reasonable estimates of certain effects and, therefore, recorded provisional adjustments. The provisional amounts described below are subject to revisions as the Company completes its analysis of the TCJA, collection of any additional data, and interpretation of any additional guidance issued by the U.S. Treasury Department, Internal Revenue Service, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and other standard-setting and regulatory bodies. The Company’s accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA will be completed during the one-year measurement period. For certain of its deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities, the Company recorded a provisional decrease in net deferred tax assets of $3.2 million, with a corresponding decrease in the valuation allowance of $9.6 million, and a reduction in the net deferred tax liability and a income tax benefit of $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. This provisional estimate may be affected by other analysis related to the TCJA, including, but not limited to, adjustments made to estimates of 2017 federal temporary differences and state tax conformity with respect to federal tax provisions. There were no changes to the 2017 tax provision during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, excluding the effects of convertible preferred stock and stock options outstanding. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period plus the potential dilutive effects of convertible preferred stock and stock options outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method but are excluded if their impact is anti-dilutive. Because the impact of these items is anti-dilutive during periods of net loss, there was no difference between the weighted-average number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per common share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. See Note 8, Net Loss per Share for more information. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders' equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders' equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. This final rule is effective on November 5, 2018. However, as provided for by the SEC in Q&A 105.09, the Company will defer presenting its analysis of stockholders’ equity in its quarterly report in Form 10-Q until its quarter ended March 31, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of SEC Release No. 33-10532 to have a material impact on the financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”), No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 requires implementation costs incurred by customers in cloud computing arrangements (i.e., hosting arrangements) to be capitalized under the same premises of authoritative guidance for internal-use software, and deferred over the noncancellable term of the cloud computing arrangements plus any option renewal periods that are reasonably certain to be exercised by the customer or for which the exercise is controlled by the service provider. ASU 2018-15 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of determining the effects the adoption will have on its financial statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework — Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. ASU 2018-13 is part of the disclosure framework project and eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements, requires entities to disclose new information, and modifies existing disclosure requirements. ASU 2018-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact this change will have on its financial statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-09, Codification Improvements, which clarify certain amendments to guidance that may have been incorrectly or inconsistently applied by certain entities and includes Amendments to Subtopic 718-740, Compensation - Stock Compensation - Income Taxes. The guidance in paragraph 718-740-35-2, as amended by the amendments in ASU 2016-09, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, is unclear on whether an entity should recognize excess tax benefits (or tax deficiencies) for compensation expense that is taken on the entity’s tax return. The amendment to paragraph 718-740-35-2 in this ASU clarifies that an entity should recognize excess tax benefits in the period in which the amount of deduction is determined. ASU 2018-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years. The Company is in the process of determining the effects the adoption will have on its financial statements. In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-based Payment Accounting (“ASU 2018-07”) which amends the financial reporting for share-based payments issued to nonemployees and also expands the scope of ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation to also include share-based payments issued to nonemployees for goods and services. The amendment substantially aligns accounting for share-based payments to employees and nonemployees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those years. The Company is in the process of determining the effects the adoption will have on its financial statements. In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718) (“ASU 2017-09”) which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements. The amendment provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. ASU 2017-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on its financial statements. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). This standard simplifies the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing step two of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will be the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying amount, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value. The impairment charge will be limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. ASU 2017-04 will be effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020. The standard requires prospective application. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is in the process of determining the effects the adoption will have on its financial statements as well as whether to early adopt the new guidance. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business (“ASU 2017-01”), which clarifies when transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or business. The amendments were effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those annual periods. The Company adopted guidance effective January 1, 2018 and it did not have a material impact on its financial statements. However, any prospective impact to the financial statements will depend on the terms specified in any future transactions subject to the guidance in ASU 2017-01. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash (“ASU 2016-18”) which requires restricted cash to be included in the beginning-of-period and end-of-period totals with cash and cash equivalents. The guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. The standard requires retrospective application. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s statement of cash flows. However, prior period restricted cash was added to the beginning cash balance in the condensed statements of cash flows to conform to the current presentation. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (“ASU 2016-15”), that clarifies how entities should classify certain cash receipts and cash payments on the statement of cash flows. The guidance also clarifies how the predominance principle should be applied when cash receipts and cash payments have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The guidance is effective for public companies for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018 using the retrospective approach. The adoption of the standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s statement of cash flows. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”), which amends the existing accounting standards for leases. In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-13, which provides additional clarifications and implementation guidance on previously issue ASU 2016-02. The new guidance requires lessees to recognize right-of-use assets and corresponding lease liabilities for all leases with lease terms greater than 12 months. It also changes the definition of a lease and expands disclosure requirements of lease arrangements. The new guidance also eliminates the current real estate-specific provisions for all entities. Based on the standard as originally issued, lessees and lessors were to apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. However, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11 on July 30, 2018, which allows entities to apply the provisions of ASC 842 at the effective date without adjusting comparative periods. The Company plans to adopt ASU 2018-11. The standard is effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. As the Company plans for the adoption of this standard, the Company has completed its first phase of identifying its leases including the identification of embedded leases. The Company is in the process of identifying changes to its processes, internal controls and system requirements and configurations that would result from this standard, including whether to implement the new guidance’s practical expedients. The Company’s implementation efforts are progressing as planned. The Company continues to assess the impact of the adoption of the standard on the Company’s financial statement

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