10-Q 1 cvcy-20166302016q210q.htm 10-Q
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
ý QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED June 30, 2016
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 000—31977
CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

California |  | 77-0539125
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

7100 N. Financial Dr., Suite 101, Fresno, California |  | 93720
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number (559) 298-1775
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the past 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o |  | Accelerated filer ý
Non-accelerated filer o |  | Small reporting company o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |  |

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No ý
As of August 2, 2016 there were 11,076,824 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
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CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARY
2016 QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1 | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 2
ITEM 1 | FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited) | 3
ITEM 2 | MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS | 32
ITEM 4 | CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES | 62
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 63
ITEM 1 | LEGAL PROCEEDINGS | 63
ITEM 1A | RISK FACTORS | 63
ITEM 2 | CHANGES IN SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS | 63
ITEM 3 | DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES | 63
ITEM 4 | MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES | 63
ITEM 5 | OTHER INFORMATION | 63
ITEM 6 | EXHIBITS | 64
SIGNATURES |  | 64

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PART 1: FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share amounts) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 21,582 |  |  | $ | 23,339 |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | 57,940 |  |  | 70,988 |
Federal funds sold |  | 30 |  |  | 290 |
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 79,552 |  |  | 94,617 |
Available-for-sale investment securities (Amortized cost of $487,631 at June 30, 2016 and $470,080 at December 31, 2015) |  | 510,401 |  |  | 477,554 |
Held-to-maturity investment securities (Fair value of $35,142 at December 31, 2015) |  | — |  |  | 31,712 |
Loans, less allowance for credit losses of $9,872 at June 30, 2016 and $9,610 at December 31, 2015 |  | 621,152 |  |  | 588,501 |
Bank premises and equipment, net |  | 8,742 |  |  | 9,292 |
Bank owned life insurance |  | 20,982 |  |  | 20,702 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 4,823 |  |  | 4,823 |
Goodwill |  | 29,917 |  |  | 29,917 |
Core deposit intangibles |  | 956 |  |  | 1,024 |
Accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | 14,284 |  |  | 18,594 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,290,809 |  |  | $ | 1,276,736 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-interest bearing |  | $ | 407,019 |  |  | $ | 428,773 |
Interest bearing |  | 703,391 |  |  | 687,494 |
Total deposits |  | 1,110,410 |  |  | 1,116,267 |
Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures |  | 5,155 |  |  | 5,155 |
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  | 18,569 |  |  | 15,991 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,134,134 |  |  | 1,137,413 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8) |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity: |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, $1,000 per share liquidation preference; 10,000,000 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, no par value; 80,000,000 shares authorized; issued and outstanding: 11,028,579 at June 30, 2016 and 10,996,773 at December 31, 2015 |  | 54,699 |  |  | 54,424 |
Retained earnings |  | 88,577 |  |  | 80,437 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax |  | 13,399 |  |  | 4,462 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 156,675 |  |  | 139,323 |
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,290,809 |  |  | $ | 1,276,736 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans |  | $ | 8,363 |  |  | $ | 7,644 |  |  | $ | 16,096 |  |  | $ | 14,930 |
Interest on deposits in other banks |  | 65 |  |  | 52 |  |  | 139 |  |  | 98 |
Interest and dividends on investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | 1,463 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 2,986 |  |  | 2,243 |
Exempt from Federal income taxes |  | 1,575 |  |  | 1,496 |  |  | 3,098 |  |  | 3,034 |
Total interest income |  | 11,466 |  |  | 10,328 |  |  | 22,319 |  |  | 20,305 |
INTEREST EXPENSE: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on deposits |  | 229 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 472 |
Interest on junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures |  | 29 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 48 |
Total interest expense |  | 258 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 508 |  |  | 520 |
Net interest income before provision for credit losses |  | 11,208 |  |  | 10,065 |  |  | 21,811 |  |  | 19,785 |
(REVERSAL OF) PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES |  | (4,600 | ) |  | 500 |  |  | (4,850 | ) |  | 500 |
Net interest income after (reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | 15,808 |  |  | 9,565 |  |  | 26,661 |  |  | 19,285 |
NON-INTEREST INCOME: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Service charges |  | 735 |  |  | 749 |  |  | 1,484 |  |  | 1,621 |
Appreciation in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance |  | 135 |  |  | 155 |  |  | 280 |  |  | 308 |
Interchange fees |  | 312 |  |  | 306 |  |  | 591 |  |  | 584 |
Net realized gains on sales of investment securities |  | 420 |  |  | 732 |  |  | 1,550 |  |  | 1,459 |
Other-than-temporary impairment loss on investment securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (136 | ) |  | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank dividends |  | 107 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 353 |
Loan placement fees |  | 254 |  |  | 255 |  |  | 445 |  |  | 553 |
Other income |  | 551 |  |  | 631 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 909 |
Total non-interest income |  | 2,514 |  |  | 3,096 |  |  | 5,218 |  |  | 5,787 |
NON-INTEREST EXPENSES: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and employee benefits |  | 5,442 |  |  | 5,055 |  |  | 10,696 |  |  | 10,218 |
Occupancy and equipment |  | 1,180 |  |  | 1,168 |  |  | 2,387 |  |  | 2,318 |
Professional services |  | 289 |  |  | 337 |  |  | 625 |  |  | 818 |
Data processing |  | 408 |  |  | 294 |  |  | 755 |  |  | 574 |
Regulatory assessments |  | 192 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 335 |  |  | 598 |
ATM/Debit card expenses |  | 188 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 310 |  |  | 265 |
License and maintenance contracts |  | 131 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 269 |
Directors’ expenses |  | 140 |  |  | 64 |  |  | 312 |  |  | 191 |
Advertising |  | 154 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 313 |  |  | 316 |
Internet banking expense |  | 166 |  |  | 171 |  |  | 327 |  |  | 375 |
Acquisition and integration |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 152 |  |  | — |
Amortization of core deposit intangibles |  | 34 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 168 |
Other |  | 901 |  |  | 843 |  |  | 1,810 |  |  | 1,876 |
Total non-interest expenses |  | 9,377 |  |  | 8,697 |  |  | 18,353 |  |  | 17,986 |
Income before provision for income taxes |  | 8,945 |  |  | 3,964 |  |  | 13,526 |  |  | 7,086 |
Provision for income taxes |  | 2,887 |  |  | 886 |  |  | 4,065 |  |  | 1,542 |
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 3,078 |  |  | $ | 9,461 |  |  | $ | 5,544 |
Earnings per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |
Weighted average common shares used in basic computation |  | 10,970,782 |  |  | 10,924,437 |  |  | 10,962,314 |  |  | 10,924,015 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |
Weighted average common shares used in diluted computation |  | 11,067,890 |  |  | 11,009,916 |  |  | 11,054,269 |  |  | 11,006,051 |
Cash dividend per common share |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.12 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income |  | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 3,078 |  |  | $ | 9,461 |  |  | $ | 5,544 |
Other Comprehensive Income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains on securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized holdings gains (losses) arising during the period |  | 9,637 |  |  | (5,654 | ) |  | 13,367 |  |  | (3,269 | )
Less: reclassification for net gains included in net income |  | 420 |  |  | 732 |  |  | 854 |  |  | 1,459 |
Less: reclassification for other-than-temporary impairment loss included in net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (136 | ) |  | — |
Transfer of investment securities from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,647 |  |  | — |
Amortization of net unrealized gains transferred |  | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | (64 | ) |  | (2 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss), before tax |  | 9,217 |  |  | (6,387 | ) |  | 15,232 |  |  | (4,730 | )
Tax (expense) benefit related to items of other comprehensive income |  | (3,793 | ) |  | 2,628 |  |  | (6,295 | ) |  | 1,946 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 5,424 |  |  | (3,759 | ) |  | 8,937 |  |  | (2,784 | )
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | 11,482 |  |  | $ | (681 | ) |  | $ | 18,398 |  |  | $ | 2,760 |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
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CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 9,461 |  |  | $ | 5,544 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net decrease in deferred loan fees |  | (502 | ) |  | (44 | )
Depreciation |  | 673 |  |  | 688 |
Accretion |  | (614 | ) |  | (566 | )
Amortization |  | 3,856 |  |  | 4,008 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 108 |  |  | 123 |
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options |  | (8 | ) |  | (4 | )
(Reversal of) provision for credit losses |  | (4,850 | ) |  | 500 |
Other than temporary impairment losses on investment securities |  | 136 |  |  | — |
Net realized gains on sales of available-for-sale investment securities |  | (854 | ) |  | (1,459 | )
Net realized gains on sales of held-to-maturity securities |  | (696 | ) |  | — |
Net loss on disposal of premises and equipment |  | — |  |  | 6 |
Net gain on sale of other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | (11 | )
Increase in bank owned life insurance, net of expenses |  | (280 | ) |  | (308 | )
Net gain on bank owned life insurance |  | — |  |  | (345 | )
Net (increase) decrease in accrued interest receivable and other assets |  | (862 | ) |  | 1,689 |
Net increase (decrease) in accrued interest payable and other liabilities |  | 2,575 |  |  | (937 | )
Provision for deferred income taxes |  | (1,117 | ) |  | (56 | )
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 7,026 |  |  | 8,828 |
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities |  | (86,133 | ) |  | (124,240 | )
Proceeds from sales or calls of available-for-sale investment securities |  | 63,044 |  |  | 92,647 |
Proceeds from sales or calls of held-to-maturity investment securities |  | 9,257 |  |  | — |
Proceeds from maturity and principal repayments of available-for-sale investment securities |  | 26,171 |  |  | 27,058 |
Net increase in loans |  | (27,299 | ) |  | (23,186 | )
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | 359 |
Purchases of premises and equipment |  | (123 | ) |  | (322 | )
Purchases of bank owned life insurance |  | — |  |  | (325 | )
FHLB stock purchased |  | — |  |  | (32 | )
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance |  | — |  |  | 1,365 |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (15,083 | ) |  | (26,676 | )
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net increase in demand, interest bearing and savings deposits |  | 3,553 |  |  | 27,778 |
Net decrease in time deposits |  | (9,409 | ) |  | (4,307 | )
Proceeds from exercise of stock options |  | 161 |  |  | 36 |
Excess tax benefit from exercise of stock options |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |
Cash dividend payments on common stock |  | (1,321 | ) |  | (659 | )
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities |  | (7,008 | ) |  | 22,852 |
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | (15,065 | ) |  | 5,004 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD |  | 94,617 |  |  | 77,328 |
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD |  | $ | 79,552 |  |  | $ | 82,332 |

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|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOWS INFORMATION: |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash paid during the period for: |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest |  | $ | 507 |  |  | $ | 519 |
Income taxes |  | $ | 2,340 |  |  | $ | 345 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreclosure of loan collateral and recognition of other real estate owned |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 227 |
Assumption of other real estate owned liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 121 |
Transfer of loans to other assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Net gain on bank owned life insurance recorded as a receivable |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | — |
Unrealized gain on transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Accrued preferred stock dividends |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Transfer of securities from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale |  | $ | 23,131 |  |  | $ | — |
Unrealized gain on transfer of securities from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale |  | $ | 526 |  |  | $ | — |
Sale of available-for-sale investment securities, not yet settled |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities, not yet settled |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Common stock issued in Visalia Community Bank acquisition |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.
Note 1. Basis of Presentation
The interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Central Valley Community Bancorp and subsidiary have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC). These interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Central Valley Community Bancorp and its wholly owned subsidiary Central Valley Community Bank (the Bank) (collectively, the Company). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in the annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) have been omitted. The Company believes that the disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. These interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report to Shareholders on Form 10-K. In the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position at June 30, 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the three and six month interim periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 have been included. Certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the 2016 presentation. Reclassifications had no effect on prior period net income or shareholders’ equity. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.
The preparation of these interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Management has determined that since all of the banking products and services offered by the Company are available in each branch of the Bank, all branches are located within the same economic environment, and management does not allocate resources based on the performance of different lending or transaction activities, it is appropriate to aggregate the Bank branches and report them as a single operating segment. No customer accounts for more than 10 percent of revenues for the Company or the Bank.
The Company terminated its interest in Central Valley Community Insurance Service, LLC (CVCIS) at the beginning of the third quarter of 2015. The Bank’s interest in CVCIS was originally established in 2006 for the purpose of providing health, commercial property and casualty insurance products and services primarily to business customers. The termination of this entity did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
Impact of New Financial Accounting Standards:
FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2015-03 - Interest-Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) - Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs: ASU 2015-03 requires the debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs is not affected by the amendments in ASU 2015-03. ASU 2015-03 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2016, and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.
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FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2015-16 - Business Combinations (Subtopic 805) - Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments: ASU 2015-16 requires that adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period of a business combination be recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Furthermore, the income statement effects of such adjustments, if any, must be calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The portion of the amount recorded in current-period earnings that would have been recorded in previous reporting periods if the adjustment to the provisional amounts had been recognized as of the acquisition date is required to be reported separately on the face of the income statement, or disclosed within the footnotes to the financial statements. Under previous guidance, adjustments to provisional amounts identified during the measurement period are to be recognized retrospectively. ASU 2015-16 was effective for the Company on January 1, 2016, and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements, results of operations, cash flows, or disclosures.
FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-01 - Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, was issued January 2016. ASU 2016-01 addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. Most notably the ASU changes the income statement impact of equity investments held by the Company and the requirement for the Company to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. The Company will be required to adopt the provisions of ASU 2016-01 on January 1, 2018. Management is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on the Company’s financial statements.
FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02 - Leases - Overall (Subtopic 845): was issued February 2016. ASU 2016-02 requires the lessee to recognize most leases on the balance sheet thereby resulting in the recognition of lease assets and liabilities for those leases currently classified as operating leases. The accounting for lessors is largely unchanged. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. Management is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on the Company’s financial statements.
FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-09 - Compensation - Stock Compensation (Subtopic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, was issued March 2016. ASU 2016-09 addresses simplification of several aspects of the accounting for employee share-based payment transactions, including the accounting for income taxes, forfeitures, and statutory tax withholding requirements, as well as classification in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 with early adoption permitted. Management is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on the Company’s financial statements.
FASB Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13 - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Subtopic 326): Financial Instruments - Credit Losses was issued June 2016. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 to Topic 326, , require that an organization measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU also requires enhanced disclosures, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Additionally, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on AFS debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management is in the process of evaluating the effects that the standard is expected to have on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Note 2. Fair Value Measurements
Fair Value Hierarchy
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. In accordance with applicable guidance, the Company groups its assets and liabilities measured at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. Valuations within these levels are based upon:
Level 1 — Quoted market prices (unadjusted) for identical instruments traded in active exchange markets that the Company has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
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Level 2 — Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3 — Model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use on pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include management judgment and estimation which may be significant.
Management monitors the availability of observable market data to assess the appropriate classification of financial instruments within the fair value hierarchy. Changes in economic conditions or model-based valuation techniques may require the transfer of financial instruments from one fair value level to another. In such instances, we report the transfer at the beginning of the reporting period. The estimated carrying and fair values of the Company’s financial instruments are as follows (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2016
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
(In thousands) |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 21,582 |  |  | $ | 21,582 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 21,582 |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | 57,940 |  |  | 57,940 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 57,940 |
Federal funds sold |  | 30 |  |  | 30 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30 |
Available-for-sale investment securities |  | 510,401 |  |  | 7,704 |  |  | 502,697 |  |  | — |  |  | 510,401 |
Loans, net |  | 621,152 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 627,060 |  |  | 627,060 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 4,823 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 6,404 |  |  | 23 |  |  | 3,421 |  |  | 2,960 |  |  | 6,404 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 1,110,410 |  |  | 982,646 |  |  | 130,047 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,112,693 |
Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures |  | 5,155 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2,956 |  |  | 2,956 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 102 |  |  | — |  |  | 73 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 102 |

|  | December 31, 2015
|  | Carrying Amount |  | Fair Value
(In thousands) |  |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | $ | 23,339 |  |  | $ | 23,339 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23,339 |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | 70,988 |  |  | 70,988 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 70,988 |
Federal funds sold |  | 290 |  |  | 290 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 290 |
Available-for-sale investment securities |  | 477,554 |  |  | 7,536 |  |  | 470,018 |  |  | — |  |  | 477,554 |
Held-to-maturity investment securities |  | 31,712 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,142 |  |  | — |  |  | 35,142 |
Loans, net |  | 588,501 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 585,737 |  |  | 585,737 |
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 4,823 |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |  |  | N/A |
Accrued interest receivable |  | 6,355 |  |  | 27 |  |  | 3,414 |  |  | 2,914 |  |  | 6,355 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits |  | 1,116,267 |  |  | 976,433 |  |  | 139,353 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,115,786 |
Junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures |  | 5,155 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,200 |  |  | 3,200 |
Accrued interest payable |  | 101 |  |  | — |  |  | 76 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 101 |

These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument for sale at one time, nor do they attempt to estimate the value of anticipated future business related to the instruments. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of these estimates.
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These estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market data and information about the financial instruments. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the fair values presented.
The methods and assumptions used to estimate fair values are described as follows:
(a) Cash and Cash Equivalents — The carrying amounts of cash and due from banks, interest-earning deposits in other banks, and Federal funds sold approximate fair values and are classified as Level 1.
(b) Investment Securities — Investment securities in Level 1 are mutual funds and fair values are based on quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Fair values for investment securities classified in Level 2 are based on quoted market prices for similar securities in active markets. For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators.
(c) Loans — Fair values of loans are estimated as follows: For variable rate loans that reprice frequently and with no significant change in credit risk, fair values are based on carrying values resulting in a Level 3 classification. Purchased credit impaired (PCI) loans are measured at estimated fair value on the date of acquisition. Carrying value is calculated as the present value of expected cash flows and approximates fair value. Fair values for other loans are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality resulting in a Level 3 classification. Impaired loans are initially valued at the lower of cost or fair value. Impaired loans carried at fair value generally receive specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses. For collateral dependent real estate loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Impaired loans are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly. The methods utilized to estimate the fair value of loans do not necessarily represent an exit price.
(d) FHLB Stock — It is not practicable to determine the fair value of FHLB stock due to restrictions placed on its transferability.
(e) Other real estate owned — OREO is measured at fair value less estimated costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. The Company records OREO as non-recurring with level 3 measurement inputs.
(f) Deposits — Fair value of demand deposit, savings, and money market accounts are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amount), resulting in a Level 1 classification. Fair value for fixed and variable rate certificates of deposit are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses using interest rates offered at each reporting date by the Company for certificates with similar remaining maturities resulting in a Level 2 classification.
(g) Short-Term Borrowings — The fair values of the Company’s federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements, and other short-term borrowings, generally maturing within ninety days, are based on the market rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements resulting in a Level 2 classification.
(h) Other Borrowings — The fair values of the Company’s long-term borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements resulting in a Level 2 classification.
The fair values of the Company’s Subordinated Debentures are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the current borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements resulting in a Level 3 classification.
(i) Accrued Interest Receivable/Payable — The fair value of accrued interest receivable and payable is based on the fair value hierarchy of the related asset or liability.
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(j) Off-Balance Sheet Instruments — Fair values for off-balance sheet, credit-related financial instruments are based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements and the counterparties’ credit standing. The fair value of commitments is not considered significant for financial reporting purposes.
Assets Recorded at Fair Value
The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis as of June 30, 2016:
Recurring Basis
The Company is required or permitted to record the following assets at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2016 (in thousands).

Description |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 57,841 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 57,841 |  |  | $ | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 230,335 |  |  | — |  |  | 230,335 |  |  | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 211,367 |  |  | — |  |  | 211,367 |  |  | — |
Private label residential mortgage backed securities |  | 3,154 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,154 |  |  | — |
Other equity securities |  | 7,704 |  |  | 7,704 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis |  | $ | 510,401 |  |  | $ | 7,704 |  |  | $ | 502,697 |  |  | $ | — |

Securities in Level 1 are mutual funds and fair values are based on quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Fair values for available-for-sale investment securities in Level 2 are based on quoted market prices for similar securities in active markets. For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators.
Management evaluates the significance of transfers between levels based upon the nature of the financial instrument and size of the transfer relative to total assets, total liabilities or total earnings. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, no transfers between levels occurred.
There were no Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at or during the six months ended June 30, 2016. Also there were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2016.
Non-recurring Basis
The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These include assets and liabilities that are measured at the lower of cost or fair value that were recognized at fair value which was below cost at June 30, 2016 (in thousands).

Description |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 680 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 680 |
Total commercial |  | 680 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 680 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 23 |
Total impaired loans |  | 703 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 703 |
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis |  | $ | 703 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 703 |

At the time a loan is considered impaired, it is valued at the lower of cost or fair value. Impaired loans carried at fair value generally receive specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses. For collateral dependent real estate loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a
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combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. The fair value of impaired loans is based on the fair value of the collateral. Impaired loans were determined to be collateral dependent and categorized as Level 3 due to ongoing real estate market conditions resulting in inactive market data, which in turn required the use of unobservable inputs and assumptions in fair value measurements. Impaired loans evaluated under the discounted cash flow method are excluded from the table above. The discounted cash flow methods as prescribed by ASC Topic 310 is not a fair value measurement since the discount rate utilized is the loan’s effective interest rate which is not a market rate. There were no changes in valuation techniques used during the six month period ended June 30, 2016.
Appraisals for collateral-dependent impaired loans are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value is compared with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics.
Impaired loans that are measured for impairment using the fair value of the collateral for collateral dependent loans, had a principal balance of $966,000 with a valuation allowance of $263,000 at June 30, 2016, resulting in fair value of $703,000. The valuation allowance represents specific allocations for the allowance for credit losses for impaired loans.
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, specific allocation for the allowance for credit losses related to loans carried at fair value was $263,000 compared to none during 2015 related to loans carried at fair value. There were no charge-offs related to loans carried at fair value at June 30, 2016 and 2015.
There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at June 30, 2016.
The following table presents quantitative information about level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at June 30, 2016 (dollars in thousands):

Description |  | Fair Value |  | Valuation Technique(s) |  | Significant Unobservable Input(s) |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 680 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Appraiser adjustments on sales comparable data |  | 0%-20%
|  |  |  | Management estimates |  | Management adjustments for depreciation in values depending on property types |  | 25.00%
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | $ | 23 |  |  | Sales comparison |  | Appraiser adjustments on sales comparable data |  | 1.00%-9.00%
|  |  |  | Management estimates |  | Management adjustments for depreciation in values depending on property types |  | 10%

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The following tables present information about the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2015:
Recurring Basis
The Company is required or permitted to record the following assets at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

Description |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Available-for-sale securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Debt Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 52,901 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 52,901 |  |  | $ | — |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 188,268 |  |  | — |  |  | 188,268 |  |  | — |
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 225,259 |  |  | — |  |  | 225,259 |  |  | — |
Private label residential mortgage backed securities |  | 3,590 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,590 |  |  | — |
Other equity securities |  | 7,536 |  |  | 7,536 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis |  | $ | 477,554 |  |  | $ | 7,536 |  |  | $ | 470,018 |  |  | $ | — |

Securities in Level 1 are mutual funds and fair values are based on quoted market prices for identical instruments traded in active markets. Fair values for available-for-sale investment securities in Level 2 are based on quoted market prices for similar securities in active markets. For securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators.
Management evaluates the significance of transfers between levels based upon the nature of the financial instrument and size of the transfer relative to total assets, total liabilities or total earnings. During the year ended December 31, 2015, no transfers between levels occurred.
There were no Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at or during the year ended December 31, 2015. Also there were no liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2015.
Non-recurring Basis
The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These include assets and liabilities that are measured at the lower of cost or fair value that were recognized at fair value which was below cost at December 31, 2015 (in thousands).

Description |  | Fair Value |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3
Impaired loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Total commercial |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |
Total consumer |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |
Total impaired loans |  | 132 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 132 |
Total assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis |  | $ | 132 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 132 |

At the time a loan is considered impaired, it is valued at the lower of cost or fair value. Impaired loans carried at fair value generally receive specific allocations of the allowance for credit losses. For collateral dependent real estate loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are usually significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair
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value classification. The fair value of impaired loans is based on the fair value of the collateral. Impaired loans were determined to be collateral dependent and categorized as Level 3 due to ongoing real estate market conditions resulting in inactive market data, which in turn required the use of unobservable inputs and assumptions in fair value measurements. Impaired loans evaluated under the discounted cash flow method are excluded from the table above. The discounted cash flow method as prescribed by ASC Topic 310 is not a fair value measurement since the discount rate utilized is the loan’s effective interest rate which is not a market rate. There were no changes in valuation techniques used during the year ended December 31, 2015.
Appraisals for collateral-dependent impaired loans are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal as well as the overall resulting fair value is compared with independent data sources such as recent market data or industry-wide statistics.
Impaired loans that are measured for impairment using the fair value of the collateral for collateral dependent loans, had a principal balance of $166,000 with a valuation allowance of $34,000 at December 31, 2015, resulting in fair value of $132,000. The valuation allowance represents specific allocations for the allowance for credit losses for impaired loans.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, there was no provision for credit losses related to loans carried at fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2015, there was no net charge-offs related to loans carried at fair value.
There were no liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2015.
Note 3. Investments
The investment portfolio consists primarily of U.S. Government sponsored entity and agency securities collateralized by residential mortgage obligations, private label residential mortgage backed securities (PLRMBS), and obligations of states and political subdivisions securities. As of June 30, 2016, $109,912,000 of these securities were held as collateral for borrowing arrangements, public funds, and for other purposes.
The fair value of the available-for-sale investment portfolio reflected a net unrealized gain of $22,770,000 at June 30, 2016 compared to an unrealized gain of $7,474,000 at December 31, 2015. The unrealized gain recorded is net of $9,371,000 and $3,076,000 in tax liabilities as accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
The following table sets forth the carrying values and estimated fair values of our investment securities portfolio at the dates indicated (in thousands):

|  | June 30, 2016
Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 57,408 |  |  | $ | 574 |  |  | $ | (141 | ) |  | $ | 57,841 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 212,563 |  |  | 17,810 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | 230,335 |
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 208,082 |  |  | 3,682 |  |  | (397 | ) |  | 211,367 |
Private label residential mortgage backed securities |  | 2,078 |  |  | 1,076 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,154 |
Other equity securities |  | 7,500 |  |  | 204 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,704 |
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 487,631 |  |  | $ | 23,346 |  |  | $ | (576 | ) |  | $ | 510,401 |

|  | December 31, 2015
Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 52,803 |  |  | $ | 315 |  |  | $ | (217 | ) |  | $ | 52,901 |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 181,785 |  |  | 6,779 |  |  | (296 | ) |  | 188,268 |
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 225,636 |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | (1,419 | ) |  | 225,259 |
Private label residential mortgage backed securities |  | 2,356 |  |  | 1,234 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,590 |
Other equity securities |  | 7,500 |  |  | 36 |  |  | — |  |  | 7,536 |
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 470,080 |  |  | $ | 9,406 |  |  | $ | (1,932 | ) |  | $ | 477,554 |

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|  | December 31, 2015
Held-to-Maturity Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrecognized Gains |  | Gross Unrecognized Losses |  | Estimated Fair Value
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 31,712 |  |  | $ | 3,431 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 35,142 |

Proceeds and gross realized gains (losses) from the sales or calls of investment securities for the periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 are shown below (in thousands):

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
Available-for-Sale Securities |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Proceeds from sales or calls |  | $ | 37,690 |  |  | $ | 53,716 |  |  | $ | 63,044 |  |  | $ | 92,647 |
Gross realized gains from sales or calls |  | 426 |  |  | 927 |  |  | 971 |  |  | 1,692 |
Gross realized losses from sales or calls |  | (6 | ) |  | (195 | ) |  | (117 | ) |  | (233 | )

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
Held-to-Maturity Securities |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Proceeds from sales or calls |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 9,257 |  |  | $ | — |
Gross realized gains from sales or calls |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 696 |  |  | — |
Gross realized losses from sales or calls |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |

During 2014, to better manage our interest rate risk, the Company transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity selected municipal securities in our portfolio having a book value of approximately $31 million, a market value of approximately $32 million, and a net unrecognized gain of approximately $163,000. This transfer was completed after careful consideration of our intent and ability to hold these securities to maturity. During the first quarter of 2016, management sold certain investment securities of which management discovered, through the proper operation of the Company’s internal control, that five of the 13 securities sold were previously designated as held-to-maturity (HTM). Through an oversight during the portfolio restructuring analysis related to this transaction, management unintentionally sold these five HTM securities. The book value of the HTM securities sold was $8.5 million. The gain realized on the sale of the HTM securities was $696,000. As such, management was required to reclassify the remaining HTM securities with a fair value of $23.1 million to the AFS designation. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 the remaining unaccreted balance of these HTM securities associated with the original transfer from AFS to HTM and included in accumulated other comprehensive income was $0 and $64,000, respectively.
Losses recognized in 2016 and 2015 were incurred in order to reposition the investment securities portfolio based on the current rate environment. The securities which were sold at a loss were acquired when the rate environment was not as volatile. The securities which were sold were primarily purchased several years ago to serve a purpose in the rate environment in which the securities were purchased. The Company is addressing risks in the security portfolio by selling these securities and using proceeds to purchase securities that fit with the Company’s current risk profile.
The provision for income taxes includes $351,000 and $601,000 income tax impact from the reclassification of unrealized net gains on securities to realized net gains on securities for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The provision for income taxes includes $173,000 and $301,000 income tax impact from the reclassification of unrealized net gains on available-for-sale securities to realized net gains on available-for-sale securities for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Investment securities, aggregated by investment category, with unrealized losses as of the dates indicated are summarized and classified according to the duration of the loss period as follows (in thousands):
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|  | June 30, 2016
|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
|  | Fair |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Unrealized
Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 23,396 |  |  | $ | (84 | ) |  | $ | 3,646 |  |  | $ | (57 | ) |  | $ | 27,042 |  |  | $ | (141 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 1,033 |  |  | (38 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,033 |  |  | (38 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 42,436 |  |  | (244 | ) |  | 11,394 |  |  | (153 | ) |  | 53,830 |  |  | (397 | )
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 66,865 |  |  | $ | (366 | ) |  | $ | 15,040 |  |  | $ | (210 | ) |  | $ | 81,905 |  |  | $ | (576 | )

|  | December 31, 2015
|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
|  | Fair |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Unrealized |  | Fair |  | Unrealized
Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | $ | 21,348 |  |  | $ | (125 | ) |  | $ | 3,954 |  |  | $ | (92 | ) |  | $ | 25,302 |  |  | $ | (217 | )
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | 40,016 |  |  | (296 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40,016 |  |  | (296 | )
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 124,688 |  |  | (1,109 | ) |  | 16,234 |  |  | (310 | ) |  | 140,922 |  |  | (1,419 | )
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 186,052 |  |  | $ | (1,530 | ) |  | $ | 20,188 |  |  | $ | (402 | ) |  | $ | 206,240 |  |  | $ | (1,932 | )

|  | December 31, 2015
|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or More |  | Total
|  | Fair |  | Unrecognized |  | Fair |  | Unrecognized |  | Fair |  | Unrecognized
Held-to-Maturity Securities |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses |  | Value |  | Losses
Debt securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Obligations of states and political subdivisions |  | $ | 1,053 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,053 |  |  | $ | (1 | )

We periodically evaluate each investment security for other-than-temporary impairment, relying primarily on industry analyst reports, observation of market conditions and interest rate fluctuations. The portion of the impairment that is attributable to a shortage in the present value of expected future cash flows relative to the amortized cost should be recorded as a current period charge to earnings. The discount rate in this analysis is the original yield expected at time of purchase.
As of June 30, 2016, the Company performed an analysis of the investment portfolio to determine whether any of the investments held in the portfolio had an other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI). Management evaluated all individual available-for-sale investment securities with an unrealized loss at June 30, 2016 and identified those that had an unrealized loss for at least a consecutive 12 month period, which had an unrealized loss at June 30, 2016 greater than 10% of the recorded book value on that date, or which had an unrealized loss of more than $10,000. Management also analyzed any securities that may have been downgraded by credit rating agencies.
For those bonds that met the evaluation criteria, management obtained and reviewed the most recently published national credit ratings for those bonds. For those bonds that were obligations of states and political subdivisions with an investment grade rating by the rating agencies, management also evaluated the financial condition of the municipality and any applicable municipal bond insurance provider and concluded during March 2016 that a $136,000 credit related impairment related to one security with a fair value of $2,995,000 and a pre-impairment amortized cost of $3,131,000 existed. The Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $136,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2016. There were no OTTI losses recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2016 or during the three or six months ended June 30, 2015.
U.S. Government Agencies
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At June 30, 2016, the Company held 19 U.S. Government agency securities, of which seven were in a loss position for less than 12 months and one was in a loss position or had been in a loss position for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in direct obligations of U.S. government agencies were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized costs of the investment. Because the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability and intent to hold, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell, those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2016.
Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions
At June 30, 2016, the Company held 150 obligations of states and political subdivision securities of which one was in a loss position for less than 12 months and none were in a loss position or had been in a loss position for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in obligations of states and political subdivision securities were caused by interest rate changes. Because the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability to hold and does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2016.
U.S. Government Sponsored Entities and Agencies Collateralized by Residential Mortgage Obligations
At June 30, 2016, the Company held 172 U.S. Government sponsored entity and agency securities collateralized by residential mortgage obligations of which 20 were in a loss position for less than 12 months and 14 have been in a loss position for more than 12 months. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual cash flows of those investments are guaranteed by an agency or sponsored entity of the U.S. Government. Accordingly, it is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the Company’s investment. Because the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability to hold and does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2016.
Private Label Residential Mortgage Backed Securities
At June 30, 2016, the Company had a total of 17 PLRMBS with a remaining principal balance of $2,078,000 and a net unrealized gain of approximately $1,076,000. None of these securities was recorded with an unrealized loss at June 30, 2016. 12 of these PLRMBS with a remaining principal balance of $1,875,000 had credit ratings below investment grade. The Company continues to monitor these securities for indications that declines in value, if any, may be other-than-temporary.
Other Equity Securities
At June 30, 2016, the Company had one mutual fund equity investment which had an unrealized gain at June 30, 2016.
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The following tables provide a roll forward for the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 of investment securities credit losses recorded in earnings. The beginning balance represents the credit loss component for which OTTI occurred on debt securities in prior periods. Additions represent the first time a debt security was credit impaired or when subsequent credit impairments have occurred on securities for which OTTI credit losses have been previously recognized.

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Beginning balance |  | $ | 883 |  |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 747 |
Amounts related to credit loss for which an OTTI charge was not previously recognized |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 136 |  |  | — |
Increases to the amount related to credit loss for which OTTI was previously recognized |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Realized gain for securities sold |  | (9 | ) |  | — |  |  | (9 | ) |  | — |
Ending balance |  | $ | 874 |  |  | $ | 747 |  |  | $ | 874 |  |  | $ | 747 |

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of available-for-sale investment securities at June 30, 2016 by contractual maturity is shown below (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

|  | June 30, 2016
Available-for-Sale Securities |  | Amortized Cost |  | Estimated Fair Value
Within one year |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
After one year through five years |  | 13,636 |  |  | 14,272 |
After five years through ten years |  | 35,938 |  |  | 38,458 |
After ten years |  | 162,989 |  |  | 177,605 |
|  | 212,563 |  |  | 230,335 |
Investment securities not due at a single maturity date: |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Government agencies |  | 57,408 |  |  | 57,841 |
U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations |  | 208,082 |  |  | 211,367 |
Private label residential mortgage backed securities |  | 2,078 |  |  | 3,154 |
Other equity securities |  | 7,500 |  |  | 7,704 |
Total available-for-sale |  | $ | 487,631 |  |  | $ | 510,401 |

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Note 4. Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
Outstanding loans are summarized as follows:

Loan Type (Dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | % of Total Loans |  | December 31, 2015 |  | % of Total Loans
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 98,825 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | $ | 102,197 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Agricultural land and production |  | 27,626 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 30,472 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Total commercial |  | 126,451 |  |  | 20.1 | % |  | 132,669 |  |  | 22.2 | %
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 172,134 |  |  | 27.3 | % |  | 168,910 |  |  | 28.2 | %
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 41,218 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 38,685 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Commercial real estate |  | 124,067 |  |  | 19.7 | % |  | 117,244 |  |  | 19.6 | %
Agricultural real estate |  | 92,951 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 74,867 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Other real estate |  | 11,187 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 10,520 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Total real estate |  | 441,557 |  |  | 70.0 | % |  | 410,226 |  |  | 68.6 | %
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 41,840 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 42,296 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Consumer and installment |  | 20,257 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 12,503 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Total consumer |  | 62,097 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 54,799 |  |  | 9.2 | %
Net deferred origination costs |  | 919 |  |  |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  |
Total gross loans |  | 631,024 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 598,111 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Allowance for credit losses |  | (9,872 | ) |  |  |  |  | (9,610 | ) |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | 621,152 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 588,501 |  |  |  |

The table above includes loans acquired at fair value on July 1, 2013 when the Company acquired Visalia Community Bank (VCB), in a combined cash and stock transaction. The acquired VCB assets and liabilities were recorded at fair value at the date of acquisition. Loans acquired in the VCB acquisition had outstanding balances of $58,198,000 and $62,395,000 as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, loans originated under Small Business Administration (SBA) programs totaling $15,659,000 and $10,704,000, respectively, were included in the real estate and commercial categories, of which, $11,447,000 and $7,295,000, respectively, are secured by government guarantees.
The allowance for credit losses (the “Allowance”) is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. The Allowance is established through a provision for credit losses which is charged to expense. Additions to the Allowance are expected to maintain the adequacy of the total Allowance after credit losses and loan growth. Credit exposures determined to be uncollectible are charged against the Allowance. Cash received on previously charged-off credits is recorded as a recovery to the Allowance. The overall Allowance consists of two primary components, specific reserves related to impaired loans and general reserves for probable incurred losses related to loans that are not impaired.
For all portfolio segments, the determination of the general reserve for loans that are not impaired is based on estimates made by management, including but not limited to, consideration of historical losses by portfolio segment (and in certain cases peer data) over the most recent 20 quarters, and qualitative factors including economic trends in the Company’s service areas, industry experience and trends, geographic concentrations, estimated collateral values, the Company’s underwriting policies, the character of the loan portfolio, and probable losses inherent in the portfolio taken as a whole.
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The following table shows the summary of activities for the Allowance as of and for the three months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 by portfolio segment (in thousands):

|  | Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Unallocated |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, April 1, 2016 |  | $ | 3,743 |  |  | $ | 5,281 |  |  | $ | 894 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | 10,136 |
(Reversal) Provision charged to operations |  | (4,673 | ) |  | (56 | ) |  | 55 |  |  | 74 |  |  | (4,600 | )
Losses charged to allowance |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (105 | ) |  | — |  |  | (105 | )
Recoveries |  | 3,902 |  |  | 435 |  |  | 104 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,441 |
Ending balance, June 30, 2016 |  | $ | 2,972 |  |  | $ | 5,660 |  |  | $ | 948 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 9,872 |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, April 1, 2015 |  | $ | 3,129 |  |  | $ | 4,457 |  |  | $ | 765 |  |  | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 8,399 |
(Reversal) Provision charged to operations |  | 610 |  |  | (36 | ) |  | (26 | ) |  | (48 | ) |  | 500 |
Losses charged to allowance |  | (287 | ) |  | — |  |  | (42 | ) |  | — |  |  | (329 | )
Recoveries |  | 101 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 35 |  |  | — |  |  | 144 |
Ending balance, June 30, 2015 |  | $ | 3,553 |  |  | $ | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 732 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,714 |

The following table shows the summary of activities for the allowance for loan losses as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 by portfolio segment of loans (in thousands):

|  | Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Unallocated |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2016 |  | $ | 3,562 |  |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 734 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 9,610 |
Provision charged to operations |  | (4,825 | ) |  | (395 | ) |  | 188 |  |  | 182 |  |  | (4,850 | )
Losses charged to allowance |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | (114 | ) |  | — |  |  | (118 | )
Recoveries |  | 4,239 |  |  | 851 |  |  | 140 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,230 |
Ending balance, June 30, 2016 |  | $ | 2,972 |  |  | $ | 5,660 |  |  | $ | 948 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 9,872 |
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance, January 1, 2015 |  | $ | 3,130 |  |  | $ | 4,058 |  |  | $ | 1,078 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 8,308 |
Provision charged to operations |  | 917 |  |  | 355 |  |  | (730 | ) |  | (42 | ) |  | 500 |
Losses charged to allowance |  | (697 | ) |  | — |  |  | (73 | ) |  | — |  |  | (770 | )
Recoveries |  | 203 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 457 |  |  | — |  |  | 676 |
Ending balance, June 30, 2015 |  | $ | 3,553 |  |  | $ | 4,429 |  |  | $ | 732 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,714 |

The following is a summary of the Allowance by impairment methodology and portfolio segment as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

|  | Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Unallocated |  | Total
Allowance for credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance, June 30, 2016 |  | $ | 2,972 |  |  | $ | 5,660 |  |  | $ | 948 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 9,872 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 118 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 394 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 2,742 |  |  | $ | 5,542 |  |  | $ | 902 |  |  | $ | 292 |  |  | $ | 9,478 |
Ending balance, December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 3,562 |  |  | $ | 5,204 |  |  | $ | 734 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 9,610 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 128 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 164 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 3,561 |  |  | $ | 5,076 |  |  | $ | 699 |  |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 9,446 |

The following table shows the ending balances of loans as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 by portfolio segment and by impairment methodology (in thousands):
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|  | Commercial |  | Real Estate |  | Consumer |  | Total
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance, June 30, 2016 |  | $ | 126,451 |  |  | $ | 441,557 |  |  | $ | 62,097 |  |  | $ | 630,105 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 951 |  |  | $ | 4,402 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 5,454 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 125,500 |  |  | $ | 437,155 |  |  | $ | 61,996 |  |  | $ | 624,651 |
Loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance, December 31, 2015 |  | $ | 132,669 |  |  | $ | 410,226 |  |  | $ | 54,799 |  |  | $ | 597,694 |
Ending balance: individually evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 5,199 |  |  | $ | 1,470 |  |  | $ | 6,699 |
Ending balance: collectively evaluated for impairment |  | $ | 132,639 |  |  | $ | 405,027 |  |  | $ | 53,329 |  |  | $ | 590,995 |

The following table shows the loan portfolio by class allocated by management’s internal risk ratings at June 30, 2016 (in thousands):

|  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Sub-Standard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 82,666 |  |  | $ | 9,581 |  |  | $ | 6,578 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 98,825 |
Agricultural land and production |  | 22,502 |  |  | 3,352 |  |  | 1,772 |  |  | — |  |  | 27,626 |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 166,292 |  |  | 4,238 |  |  | 1,604 |  |  | — |  |  | 172,134 |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 38,399 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,819 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,218 |
Commercial real estate |  | 122,529 |  |  | 812 |  |  | 726 |  |  | — |  |  | 124,067 |
Agricultural real estate |  | 59,827 |  |  | 7,030 |  |  | 26,094 |  |  | — |  |  | 92,951 |
Other real estate |  | 11,187 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,187 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 41,184 |  |  | — |  |  | 656 |  |  | — |  |  | 41,840 |
Consumer and installment |  | 20,233 |  |  | — |  |  | 24 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,257 |
Total |  | $ | 564,819 |  |  | $ | 25,013 |  |  | $ | 40,273 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 630,105 |

The following table shows the loan portfolio by class allocated by management’s internally assigned risk grade ratings at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

|  | Pass |  | Special Mention |  | Sub-Standard |  | Doubtful |  | Total
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 77,783 |  |  | $ | 22,607 |  |  | $ | 1,807 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 102,197 |
Agricultural land and production |  | 20,422 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,050 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,472 |
Real Estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 163,570 |  |  | 3,785 |  |  | 1,555 |  |  | — |  |  | 168,910 |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 34,916 |  |  | 644 |  |  | 3,125 |  |  | — |  |  | 38,685 |
Commercial real estate |  | 110,833 |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 4,728 |  |  | — |  |  | 117,244 |
Agricultural real estate |  | 66,347 |  |  | — |  |  | 8,520 |  |  | — |  |  | 74,867 |
Other real estate |  | 10,520 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,520 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 40,332 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,964 |  |  | — |  |  | 42,296 |
Consumer and installment |  | 12,488 |  |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | — |  |  | 12,503 |
Total |  | $ | 537,211 |  |  | $ | 28,719 |  |  | $ | 31,764 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 597,694 |

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The following table shows an aging analysis of the loan portfolio by class and the time past due at June 30, 2016 (in thousands):

|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans |  | Recorded Investment > 90 Days Accruing |  | Non-accrual
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 3,149 |  |  | $ | 95,676 |  |  | $ | 98,825 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 907 |
Agricultural land and production |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,626 |  |  | 27,626 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | — |  |  | 190 |  |  | 171,944 |  |  | 172,134 |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 41,218 |  |  | 41,218 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 550 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 550 |  |  | 123,517 |  |  | 124,067 |  |  | — |  |  | 551 |
Agricultural real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 92,951 |  |  | 92,951 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 11,187 |  |  | 11,187 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 403 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 403 |  |  | 41,437 |  |  | 41,840 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |
Consumer and installment |  | 110 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 110 |  |  | 20,147 |  |  | 20,257 |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Total |  | $ | 4,063 |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | 4,402 |  |  | $ | 625,703 |  |  | $ | 630,105 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,750 |

The following table shows an aging analysis of the loan portfolio by class and the time past due at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

|  | 30-59 Days Past Due |  | 60-89 Days Past Due |  | Greater Than 90 Days Past Due |  | Total Past Due |  | Current |  | Total Loans |  | Recorded Investment > 90 Days Accruing |  | Non- accrual
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 102,197 |  |  | $ | 102,197 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 29 |
Agricultural land and production |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 30,472 |  |  | 30,472 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 168,910 |  |  | 168,910 |  |  | — |  |  | 347 |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,685 |  |  | 38,685 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 98 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 98 |  |  | 117,146 |  |  | 117,244 |  |  | — |  |  | 567 |
Agricultural real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,867 |  |  | 74,867 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | 10,520 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | — |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |  |  | 166 |  |  | 42,130 |  |  | 42,296 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,457 |
Consumer and installment |  | 38 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38 |  |  | 12,465 |  |  | 12,503 |  |  | — |  |  | 13 |
Total |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 166 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 302 |  |  | $ | 597,392 |  |  | $ | 597,694 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,413 |

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The following table shows information related to impaired loans by class at June 30, 2016 (in thousands):

|  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 2,819 |  |  | 2,819 |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 842 |  |  | 982 |  |  | — |
Total real estate |  | 3,682 |  |  | 3,824 |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Consumer and installment |  | 9 |  |  | 12 |  |  | — |
Total with no related allowance recorded |  | 3,691 |  |  | 3,836 |  |  | — |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 951 |  |  | 953 |  |  | 230 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 170 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 11 |
Commercial real estate |  | 550 |  |  | 579 |  |  | 107 |
Total real estate |  | 720 |  |  | 787 |  |  | 118 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 92 |  |  | 93 |  |  | 46 |
Total with an allowance recorded |  | 1,763 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 394 |
Total |  | $ | 5,454 |  |  | $ | 5,669 |  |  | $ | 394 |

The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable and net loan origination fees, due to immateriality.
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The following table shows information related to impaired loans by class at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):

|  | Recorded Investment |  | Unpaid Principal Balance |  | Related Allowance
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |
Total commercial |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 166 |  |  | 245 |  |  | — |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 3,125 |  |  | 3,125 |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 1,162 |  |  | 1,302 |  |  | — |
Total real estate |  | 4,453 |  |  | 4,672 |  |  | — |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 1,291 |  |  | 1,991 |  |  | — |
Total with no related allowance recorded |  | 5,744 |  |  | 6,664 |  |  | — |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 30 |  |  | 33 |  |  | 1 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 180 |  |  | 212 |  |  | 18 |
Commercial real estate |  | 566 |  |  | 588 |  |  | 110 |
Total real estate |  | 746 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 128 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 166 |  |  | 179 |  |  | 33 |
Consumer and installment |  | 13 |  |  | 15 |  |  | 2 |
Total consumer |  | 179 |  |  | 194 |  |  | 35 |
Total with an allowance recorded |  | 955 |  |  | 1,027 |  |  | 164 |
Total |  | $ | 6,699 |  |  | $ | 7,691 |  |  | $ | 164 |

The recorded investment in loans excludes accrued interest receivable and net loan origination fees, due to immateriality.
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The following tables present by class, information related to the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.

|  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 |  | Three Months Ended June 30, 2015
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,257 |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 162 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,033 |  |  | — |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 2,901 |  |  | 51 |  |  | 547 |  |  | 58 |
Commercial real estate |  | 995 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 2,598 |  |  | — |
Agricultural real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 360 |  |  | — |
Total real estate |  | 4,058 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 4,538 |  |  | 58 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 902 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,091 |  |  | — |
Consumer and installment |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 912 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,091 |  |  | — |
Total with no related allowance recorded |  | 5,003 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 10,886 |  |  | 58 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 1,032 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 76 |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 173 |  |  | — |  |  | 191 |  |  | — |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,250 |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 553 |  |  | — |  |  | 708 |  |  | 20 |
Total real estate |  | 726 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,149 |  |  | 20 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | 229 |  |  | — |
Consumer and installment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 126 |  |  | — |  |  | 246 |  |  | — |
Total with an allowance recorded |  | 1,884 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 4,471 |  |  | 20 |
Total |  | $ | 6,887 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | 15,357 |  |  | $ | 78 |

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|  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
|  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized |  | Average Recorded Investment |  | Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 149 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,362 |  |  | $ | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 212 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,119 |  |  | — |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 2,988 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 553 |  |  | 118 |
Commercial real estate |  | 1,065 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 2,237 |  |  | — |
Agricultural real estate |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 360 |  |  | — |
Total real estate |  | 4,265 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 4,269 |  |  | 118 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 1,065 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,219 |  |  | — |
Consumer and installment |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 1,070 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,219 |  |  | — |
Total with no related allowance recorded |  | 5,484 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 11,850 |  |  | 118 |
With an allowance recorded: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 638 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 415 |  |  | — |
Total commercial |  | 638 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 415 |  |  | — |
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 175 |  |  | — |  |  | 195 |  |  | — |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,356 |  |  | — |
Commercial real estate |  | 559 |  |  | — |  |  | 870 |  |  | 39 |
Total real estate |  | 734 |  |  | — |  |  | 4,421 |  |  | 39 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 152 |  |  | — |  |  | 444 |  |  | — |
Consumer and installment |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | — |
Total consumer |  | 157 |  |  | — |  |  | 462 |  |  | — |
Total with an allowance recorded |  | 1,529 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 5,298 |  |  | 39 |
Total |  | $ | 7,013 |  |  | $ | 135 |  |  | $ | 17,148 |  |  | $ | 157 |

Foregone interest on nonaccrual loans totaled $124,000 and $355,000 for the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the three month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, foregone interest on nonaccrual loans totaled $100,000 and $136,000, respectively.
Troubled Debt Restructurings:
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company has a recorded investment in troubled debt restructurings of $3,726,000 and $5,623,000, respectively. The Company has allocated $3,000 and $1,000 of specific reserves to loans whose terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The Company has committed to lend no additional amounts as of June 30, 2016 to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as troubled debt restructurings.
During the six month period ended June 30, 2016 two loans were modified as a troubled debt restructurings. The modification of the terms of such loans included one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan or an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. During the same period, there were no troubled debt restructurings in which the amount of principal or accrued interest owed from the borrower was forgiven or which resulted in a charge-off or change to the allowance for loan losses.
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The following table presents loans by class modified as troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2016 (in thousands):

Troubled Debt Restructurings: |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1) |  | Principal Modification (2) |  | Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (3) |  | Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial and Industrial |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 44 |

(1) | Amounts represent the recorded investment in loans before recognizing effects of the TDR, if any.

(2) | Principal Modification includes principal forgiveness at the time of modification, contingent principal forgiveness granted over the life of the loan based on borrower performance, and principal that has been legally separated and deferred to the end of the loan, with zero percent contractual interest rate.

(3) | Balance outstanding after principal modification, if any borrower reduction to recorded investment.

The following table presents loans by class modified as troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the six months ended June 30, 2015 (in thousands):

Troubled Debt Restructurings: |  | Number of Loans |  | Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (1) |  | Principal Modification (2) |  | Post Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment (3) |  | Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and Industrial |  | 2 |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 38 |

During the six month period ended June 30, 2015 two loans were modified as a troubled debt restructurings. The modification of the terms of such loans included one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan or an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. During the same period, there were no troubled debt restructurings in which the amount of principal or accrued interest owed from the borrower was forgiven or which resulted in a charge-off or change to the allowance for loan losses.
During the quarter ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 no loans were modified as troubled debt restructuring.

A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms. There were no defaults on troubled debt restructurings, within twelve months following the modification, during the six months ended June 30, 2016 or June 30, 2015.
Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Business combinations involving the Company’s acquisition of the equity interests or net assets of another enterprise give rise to goodwill. Total goodwill at June 30, 2016 was $29,917,000 consisting of $14,643,000, $8,934,000, and $6,340,000 representing the excess of the cost of Service 1 st Bancorp, Bank of Madera County, and Visalia Community Bank, respectively, over the net amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transactions accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. The value of goodwill is ultimately derived from the Company’s ability to generate net earnings after the acquisitions and is not deductible for tax purposes. A decline in net earnings could be indicative of a decline in the fair value of goodwill and result in impairment. For that reason, goodwill is assessed at least annually for impairment.
The Company has selected September 30 as the date to perform the annual impairment test. As of September 30, 2015, management assessed qualitative factors including performance trends and noted no factors indicating goodwill impairment.
Goodwill is also tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Company below its carrying amount. No such events or circumstances arose during the first six months of 2016.
The intangible assets at June 30, 2016 represent the estimated fair value of the core deposit relationships acquired in the 2013 acquisition of Visalia Community Bank of $1,365,000, and Service 1 st Bancorp in 2008 of $1,400,000. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized by the straight-line method (which approximates the effective interest method) over an estimated life of seven to ten years from the date of acquisition. The carrying value of intangible assets at June 30, 2016 was $956,000 net of $1,809,000 in accumulated amortization expense. Management evaluates the remaining useful lives quarterly to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining periods of amortization. Based on the evaluation, no changes to the remaining useful lives was required in the second quarter of 2016. Management performed an annual impairment test on core deposit intangibles as of September 30, 2015 and determined no impairment was necessary.
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Amortization expense recognized was $68,000 and $168,000 for the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization expense recognized was $34,000 and $84,000 for the three month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Service 1st Bancorp core deposit became fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2015.
The following table summarizes the Company’s estimated remaining core deposit intangible amortization expense for each of the next five years (in thousands):

Years Ending |  | Estimated Core Deposit Intangible Amortization
2016 |  | $ | 69 |
2017 |  | 137 |
2018 |  | 137 |
2019 |  | 137 |
2020 |  | 137 |
Thereafter |  | 339 |
|  | $ | 956 |

Note 6. Borrowing Arrangements
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had no Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) of San Francisco advances.
FHLB advances are secured under the standard credit and securities-backed credit programs. Investment securities with amortized costs totaling $667,000 and $750,000, and market values totaling $737,000 and $825,000 at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, were pledged under the securities-backed credit program. The Bank’s credit limit varies according to the amount and composition of the investment and loan portfolios pledged as collateral.
As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had no Federal funds purchased.
Note 7. Income Taxes
The Company files its income taxes on a consolidated basis with its subsidiary. The allocation of income tax expense (benefit) represents each entity’s proportionate share of the consolidated provision for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment. On the consolidated balance sheets, net deferred tax assets are included in accrued interest receivable and other assets. The Company establishes a tax valuation allowance when it is more likely than not that a recorded tax benefit is not expected to be fully realized. The expense to create the tax valuation allowance is recorded as an additional income tax expense in the period the tax valuation allowance is created. The California capital loss carry-forward expired in 2015 unutilized; thus, the deferred balance as well as the related valuation allowance was written off as of December 31, 2015.
Accounting for uncertainty in income taxes - The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above is reflected as a liability for unrecognized tax benefits in the accompanying balance sheet along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the reserve for uncertain tax positions attributable to tax credits and deductions related to enterprise zone activities in California was $320,000 and $286,000, respectively. The Company does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months.
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheets. The contract or notional
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amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for loans.
Commitments to extend credit amounting to $211,549,000 and $217,166,000 were outstanding at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract unless waived by the Bank. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee.
Included in commitments to extend credit are undisbursed lines of credit totaling $209,771,000 and $215,952,000 at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Undisbursed lines of credit include credits whereby customers can repay principal and request principal advances during the term of the loan at their discretion and most expire between one and 12 months.
Included in undisbursed lines of credit are commitments for the undisbursed portions of construction loans totaling $31,001,000 and $25,856,000 as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. These commitments are agreements to lend to customers, subject to meeting certain construction progress requirements established in the contracts. The underlying construction loans have fixed expiration dates.
Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees amounting to $1,778,000 and $1,214,000 were outstanding at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Those guarantees are primarily issued to support private borrowing arrangements. Most standby letters of credit and guarantees carry a one year term or less. The fair value of the liability related to these standby letters of credit, which represents the fees received for their issuance, was not significant at June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015. The Company recognizes these fees as revenue over the term of the commitment or when the commitment is used.
The Company generally requires collateral or other security to support financial instruments with credit risk. Management does not anticipate any material loss will result from the outstanding commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit and financial guarantees. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the balance of a contingent allocation for probable loan loss experience on unfunded obligations was $125,000 and$150,000, respectively. The contingent allocation for probable loan loss experience on unfunded obligations is calculated by management using an appropriate, systematic, and consistently applied process. While related to credit losses, this allocation is not a part of the allowance for credit losses and is considered separately as a liability for accounting and regulatory reporting purposes, and is included in Other Liabilities on the Company’s balance sheet.
The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims which arise in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the amount of ultimate liability with respect to such actions will not materially affect the consolidated financial position or consolidated results of operations of the Company.
Note 9. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share (EPS), which excludes dilution, is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock, such as stock options, stock appreciation rights settled in stock or restricted stock awards, result in the issuance of common stock which shares in the earnings of the Company. A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic and diluted EPS computations is as follows:

Basic Earnings Per Share |  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 3,078 |  |  | $ | 9,461 |  |  | $ | 5,544 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  | 10,970,782 |  |  | 10,924,437 |  |  | 10,962,314 |  |  | 10,924,015 |
Basic earnings per share |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.51 |

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Diluted Earnings Per Share |  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Net income available to common shareholders |  | $ | 6,058 |  |  | $ | 3,078 |  |  | $ | 9,461 |  |  | $ | 5,544 |
Weighted average shares outstanding |  | 10,970,782 |  |  | 10,924,437 |  |  | 10,962,314 |  |  | 10,924,015 |
Effect of dilutive stock options |  | 97,108 |  |  | 85,479 |  |  | 91,955 |  |  | 82,036 |
Weighted average shares of common stock and common stock equivalents |  | 11,067,890 |  |  | 11,009,916 |  |  | 11,054,269 |  |  | 11,006,051 |
Diluted earnings per share |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |  |  | $ | 0.50 |

During the six months month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, options to purchase 8,850 and 145,523 shares of common stock, respectively, were not factored into the calculation of dilutive stock options because they were anti-dilutive. During the three month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, options to purchase 0 and 113,735 shares of common stock, respectively, were not factored into the calculation of dilutive stock options because they were anti-dilutive.
Note 10. Share-Based Compensation
The Company has three share-based compensation plans as described below. Share-based compensation cost recognized for those plans was $108,000 and $123,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, share-based compensation was $55,000 and $62,000, respectively. The recognized tax benefits for the share based compensation expense was $28,000 and $9,000, respectively, for the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. For the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, recognized tax benefits were $3,000 and $8,000, respectively.
The Central Valley Community Bancorp 2000 Stock Option Plan (2000 Plan) expired on November 15, 2010. The Central Valley Community Bancorp 2005 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2005 Plan) was adopted in May 2005 and expired March 16, 2015. While outstanding arrangements to issue shares under these plans, including options, continue in force until their expiration, no new options will be granted under these plans.
The Central Valley Community Bancorp 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (2015 Plan) was adopted in May 2015. The plan provides for awards in the form of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, and restricted stock. The plan also allows for performance awards that may be in the form of cash or shares of the Company, including restricted stock. Outstanding arrangements to issue shares under this plan including options, will continue in force until expiration according to their respective terms.
Stock Option Plan
The Company bases the fair value of the options granted on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes Merton option pricing model that uses assumptions based on expected option life and the level of estimated forfeitures, expected stock volatility, risk free interest rate, and dividend yield. The expected term and level of estimated forfeitures of the Company’s options are based on the Company’s own historical experience. Stock volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock. The risk-free rate is based on the U. S. Treasury yield curve for the periods within the contractual life of the options in effect at the time of grant. The compensation cost for options granted is based on the weighted average grant date fair value per share.
No options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock were granted during the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.
A summary of the combined activity of the Company’s Stock Option Compensation Plans for the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (In thousands)
Options outstanding at January 1, 2016 |  | 240,695 |  |  | $ | 6.83 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options exercised |  | (24,100 | ) |  | $ | 6.67 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options forfeited |  | (2,670 | ) |  | $ | 8.92 |  |  |  |  |  |
Options outstanding at June 30, 2016 |  | 213,925 |  |  | $ | 6.84 |  |  | 3.79 |  | $ | 1,531 |
Options vested or expected to vest at June 30, 2016 |  | 212,124 |  |  | $ | 6.83 |  |  | 3.77 |  | $ | 1,520 |
Options exercisable at June 30, 2016 |  | 183,065 |  |  | $ | 6.64 |  |  | 3.38 |  | $ | 1,347 |

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Information related to the stock option plan is as follows (in thousands):

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
Intrinsic value of options exercised |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 25 |
Cash received from options exercised |  | $ | 161 |  |  | $ | 36 |
Excess tax benefit realized for option exercises |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | 4 |

As of June 30, 2016, there was $58,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock options granted under all plans. The cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.22 years. No options vested during the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.
Restricted Common Stock Awards
The 2005 and 2015 Plans provide for the issuance of restricted common stock to directors and officers. Restricted common stock grants typically vest over a five-year period. Restricted common stock (all of which are shares of our common stock) is subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to vesting. The cost of these awards is recognized over the vesting period of the awards based on the fair value of our common stock on the date of the grant.
The following table summarizes restricted stock activity for the six month period ended June 30, 2016 as follows:

|  | Shares |  | Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested outstanding shares at January 1, 2016 |  | 53,028 |  |  | $ | 12.34 |
Granted |  | 8,850 |  |  | $ | 11.30 |
Vested |  | (3,635 | ) |  | $ | 11.01 |
Forfeited |  | (1,144 | ) |  | $ | 12.95 |
Nonvested outstanding shares at June 30, 2016 |  | 57,099 |  |  | $ | 12.25 |

There were no grants of restricted stock during the quarter ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. During the six month period ended June 30, 2016, 8,850 shares of restricted common stock were issued from outstanding grants under the 2005 Plan. The restricted common stock had a fair market value of $11.30 per share on the date of issuance. During the six month period ended June 30, 2015, 9,268 shares of restricted common stock were issued from outstanding grants under the 2005 Plan. The restricted common stock had a fair market value of $10.79 per share on the date of issuance. These restricted common stock awards vest 20% after Year 1. Thereafter, 20% of the remaining restricted stock will vest on each anniversary of the initial award commencement date and will be fully vested on the fifth such anniversary.
As of June 30, 2016, there were 57,099 shares of restricted stock that are nonvested and expected to vest. As of June 30, 2016, there was $557,000 of total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested restricted common stock. Restricted stock compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. This cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.60 years and will be adjusted for subsequent changes in estimated forfeitures. Restricted common stock awards had an intrinsic value of $799,000 at June 30, 2016.
Note 11. Pending Acquisition
On April 28, 2016, the Company and Sierra Vista Bank, headquartered in Folsom, California with total assets of approximately $155 million, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization and Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, Sierra Vista Bank, with three branches located in Folsom and Fair Oaks (Sacramento County), and Cameron Park (El Dorado County), will merge with and into Central Valley Community Bank (the “Merger”). The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, and approval by Sierra Vista Bank’s shareholders. The Central Valley Community Bancorp and Sierra Vista Bank boards of directors have approved the transaction, which is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2016. Regulatory approval has been received by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and California Department of Business Oversight.
The transaction was initially valued at approximately $24.0 million or $5.20 per share to Sierra Vista Bank shareholders. The purchase price is to be paid in cash and in Central Valley Community Bancorp common stock. Sierra Vista Bank shareholders will have the right to elect whether to receive merger consideration 100% in cash, or 100% in stock, or a
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combination of both stock and cash (in each case, subject to pro ration). At the value of $12.00 per share of Central Valley Community Bancorp common stock, the merger consideration consists of 58% stock and 42% cash, excluding the redemption of in-the-money stock options and warrants, with Sierra Vista Bank shareholders entitled to receive approximately $2.18 and 0.2513 shares of Central Valley Community Bancorp common stock per share. The total purchase price is subject to adjustments and closing conditions, including potential adjustments if the volume weighted average trading price of Central Valley Community Bancorp common shares rises or falls beyond certain levels prior to closing.
ITEM 2: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Certain matters discussed in this report constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements contained herein that are not historical facts, such as statements regarding the Company’s current business strategy and the Company’s plans for future development and operations, are based upon current expectations. These statements are forward-looking in nature and involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to (1) significant increases in competitive pressure in the banking industry; (2) the impact of changes in interest rates, a decline in economic conditions at the international, national or local level on the Company’s results of operations, the Company’s ability to continue its internal growth at historical rates, the Company’s ability to maintain its net interest margin, and the quality of the Company’s earning assets; (3) changes in the regulatory environment; (4) fluctuations in the real estate market; (5) changes in business conditions and inflation; (6) changes in securities markets; and (7) risks associated with acquisitions, relating to difficulty in integrating combined operations and related negative impact on earnings, and incurrence of substantial expenses. Therefore, the information set forth in such forward-looking statements should be carefully considered when evaluating the business prospects of the Company.
When the Company uses in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q the words “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “intend,” “commit,” “believe,” and similar expressions, the Company intends to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements are not guarantees of performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated, expected, projected, intended, committed or believed. The future results and shareholder values of the Company may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements. Many of the factors that will determine these results and values are beyond the Company’s ability to control or predict. For those statements, the Company claims the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) maintains a web site which contains reports, proxy statements, and other information pertaining to registrants that file electronically with the SEC, including the Company. The Internet address is: www.sec.gov. In addition, our periodic and current reports are available free of charge on our website at www.cvcb.com as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We believe that the Company’s most critical accounting policies are those which the Company’s financial condition depends upon, and which involve the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments.
There have been no material changes to the Company’s critical accounting policies during 2016. Please refer to the Company’s 2015 Annual Report to Shareholders on Form 10-K for a complete listing of critical accounting policies.
This discussion should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, including the notes thereto, appearing elsewhere in this report.
OVERVIEW
Second Quarter of 2016
In the second quarter of 2016, our consolidated net income was $6,058,000 compared to net income of $3,078,000 for the same period in 2015. Diluted EPS was $0.55 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $0.28 for the same period in 2015. The increase in net income during the second quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 is primarily due to a decrease in provision for credit losses, as well as an increase in net interest income, partially offset by an increase in non-interest expenses, a decrease in non-interest income, and an increase in provision for income taxes. The Company recorded a
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reverse provision for credit losses of $4,600,000 during the second quarter of 2016 compared to provision for credit losses of $500,000 during the same period of 2015. Net interest income before the provision for credit losses increase d $1,143,000 or 11.36% comparing the quarter ended June 30, 2016 to the same period in 2015.
Net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) was 4.18% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 4.06% for the same period in 2015, a 12 basis point increase. The margin increase d principally due to an increase in volume and yields on loans and an increase in volume and yields on taxable investment securities. The cost of deposits, calculated by dividing annualized interest expense on interest bearing deposits by total deposits, decrease d one basis point to 0.08% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.09% for the same period in 2015. This decrease was due to the repricing of interest bearing deposits in the lower current interest rate environment and the continued increase in the ratio of non-interest bearing deposits to total deposits.
Non-interest income decrease d $582,000 or 18.80% primarily due to a decrease in net realized gains on sales and calls of investment securities of $312,000, a $161,000 decrease in Federal Home Loan Bank dividends, a $14,000 decrease in service charge income, and a $80,000 decrease in other income. During the second quarters of 2016 and 2015, other non-interest income included $188,000 and $345,000, respectively, related to tax-free gains on the collection of life insurance proceeds. Non-interest expense increase d $680,000 or 7.82% for the same periods mainly due to increase in salaries and employee benefits, acquisition and integration expenses, directors’ expenses, data processing expenses, and occupancy and equipment expenses, partially offset by decreases in regulatory assessment fees, professional services, and amortization of core deposit intangibles.
Annualized return on average equity for the second quarter of 2016 was 16.24% compared to 9.15% for the same period in 2015. Total average equity was $149,234,000 for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $134,520,000 for the second quarter of 2015. Notwithstanding an increase in shareholders’ equity, this increase in ROE was achieved due to an increase in net income. The Company declared and paid $0.06 per share in cash dividends to holders of common stock during the second quarter of 2016 consistent with to $0.06 during the second quarter of 2015.
Our average total assets increase d $63,840,000 or 5.30% to $1,267,643,000 at the end of the second quarter of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Total average interest-earning assets increase d $68,047,000 or 6.23% comparing the second quarter of 2016 to the same period of 2015. Average total loans, including nonaccrual loans, increase d $28,245,000 or 4.77% comparing the second quarter of 2016 to the same period in 2015. Average total investments and interest-earning deposits increase d $31,572,000 or 6.23% in the three-month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Average interest-bearing liabilities increase d $23,865,000 or 3.50% over the same period. Average non-interest bearing demand deposits increase d 6.72% to $395,603,000 in 2016 compared to $370,686,000 in 2015. The ratio of average non-interest bearing demand deposits to average total deposits was 36.11% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to 35.42% in 2015.
First Six Months of 2016
For the six months ended June 30, 2016, our consolidated net income was $9,461,000 compared to net income of $5,544,000 for the same period in 2015. Diluted EPS was $0.86 for the first six months of 2016 compared to $0.50 for the first six months of 2015. Net income increase d 70.65%, primarily driven by a reversal of the provision for credit losses in the amount of $4,850,000, as well as due to an increase in net interest income, and offset by an increase in non-interest expenses, a decrease in non-interest income, and an increase in provision for income taxes in 2016 compared to 2015. During the six-month period ended June 30, 2016, our net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) increase d seven basis points to 4.08%. Net interest income before the provision for credit losses increase d $2,026,000 or 10.24%. Net interest income during the first six months of 2016 and 2015 benefited by approximately $491,000 and $225,000, respectively, from prepayment penalties and payoff of loans previously on nonaccrual status. Excluding these benefits, net interest income for the first six months ended June 30, 2016 increased by $1,760,000 compared to the six months ended June 30, 2015. Non-interest income decrease d $569,000 or 9.83%, and non-interest expense increase d $367,000 or 2.04% in the first six months of 2016 compared to 2015. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recorded a reverse provision for credit losses of $4,850,000 compared to $500,000 provision during same period in 2015.
Annualized return on average equity for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was 12.92% compared to 8.29% for the same period in 2015. Annualized return on average assets was 1.50% and 0.93% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Total average equity was $146,491,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $133,804,000 for the same period in 2015. The increase in shareholders’ equity was driven by the retention of earnings net of dividends paid, and an increase in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI).
Our average total assets increase d $67,410,000 or 5.63% in the first six months of 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Total average interest-earning assets increase d $75,780,000 or 7.00% comparing the first six months of 2016 to the same period in 2015. Average total loans increase d $27,781,000 or 4.79%. Average total investments increase d $38,638,000, or 7.57% in
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the six months month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Average interest-bearing liabilities increase d $21,929,000 or 3.24% over the same period.
Our net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) for the first six months ended June 30, 2016 was 4.08% compared to 4.01% for the same period in 2015. The increase in net interest margin in the period-to-period comparison resulted primarily from an increase in the yield on the Company’s investment portfolio, an increase in the yield on the loan portfolio, and a decrease in the Company’s cost of funds. The effective yield on interest-earning assets increase d six basis points to 4.16% for the six months period ended June 30, 2016 compared to 4.10% for the same period in 2015. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, the effective yield on investment securities, including Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits in other banks, increase d 13 basis points. The effective yield on loans increase d five basis points. The cost of total interest-bearing liabilities decrease d one basis point to 0.15% compared to 0.16% for the same period in 2015. The cost of total deposits, including noninterest bearing accounts, decrease d one basis point to 0.08% for the six months ended 2016 compared to 0.09% for the same period in 2015.
Net interest income before the provision for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was $21,811,000 compared to $19,785,000 for the same period in 2015, an increase of $2,026,000 or 10.24%. Net interest income increase d as a result of yield changes, asset mix changes, and an increase in average earning assets, partially offset by an increase in interest-bearing liabilities. The Bank recovered $491,000 and $225,000, of foregone interest income and prepaid payment penalties in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Bank had non-accrual loans totaling $1,750,000 at June 30, 2016, compared to $2,413,000 at December 31, 2015 and $6,216,000 at June 30, 2015. The Company had no other real estate owned at June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015, or June 30, 2015.
At June 30, 2016, we had total net loans of $621,152,000, total assets of $1,290,809,000, total deposits of $1,110,410,000, and shareholders’ equity of $156,675,000.
Central Valley Community Bancorp (Company)
We are a central California-based bank holding company for a one-bank subsidiary, Central Valley Community Bank (Bank). We provide traditional commercial banking services to small and medium-sized businesses and individuals in the communities along the Highway 99 corridor in the Fresno, Madera, Merced, Sacramento, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, and Tulare Counties of central California. Additionally, we have a private banking office in Sacramento County. As a bank holding company, the Company is subject to supervision, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve Bank.
Central Valley Community Bank (Bank)
The Bank commenced operations in January 1980 as a state-chartered bank. As a state-chartered bank, the Bank is subject to primary supervision, examination and regulation by the Department of Business Oversight (DBO). The Bank’s deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to the applicable limits thereof, and the Bank is subject to supervision, examination and regulations of the FDIC.
The Bank is a member of the FDIC, which currently insures customer deposits in each member bank to a maximum of $250,000 per depositor. For this protection, the Bank is subject to the rules and regulations of the FDIC, and, as is the case with all insured banks, may be required to pay a quarterly statutory assessment.
The Bank operates 20 branches which serve the communities of Clovis, Exeter, Fresno, Kerman, Lodi, Madera, Merced, Modesto, Oakhurst, Prather, Sacramento, Stockton, Tracy, and Visalia, California. Additionally the Bank operates Real Estate, Agribusiness and SBA departments that originate loans in California. According to the June 30, 2015 FDIC data, the Bank’s branches in Fresno, Madera, and Tulare Counties had a 4.76% combined deposit market share of all insured depositories. The Bank’s branches in Merced, Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Stanislaus Counties had a 0.43% combined deposit market share of all insured depositories.
Key Factors in Evaluating Financial Condition and Operating Performance
As a publicly traded community bank holding company, we focus on several key factors including:
· Return to our shareholders;
· Return on average assets;
· Development of revenue streams, including net interest income and non-interest income;
· Asset quality;
· Asset growth;
· Capital adequacy;
· Operating efficiency; and
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· Liquidity
Return to Our Shareholders
Our return to shareholders is determined in a ratio that measures the return on average equity (ROE). Our annualized ROE was 12.92% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 8.12% for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 8.29% for the annualized six months ended June 30, 2015. Our net income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 increase d $3,917,000 or 70.65% to $9,461,000 compared to $5,544,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015, primarily driven by a decrease in provision for credit losses, as well as an increase in net interest income, offset by an increase in provision for income taxes and an increase in non-interest expenses. Net interest margin (NIM) increase d seven basis points comparing the six month periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. Diluted EPS was $0.86 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and $0.50 for the same period in 2015.
Return on Average Assets
Our return on average assets (ROA) is a ratio that we use to compare our performance with other banks and bank holding companies. Our annualized ROA for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was 1.50% compared to 0.90% for the year ended December 31, 2015 and 0.93% for the annualized six months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in ROA compared to December 2015 is due to the increase in net income, notwithstanding an increase in average assets. Average assets for the six months ended June 30, 2016 were $1,265,602,000 compared to $1,222,526,000 for the year ended December 31, 2015. ROA for our peer group was 1.16% for the year ended December 31, 2015. Our peer group from SNL Financial data includes certain bank holding companies in central California with assets from $600 million to $2.5 billion.
Development of Revenue Streams
Over the past several years, we have focused on not only improving net income, but improving the consistency of our revenue streams in order to create more predictable future earnings and reduce the effect of changes in our operating environment on our net income. Specifically, we have focused on net interest income through a variety of processes, including increases in average interest earning assets, and minimizing the effects of the recent interest rate decline on our net interest margin by focusing on core deposits and managing the cost of funds. The Company’s net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) was 4.08% for the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to 4.01% for the same period in 2015. The increase in net interest margin is principally due to continued growth in earning assets in a low rate and competitive economic environment. The Company’s net interest margin was positively impacted by the decrease in our rates on interest-bearing liabilities; more specifically, the increase in the yield on the Company’s loan portfolio, the increase in the yield on the Company’s investment portfolio, and a decrease in the Company’s cost of funds. In comparing the two periods, the effective yield on total earning assets increase d six basis points, while the cost of total interest bearing liabilities decrease d one basis point and the cost of total deposits decrease d one basis point. The Company’s total cost of deposits for the six months ended June 30, 2016 was 0.08% compared to 0.09% for the same period in 2015. At June 30, 2016, 36.85% of the Company’s average total deposits were non-interest bearing compared to 32.73% for the Company’s peer group as of December 31, 2015. Net interest income before the provision for credit losses for the six months period ended June 30, 2016 was $21,811,000 compared to $19,785,000 for the same period in 2015.
Our non-interest income is generally made up of service charges and fees on deposit accounts, fee income from loan placements and other services, appreciation in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, and net gains from sales of investment securities. Non-interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 decrease d $569,000 or 9.83%, to $5,218,000 compared to $5,787,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The decrease resulted primarily from decreases in Federal Home Loan Bank dividends, service charge income, loan placement fees, and the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, partially offset by increases in net realized gains on sales and calls of investment securities compared to the comparable 2015 period. Further detail of non-interest income is provided below.
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Asset Quality
For all banks and bank holding companies, asset quality has a significant impact on the overall financial condition and results of operations. Asset quality is measured in terms of percentage of total loans and total assets and is a key element in estimating the future earnings of a company. Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans, other real estate owned (OREO), and repossessed assets. Nonperforming loans are those loans which have (i) been placed on nonaccrual status; (ii) been classified as doubtful under our asset classification system; or (iii) become contractually past due 90 days or more with respect to principal or interest and have not been restructured or otherwise placed on nonaccrual status. A loan is classified as nonaccrual when 1) it is maintained on a cash basis because of deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower; 2) payment in full of principal or interest under the original contractual terms is not expected; or 3) principal or interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection.
The Company had non-performing loans totaling $1,750,000 or 0.28% of total loans as of June 30, 2016 and $2,413,000 or 0.40% of total loans at December 31, 2015. Management maintains certain loans that have been brought current by the borrower (less than 30 days delinquent) on nonaccrual status until such time as management has determined that the loans are likely to remain current in future periods and collectability has been reasonably assured. The Company had no other real estate owned (OREO) at June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015. The Company’s ratio of nonperforming assets as a percentage of total assets was 0.14% as of June 30, 2016 and 0.19% at December 31, 2015.
Asset Growth
As revenues from both net interest income and non-interest income are a function of asset size, the growth in assets has a direct impact in increasing net income. The majority of our assets are loans and investment securities, and the majority of our liabilities are deposits, and therefore the ability to generate deposits as a funding source for loans and investments is fundamental to our asset growth. Total assets increase d by $14,073,000 or 1.10% during the six months ended June 30, 2016 to $1,290,809,000 compared to $1,276,736,000 as of December 31, 2015. Total gross loans increase d by 5.50% or $32,913,000 to $631,024,000 as of June 30, 2016 compared to $598,111,000 as of December 31, 2015. Total deposits decrease d 0.52% to $1,110,410,000 as of June 30, 2016 compared to $1,116,267,000 as of December 31, 2015. Our loan to deposit ratio at June 30, 2016 was 56.83% compared to 53.58% at December 31, 2015. The loan to deposit ratio of our peers was 75.73% at December 31, 2015. Further discussion of loans and deposits is below.
Capital Adequacy
Capital serves as a source of funds and helps protect depositors and shareholders against potential losses. The Company has historically maintained substantial levels of capital. The assessment of capital adequacy is dependent on several factors including asset quality, earnings trends, liquidity and economic conditions. Maintenance of adequate capital levels is integral to providing stability to the Company. The Company needs to maintain substantial levels of regulatory capital to give it flexibility in the changing regulatory environment and to respond to changes in the market and economic conditions including acquisition opportunities.
The Company and the Bank are each subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can cause certain mandatory and discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative and qualitative measures. These measures were established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy. As of June 30, 2016, the Company and the Bank were considered “well capitalized” under this regulatory framework. The Company’s regulatory capital ratios are presented in the table in the “Capital” section below.
Operating Efficiency
Operating efficiency is the measure of how efficiently earnings before provision for credit losses and taxes are generated as a percentage of revenue. A lower ratio is more favorable. The Company’s efficiency ratio (operating expenses, excluding amortization of intangibles and foreclosed property expense, divided by net interest income before provision for credit losses (computed on a tax equivalent basis) plus non-interest income, excluding gains and losses from sales of securities and OREO, and gains related to the collection of life insurance proceeds) was 67.76% for the first six months of 2016 compared to 70.22% for the first six months of 2015. The improvement in the efficiency ratio is due to the growth in revenues outpacing the growth in non-interest expense. Further discussion of the change in net interest income and increase in operating expenses is below.
The Company’s net interest income before provision for credit losses on a non tax-equivalent basis plus non-interest income, net of OREO related gains, investment securities related gains, and gain related to the collection of life insurance proceeds, increase d 6.73% to $27,023,000 for the first six months of 2016 compared to $25,320,000 for the same period in
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2015, while operating expenses, net of OREO related expenses, loss on sale of assets and amortization of core deposit intangibles, increase d 2.98% to $18,310,000 from $17,780,000 for the same period in 2015.
Liquidity
Liquidity management involves our ability to meet cash flow requirements arising from fluctuations in deposit levels and demands of daily operations, which include providing for customers’ credit needs, funding of securities purchases, and ongoing repayment of borrowings. Our liquidity is actively managed on a daily basis and reviewed periodically by our management and Directors’ Asset/Liability Committee. This process is intended to ensure the maintenance of sufficient liquidity to meet our funding needs, including adequate cash flow for off-balance sheet commitments. Our primary sources of liquidity are derived from financing activities which include the acceptance of customer and, to a lesser extent, broker deposits, Federal funds facilities and advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco (FHLB). We have available unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks totaling approximately $40,000,000 and secured borrowing lines of approximately $317,790,000 with the FHLB. These funding sources are augmented by collection of principal and interest on loans, the routine maturities and pay downs of securities from our investment securities portfolio, the stability of our core deposits, and the ability to sell investment securities. Primary uses of funds include origination and purchases of loans, withdrawals of and interest payments on deposits, purchases of investment securities, and payment of operating expenses.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Net Income for the First Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 Compared to the Six Months Ended June 30, 2015:
Net income increase d to $9,461,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $5,544,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Basic and diluted earnings per share for June 30, 2016 were $0.86 and $0.86, respectively. Basic and diluted earnings per share for the same period in 2015 were $0.51 and $0.50, respectively. Annualized ROE was 12.92% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 8.29% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Annualized ROA for the six months periods ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was 1.50%. and 0.93%, respectively.
The increase in net income for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015 can be attributed primarily to a decrease in provision for credit losses, as well as an increase in net interest income, offset by an increase in non-interest expense, an increase in provision for income taxes and a decrease in non-interest income,. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recorded a reverse provision for credit losses of $4,850,000, compared to a $500,000 provision during the six months ended June 30, 2015. The decrease in non-interest income was primarily driven by decreases in Federal Home Loan Bank dividends, service charge income, loan placement fees, and the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, partially offset by increases in net realized gains on sales and calls of investment securities compared to the comparable 2015 period. The Company also recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $136,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2016. Non-interest expense increase d $367,000 or 2.04% for the same periods mainly due to increases in salaries and employee benefits, data processing expenses, acquisition and integration expenses, directors’ expenses, occupancy and equipment expenses, telephone expenses, and ATM/Debit card expenses, offset by decreases in regulatory assessments, professional services, Internet banking, and license and maintenance contracts. Further discussion of non-interest expenses is below.
Interest Income and Expense
Net interest income is the most significant component of our income from operations. Net interest income (the “interest rate spread”) is the difference between the gross interest and fees earned on the loan and investment portfolios and the interest paid on deposits and other borrowings. Net interest income depends on the volume of and interest rate earned on interest earning assets and the volume of and interest rate paid on interest bearing liabilities.
The following table sets forth a summary of average balances with corresponding interest income and interest expense as well as average yield and cost information for the periods presented. Average balances are derived from daily balances, and nonaccrual loans are not included as interest earning assets for purposes of this table.
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CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP
SCHEDULE OF AVERAGE BALANCES AND AVERAGE YIELDS AND RATES

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2015
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Average Interest Rate
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | $ | 53,105 |  |  | $ | 139 |  |  | 0.52 | % |  | $ | 63,728 |  |  | $ | 98 |  |  | 0.31 | %
Securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable securities |  | 313,544 |  |  | 2,986 |  |  | 1.90 | % |  | 272,995 |  |  | 2,243 |  |  | 1.64 | %
Non-taxable securities (1) |  | 182,217 |  |  | 4,694 |  |  | 5.15 | % |  | 173,454 |  |  | 4,597 |  |  | 5.30 | %
Total investment securities |  | 495,761 |  |  | 7,680 |  |  | 3.10 | % |  | 446,449 |  |  | 6,840 |  |  | 3.06 | %
Federal funds sold |  | 188 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | 239 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.25 | %
Total securities and interest-earning deposits |  | 549,054 |  |  | 7,819 |  |  | 2.85 | % |  | 510,416 |  |  | 6,938 |  |  | 2.72 | %
Loans (2) (3) |  | 604,860 |  |  | 16,096 |  |  | 5.35 | % |  | 567,740 |  |  | 14,930 |  |  | 5.30 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 4,825 |  |  | 204 |  |  | 8.50 | % |  | 4,803 |  |  | 353 |  |  | 14.70 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 1,158,739 |  |  | $ | 24,119 |  |  | 4.16 | % |  | 1,082,959 |  |  | $ | 22,221 |  |  | 4.10 | %
Allowance for credit losses |  | (10,541 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,744 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Nonaccrual loans |  | 3,009 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12,348 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 67 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | 23,954 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 25,250 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank premises and equipment |  | 9,054 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,843 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-earning assets |  | 81,387 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 76,469 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total average assets |  | $ | 1,265,602 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,198,192 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and NOW accounts |  | $ | 318,241 |  |  | $ | 143 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | $ | 296,326 |  |  | $ | 122 |  |  | 0.08 | %
Money market accounts |  | 240,052 |  |  | 62 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | 223,336 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 0.06 | %
Time certificates of deposit, under $100,000 |  | 49,056 |  |  | 75 |  |  | 0.31 | % |  | 54,150 |  |  | 90 |  |  | 0.34 | %
Time certificates of deposit, $100,000 and over |  | 85,413 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 0.40 | % |  | 97,019 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 0.39 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 692,762 |  |  | 450 |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | 670,831 |  |  | 472 |  |  | 0.14 | %
Other borrowed funds |  | 5,155 |  |  | 58 |  |  | 2.25 | % |  | 5,157 |  |  | 48 |  |  | 1.86 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 697,917 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | 675,988 |  |  | $ | 520 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Non-interest bearing demand deposits |  | 404,235 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 371,623 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | 16,959 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16,777 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 146,491 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 133,804 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total average liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,265,602 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,198,192 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income and rate earned on average earning assets |  |  |  |  | $ | 24,119 |  |  | 4.16 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 22,221 |  |  | 4.10 | %
Interest expense and interest cost related to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  | 508 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  |  |  |  | 520 |  |  | 0.16 | %
Net interest income and net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  | $ | 23,611 |  |  | 4.08 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 21,701 |  |  | 4.01 | %

(1) | Calculated on a fully tax equivalent basis, which includes Federal tax benefits relating to income earned on municipal bonds totaling $1,596 and $1,563 in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(2) | Loan interest income includes loan fees of $22 in 2016 and $151 in 2015

(3) | Average loans do not include nonaccrual loans but do include interest income recovered from previously charged off loans.

(4) | Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average interest-earning assets.

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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense due to changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average interest rates for the periods indicated. The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated to the change in rate.

Changes in Volume/Rate |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
(In thousands) |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net
Increase (decrease) due to changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | $ | (16 | ) |  | $ | 57 |  |  | $ | 41 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | 333 |  |  | 410 |  |  | 743 |
Non-taxable (1) |  | 232 |  |  | (135 | ) |  | 97 |
Total investment securities |  | 565 |  |  | 275 |  |  | 840 |
Federal funds sold |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans |  | 977 |  |  | 189 |  |  | 1,166 |
FHLB Stock |  | 1 |  |  | (150 | ) |  | (149 | )
Total earning assets (1) |  | 1,527 |  |  | 371 |  |  | 1,898 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings, NOW and MMA |  | 15 |  |  | (3 | ) |  | 12 |
Certificates of deposit under $100,000 |  | (9 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (15 | )
Certificates of deposit $100,000 and over |  | (22 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (19 | )
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | (16 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (22 | )
Other borrowed funds |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Total interest bearing liabilities |  | (16 | ) |  | 4 |  |  | (12 | )
Net interest income (1) |  | $ | 1,543 |  |  | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 1,910 |

(1) Computed on a tax equivalent basis for securities exempt from federal income taxes.
Interest and fee income from loans increase d $1,166,000 or 7.81% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in 2015. Net interest income during the first six months of 2016 was positively impacted by an increase in average total loans in 2016, increasing by $27,781,000 or 4.79% to $607,869,000 compared to $580,088,000 for the same period in 2015. The yield on average loans, excluding nonaccrual loans, was 5.35% for the six months ended 2016 as compared to 5.30% for the same period in 2015. Net interest income was positively impacted by receipt of nonrecurring income from prepayment penalties and payoff of nonaccrual loans by approximately $491,000 and $225,000 during the first six months, in 2016 and 2015, respectively. We have been successful in implementing interest rate floors on many of our adjustable rate loans to partially offset the effects of the historically low prime interest rate experienced over the last few years. The loan floors will cause net interest margin pressure in certain rising interest rate scenarios. We are committed to providing our customers with competitive pricing without sacrificing strong asset quality and value to our shareholders.
Interest income from total investments on a non tax-equivalent basis (total investments include investment securities, Federal funds sold, interest bearing deposits with other banks, and other securities) increase d $848,000 in the first six months of 2016 to $6,223,000 compared to $5,375,000, for the same period in 2015. The yield on average investments increase d 13 basis points to 2.85% for the six month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to 2.72% for the same period in 2015. Average total securities and interest-earning deposits for the first six months of 2016 increase d $38,638,000 or 7.57% to $549,054,000 compared to $510,416,000 for the same period in 2015. Income from investments represents 28.53% of net interest income for the first six months of 2016 compared to 27.17% for the same period in 2015.
In an effort to increase yields, without accepting unreasonable risk, a significant portion of the investment purchases have been in residential mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs). At June 30, 2016, we held $214,521,000 or 42.03% of the total fair value of the investment portfolio in MBS and CMOs with an average yield of 2.06%. We invest in CMOs and MBS as part of our overall strategy to increase our net interest margin. CMOs and MBS by their nature react to changes in interest rates. In a normal declining rate environment, prepayments from MBS and CMOs would be expected to increase and the expected life of the investment would be expected to shorten. Conversely, if interest rates increase, prepayments normally would be expected to decline and the average life of the MBS and CMOs would be expected to extend. However, in the current economic environment, prepayments may not behave according to historical
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norms. Premium amortization and discount accretion of these investments affects our net interest income. Management monitors the prepayment speed of these investments and adjusts premium amortization and discount accretion based on several factors. These factors include the type of investment, the investment structure, interest rates, interest rates on new mortgage loans, expectation of interest rate changes, current economic conditions, the level of principal remaining on the bond, the bond coupon rate, the bond origination date, and volume of available bonds in market. The calculation of premium amortization and discount accretion is by nature inexact, and represents management’s best estimate of principal pay downs inherent in the total investment portfolio.
The net-of-tax unrealized gain on the investment portfolio was $13,399,000 at June 30, 2016 and is reflected in the Company’s equity. At June 30, 2016, the average life of the investment portfolio was 5.71 years and the fair value of the portfolio reflected a net pre-tax unrealized gain of $22,770,000. Management reviews fair value declines on individual investment securities to determine whether they represent an other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI). Refer to Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) for more detail. The Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $136,000 during the six month period ended June 30, 2016. Additional deterioration in the market values of our investment securities, if any, may require the Company to recognize OTTI losses in future periods.
A component of the Company’s strategic plan has been to use its investment portfolio to offset, in part, its interest rate risk relating to variable rate loans. At June 30, 2016, an immediate rate increase of 200 basis points would result in an estimated decrease in the market value of the investment portfolio by approximately $30,774,000. Conversely, with an immediate rate decrease of 200 basis points, the estimated increase in the market value of the investment portfolio would be $23,286,000. The modeling environment assumes management would take no action during an immediate shock of 200 basis points. However, the Company uses those increments to measure its interest rate risk in accordance with regulatory requirements and risk tolerance policy limits established by the Board of Directors to measure the possible future risk in the investment portfolio.
Management’s review of all investments before purchase includes an analysis of how the security will perform under several interest rate scenarios to monitor whether investments are consistent with our investment policy. The policy addresses issues of average life, duration, concentration guidelines, prohibited investments, impairment, and prohibited practices.
Total interest income on a non-tax equivalent basis for the six months ended June 30, 2016 increase d $2,014,000 or 9.92% to $22,319,000 compared to $20,305,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The yield on interest earning assets increase d six basis points to 4.16% on a fully tax equivalent basis for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from 4.10% for the six months ended June 30, 2015, primarily due to the increase in yields on investment securities and loans. Average interest earning assets increase d to $1,158,739,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $1,082,959,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The $75,780,000 increase in average earning assets can be attributed to the $37,120,000 or 6.54% increase in average loans and the $38,638,000 increase in average investments.
Interest expense on deposits for the six months ended June 30, 2016 decrease d $22,000 or 4.66% to $450,000 compared to $472,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. This decrease in interest expense was primarily due to repricing of interest bearing deposits. The average interest rate on interest bearing deposits decrease d one basis point to 0.13% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 from 0.14% in 2015 as a result of the ongoing low interest rate environment. Average interest-bearing deposits increase d 3.27% or $21,931,000 to $692,762,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $670,831,000 for the same period ended June 30, 2015.
Average other borrowed funds decrease d $2,000 or 0.04% to $5,155,000 with an effective rate of 2.25% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $5,157,000 with an effective rate of 1.86% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Total interest expense on other borrowed funds was $58,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and $48,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Other borrowings include advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), advances on available unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks, and junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures. The debentures were acquired in the merger with Service 1st and carry a floating rate based on the three month LIBOR plus a margin of 1.60%. The rates were 2.23% and 1.88% at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See the section on Financial Condition for more detail.
The cost of our interest-bearing liabilities decrease d one basis point to 0.15% for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.16% for 2015. The cost of total deposits decrease d to 0.08% for the six-month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.09% for same period in 2015. Average non-interest bearing demand deposits increase d 8.78% to $404,235,000 in 2016 compared to $371,623,000 for 2015. The ratio of average non-interest bearing demand deposits to average total deposits increased to 36.85% in the six-month period of 2016 compared to 35.65% for the same period in 2015.
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Net Interest Income before Provision for Credit Losses
Net interest income before provision for credit losses for the six months ended June 30, 2016 increase d by $2,026,000 or 10.24% to $21,811,000 compared to $19,785,000 for the same period in 2015. The increase was a result of yield changes, an increase in average earning assets, asset mix changes, partially offset by a one basis point decrease in the average interest rate on interest bearing deposits, and an increase in average interest bearing liabilities. Average interest earning assets were $1,158,739,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 with a net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) of 4.08% compared to $1,082,959,000 with a net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) of 4.01% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The $75,780,000 increase in average earning assets can be attributed to the $37,120,000 or 6.54% increase in average loans, and the $38,638,000 increase in average total investments. Average interest bearing liabilities increase d 3.24% to $697,917,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to $675,988,000 for the same period in 2015. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, the effective yield on investment securities including Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits in other banks increase d 13 basis points. The effective yield on loans increase d five basis points.
.
Provision for Credit Losses
We provide for probable incurred credit losses through a charge to operating income based upon the composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, historical losses, nonperforming asset levels, economic and environmental conditions and other factors which, in management’s judgment, deserve recognition in estimating credit losses. Loans are charged off when they are considered uncollectible or when continuance as an active earning bank asset is not warranted.
The establishment of an adequate credit allowance is based on both an accurate risk rating system and loan portfolio management tools. The Board has established initial responsibility for the accuracy of credit risk grades with the individual credit officer. The grading is then submitted to the Chief Credit Officer (CCO), who reviews the grades for accuracy and gives final approval. The CCO is not involved in loan originations. The risk grading and reserve allocation is analyzed quarterly by the Senior Risk Manager, CCO, Chief Financial Officer, and Board; and at least annually by a third party credit reviewer and by various regulatory agencies.
Quarterly, the Senior Risk Manager and the CCO set the specific reserve for all adversely risk-graded credits. This process includes the utilization of loan delinquency reports, classified asset reports, and portfolio concentration reports to assist in accurately assessing credit risk and establishing appropriate reserves. Reserves are also allocated to credits that are not impaired based on inherent risk in those loans.
The allowance for credit losses is reviewed at least quarterly by the Board’s Audit/Compliance Committee and by the Board of Directors. Reserves are allocated to loan portfolio categories using percentages which are based on both historical risk elements such as delinquencies and losses and predictive risk elements such as economic, competitive and environmental factors. We have adopted the specific reserve approach to allocate reserves to each impaired credit for the purpose of estimating potential loss exposure. Although the allowance for credit losses is allocated to various portfolio categories, it is general in nature and available for the loan portfolio in its entirety. Changes in the allowance for credit losses may be required based on the results of independent loan portfolio examinations, regulatory agency examinations, or our own internal review process. Adjustments are also required when, in management’s judgment, the allowance does not properly reflect the portfolio’s probable loss exposure. Management believes that all adjustments, if any, to the allowance for credit losses are supported by the timely and consistent application of methodologies and processes resulting in detailed documentation of the allowance calculation and other portfolio trending analysis.
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The allocation of the allowance for credit losses is set forth below:

Loan Type (dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Commercial: |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 2,574 |  |  | $ | 3,143 |
Agricultural land and production |  | 398 |  |  | 419 |
Total commercial |  | 2,972 |  |  | 3,562 |
Real estate: |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 1,646 |  |  | 1,556 |
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 663 |  |  | 694 |
Commercial real estate |  | 1,734 |  |  | 1,686 |
Agricultural real estate |  | 1,491 |  |  | 1,149 |
Other real estate |  | 126 |  |  | 119 |
Total real estate |  | 5,660 |  |  | 5,204 |
Consumer: |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 585 |  |  | 500 |
Consumer and installment |  | 363 |  |  | 234 |
Total consumer |  | 948 |  |  | 734 |
Unallocated reserves |  | 292 |  |  | 110 |
Total allowance for credit losses |  | $ | 9,872 |  |  | $ | 9,610 |

Loans are charged to the allowance for credit losses when the loans are deemed uncollectible. It is the policy of management to make additions to the allowance so that it remains adequate to cover all probable incurred credit losses that exist in the portfolio at that time. We assign qualitative and environmental factors (Q factors) to each loan category. Q factors include reserves held for the effects of lending policies, economic trends, and portfolio trends along with other dynamics which may cause additional stress to the portfolio.
Managing credits identified through the risk evaluation methodology includes developing a business strategy with the customer to mitigate our potential losses. Management continues to monitor these credits with a view to identifying as early as possible when, and to what extent, additional provisions may be necessary.
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company recorded a reverse provision for credit losses of $4,850,000 compared to provision of $500,000 during 2015. The reversal from the allowance for credit losses is primarily the result of $5,112,000 in net loan loss recoveries and our assessment of the overall adequacy of the allowance for credit losses considering a number of factors as discussed in the “Allowance for Credit Losses” section.
In connection with the partial charge-off of a single commercial and agricultural relationship in the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company is actively working to collect all balances legally owed to the Company. The Company continues to track and identify any expenses, net of recoveries, associated with the collection efforts of this commercial and agricultural relationship. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, collection expenses related to this relationship totaled $114,000 compared to $212,000 for the same period in 2015. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company received approximately $3,809,000 in loan recoveries towards the charge-off from the continued liquidation of certain assets serving as collateral for various impaired credits. Collection activity on this relationship is substantially complete. The additional amounts due to the Company from this relationship, are not considered material and therefore the Company will return to its historical practice of detailing recoveries through the table that reconciles the change in non-accrual loans and no longer call out the remaining collection expenses and recoveries.
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company had net recoveries totaling $5,112,000 compared to net charge-offs of $94,000 for the same period in 2015. The majority of the loans charged off were previously classified and sufficient specific reserves related to these impaired credits were held in the allowance for credit losses in reporting periods prior to the date of charge-off.
Nonperforming loans were $1,750,000 and $2,413,000 at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, and $6,216,000 at June 30, 2015. Nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans were 0.28% at June 30, 2016 compared to 0.40% at December 31, 2015 and 1.04% at June 30, 2015. The Company had no other real estate owned (OREO) at June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015.
The annualized net charge-off (recovery) ratio, which reflects net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans was (1.68)% for the six months ended June 30, 2016, and 0.32% for the same period in 2015.
Notwithstanding improvements in the economy, we anticipate some weakness in economic conditions on national, state, and local levels to continue. Continued economic pressures may negatively impact the financial condition of borrowers to whom the Company has extended credit and as a result we may be required to make further significant provisions to the
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allowance for credit losses in the future. Many farmers and ranchers have instituted improved farming practices including planting less acreage, as part of the mitigation for the cost of water delivery and the expense of pumping. We closely monitored the water and the related issues affecting our customers in 2015 and the six months ended June 30, 2016. We have been and will continue to be proactive in looking for signs of deterioration within the loan portfolio in an effort to manage credit quality and work with borrowers where possible to mitigate any further losses. As of June 30, 2016, there were $40.3 million in classified loans of which $26.1 million related to agricultural real estate and $6.6 million related to commercial and industrial loans. This compares to $30.8 million in classified loans as of December 31, 2015 of which $8.5 million related to agricultural real estate, $1.8 million to commercial and industrial, $10.1 million to agricultural land and production, and $4.7 million to commercial real estate. The reduction in classified agricultural land and production loans relates to the refinance of a single loan which is now secured by agricultural real estate. As such, the increase in classified agricultural real estate relates primarily to a single borrower with multiple loans totaling approximately $21.3 million which continues to perform under the terms of their loan agreements while management has observed and continues to monitor some indications of deterioration in the borrowers overall financial condition. These changes in classified loans contributed to the shift in the amount of allowance for credit losses allocated between commercial loans and real estate loans.
As of June 30, 2016, we believe, based on all current and available information, the allowance for credit losses is adequate to absorb probable incurred losses within the loan portfolio. However, no assurance can be given that we may not sustain charge-offs which are in excess of the allowance in any given period. Refer to the “Allowance for Credit Losses” section for further information.
Net Interest Income after Provision for Credit Losses
Net interest income, after the provision for credit losses, was $26,661,000 for the six months period ended June 30, 2016 and $19,285,000 for the same period in 2015.
Non-Interest Income
Non-interest income is comprised of customer service charges, loan placement fees, net gains on sales and calls of investment securities, appreciation in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, Federal Home Loan Bank dividends, and other income. Non-interest income was $5,218,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $5,787,000 for the same period in 2015. The $569,000 or 9.83% decrease in non-interest income was primarily due to a $149,000 decrease in Federal Home Loan Bank dividends, a $137,000 decrease in customer service charges, a $108,000 decrease in loan placement fees, a $109,000 decrease in other income, and a decrease in appreciation in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance of $28,000, partially offset by an increase of $91,000 in net realized gains on sales and calls of investment securities, and a $7,000 increase in interchange fees. The Company realized tax-free gains of $188,000 and $345,000 related to the collection of life insurance proceeds in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The Company also recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $136,000 during the six months ended June 30, 2016.
During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we realized a net gain on sales and calls of investment securities of $1,550,000 compared to $1,459,000 for the same period in 2015. The net gains realized on sales and calls of investment securities in 2016 and 2015 were the result of a partial restructuring of the investment portfolio designed to improve the future performance of the portfolio.
Customer service charges decrease d $137,000 or 8.45% to $1,484,000 for the first six months of 2016 compared to $1,621,000 for the same period in 2015. The decrease in service charges was the result of lower NSF fees and lower analysis fees. Loan placement fees decrease d $108,000 or 19.53% to $445,000 for the first six months of 2016 compared to $553,000 for the same period in 2015, primarily due to a decrease in mortgage refinances. Interchange fees increase d $7,000 to $591,000 first six months of 2016 compared to $584,000 for the same period in 2015.
The Bank holds stock from the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco in conjunction with our borrowing capacity and generally earns quarterly dividends. We currently hold $4,823,000 in FHLB stock. We received dividends totaling $204,000 in the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to $353,000 for the same period in 2015.
Non-Interest Expenses
Salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, regulatory assessments, professional services, license and maintenance contracts, Internet banking, and data processing are the major categories of non-interest expenses. Non-interest expenses increase d $367,000 or 2.04% to $18,353,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to $17,986,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The net increase in 2016 was a result of increases in salaries and employee benefits of $478,000, data processing expenses of $181,000, occupancy and equipment expenses of $69,000, directors’ expenses of $121,000, and ATM/Debit card expenses of $45,000, partially offset by decreases in regulatory assessments of $263,000,
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professional services of $193,000, Internet banking expenses of $48,000, acquisition and integration expenses of $152,000, license and maintenance contracts of $6,000, and other non-interest expenses of $66,000
The Company’s efficiency ratio, measured as the percentage of non-interest expenses (exclusive of amortization of core deposit intangible assets and foreclosure expenses) to net interest income before provision for credit losses (calculated on a fully tax equivalent basis) plus non-interest income (exclusive of net realized gains on sales and calls of investments, OREO related gains and losses, and gains related to the collection of life insurance proceeds) was 67.76% for the first six months of 2016 compared to 70.22% for the six months ended June 30, 2015.
Salaries and employee benefits increase d $478,000 or 4.68% to $10,696,000 for the first six months of 2016 compared to $10,218,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. Full time equivalent employees were 268 at June 30, 2016, compared to 270 at June 30, 2015. The increase of salaries and employee benefits in 2016 as compared to the same period in 2015 is a result of higher overall salary and benefit expenses. However, direct loan origination costs including salaries and employee benefits, which are capitalized and expensed as an adjustment to interest and fees on loans increased during the six months ended June 30, 2016.
Occupancy and equipment expense increase d $69,000 or 2.98% to $2,387,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $2,318,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The Company made no changes in its depreciation expense methodology. The Company incurred exit expenses of approximately $142,000 related to the closure of the Sunnyside Branch during the six months ended June 30, 2016.
Data processing expense increase d to $755,000 for the six month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to $574,000 for the same period in 2015. The first six months of 2016 included higher expenses from transitioning to a new provider for data transmission.
Regulatory assessments decrease d to $335,000 for the six month period ended June 30, 2016 compared to $598,000 for the same period in 2015. The assessment base for calculating the amount owed is average assets minus average tangible equity. The higher assessment rate in 2015 which was a result of changes in credit quality ratios used in determining the assessment rate along with higher average assets.
Professional services decrease d by $193,000 in the first quarter of 2016 due to lower legal and consulting fees.
Other categories of non-interest expenses decrease d $66,000 or 3.52% in the period under review. The following table shows significant components of other non-interest expense as a percentage of average assets.

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
|  | 2016 |  | 2015
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Other Expense |  | % Average Assets |  | Other Expense |  | % Average Assets
Stationery/supplies |  | $ | 120 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | $ | 136 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Amortization of software |  | 130 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 104 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Postage |  | 102 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 107 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Risk management expense |  | 72 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 79 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Personnel other |  | 109 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 112 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Armored courier fees |  | 109 |  |  | 0.02 | % |  | 109 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Credit card expense |  | 87 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 73 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Telephone |  | 217 |  |  | 0.03 | % |  | 129 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Donations |  | 85 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 100 |  |  | 0.02 | %
Education/training |  | 60 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 76 |  |  | 0.01 | %
General insurance |  | 75 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 75 |  |  | 0.01 | %
Operating losses |  | 45 |  |  | 0.01 | % |  | 23 |  |  | — | %
Other |  | 599 |  |  | 0.09 | % |  | 747 |  |  | 0.12 | %
Total other non-interest expense |  | $ | 1,810 |  |  | 0.29 | % |  | $ | 1,876 |  |  | 0.31 | %

Provision for Income Taxes
Our effective income tax rate was 30.05% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 21.76% for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The Company reported an income tax provision of $4,065,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2016, compared to $1,542,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2015. The increase in the effective tax rate during 2016 was primarily due to an increase in pre-tax income while permanent tax adjustments in 2016 remained consistent with the 2015 amounts. The Company maintains a reserve for uncertain income taxes where the merits of the position taken or the amount of the position that would be ultimately sustained upon examination do not meet a more-likely-than-not criteria.
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The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of tax expense in the consolidated statements of income. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the reserve for uncertain tax positions attributable to tax credits and deductions related to enterprise zone activities in California was $320,000 and $286,000, respectively. The Company does not expect the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase or decrease in the next 12 months.
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Net Income for the Second Quarter of 2016 Compared to the Second Quarter of 2015:
Net income was $6,058,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $3,078,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. Basic earnings per share was $0.55 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $0.28 for the same period in 2015. Diluted earnings per share was $0.55 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $0.28 for the same period in 2015 Annualized ROE was 16.24% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 9.15% for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. Annualized ROA for the three months ended June 30, 2016 was 1.91% compared to 1.02% for the quarter ended June 30, 2015.
The increase in net income for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to the same period in the prior year was primarily due to a decrease in provision for credit losses, and an increase in net interest income, partially offset by an increase in non-interest expense, an increase in the provision for income taxes, and a decrease in non-interest income. The Company recorded $4,600,000 reverse provision for credit losses during the second quarter of 2016 compared to provision for credit losses of $500,000 during the same period of 2015. Non-interest income decrease d primarily due to a decrease of $312,000 in net realized gains on sales and calls of investment securities, a decrease in Federal Home Loan Bank dividends of $161,000, a decrease in appreciation in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance of $20,000, a decrease in service charges of $14,000, and a decrease in other income of $80,000, partially offset by an increase in interchange fees of $6,000. The second quarter of 2016 and 2015 non-interest income included tax-free gains of $188,000 and $345,000 related to the collection of life insurance proceeds, respectively.
Interest Income and Expense
The following table sets forth a summary of average balances with corresponding interest income and interest expense as well as average yield and cost information for the periods presented. Average balances are derived from daily balances, and non-accrual loans are not included as interest earning assets for purposes of this table.
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CENTRAL VALLEY COMMUNITY BANCORP
SCHEDULE OF AVERAGE BALANCES AND AVERAGE YIELDS AND RATES

|  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 |  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2015
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Average Interest Rate |  | Average Balance |  | Interest Income/ Expense |  | Average Interest Rate
ASSETS |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | $ | 49,366 |  |  | $ | 65 |  |  | 0.53 | % |  | $ | 66,061 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | 0.31 | %
Securities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable securities |  | 304,836 |  |  | 1,463 |  |  | 1.92 | % |  | 268,690 |  |  | 1,136 |  |  | 1.69 | %
Non-taxable securities (1) |  | 184,287 |  |  | 2,387 |  |  | 5.18 | % |  | 172,046 |  |  | 2,267 |  |  | 5.27 | %
Total investment securities |  | 489,123 |  |  | 3,850 |  |  | 3.15 | % |  | 440,736 |  |  | 3,403 |  |  | 3.09 | %
Federal funds sold |  | 78 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.50 | % |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.25 | %
Total securities and interest-earning deposits |  | 538,567 |  |  | 3,915 |  |  | 2.91 | % |  | 506,995 |  |  | 3,455 |  |  | 2.73 | %
Loans (2) (3) |  | 617,562 |  |  | 8,363 |  |  | 5.45 | % |  | 581,100 |  |  | 7,644 |  |  | 5.28 | %
Federal Home Loan Bank stock |  | 4,828 |  |  | 107 |  |  | 8.91 | % |  | 4,815 |  |  | 268 |  |  | 22.26 | %
Total interest-earning assets |  | 1,160,957 |  |  | $ | 12,385 |  |  | 4.27 | % |  | 1,092,910 |  |  | $ | 11,367 |  |  | 4.16 | %
Allowance for credit losses |  | (11,190 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8,543 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-accrual loans |  | 2,701 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10,918 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and due from banks |  | 23,149 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24,769 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Bank premises and equipment |  | 8,914 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9,756 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other non-earning assets |  | 83,112 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73,989 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total average assets |  | $ | 1,267,643 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,203,803 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-bearing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings and NOW accounts |  | $ | 322,707 |  |  | $ | 77 |  |  | 0.10 | % |  | $ | 298,329 |  |  | $ | 63 |  |  | 0.08 | %
Money market accounts |  | 245,348 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | 226,660 |  |  | 37 |  |  | 0.07 | %
Time certificates of deposit, under $100,000 |  | 45,672 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 0.32 | % |  | 52,223 |  |  | 47 |  |  | 0.36 | %
Time certificates of deposit, $100,000 and over |  | 86,070 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 0.39 | % |  | 98,720 |  |  | 92 |  |  | 0.37 | %
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | 699,797 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 0.13 | % |  | 675,932 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 0.14 | %
Other borrowed funds |  | 5,155 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 2.25 | % |  | 5,155 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 1.84 | %
Total interest-bearing liabilities |  | 704,952 |  |  | $ | 258 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  | 681,087 |  |  | $ | 263 |  |  | 0.15 | %
Non-interest bearing demand deposits |  | 395,603 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 370,686 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other liabilities |  | 17,854 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 17,510 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Shareholders’ equity |  | 149,234 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 134,520 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total average liabilities and shareholders’ equity |  | $ | 1,267,643 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,203,803 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income and rate earned on average earning assets |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,385 |  |  | 4.27 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,367 |  |  | 4.16 | %
Interest expense and interest cost related to average interest-bearing liabilities |  |  |  |  | 258 |  |  | 0.15 | % |  |  |  |  | 263 |  |  | 0.15 | %
Net interest income and net interest margin (4) |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,127 |  |  | 4.18 | % |  |  |  |  | $ | 11,104 |  |  | 4.06 | %

(1) | Calculated on a fully tax equivalent basis, which includes Federal tax benefits relating to income earned on municipal bonds totaling $812 and $771 in 2016 and 2015, respectively.

(2) | Loan interest income includes loan (costs) fees of $(17) in 2016 and $72 in 2015

(3) | Average loans do not include non-accrual loans but do include interest income recovered from previously charged off loans.

(4) | Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average interest-earning assets.

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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense due to changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average interest rates for the periods indicated. The change in interest due to both rate and volume has been allocated to the change in rate.

Changes in Volume/Rate |  | For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015
(In thousands) |  | Volume |  | Rate |  | Net
Increase (decrease) due to changes in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest-earning deposits in other banks |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Investment securities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxable |  | 152 |  |  | 175 |  |  | 327 |
Non-taxable (1) |  | 161 |  |  | (41 | ) |  | 120 |
Total investment securities |  | 313 |  |  | 134 |  |  | 447 |
Federal funds sold |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Loans |  | 480 |  |  | 239 |  |  | 719 |
FHLB Stock |  | — |  |  | (161 | ) |  | (161 | )
Total earning assets (1) |  | 780 |  |  | 238 |  |  | 1,018 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deposits: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Savings, NOW and MMA |  | 8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 9 |
Certificates of deposit under $100,000 |  | (5 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (11 | )
Certificates of deposit $100,000 and over |  | (11 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (8 | )
Total interest-bearing deposits |  | (8 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (10 | )
Other borrowed funds |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Total interest bearing liabilities |  | (8 | ) |  | 3 |  |  | (5 | )
Net interest income (1) |  | $ | 788 |  |  | $ | 235 |  |  | $ | 1,023 |

(1) Computed on a tax equivalent basis for securities exempt from federal income taxes.
Interest and fee income from loans increase d $719,000 or 9.41% to $8,363,000 for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $7,644,000 for the same period in 2015. Average total loans, including nonaccrual loans, for the second quarter of 2016 increase d $28,245,000 or 4.77% to $620,263,000 compared to $592,018,000 for the same period in 2015. Yield on the loan portfolio was 5.45% and 5.28% for the second quarters ending June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Net interest income during the second quarters of 2016 and 2015 benefited by approximately $494,000 and $141,000, respectively, in nonrecurring income from prepayment penalties and payoff of loans previously on nonaccrual status. We have been successful in implementing interest rate floors on many of our adjustable rate loans to partially offset the effects of the historically low prime interest rate experienced over the last two years. We are committed to providing our customers with competitive pricing without sacrificing strong asset quality and value to our shareholders.
Income from investments represents 27.69% of net interest income for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 26.67% for the same quarter in 2015. Interest income from total investments on a non tax equivalent basis (total investments include investment securities, Federal funds sold, interest bearing deposits with other banks, and other securities) increase d $419,000 in the second quarter of 2016 to $3,103,000 compared to $2,684,000, for the same period in 2015. The yield on average investments increase d 18 basis points to 2.91% on a fully tax equivalent basis for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 2.73% on a fully tax equivalent basis for the second quarter of 2015. Average total investments for the second quarter of 2016 increase d $31,572,000 or 6.23% to $538,567,000 compared to $506,995,000 for the second quarter of 2015.
Total interest income for the second quarter of 2016 increase d $1,138,000 or 11.02% to $11,466,000 compared to $10,328,000 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2015. The yield on interest earning assets increase d to 4.27% on a fully tax equivalent basis for the second quarter ended June 30, 2016 from 4.16% on a fully tax equivalent basis for the second quarter ended June 30, 2015. Average interest earning assets increase d to $1,160,957,000 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $1,092,910,000 for the second quarter ended June 30, 2015. The $68,047,000 increase in average earning assets can be attributed to the $36,462,000 increase in average loans, and the $31,572,000 increase in total investments.
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Interest expense on deposits for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 decrease d $10,000 or 4.18% to $229,000 compared to $239,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. The cost of deposits, calculated by dividing annualized interest expense on interest bearing deposits by total deposits, decrease d one basis point to 0.08% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.09% for the same period in 2015. This decrease was due to the repricing of interest bearing deposits in the lower current interest rate environment. Average interest bearing deposits increase d 3.53% or $23,865,000 comparing the second quarter of 2016 to the same period in 2015. Average interest-bearing deposits were $699,797,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, with an effective rate paid of 0.13%, compared to $675,932,000 for the same period in 2015, with an effective rate paid of 0.14%.
Average other borrowed funds totaled $5,155,000 for the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, with an effective rate of 2.25% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 1.84% for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. As a result, interest expense on borrowed funds increase d $5,000 to $29,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, from $24,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. Other borrowings are comprised entirely of junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures. The debentures were acquired in the merger with Service 1st and carry a floating rate based on the three month Libor plus a margin of 1.60%. The rates were 2.23% and 1.88% at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. See the section on Financial Condition for more detail.
The cost of our interest bearing liabilities was 0.15% for both of the quarters ending June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015. The cost of total deposits decrease d to 0.08% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.09% for quarter ended June 30, 2015. Average non-interest bearing demand deposits increase d 6.72% to $395,603,000 in 2016 compared to $370,686,000 for 2015. The ratio of average non-interest bearing demand deposits to average total deposits was 36.11% in the second quarter of 2016 compared to 35.42% for 2015.
Net Interest Income before Provision for Credit Losses
Net interest income before provision for credit losses for the quarter ended June 30, 2016, increase d $1,143,000 or 11.36% to $11,208,000 compared to $10,065,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. The increase was due to the increase in average interest earning assets, asset mix changes, partially offset by an increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. Our net interest margin increase d 12 basis points. Average interest earning assets were $1,160,957,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2016, with a net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) of 4.18% compared to $1,092,910,000 with a net interest margin (fully tax equivalent basis) of 4.06% for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. The $68,047,000 increase in average earning assets can be attributed to a $28,245,000 increase in loans, and the $31,572,000 increase in total investments. Average interest bearing liabilities increase d 3.50% to $704,952,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2016 compared to $681,087,000 for the same period in 2015.
Provision for Credit Losses
The Company recorded a $4,600,000 reverse provision for credit losses during the second quarter of 2016 compared to a provision for credit losses of $500,000 during the same period of 2015. The decision to record the provision adjustments to the allowance for credit losses in either period is primarily the result of our assessment of the overall adequacy of the allowance for credit losses considering a number of factors as discussed in the “Allowance for Credit Losses” section. The annualized net charge-off (recovery) ratio, which reflects net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans, was (2.80)% for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to 0.12% for the quarter ended June 30, 2015. During the quarter ended June 30, 2016, the Company had a net recovery totaling $4,336,000 compared to a net charge-off of $185,000 for the same period in 2015. Gross recoveries of previously charged off loan balances during the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 were $4,441,000 and $144,000, respectively. The majority of the loans charged off were previously classified and sufficient specific reserves related to these impaired credits were held in the allowance for credit losses in reporting periods prior to the date of charge-off.
Non-Interest Income
Non-interest income is comprised primarily of customer service charges, loan placement fees and other service fees, net gains on sales of investments and assets, FHLB stock dividends, and other income. Non-interest income was $2,514,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $3,096,000 for the same period ended June 30, 2015. The $582,000 or 18.80% decrease in non-interest income for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 was primarily due to a $312,000 decrease in net realized gains on sales and calls of investment securities, a $161,000 decrease in Federal Home Loan Bank dividends, a $14,000 decrease in service charge income, and a $20,000 decrease in appreciation in cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance, partially offset by a $6,000 increase in interchange fees. The second quarter of 2016 and 2015 non-interest income included tax-free gains of $188,000 and $345,000 related to the collection of life insurance proceeds, respectively.
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Customer service charges decrease d $14,000 or 1.87% to $735,000 for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $749,000 for the same period in 2015, due primarily to a decrease in overdraft and analysis fee income. Other income decrease d $80,000 or 12.68% to $551,000 for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $631,000 for the same period in 2015.
Non-Interest Expenses
Salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, regulatory assessments, data processing, Internet banking, license and maintenance contracts, and professional services are the major categories of non-interest expenses. Non-interest expenses increase d $680,000 or 7.82% to $9,377,000 for the quarter ended June 30, 2016 compared to $8,697,000 for the same period in 2015. Consistent with the changes discussed above for the six months month periods, the net decrease quarter over quarter was a result of increase s in salaries and employee benefits of $387,000, increase s in acquisition and integration expenses of $152,000, increase s in occupancy and equipment of $12,000, increase s in data processing expenses of $114,000, and increase s in ATM/Debit card expenses of $59,000, offset by, decrease s in professional fees of $48,000, decrease s in regulatory assessments of $71,000, and decrease s in Internet banking of $5,000.
The Company’s efficiency ratio, measured as the percentage of non-interest expenses (exclusive of amortization of core deposit intangible assets) to net interest income before provision for credit losses (calculated on a fully tax equivalent basis) plus non-interest income (excluding net gains from sales of securities and assets and gains on collection of insurance proceeds), improved to 67.27% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 67.40% for the second quarter of 2015.
Salaries and employee benefits increase d $387,000 or 7.66% to $5,442,000 for the second quarter of 2016 compared to $5,055,000 for the second quarter of 2015. The increase in salaries and employee benefits for the second quarter of 2016 can be attributed to a higher incentive expenses. The number of full time equivalent employees as of June 30, 2016, December 31, 2015 and June 30, 2015 were 268, 273, and 270, respectively. The salaries and employee benefits increase can also be attributed to higher higher deferred compensation interest expense, offset by lower health insurance expense, lower 401K match expense, lower profit sharing accrual expense, lower compensation expense related to incentive stock options, and higher loan origination costs recognized.
Other non-interest expenses included decreases of $17,000 in education/training expenses, $4,000 in net losses on disposal or writedown of premises and equipment, $3,000 in risk management expense, $2,000 in armored courier expense,$3,000 in postage fees, $10,000 in check printing expense, $1,000 in donations, offset by increases of $46,000 in telephone expenses,$26,000 in credit card processing expenses, $12,000 in software amortization, $7,000 in appraisal expenses, as compared to the same period in 2015.
Provision for Income Taxes
The effective income tax rate was 32.28% for the second quarter of 2016 compared to 22.35% for the same period in 2015. Provision for income taxes totaled $2,887,000 and $886,000 for the quarters ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate is due primarily to an increase in pre-tax income while permanent tax adjustments in 2016 remained consistent with the 2015 amounts.
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Summary of Changes in Consolidated Balance Sheets
June 30, 2016 compared to December 31, 2015.
Total assets were $1,290,809,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $1,276,736,000 as of December 31, 2015, an increase of 1.10% or $14,073,000. Total gross loans were $631,024,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $598,111,000 as of December 31, 2015, an increase of $32,913,000 or 5.50%. The total investment portfolio (including Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits in other banks) decrease d 2.10% or $12,173,000 to $568,371,000. Total deposits decrease d 0.52% or $5,857,000 to $1,110,410,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $1,116,267,000 as of December 31, 2015. Shareholders’ equity increase d $17,352,000 or 12.45% to $156,675,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $139,323,000 as of December 31, 2015, The increase in shareholders’ equity was driven by the retention of earnings net of dividends paid and an increase in unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI). Accrued interest payable
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and other liabilities was $18,569,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $15,991,000 as of December 31, 2015, an increase of $2,578,000.
Fair Value
The Company measures the fair values of its financial instruments utilizing a hierarchical framework associated with the level of observable pricing scenarios utilized in measuring financial instruments at fair value. The degree of judgment utilized in measuring the fair value of financial instruments generally correlates to the level of the observable pricing scenario. Financial instruments with readily available actively quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of observable pricing and a lesser degree of judgment utilized in measuring fair value. Conversely, financial instruments rarely traded or not quoted will generally have little or no observable pricing and a higher degree of judgment utilized in measuring fair value. Observable pricing scenarios are impacted by a number of factors, including the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new to the market and not yet established and the characteristics specific to the transaction. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) for additional information about the level of pricing transparency associated with financial instruments carried at fair value.
Investments
Our investment portfolio consists primarily of U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage backed obligations and obligations of states and political subdivision securities and are classified at the date of acquisition as available for sale or held to maturity. As of June 30, 2016, investment securities with a fair value of $109,912,000, or 21.53% of our investment securities portfolio, were held as collateral for public funds, short and long-term borrowings, treasury, tax, and for other purposes. Our investment policies are established by the Board of Directors and implemented by management. They are designed primarily to provide and maintain liquidity, to enable us to meet our pledging requirements for public money and borrowing arrangements, to generate a favorable return on investments without incurring undue interest rate and credit risk, and to complement our lending activities.
The level of our investment portfolio as a percentage of our total earning assets is generally considered higher than our peers due primarily to a comparatively low loan to deposit ratio. Our loan to deposit ratio at June 30, 2016 was 56.83% compared to 53.58% at December 31, 2015. The loan to deposit ratio of our peers was 75.73% at December 31, 2015. The total investment portfolio, including Federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits in other banks, decrease d 2.10% or $12,173,000 to $568,371,000 at June 30, 2016, from $580,544,000 at December 31, 2015. The fair value of the available-for-sale investment portfolio reflected a net unrealized gain of $22,770,000 at June 30, 2016, compared to a net unrealized gain of $7,474,000 at December 31, 2015.
The board and management have had many discussions about our strategy for risk management in dealing with potential losses should interest rates begin to rise. Since June 2013, we have been managing the portfolio with an objective of minimizing the risk of rising interest rates on the fair value of the overall portfolio. We have restructured the portfolio a few times by selling off securities and investing in variable rate securities with shorter duration.
During the first quarter of 2014, the Company reclassified $31.3 million of investment securities as held-to-maturity (HTM) from available-for-sale (AFS), based on a strategic risk management analysis performed by management and agreed to by the Company’s Audit Committee and Board of Directors. The analysis performed by management concluded that the Company had the positive intent to hold a block of forty municipal debt securities to maturity based principally on our asset/liability management strategies and our strategic risk management analysis. As of the date of transfer during the first quarter of 2014, the AFS securities transferred to HTM had a fair value of $31.3 million including net unrealized gains of $0.2 million. This 2014 transaction represented the first time the Company had designated certain investment securities as HTM. At the time of the HTM designation and through December 31, 2015, the Company had both the intent and the ability to hold the designated HTM securities to maturity. The quarterly interest rate risk analysis prepared by management during the remainder of 2014 and 2015 consistently identified the securities as HTM and illustrated how they provided balance to management’s overall interest rate risk strategies.
During the first quarter of 2016, management sold certain investment securities with a book value of approximately $23.0 million in a routine restructuring of the investment portfolio. Through the proper operation of the Company’s internal control process related to investment securities, management discovered after the transaction settled that five of the 13 securities sold were previously designated as HTM. Through an oversight during the portfolio restructuring analysis related to this transaction, management unintentionally sold these five HTM securities. At the time of the HTM designation and through December 31, 2015, the Company had both the intent and the ability to hold the designated HTM securities to maturity. The book value of the HTM securities sold was $8.5 million. The gain realized on the sale of the HTM securities was $696,000. As required and as of the end of the first quarter of 2016, the remaining HTM securities were reclassified to AFS designation, which also resulted in $1,783,000 increase to accumulated other comprehensive income in Shareholders’ Equity.
We periodically evaluate each investment security for other-than-temporary impairment, relying primarily on industry analyst reports, observation of market conditions and interest rate fluctuations. The portion of the impairment that is
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attributable to a shortage in the present value of expected future cash flows relative to the amortized cost should be recorded as a current period charge to earnings. The discount rate in this analysis is the original yield expected at time of purchase.
Management evaluated all available-for-sale investment securities with an unrealized loss at June 30, 2016 and identified those that had an unrealized loss for at least a consecutive 12 month period, which had an unrealized loss at June 30, 2016 greater than 10% of the recorded book value on that date, or which had an unrealized loss of more than $10,000. Management also analyzed any securities that may have been downgraded by credit rating agencies.
For those bonds that met the evaluation criteria, management obtained and reviewed the most recently published national credit ratings for those bonds. For those bonds that were obligations of states and political subdivisions with an investment grade rating by the rating agencies, management also evaluated the financial condition of the municipality and any applicable municipal bond insurance provider and concluded that $136,000 credit related impairment existed. The Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment loss of $136,000 during the three months ended June 30, 2016.
At June 30, 2016, the Company held 19 U.S. Government agency securities, of which seven were in a loss position for less than 12 months and one was in a loss position and had been in a loss position for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in direct obligations of U.S. government agencies were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual terms of those investments do not permit the issuer to settle the securities at a price less than the amortized costs of the investment. Because the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability and intent to hold, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell, those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2016.
At June 30, 2016, the Company held 150 obligations of states and political subdivision securities of which one was in a loss position for less than 12 months and none were in a loss position and had been in a loss position for 12 months or more. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in obligations of states and political subdivision securities were caused by interest rate changes. Because the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability to hold and does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2016.
At June 30, 2016, the Company held 172 U.S. Government sponsored entity and agency securities collateralized by residential mortgage obligations of which 20 were in a loss position for less than 12 months and 14 have been in a loss position for more than 12 months. The unrealized losses on the Company’s investments in U.S. Government sponsored entities and agencies collateralized by residential mortgage obligations were caused by interest rate changes. The contractual cash flows of those investments are guaranteed by an agency or sponsored entity of the U.S. Government. Accordingly, it is expected that the securities would not be settled at a price less than the amortized cost of the Company’s investment. Because the decline in market value is attributable to changes in interest rates and not credit quality, and because the Company has the ability to hold and does not intend to sell, and it is more likely than not that it will not be required to sell those investments until a recovery of fair value, which may be maturity, the Company does not consider those investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2016.
At June 30, 2016, the Company had a total of 17 PLRMBS with a remaining principal balance of $2,078,000 and a net unrealized gain of approximately $1,076,000. 12 of these PLRMBS with a remaining principal balance of $1,875,000 had credit ratings below investment grade. None of these securities was recorded with an unrealized loss at June 30, 2016. The Company continues to monitor these securities for indications that declines in value, if any, may be other-than-temporary. No credit related OTTI charges related to PLRMBS were recorded during the six month period ended June 30, 2016.
At June 30, 2016, the Company had one mutual fund equity investment which had an unrealized gain at June 30, 2016.
See Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) included in this report for carrying values and estimated fair values of our investment securities portfolio.
Loans
Total gross loans increase d $32,913,000 or 5.50% to $631,024,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $598,111,000 as of December 31, 2015. The table below includes loans acquired at fair value on July 1, 2013 with outstanding balances of $58,198,000 and $62,395,000 as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
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The following table sets forth information concerning the composition of our loan portfolio at the dates indicated:

Loan Type (dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | % of Total Loans |  | December 31, 2015 |  | % of Total Loans
Commercial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 98,825 |  |  | 15.7 | % |  | $ | 102,197 |  |  | 17.1 | %
Agricultural land and production |  | 27,626 |  |  | 4.4 | % |  | 30,472 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Total commercial |  | 126,451 |  |  | 20.1 | % |  | 132,669 |  |  | 22.2 | %
Real estate: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Owner occupied |  | 172,134 |  |  | 27.3 | % |  | 168,910 |  |  | 28.2 | %
Real estate construction and other land loans |  | 41,218 |  |  | 6.5 | % |  | 38,685 |  |  | 6.5 | %
Commercial real estate |  | 124,067 |  |  | 19.7 | % |  | 117,244 |  |  | 19.6 | %
Agricultural real estate |  | 92,951 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 74,867 |  |  | 12.5 | %
Other real estate |  | 11,187 |  |  | 1.8 | % |  | 10,520 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Total real estate |  | 441,557 |  |  | 70.0 | % |  | 410,226 |  |  | 68.6 | %
Consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 41,840 |  |  | 6.6 | % |  | 42,296 |  |  | 7.1 | %
Consumer and installment |  | 20,257 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 12,503 |  |  | 2.1 | %
Total consumer |  | 62,097 |  |  | 9.9 | % |  | 54,799 |  |  | 9.2 | %
Net deferred origination costs |  | 919 |  |  |  |  |  | 417 |  |  |  |
Total gross loans |  | 631,024 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 598,111 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Allowance for credit losses |  | (9,872 | ) |  |  |  |  | (9,610 | ) |  |  |
Total loans |  | $ | 621,152 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 588,501 |  |  |  |

As of June 30, 2016, in management’s judgment, a concentration of loans existed in commercial loans and loans collateralized by real estate, representing approximately 96.7% of total loans, of which 20.1% were commercial and 76.6% were real-estate-related. This level of concentration is consistent with 97.9% at December 31, 2015. Although management believes the loans within this concentration have no more than the normal risk of collectibility, a substantial decline in the performance of the economy in general or a decline in real estate values in our primary market areas, in particular, could have an adverse impact on collectibility, increase the level of real estate-related non-performing loans, or have other adverse effects which alone or in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The Company was not involved in any sub-prime mortgage lending activities during the six or twelve months ended June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015, respectively.
At June 30, 2016, loans acquired in the VCB acquisition had a balance of $58,198,000, of which $1,169,000 were commercial loans, $48,276,000 were real estate loans, and $8,753,000 were consumer loans. At December 31, 2015, loans acquired in the VCB acquisition had a balance of $62,395,000, of which $1,617,000 were commercial loans, $51,576,000 were real estate loans, and $9,202,000 were consumer loans.
We believe that our commercial real estate loan underwriting policies and practices result in prudent extensions of credit, but recognize that our lending activities result in relatively high reported commercial real estate lending levels. Commercial real estate loans include certain loans which represent low to moderate risk and certain loans with higher risks.
The Board of Directors review and approve concentration limits and exceptions to limitations of concentration are reported to the Board of Directors at least quarterly.
Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets consist of nonperforming loans, other real estate owned (OREO), and repossessed assets. Nonperforming loans are those loans which have (i) been placed on nonaccrual status; (ii) been classified as doubtful under our asset classification system; or (iii) become contractually past due 90 days or more with respect to principal or interest and have not been restructured or otherwise placed on nonaccrual status. A loan is classified as nonaccrual when 1) it is maintained on a cash basis because of deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower; 2) payment in full of principal or interest under the original contractual terms is not expected; or 3) principal or interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection.
At June 30, 2016, total nonperforming assets totaled $1,750,000, or 0.14% of total assets, compared to $2,413,000, or 0.19% of total assets at December 31, 2015. Total nonperforming assets at June 30, 2016, included nonaccrual loans totaling $1,750,000, no OREO, and no repossessed assets. Nonperforming assets at December 31, 2015 consisted of $2,413,000 in nonaccrual loans, no OREO, and no repossessed assets. At June 30, 2016, we had one loan considered to be troubled debt
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restructurings (“TDRs”) totaling $21,000 which is included in nonaccrual loans compared to four TDRs totaling $1,337,000 at December 31, 2015. At June 30, 2016, the Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as troubled debt restructurings.
A summary of nonperforming loans at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is set forth below. The Company had no loans past due more than 90 days and still accruing interest at June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015. Management can give no assurance that nonaccrual and other nonperforming loans will not increase in the future.
Composition of Nonperforming Loans

(In thousands) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | 907 |  |  | $ | — |
Owner occupied |  | 170 |  |  | 324 |
Commercial real estate |  | 551 |  |  | 567 |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 92 |  |  | 172 |
Consumer and installment |  | 9 |  |  | 13 |
Troubled debt restructured loans (non-accruing): |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | — |  |  | 29 |
Owner occupied |  | 21 |  |  | 23 |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | — |  |  | 1,285 |
Total nonaccrual |  | 1,750 |  |  | 2,413 |
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more |  | — |  |  | — |
Total nonperforming loans |  | $ | 1,750 |  |  | $ | 2,413 |
Nonperforming loans to total loans |  | 0.28 | % |  | 0.40 | %
Ratio of nonperforming loans to allowance for credit losses |  | 17.73 | % |  | 25.11 | %
Loans considered to be impaired |  | $ | 5,454 |  |  | $ | 6,699 |
Related allowance for credit losses on impaired loans |  | $ | 394 |  |  | $ | 164 |

We measure our impaired loans by using the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent and the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s original contractual interest rate if the loan is not collateral dependent. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had impaired loans totaling $5,454,000 and $6,699,000, respectively. For collateral dependent loans secured by real estate, we obtain external appraisals which are updated at least annually to determine the fair value of the collateral, and we record an immediate charge off for the difference between the book value of the loan and the appraised less selling costs value of the collateral. We perform quarterly internal reviews on substandard loans. We place loans on nonaccrual status and classify them as impaired when it becomes probable that we will not receive interest and principal under the original contractual terms, or when loans are delinquent 90 days or more unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Management maintains certain loans that have been brought current by the borrower (less than 30 days delinquent) on nonaccrual status until such time as management has determined that the loans are likely to remain current in future periods.
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The following table provides a reconciliation of the change in nonaccrual loans for the first six months of 2016.

(In thousands) |  | Balance, December 31, 2015 |  | Additions to Nonaccrual Loans |  | Net Pay Downs |  | Transfers to Foreclosed Collateral - OREO |  | Returns to Accrual Status |  | Charge- Offs |  | Balance, June 30, 2016
Nonaccrual loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,093 |  |  | $ | (186 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 907 |
Real estate |  | 891 |  |  | 170 |  |  | (340 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 721 |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 172 |  |  | 96 |  |  | (79 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (97 | ) |  | 92 |
Consumer |  | 13 |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9 |
Restructured loans (non-accruing): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial and industrial |  | 29 |  |  | — |  |  | (29 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Real estate |  | 23 |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Equity loans and lines of credit |  | 1,285 |  |  | — |  |  | (1,285 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total nonaccrual |  | $ | 2,413 |  |  | $ | 1,359 |  |  | $ | (1,925 | ) |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (97 | ) |  | $ | 1,750 |

The following table provides a summary of the change in the OREO balance for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015:

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(In thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Beginning balance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Additions |  | — |  |  | 227 |
1st lien assumed |  | — |  |  | 121 |
Dispositions |  | — |  |  | (359 | )
Write-downs |  | — |  |  | — |
Net gain on disposition |  | — |  |  | 11 |
Ending balance |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

OREO represents real property taken either through foreclosure or through a deed in lieu thereof from the borrower. OREO is initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell and thereafter carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less selling costs. We had no OREO properties at June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015.
Allowance for Credit Losses
We have established a methodology for the determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses made up of general and specific allocations. The methodology is set forth in a formal policy and takes into consideration the need for an overall allowance for credit losses as well as specific allowances that are tied to individual loans. The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of probable incurred credit losses in the Company’s loan portfolio. The allowance consists of two primary components, specific reserves related to impaired loans and general reserves for probable incurred losses related to loans that are not impaired.
For all portfolio segments, the determination of the general reserve for loans that are not impaired is based on estimates made by management, including but not limited to, consideration of historical losses by portfolio segment (and in certain cases peer loss data) over the most recent 20 quarters, and qualitative factors including economic trends in the Company’s service areas, industry experience and trends, geographic concentrations, estimated collateral values, the Company’s underwriting policies, the character of the loan portfolio, and probable losses incurred in the portfolio taken as a whole. Management has determined that the most recent 20 quarters was an appropriate look back period based on several factors including various national and local economic indicators, and a time period sufficient to capture enough data due to the size of the portfolio to produce statistically accurate historical loss calculations. We believe this period is an appropriate look back period.
In originating loans, we recognize that losses will be experienced and that the risk of loss will vary with, among other things, the type of loan being made, the creditworthiness of the borrower over the term of the loan, general economic conditions and, in the case of a secured loan, the quality of the collateral securing the loan. The allowance is increased by
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provisions charged against earnings and reduced by net loan charge offs. Loans are charged off when they are deemed to be uncollectible, or partially charged off when portions of a loan are deemed to be uncollectible. Recoveries are generally recorded only when cash payments are received.
The allowance for credit losses is maintained to cover probable incurred credit losses in the loan portfolio. The responsibility for the review of our assets and the determination of the adequacy lies with management and our Audit Committee. They delegate the authority to the Senior Risk Manager and the Chief Credit Officer (CCO) to determine the loss reserve ratio for each type of asset and to review, at least quarterly, the adequacy of the allowance based on an evaluation of the portfolio, past experience, prevailing market conditions, amount of government guarantees, concentration in loan types and other relevant factors.
The allowance for credit losses is an estimate of the probable incurred credit losses in our loan and lease portfolio. The allowance is based on: (1) losses accrued for on loans when they are probable of occurring and can be reasonably estimated and (2) losses accrued based on the differences between the value of collateral, present value of future cash flows or values that are observable in the secondary market and the loan balance.
Management adheres to an internal asset review system and loss allowance methodology designed to provide for timely recognition of problem assets and adequate valuation allowances to cover probable incurred losses. The Bank’s asset monitoring process includes the use of asset classifications to segregate the assets, largely loans and real estate, into various risk categories. The Bank uses the various asset classifications as a means of measuring risk and determining the adequacy of valuation allowances by using a nine-grade system to classify assets. In general, all credit facilities exceeding 90 days of delinquency require classification and are placed on nonaccrual.
The following table sets forth information regarding our allowance for credit losses at the dates and for the periods indicated:

|  | For the Six Months Ended June 30, |  | For the Year Ended December 31, |  | For the Six Months Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands) |  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2015
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 9,610 |  |  | 8,308 |  |  | 8,308 |
(Reversal) Provision charged to operations |  | (4,850 | ) |  | 600 |  |  | 500 |
Losses charged to allowance |  | (118 | ) |  | (961 | ) |  | (770 | )
Recoveries |  | 5,230 |  |  | 1,663 |  |  | 676 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 9,872 |  |  | $ | 9,610 |  |  | $ | 8,714 |
Allowance for credit losses to total loans at end of period |  | 1.56 | % |  | 1.61 | % |  | 1.46 | %

As of June 30, 2016, the balance in the allowance for credit losses was $9,872,000 compared to $9,610,000 as of December 31, 2015. The increase was due to net recoveries during the six months ended June 30, 2016, offset by recording a reverse provision for credit losses. The balance of undisbursed commitments to extend credit on construction and other loans and letters of credit was $211,549,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $217,166,000 as of December 31, 2015. At June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the balance of a contingent allocation for probable loan loss experience on unfunded obligations was $125,000 and $150,000, respectively. The contingent allocation for probable loan loss experience on unfunded obligations is calculated by management using appropriate, systematic, and consistently applied processes. While related to credit losses, this allocation is not a part of ALLL and is considered separately as a liability for accounting and regulatory reporting purposes. Risks and uncertainties exist in all lending transactions and our management and Directors’ Loan Committee have established reserve levels based on economic uncertainties and other risks that exist as of each reporting period.
As of June 30, 2016, the allowance for credit losses (ALLL) was 1.56% of total gross loans compared to 1.61% as of December 31, 2015. Total loans included VCB loans that were recorded at fair value in connection with the acquisition, which stood at $58,198,000 at June 30, 2016 and $62,395,000 at December 31, 2015. Excluding these VCB loans from the calculation, the allowance for credit losses to total gross loans was 1.72% and 1.79% as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively and general reserves associated with non-impaired loans to total non-impaired loans was 1.68% and 1.79%, respectively. The loan portfolio acquired in the VCB merger was booked at fair value and no associated allocation in the ALLL. The size of the fair value discount on the VCB loans remains adequate for all non-impaired acquired loans; therefore, there is no associated ALLL for the remaining loans acquired from VCB.
The Company’s loan portfolio balances in 2016 increased through organic growth. The higher ALLL-to-total loans ratio supports the changes in the level and composition of loans and changes in the level of nonperforming and classified loans, partially offset by the general economic conditions experienced in the central California communities serviced by the Company and recent improvements in real estate collateral values.
In connection with the partial charge-off of a single commercial and agricultural relationship in the fourth quarter of 2014, the Company is actively working to collect all balances legally owed to the Company. The Company continues to track and identify any expenses, net of recoveries, associated with the collection efforts of this commercial and agricultural relationship. For the six months ended June 30, 2016, collection expenses related to this relationship totaled $114,000
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compared to $212,000 for the same period in 2015. During the six months ended June 30, 2016, the Company received approximately $3,809,000 in loan recoveries towards the charge-off from the continued liquidation of certain assets serving as collateral for various impaired credits. Collection activity on this relationship is substantially complete. The additional amounts due to the Company from this relationship, are not considered material and therefore the Company will return to its historical practice of detailing recoveries through the table that reconciles the change in non-accrual loans and no longer call out the remaining collection expenses and recoveries.
The determination of the general reserve for loans that are not impaired is based on estimates made by management, including but not limited to, consideration of historical losses by portfolio segment over the most recent 20 quarters, and qualitative factors. Assumptions regarding the collateral value of various under-performing loans may affect the level and allocation of the allowance for credit losses in future periods. The allowance may also be affected by trends in the amount of charge offs experienced or expected trends within different loan portfolios. However, the total reserve rates on non-impaired loans include qualitative factors which are systematically derived and consistently applied to reflect conservatively estimated losses from loss contingencies at the date of the financial statements. Based on the above considerations and given recent changes in historical charge-off rates included in the ALLL modeling and the changes in other factors, management determined that the ALLL was appropriate as of June 30, 2016.
Non-performing loans totaled $1,750,000 as of June 30, 2016, and $2,413,000 as of December 31, 2015. The allowance for credit losses as a percentage of nonperforming loans was 564.11% and 398.26% as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. In addition, management believes that the likelihood of recoveries on previously charged-off loans continues to improve based on the collection efforts of management combined with improvements in the value of real estate which serves as the primary source of collateral for loans. Management believes the allowance at June 30, 2016 is adequate based upon its ongoing analysis of the loan portfolio, historical loss trends and other factors. However, no assurance can be given that the Company may not sustain charge-offs which are in excess of the allowance in any given period. The following table illustrates and sets forth additional analysis which portrays the trends that are occurring in the loan portfolio.

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015 |  | June 30, 2015
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Balance |  | % to Total Loans |  | Balance |  | % to Total Loans |  | Balance |  | % to Total Loans
Impaired loans with specific reserves |  | $ | 1,763 |  |  | 0.28 | % |  | $ | 955 |  |  | 0.16 | % |  | $ | 4,376 |  |  | 0.74 | %
Past due loans |  | 4,402 |  |  | 0.70 | % |  | 302 |  |  | 0.05 | % |  | 4,914 |  |  | 0.83 | %
Nonaccrual loans |  | 1,750 |  |  | 0.28 | % |  | 2,413 |  |  | 0.40 | % |  | 6,216 |  |  | 1.04 | %

Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Business combinations involving the Company’s acquisition of the equity interests or net assets of another enterprise give rise to goodwill. Total goodwill at June 30, 2016, was $29,917,000 consisting of $14,643,000, $8,934,000 and $6,340,000 representing the excess of the cost of Service 1 st, Bank of Madera County, and Visalia Community Bank, respectively, over the net of the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transactions accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. The value of goodwill is ultimately derived from the Company’s ability to generate net earnings after the acquisitions and is not deductible for tax purposes. A significant decline in net earnings could be indicative of a decline in the fair value of goodwill and result in impairment. For that reason, goodwill is assessed at least annually for impairment.
Management performed an annual impairment test in the third quarter of 2015 utilizing various qualitative factors. Management believes these factors are sufficient and comprehensive and as such, no further factors need to be assessed at this time. Based on management’s analysis performed, no impairment was required. Goodwill is also tested for impairment between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the Company below its carrying amount. No such events or circumstances arose during the first six months of 2016.
The intangible assets represent the estimated fair value of the core deposit relationships acquired in the acquisition of Service 1st in 2008 of $1,400,000, and the 2013 acquisition of Visalia Community Bank of $1,365,000. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized using the straight-line method (which approximates the effective interest method) over estimated lives of seven to ten years from the date of acquisition. The carrying value of intangible assets at June 30, 2016 was $956,000, net of $1,809,000 in accumulated amortization expense. The carrying value at December 31, 2015 was $1,024,000, net of $1,741,000 accumulated amortization expense. We evaluate the remaining useful lives quarterly to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining periods of amortization. Based on the evaluation, no changes to the remaining useful lives was required in the first six months of 2016. Amortization expense recognized was $68,000 and $168,000 for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015, respectively. The Service 1st Bancorp core deposit became fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2015.
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The following table summarizes the Company’s estimated remaining core deposit intangible amortization expense for each of the next five years (in thousands):

Years Ended |  | Estimated Core Deposit Intangible Amortization
2016 |  | $ | 69 |
2017 |  | 137 |
2018 |  | 137 |
2019 |  | 137 |
2020 |  | 137 |
Thereafter |  | 339 |
|  | $ | 956 |

Deposits and Borrowings
The Bank’s deposits are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to applicable legal limits. All of a depositor’s accounts at an insured depository institution, including all non-interest bearing transactions accounts, are insured by the FDIC up to standard maximum deposit insurance amount of $250,000 for each deposit insurance ownership category.
Total deposits decrease d $5,857,000 or 0.52% to $1,110,410,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $1,116,267,000 as of December 31, 2015, due to recurring seasonal patterns. Interest-bearing deposits increase d $15,897,000 or 2.31% to $703,391,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $687,494,000 as of December 31, 2015. Non-interest bearing deposits decrease d $21,754,000 or 5.07% to $407,019,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $428,773,000 as of December 31, 2015. Average non-interest bearing deposits to average total deposits was 36.85% for the six months ended June 30, 2016 compared to 35.65% for the same period in 2015.
The composition of the deposits and average interest rates paid at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015 is summarized in the table below.

(Dollars in thousands) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | % of Total Deposits |  | Average Effective Rate |  | December 31, 2015 |  | % of Total Deposits |  | Average Effective Rate
NOW accounts |  | $ | 238,858 |  |  | 21.5 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | $ | 227,167 |  |  | 20.4 | % |  | 0.10 | %
MMA accounts |  | 244,991 |  |  | 22.1 | % |  | 0.05 | % |  | 239,241 |  |  | 21.4 | % |  | 0.06 | %
Time deposits |  | 130,293 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 0.37 | % |  | 139,703 |  |  | 12.5 | % |  | 0.37 | %
Savings deposits |  | 89,249 |  |  | 8.0 | % |  | 0.03 | % |  | 81,383 |  |  | 7.3 | % |  | 0.04 | %
Total interest-bearing |  | 703,391 |  |  | 63.3 | % |  | 0.13 | % |  | 687,494 |  |  | 61.6 | % |  | 0.14 | %
Non-interest bearing |  | 407,019 |  |  | 36.7 | % |  |  |  | 428,773 |  |  | 38.4 | % |  |
Total deposits |  | $ | 1,110,410 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |  |  | $ | 1,116,267 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  |

Other Borrowings
There were no short term or long term FHLB borrowings as of June 30, 2016 or December 31, 2015. We maintain a line of credit with the FHLB collateralized by government securities and loans. Refer to the Liquidity section below for further discussion of FHLB advances.
The Company holds junior subordinated deferrable interest debentures (trust preferred securities). Under applicable regulatory guidance, the amount of trust preferred securities that is eligible as Tier 1 capital is limited to 25% of the Company’s Tier 1 capital on a pro forma basis. At June 30, 2016, all of the trust preferred securities that have been issued qualify as Tier 1 capital. Interest on the trust preferred securities is payable and the rate is adjusted to equal the three month LIBOR plus 1.60% each January 7, April 7, July 7 or October 7 of each year. The rates were 2.23% and 1.88% at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Interest expense recognized by the Company for the six months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $58,000 and $48,000 respectively.
Capital
Capital serves as a source of funds and helps protect depositors and shareholders against potential losses. Historically, the primary source of capital for the Company has been internally generated capital through retained earnings.
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The Company has historically maintained substantial levels of capital. The assessment of capital adequacy is dependent on several factors including asset quality, earnings trends, liquidity and economic conditions. Maintenance of adequate capital levels is integral to providing stability to the Company. The Company needs to maintain substantial levels of regulatory capital to give it maximum flexibility in the changing regulatory environment and to respond to changes in the market and economic conditions.
Our shareholders’ equity was $156,675,000 as of June 30, 2016, compared to $139,323,000 as of December 31, 2015. The increase in shareholders’ equity is the result of increase in retained earnings from net income of $9,461,000, an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) of $8,937,000, exercise of stock options, including the related tax benefit of $167,000, and the effect of share based compensation expense of $108,000, offset by common stock cash dividends of $1,321,000.
During the first six months of 2016, the Company declared and paid $1,321,000 in cash dividends ($0.12 per common share) to holders of common stock approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company declared and paid a total of $1,979,000 in cash dividends ($0.18 per common share) to holders of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2015. During the first six months of 2015, the Bank declared and paid cash dividends to the Company of $659,000 in connection with the cash dividends approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company would not declare any dividend that, subsequent to payment, would cause it to be deemed not “well capitalized” under applicable banking laws and regulations.
Management considers capital requirements as part of its strategic planning process. The strategic plan calls for continuing increases in assets and liabilities, and the capital required may therefore be in excess of retained earnings. The ability to obtain capital is dependent upon the capital markets as well as our performance. Management regularly evaluates sources of capital and the timing required to meet its strategic objectives. The assessment of capital adequacy is dependent on several factors including asset quality, earnings trends, liquidity and economic conditions. Maintenance of adequate capital levels is integral to providing stability to the Company. The Company needs to maintain substantial levels of regulatory capital to give it maximum flexibility in the changing regulatory environment and to respond to changes in the market and economic conditions including acquisition opportunities.
The Board of Governors, the FDIC and other federal banking agencies have issued risk-based capital adequacy guidelines intended to provide a measure of capital adequacy that reflects the degree of risk associated with a banking organization’s operations for both transactions reported on the balance sheet as assets, and transactions, such as letters of credit and recourse arrangements, which are reported as off-balance-sheet items. Under these guidelines, nominal dollar amounts of assets and credit equivalent amounts of off-balance-sheet items are multiplied by one of several risk adjustment percentages, which range from 0% for assets with low credit risk, such as certain U.S. government securities, to 100% for assets with relatively higher credit risk, such as business loans.
A banking organization’s risk-based capital ratios are obtained by dividing its qualifying capital by its total risk-adjusted assets and off-balance-sheet items. The regulators measure risk-adjusted assets and off-balance-sheet items against both total qualifying capital (the sum of Tier 1 capital and limited amounts of Tier 2 capital) and Tier 1 capital. Tier 1 capital consists of common stock, retained earnings, noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and minority interests in certain subsidiaries, less most other intangible assets. Tier 2 capital may consist of a limited amount of the allowance for possible loan and lease losses and certain other instruments with some characteristics of equity. The inclusion of elements of Tier 2 capital is subject to certain other requirements and limitations of the federal banking agencies.
In December 2010, the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision (“Basel Committee”) released its final framework for strengthening international capital and liquidity regulation, now officially identified as “Basel III,” which, when fully phased-in, would require bank holding companies and their bank subsidiaries to maintain substantially more capital than currently required, with a greater emphasis on common equity. The Basel III capital framework, among other things:

• | introduces as a new capital measure, Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”), more commonly known in the United States as “Tier 1 Common,” and defines CET1 narrowly by requiring that most adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital, and expands the scope of the adjustments as compared to existing regulations;

• | when fully phased in, requires banks to maintain: (i) a newly adopted international standard, a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (which is added to the 4.5% CET1 ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%); (ii) an additional “SIFI buffer” for those large institutions deemed to be systemically important, ranging from 1.0% to 2.5%, and up to 3.5% under certain conditions; (iii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% upon full implementation); (iv) a minimum ratio of Total (that is, Tier 1 plus Tier 2) capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% upon full implementation); and (v) as a newly adopted international standard, a minimum

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leverage ratio of 3%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to balance sheet exposures plus certain off-balance sheet exposures (as the average for each quarter of the month-end ratios for the quarter); and

• | an additional “countercyclical capital buffer,” generally to be imposed when national regulators determine that excess aggregate credit growth becomes associated with a buildup of systemic risk, that would be a CET1 add-on to the capital conservation buffer in the range of 0% to 2.5% when fully implemented.

In July 2013, the U.S. banking agencies approved the U.S. version of Basel III. The federal bank regulatory agencies adopted version of Basel III revises the risk-based and leverage capital requirements and the method for calculating risk-weighted assets to make them consistent with Basel III and to meet the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act. Although many of the rules contained in these final regulations are applicable only to large, internationally active banks, some of them apply on a phased in basis to all banking organizations, including the Company and the Bank. Among other things, the rules establish a new minimum common equity Tier 1 ratio (4.5% of risk-weighted assets), a higher minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital requirement (6.0% of risk-weighted assets) and a minimum non-risk-based leverage ratio (4.00% eliminating a 3.00% exception for higher rated banks). The new additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of risk weighted assets over each of the required capital ratios will be phased in from 2016 to 2019 and must be met to avoid limitations on the ability of the Company and the Bank to pay dividends, repurchase shares or pay discretionary bonuses. For June 30, 2016, the capital conservation buffer required is 0.625%. The additional “countercyclical capital buffer” is also required for larger and more complex institutions. The new rules assign higher risk weighting to exposures that are more than 90 days past due or are on nonaccrual status and certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property. The rules also change the permitted composition of Tier 1 capital to exclude trust preferred securities, mortgage servicing rights and certain deferred tax assets and include unrealized gains and losses on available for sale debt and equity securities (through a one-time opt out option for Standardized Banks (banks with less than $250 billion of total consolidated assets and less than $10 billion of foreign exposures) which the Company and the Bank elected at March 31, 2015. The rules, including alternative requirements for smaller community financial institutions like the Company and the Bank, would be phased in through 2019. The implementation of the Basel III framework commenced on January 1, 2015. As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company and the Bank met or exceeded all of their capital requirements inclusive of the capital buffer.
A bank that does not achieve and maintain the required capital levels may be issued a capital directive by the FDIC to ensure the maintenance of required capital levels. As discussed above, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain certain levels of capital.
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The following table presents the Company’s and the Bank’s Regulatory capital ratios as of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015.

|  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
(Dollars in thousands) |  | Amount |  | Ratio |  | Amount |  | Ratio
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Central Valley Community Bancorp and Subsidiary |  | $ | 114,442 |  |  | 9.34 | % |  | $ | 105,825 |  |  | 8.65 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 48,998 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 48,950 |  |  | 4.00 | %
Central Valley Community Bank |  | $ | 107,537 |  |  | 8.78 | % |  | $ | 104,878 |  |  | 8.58 | %
Minimum requirement for “Well-Capitalized” institution |  | $ | 61,228 |  |  | 5.00 | % |  | $ | 61,148 |  |  | 5.00 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 48,982 |  |  | 4.00 | % |  | $ | 48,918 |  |  | 4.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Central Valley Community Bancorp and Subsidiary |  | $ | 110,874 |  |  | 13.90 | % |  | 103,152 |  |  | 13.44 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 35,958 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 34,650 |  |  | 4.50 | %
Central Valley Community Bank |  | $ | 107,537 |  |  | 13.49 | % |  | 104,878 |  |  | 13.67 | %
Minimum requirement for “Well-Capitalized” institution |  | $ | 51,910 |  |  | 6.50 | % |  | 50,017 |  |  | 6.50 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 35,938 |  |  | 4.50 | % |  | 34,627 |  |  | 4.50 | %
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Central Valley Community Bancorp and Subsidiary |  | $ | 114,442 |  |  | 14.35 | % |  | $ | 105,825 |  |  | 13.79 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 47,944 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 46,200 |  |  | 6.00 | %
Central Valley Community Bank |  | $ | 107,537 |  |  | 13.49 | % |  | $ | 104,878 |  |  | 13.67 | %
Minimum requirement for “Well-Capitalized” institution |  | $ | 63,889 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 61,560 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 47,917 |  |  | 6.00 | % |  | $ | 46,170 |  |  | 6.00 | %
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Central Valley Community Bancorp and Subsidiary |  | $ | 124,522 |  |  | 15.61 | % |  | $ | 115,466 |  |  | 15.04 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 63,925 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 61,601 |  |  | 8.00 | %
Central Valley Community Bank |  | $ | 117,612 |  |  | 14.75 | % |  | $ | 114,513 |  |  | 14.93 | %
Minimum requirement for “Well-Capitalized” institution |  | $ | 79,862 |  |  | 10.00 | % |  | $ | 76,949 |  |  | 10.00 | %
Minimum regulatory requirement |  | $ | 63,890 |  |  | 8.00 | % |  | $ | 61,560 |  |  | 8.00 | %

Liquidity
Liquidity management involves our ability to meet cash flow requirements arising from fluctuations in deposit levels and demands of daily operations, which include funding of securities purchases, providing for customers’ credit needs and ongoing repayment of borrowings. Our liquidity is actively managed on a daily basis and reviewed periodically by our management and Director’s Asset/Liability Committees. This process is intended to ensure the maintenance of sufficient funds to meet our needs, including adequate cash flow for off-balance sheet commitments.
Our primary sources of liquidity are derived from financing activities which include the acceptance of customer and, to a lesser extent, broker deposits, Federal funds facilities with correspondent banks, and advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of San Francisco. These funding sources are augmented by payments of principal and interest on loans, the routine maturities and pay downs of securities from the securities portfolio, the stability of our core deposits and the ability to sell investment securities. As of June 30, 2016, the Company had unpledged securities totaling $400,489,000 available as a secondary source of liquidity and total cash and cash equivalents of $79,552,000. Cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2016 decrease d 15.92% compared to December 31, 2015. Primary uses of funds include withdrawal of and interest payments on deposits, originations and purchases of loans, purchases of investment securities, and payment of operating expenses. Due to the negative impact of the slow economic recovery, we have been cautiously managing our asset quality. Consequently, expanding our portfolio or finding appropriate adequate investments to utilize some of our excess liquidity has been difficult in the current economic environment.
As a means of augmenting our liquidity, we have established federal funds lines with our correspondent banks. At June 30, 2016, our available borrowing capacity includes approximately $40,000,000 in unsecured credit lines with our correspondent banks, $317,790,000 in unused FHLB advances and a $10,224,000 secured credit line at the Federal Reserve Bank. We believe our liquidity sources to be stable and adequate. At June 30, 2016, we were not aware of any information that was reasonably likely to have a material effect on our liquidity position.
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The following table reflects the Company’s credit lines, balances outstanding, and pledged collateral at June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015:

Credit Lines (In thousands) |  | June 30, 2016 |  | December 31, 2015
Unsecured Credit Lines |  |  |  |  |  |
(interest rate varies with market): |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit limit |  | $ | 40,000 |  |  | $ | 40,000 |
Balance outstanding |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Federal Home Loan Bank |  |  |  |  |  |
(interest rate at prevailing interest rate): |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit limit |  | $ | 317,790 |  |  | $ | 308,356 |
Balance outstanding |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collateral pledged |  | $ | 158,643 |  |  | $ | 215,223 |
Fair value of collateral |  | $ | 158,712 |  |  | $ | 215,307 |
Federal Reserve Bank |  |  |  |  |  |
(interest rate at prevailing discount interest rate): |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit limit |  | $ | 10,224 |  |  | $ | 2,328 |
Balance outstanding |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Collateral pledged |  | $ | 2,552 |  |  | $ | 2,578 |
Fair value of collateral |  | $ | 2,614 |  |  | $ | 2,598 |

The liquidity of the parent company, Central Valley Community Bancorp, is primarily dependent on the payment of cash dividends by its subsidiary, Central Valley Community Bank, subject to limitations imposed by the regulations.
OFF-BALANCE SHEET ITEMS
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance risk. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the financial statements when they are funded or related fees are incurred or received. For an expanded discussion of these financial instruments, refer to Note 8 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included herein and Note 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report to Shareholders on Form 10-K.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company is party to various operating leases. For a fuller discussion of these financial instruments, refer to Note 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report to Shareholders on Form 10-K.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
None to report
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
As of the end of the period covered by this report, management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures with respect to the information generated for use in this Quarterly Report. The evaluation was based in part upon reports provided by a number of executives. Based upon, and as of the date of the evaluation of the disclosure controls and procedures, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurances that information required to be disclosed in the reports the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits is accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
There was no change in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2016 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting.
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In designing and evaluating disclosure controls and procedures, the Company’s management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances of achieving the desired control objectives and management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
PART II OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1 LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None to report.
ITEM 1A RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, which could materially affect our business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing our Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and/or operating results.
ITEM 2 CHANGES IN SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None to report.

ITEM 3 DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
No material changes to report.
ITEM 4 MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None to report
ITEM 5 OTHER INFORMATION
None to report.
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ITEM 6 EXHIBITS

3.2 |  |  | Amended bylaws effective April 20,2016 (filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Report on Form 8-K filed April 21, 2016)
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(d) / 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(d) / 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) / 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
32.2 |  |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) / 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation document
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Link Document

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Central Valley Community Bancorp |
Date: August 8, 2016 | /s/ James M. Ford
| James M. Ford
| President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: August 8, 2016 | /s/ David A. Kinross
| David A. Kinross
| Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

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EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number |  | Description
3.2 |  |  | Revised and Restated By-Laws(1)
31.1 |  |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(d) / 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. (1)
31.2 |  |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(d) / 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. (1)
32.1 |  |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) / 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. (2)
32.2 |  |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b) / 15d-14(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350. (2)
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document (2)
101.SCH |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (2)
101.CAL |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Document (2)
101.DEF |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase (2)
101.LAB |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension labels Linkbase Document (2)
101.PRE |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Link Document (2)

(1) Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to Report on Form 8-K, filed April 21, 2016.
(2) Furnished herewith and not “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
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