Management has an established methodology for determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses that assesses the risks and losses inherent in the loan portfolio. For purposes of determining the allowance for loan losses, the Company has segmented certain loans in the portfolio by product type. Loss migration rates for each risk category are calculated and used as the basis for calculating loan loss allowance allocations. Loss migration rates are calculated over a three-year period for all portfolio segments. Management also considers certain economic factors for trends that management uses to account for the qualitative and environmental changes in risk, which affects the level of the reserve.

The total allowance reflects management’s estimate of loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date. The Company considers the allowance for loan losses of $27,773 adequate to cover loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio, at September 30, 2022. The following tables present, by portfolio segment, the changes in the allowance for loan losses for the three- and nine-months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

For the three months ended September 30, 2022	Beginning balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Ending Balance
Commercial & Agriculture	$	2,790	$	(22	)	$	12	$	(51	)	$	2,729
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		4,729		—			15		182			4,926
Non-Owner Occupied		14,711		—			16		(300	)		14,427
Residential Real Estate		2,859		(39	)		64		152			3,036
Real Estate Construction		1,969		—			—		44			2,013
Farm Real Estate		236		—			1		14			251
Consumer and Other		130		(13	)		4		21			142
Unallocated		11		—			—		238			249
Total	$	27,435	$	(74	)	$	112	$	300		$	27,773

For the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company provided $300 to the allowance for loan losses, as compared to a provision of $0 for the three months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in the provision in the third quarter of 2022, as compared to the third quarter of 2021, reflects the Company’s strong loan growth during the quarter. Our credit quality metrics remain stable despite the ongoing headwinds of the challenging international, national, regional and local economic conditions. While the direct impact of COVID-19 wains, we remain cautious due to increasing inflationary pressures. Criticized loans were reduced in the third quarter, primarily loans to borrowers in the hotel industry, due to improved occupancy. Economic impacts related to the COVID-19 pandemic have improved somewhat, but continued concerns linger due to the disruption of supply chains, workforce shortages, rising inflationary pressures and the prospects of recession.

During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the allowance for Commercial & Agriculture loans decreased due to a decrease in general reserves required for this type as a result of a decrease in Commercial & Agriculture loan balances during the quarter. The result was represented as a decrease in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of increased loan balances. The result was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied loans decreased due to a decrease in risk rated loans and lower loss rates, offset by an increase in general reserves required as a result of an increase in loan balances. This was represented as a decrease in the provision. The allowance for Residential Real Estate loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of increased loan balances. The result was represented by an increase in the provision. The allowance for Real Estate Construction loans increased due to an increase in loan balances. This was represented as an increase in the provision. Management feels that the unallocated amount is appropriate and within the relevant range for the allowance that is reflective of the risk in the portfolio at September 30, 2022.

For the three months ended September 30, 2021	Beginning balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Ending Balance
Commercial & Agriculture	$	2,320	$	—		$	1	$	191		$	2,512
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		4,027		—			—		389			4,416
Non-Owner Occupied		13,546		—			381		(757	)		13,170
Residential Real Estate		2,531		(77	)		53		89			2,596
Real Estate Construction		2,177		—			—		282			2,459
Farm Real Estate		290		—			3		15			308
Consumer and Other		202		—			10		—			212
Unallocated		1,104		—			—		(209	)		895
Total	$	26,197	$	(77	)	$	448	$	—		$	26,568

For the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company provided $0 to the allowance for loan losses. The lack of a provision for the third quarter of 2021 was due to the stability of our credit quality metrics coupled with the stabilization and, in some cases, improvement of international, national, regional and local economic conditions that were adversely impacted by the 2020 economic shutdown and restrictions in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the allowance for Commercial & Agriculture loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of an increase in non-PPP loan balances. Commercial & Agriculture loan balances decreased during the quarter mainly as a result of the forgiveness and payoff of PPP loans. The result was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of increased loan balances, offset by a decrease in classified loans balances. The result was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied loans decreased due to decreases in classified loan balances and loss rates, offset by an increase in general reserves required as a result of an increase in loan balances. This was represented as a decrease in the provision. The allowance for Residential Real Estate loans increased due to an increase in loss rates for this type of loan. The result was represented by an increase in the provision. The allowance for Real Estate Construction loans increased due to an increase in loss rates on substandard classified loan balances, offset by lower loan balances. This was represented as an increase in the provision. Management feels that the unallocated amount is appropriate and within the relevant range for the allowance that is reflective of the risk in the portfolio at September 30, 2021.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022	Beginning balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Ending Balance
Commercial & Agriculture	$	2,600	$	(22	)	$	16	$	135		$	2,729
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		4,464		—			42		420			4,926
Non-Owner Occupied		13,860		—			68		499			14,427
Residential Real Estate		2,597		(97	)		140		396			3,036
Real Estate Construction		1,810		—			—		203			2,013
Farm Real Estate		287		—			5		(41	)		251
Consumer and Other		176		(45	)		25		(14	)		142
Unallocated		847		—			—		(598	)		249
Total	$	26,641	$	(164	)	$	296	$	1,000		$	27,773

For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the Company provided $1,000 to the allowance for loan losses, as compared to a provision of $830 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. The increase in provision was due to the strong loan growth during the first nine months of 2022, as compared to the first nine months of 2021. In addition, the challenges of the international, national, regional and local economic conditions, particularly inflation, have taken greater focus from the prior economic shutdown and restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these concerns our portfolio quality has remained stable overall with decreases in criticized loans. We continue to be optimistic that asset quality will continue to remain strong despite ongoing headwinds. While we remain cautious given the impact of inflation on all of our borrowers, we are encouraged by strong loan growth.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the allowance for Commercial & Agriculture loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of an increase in loss rates, partially offset by a decrease in Commercial & Agriculture loan balances during the first nine months of the year mainly due to the forgiveness or payoff of PPP loans. The result was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of increased loan balances. The result was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required as a result of an increase in loan balances. This was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Residential Real Estate loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of increased loan balances. The result was represented by an increase in the provision. The allowance for Real Estate Construction loans increased due to an increase in loan balances. This was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Consumer and Other loans decreased due to a decrease in loan balances. This was represented as a decrease in the provision. Management feels that the unallocated amount is appropriate and within the relevant range for the allowance that is reflective of the risk in the portfolio at September 30, 2022.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021	Beginning balance		Charge-offs			Recoveries		Provision			Ending Balance
Commercial & Agriculture	$	2,810	$	(15	)	$	164	$	(447	)	$	2,512
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		4,057		—			6		353			4,416
Non-Owner Occupied		12,451		—			392		327			13,170
Residential Real Estate		2,484		(114	)		232		(6	)		2,596
Real Estate Construction		2,439		—			1		19			2,459
Farm Real Estate		338		—			9		(39	)		308
Consumer and Other		209		(19	)		54		(32	)		212
Unallocated		240		—			—		655			895
Total	$	25,028	$	(148	)	$	858	$	830		$	26,568

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company provided $830 to the allowance for loan losses. The decrease in the provision in the first nine months of 2021 as compared to the same period of 2020, was due to the stability of our metrics coupled with the stabilization and, in some cases, improvement of international, national, regional and local economic conditions that were adversely impacted by the 2020 economic shutdown and restrictions in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the allowance for Commercial & Agriculture loans decreased due to a decrease in general reserves required for this type as a result of a decrease in loss rates. Commercial & Agriculture loan balances decreased during the period mainly from Civista’s participation in the PPP loan program. The result was represented as a decrease in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Owner Occupied loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required for this type as a result of increased loan balances, offset by decreases in classified loan balances. The result was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Commercial Real Estate – Non-Owner Occupied loans increased due to an increase in general reserves required as a result of an increase in loan balances, offset by a decrease in classified loan balances and by a decrease in loss rates. This was represented as an increase in the provision. The allowance for Residential Real Estate loans increased due to an increase in recoveries for this type of loan. The result was represented by a decrease in the provision. The allowance for Real Estate Construction loans increased due to an increase in loan balances, represented by an increase in the provision. The allowance for Farm Real Estate loans decreased due to a decrease in general reserves required for this type as a result of decreased loan balances. The result was represented as a decrease in the provision. Management feels that the unallocated amount is appropriate and within the relevant range for the allowance that is reflective of the risk in the portfolio at September 30, 2021.

The following tables present, by portfolio segment, the allocation of the allowance for loan losses and related loan balances as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

September 30, 2022	Loans acquired with credit deterioration		Loans individually evaluated for impairment		Loans collectively evaluated for impairment		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Commercial & Agriculture	$	—	$	—	$	2,729	$	2,729
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		—		6		4,920		4,926
Non-Owner Occupied		—		—		14,427		14,427
Residential Real Estate		—		1		3,035		3,036
Real Estate Construction		—		—		2,013		2,013
Farm Real Estate		—		—		251		251
Consumer and Other		—		—		142		142
Unallocated		—		—		249		249
Total	$	—	$	7	$	27,766	$	27,773
Outstanding loan balances:
Commercial & Agriculture	$	809	$	343	$	226,235	$	227,387
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		1,770		833		361,865		364,468
Non-Owner Occupied		120		140		955,909		956,169
Residential Real Estate		1,410		586		529,168		531,164
Real Estate Construction		—		—		202,793		202,793
Farm Real Estate		—		—		25,636		25,636
Consumer and Other		1		—		20,996		20,997
Total	$	4,110	$	1,902	$	2,322,602	$	2,328,614

December 31, 2021	Loans acquired with credit deterioration		Loans individually evaluated for impairment		Loans collectively evaluated for impairment		Total
Allowance for loan losses:
Commercial & Agriculture	$	—	$	—	$	2,600	$	2,600
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		—		7		4,457		4,464
Non-Owner Occupied		—		—		13,860		13,860
Residential Real Estate		—		11		2,586		2,597
Real Estate Construction		—		—		1,810		1,810
Farm Real Estate		—		—		287		287
Consumer and Other		—		—		176		176
Unallocated		—		—		847		847
Total	$	—	$	18	$	26,623	$	26,641
Outstanding loan balances:
Commercial & Agriculture	$	—	$	—	$	246,502	$	246,502
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		—		187		295,265		295,452
Non-Owner Occupied		—		0		829,310		829,310
Residential Real Estate		290		526		429,244		430,060
Real Estate Construction		—		—		157,127		157,127
Farm Real Estate		—		509		27,910		28,419
Consumer and Other		—		—		11,009		11,009
Total	$	290	$	1,222	$	1,996,367	$	1,997,879

The following tables present credit exposures by internally assigned risk grades as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The risk rating analysis estimates the capability of the borrower to repay the contractual obligations of the loan agreements as scheduled or at all. The Company’s internal credit risk grading system is based on experiences with similarly graded loans.

Generally, Residential Real Estate, Real Estate Construction and Consumer and Other loans are not risk-graded, except when collateral is used for a business purpose. Only those loans that have been risk rated are included below.

September 30, 2022	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Ending Balance
Commercial & Agriculture	$	212,692	$	12,155	$	2,540	$	—	$	227,387
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		351,464		9,751		3,253		—		364,468
Non-Owner Occupied		932,606		19,526		4,037		—		956,169
Residential Real Estate		141,827		116		5,506		—		147,449
Real Estate Construction		172,120		—		3		—		172,123
Farm Real Estate		25,197		392		47		—		25,636
Consumer and Other		11,993		—		27		—		12,020
Total	$	1,847,899	$	41,940	$	15,413	$	—	$	1,905,252

December 31, 2021	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Ending Balance
Commercial & Agriculture	$	244,787	$	526	$	1,189	$	—	$	246,502
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		290,617		3,119		1,716		—		295,452
Non-Owner Occupied		764,181		28,042		37,087		—		829,310
Residential Real Estate		77,594		164		4,455		—		82,213
Real Estate Construction		136,149		260		5		—		136,414
Farm Real Estate		27,023		205		1,191		—		28,419
Consumer and Other		764		—		20		—		784
Total	$	1,541,115	$	32,316	$	45,663	$	—	$	1,619,094

The following tables present performing and nonperforming loans based solely on payment activity for the periods ended September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 that have not been assigned an internal risk grade. The types of loans presented here are not assigned a risk grade unless there is evidence of a problem. Payment activity is reviewed by management on a monthly basis to evaluate performance. Loans are considered to be nonperforming when they become 90 days past due and if management determines that we may not collect all of our principal and interest. Nonperforming loans also include certain loans that have been modified in Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs) where economic concessions have been granted to borrowers who have experienced or are expected to experience financial difficulties. These concessions typically result from the Company’s loss mitigation activities and could include reductions in the interest rate, payment extensions, forgiveness of principal, forbearance or other actions due to economic status. Certain TDRs are classified as nonperforming at the time of restructure and may only be returned to performing status after considering the borrower’s sustained repayment performance for a reasonable period, generally six months.

The following tables include an aging analysis of the recorded investment of past due loans outstanding as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

September 30, 2022	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Purchased Credit- Impaired Loans		Total Loans		Past Due 90 Days and Accruing
Commercial & Agriculture	$	423	$	2	$	694	$	1,119	$	225,459	$	809	$	227,387	$	—
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		24		—		79		103		362,595		1,770		364,468		—
Non-Owner Occupied		—		—		2		2		956,047		120		956,169		—
Residential Real Estate		416		827		1,222		2,465		527,289		1,410		531,164		326
Real Estate Construction		—		—		—		—		202,793		—		202,793		—
Farm Real Estate		—		—		—		—		25,636		—		25,636		—
Consumer and Other		58		63		52		173		20,823		1		20,997		—
Total	$	921	$	892	$	2,049	$	3,862	$	2,320,642	$	4,110	$	2,328,614	$	326

December 31, 2021	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or Greater Past Due		Total Past Due		Current		Purchased Credit- Impaired Loans		Total Loans		Past Due 90 Days and Accruing
Commercial & Agriculture	$	249	$	13	$	78	$	340	$	246,162	$	—	$	246,502	$	—
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		—		—		106		106		295,346		—		295,452		—
Non-Owner Occupied		—		—		4		4		829,306		—		829,310		—
Residential Real Estate		1,848		879		842		3,569		426,201		290		430,060		—
Real Estate Construction		—		—		—		—		157,127		—		157,127		—
Farm Real Estate		—		—		—		—		28,419		—		28,419		—
Consumer and Other		42		—		9		51		10,958		—		11,009		—
Total	$	2,139	$	892	$	1,039	$	4,070	$	1,993,519	$	290	$	1,997,879	$	—

The following table presents loans on nonaccrual status, excluding purchased credit-impaired (PCI) loans, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Nonaccrual Loans: Loans are considered for nonaccrual status upon reaching 90 days delinquency, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection, although the Company may be receiving partial payments of interest and partial repayments of principal on such loans. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, previously accrued but unpaid interest is deducted from interest income. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to the unpaid principal balance. A loan may be returned to accruing status only if one of three conditions are met: the loan is well-secured and none of the principal and interest has been past due for a minimum of 90 days; the loan is a TDR and has made a minimum of six months payments; or the principal and interest payments are reasonably assured and a sustained period of performance has occurred, generally six months.

Modifications: A modification of a loan constitutes a TDR when the Company for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Exceptions to this policy exist for loan modifications granted as part of the Company’s COVID-19 deferral program, which allows the Company to not classify a modification so long as certain criteria as established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020, as amended (the “CARES Act”) are met at the time of the modification. The Company offers various types of concessions when modifying a loan, however, forgiveness of principal is rarely granted. Commercial Real Estate loans modified in a TDR often involve reducing the interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk. Residential Real Estate loans modified in a TDR primarily involve interest rate reductions where monthly payments are lowered to accommodate the borrowers’ financial needs.

Loans modified in a TDR are typically already on non-accrual status and partial charge-offs have in some cases already been taken against the outstanding loan balance. As a result, loans modified in a TDR may have the financial effect of increasing the specific allowance associated with the loan. An allowance for impaired loans that have been modified in a TDR are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or the fair value of the collateral, less any selling costs, if the loan is collateral dependent. Management exercises significant judgment in developing these estimates. As of September 30, 2022, TDRs accounted for $7 of the allowance for loan losses. As of December 31, 2021, TDRs accounted for $18 of the allowance for loan losses.

There were no loans modified as TDRs during the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022 or 2021.

Recidivism, or the borrower defaulting on its obligation pursuant to a modified loan, results in the loan once again becoming a non-accrual loan. Recidivism occurs at a notably higher rate than do defaults on new origination loans, so modified loans present a higher risk of loss than do new origination loans.

During the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021, there were no defaults on loans that were modified and considered TDRs during the respective previous twelve months.

Impaired Loans: Larger (greater than $350) Commercial & Agricultural and Commercial Real Estate loan relationships, all TDRs and Residential Real Estate and Consumer loans that are part of a larger relationship are tested for impairment on a quarterly basis. These loans are analyzed to determine if it is probable that all amounts will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. If management determines that the value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (net of previous charge-offs, deferred loan fees or costs and unamortized premium or discount), impairment is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance. The Company’s policy for recognizing interest income on impaired loans does not differ from its overall policy for interest recognition.

The following table includes the recorded investment and unpaid principal balances for impaired loans, excluding PCI loans, with the associated allowance amount, if applicable, as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

	September 30, 2022						December 31, 2021
	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial & Agriculture	$	343	$	343			$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		676		676				—		—
Non-Owner Occupied		140		140				—		—
Residential Real Estate		579		604				503		528
Farm Real Estate		—		—				509		509
Total		1,738		1,763				1,012		1,037
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		157		157	$	6		187		187	$	7
Residential Real Estate		7		11		1		23		27		11
Total		164		168		7		210		214		18
Total:
Commercial & Agriculture		343		343		—		—		—		—
Commercial Real Estate:
Owner Occupied		833		833		6		187		187		7
Non-Owner Occupied		140		140		—		—		—		—
Residential Real Estate		586		615		1		526		555		11
Farm Real Estate		—		—		—		509		509		—
Total	$	1,902	$	1,931	$	7	$	1,222	$	1,251	$	18

The following table includes the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for impaired financing receivables for the three- and nine-month periods ended September 30, 2022 and 2021.

	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
For the three months ended	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Commercial & Agriculture	$	172	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate—Owner Occupied		504		3		252		4
Commercial Real Estate—Non-Owner Occupied		70		—		15		—
Residential Real Estate		503		9		551		8
Farm Real Estate		247		2		557		6
Total	$	1,496	$	14	$	1,375	$	18

	September 30, 2022				September 30, 2021
For the nine months ended	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
Commercial & Agriculture	$	86	$	—	$	19	$	—
Commercial Real Estate—Owner Occupied		349		10		449		15
Commercial Real Estate—Non-Owner Occupied		35		—		29		1
Residential Real Estate		516		19		654		24
Farm Real Estate		381		14		584		18
Total	$	1,367	$	43	$	1,735	$	58

Changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans were as follows, since acquisition:

The following table presents additional information regarding loans acquired and accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-30:

There was no allowance for loan losses recorded for acquired loans with or without specific evidence of deterioration in credit quality as of September 30, 2022 or December 31, 2021.

Foreclosed assets acquired in settlement of loans are carried at fair value less estimated costs to sell and are included in Other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no foreclosed assets included in Other assets. As of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company had initiated formal foreclosure procedures on $488 and $293, respectively, of consumer residential mortgages.