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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________________ to __________________
Commission File Number 001-33572
Bank of Marin Bancorp
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

California |  | 20-8859754
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)
504 Redwood Blvd. | Suite 100 | Novato | CA |  | 94947
(Address of principal executive office) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (415) 763-4520
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and formal fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class | Trading symbol | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock, no par value | BMRC | The Nasdaq Stock Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
Emerging growth company | ☐ |  |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Yes ☐ No ☒
As of July 31, 2023, there were 16,120,092 shares of common stock outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
ITEM 1. | Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Condition | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive (Loss) Income | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | 6
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
ITEM 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 29
ITEM 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk | 44
ITEM 4. | Controls and Procedures | 45
PART II | OTHER INFORMATION | 46
ITEM 1. | Legal Proceedings | 46
ITEM 1A. | Risk Factors | 46
ITEM 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 46
ITEM 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 47
ITEM 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 47
ITEM 5. | Other Information | 47
ITEM 6. | Exhibits | 48
SIGNATURES |

Page-2

PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. Financial Statements

BANK OF MARIN BANCORP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONDITION

(in thousands, except share data; unaudited) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Assets |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | 39,657 |  | $ | 45,424 |
Investment securities: |  |
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (net of zero allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022) | 946,808 |  | 972,207 |
Available-for-sale, at fair value (net of zero allowance for credit losses at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022) | 770,942 |  | 802,096 |
Total investment securities | 1,717,750 |  | 1,774,303 |
Loans, at amortized cost | 2,102,796 |  | 2,092,546 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | (23,832) |  | (22,983) |
Loans, net of allowance for credit losses on loans | 2,078,964 |  | 2,069,563 |
Goodwill | 72,754 |  | 72,754 |
Bank-owned life insurance | 67,367 |  | 67,066 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | 22,739 |  | 24,821 |
Bank premises and equipment, net | 8,683 |  | 8,134 |
Core deposit intangible, net | 4,431 |  | 5,116 |
Other real estate owned | 415 |  | 455 |
Interest receivable and other assets | 79,373 |  | 79,828 |
Total assets | $ | 4,092,133 |  | $ | 4,147,464 |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |
Liabilities |  |
Deposits: |  |
Non-interest bearing | $ | 1,588,723 |  | $ | 1,839,114 |
Interest bearing |  |
Transaction accounts | 229,434 |  | 287,651 |
Savings accounts | 274,510 |  | 338,163 |
Money market accounts | 1,029,082 |  | 989,390 |
Time accounts | 203,463 |  | 119,030 |
Total deposits | 3,325,212 |  | 3,573,348 |
Short-term borrowings and other obligations | 292,572 |  | 112,439 |
Operating lease liabilities | 25,220 |  | 26,639 |
Interest payable and other liabilities | 25,188 |  | 22,946 |
Total liabilities | 3,668,192 |  | 3,735,372 |
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 8) |  |
Stockholders' Equity |  |
Preferred stock, no par value, Authorized - 5,000,000 shares, none issued | — |  | — |
Common stock, no par value, Authorized - 30,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding - 16,107,192 and 16,029,138 at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 216,589 |  | 215,057 |
Retained earnings | 276,732 |  | 270,781 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes | (69,380) |  | (73,746) |
Total stockholders' equity | 423,941 |  | 412,092 |
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity | $ | 4,092,133 |  | $ | 4,147,464 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
Page-3

BANK OF MARIN BANCORP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) INCOME
| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
(in thousands, except per share amounts; unaudited) | June 30, 2023 | March 31, 2023 | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Interest income |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest and fees on loans | $ | 24,579 |  | $ | 24,258 |  | $ | 23,334 |  |  | $ | 48,837 |  | $ | 47,011 |
Interest on investment securities | 9,994 |  | 10,033 |  | 8,273 |  |  | 20,027 |  | 14,966 |
Interest on federal funds sold and due from banks | 48 |  | 56 |  | 180 |  |  | 104 |  | 286 |
Total interest income | 34,621 |  | 34,347 |  | 31,787 |  |  | 68,968 |  | 62,263 |
Interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest on interest-bearing transaction accounts | 234 |  | 254 |  | 53 |  |  | 488 |  | 109 |
Interest on savings accounts | 146 |  | 170 |  | 32 |  |  | 316 |  | 61 |
Interest on money market accounts | 4,292 |  | 1,085 |  | 438 |  |  | 5,377 |  | 916 |
Interest on time accounts | 946 |  | 223 |  | 67 |  |  | 1,169 |  | 81 |
Interest on borrowings and other obligations | 4,873 |  | 2,716 |  | — |  |  | 7,589 |  | 1 |
Total interest expense | 10,491 |  | 4,448 |  | 590 |  |  | 14,939 |  | 1,168 |
Net interest income | 24,130 |  | 29,899 |  | 31,197 |  |  | 54,029 |  | 61,095 |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans | 500 |  | 350 |  | — |  |  | 850 |  | (485) |
Reversal of credit losses on unfunded loan commitments | (168) |  | (174) |  | — |  |  | (342) |  | (318) |
Net interest income after provision for (reversal of) credit losses | 23,798 |  | 29,723 |  | 31,197 |  |  | 53,521 |  | 61,898 |
Non-interest income |  |  |  |  |  |
Wealth Management and Trust Services | 559 |  | 511 |  | 630 |  |  | 1,070 |  | 1,230 |
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance, net | 362 |  | 705 |  | 298 |  |  | 1,067 |  | 711 |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 520 |  | 533 |  | 465 |  |  | 1,053 |  | 953 |
Debit card interchange fees, net | 555 |  | 447 |  | 531 |  |  | 1,002 |  | 1,036 |
Dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 290 |  | 302 |  | 249 |  |  | 592 |  | 508 |
Merchant interchange fees, net | 127 |  | 133 |  | 149 |  |  | 260 |  | 289 |
Other income | 326 |  | 304 |  | 406 |  |  | 630 |  | 868 |
Total non-interest income | 2,739 |  | 2,935 |  | 2,728 |  |  | 5,674 |  | 5,595 |
Non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |
Salaries and related benefits | 11,416 |  | 10,930 |  | 10,341 |  |  | 22,346 |  | 21,889 |
Occupancy and equipment | 1,980 |  | 2,414 |  | 1,891 |  |  | 4,394 |  | 3,798 |
Data processing | 922 |  | 1,045 |  | 1,199 |  |  | 1,967 |  | 2,476 |
Professional services | 797 |  | 1,123 |  | 665 |  |  | 1,920 |  | 1,578 |
Depreciation and amortization | 400 |  | 882 |  | 393 |  |  | 1,282 |  | 845 |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance | 666 |  | 289 |  | 296 |  |  | 955 |  | 586 |
Information technology | 357 |  | 370 |  | 468 |  |  | 727 |  | 946 |
Charitable contributions | 638 |  | 49 |  | 511 |  |  | 687 |  | 556 |
Amortization of core deposit intangible | 340 |  | 345 |  | 374 |  |  | 685 |  | 754 |
Directors' expense | 300 |  | 321 |  | 294 |  |  | 621 |  | 605 |
Other real estate owned | 44 |  | 4 |  | 3 |  |  | 48 |  | 5 |
Other expense | 2,805 |  | 2,008 |  | 2,471 |  |  | 4,813 |  | 4,243 |
Total non-interest expense | 20,665 |  | 19,780 |  | 18,906 |  |  | 40,445 |  | 38,281 |
Income before provision for income taxes | 5,872 |  | 12,878 |  | 15,019 |  |  | 18,750 |  | 29,212 |
Provision for income taxes | 1,321 |  | 3,438 |  | 3,953 |  |  | 4,759 |  | 7,681 |
Net income | $ | 4,551 |  | $ | 9,440 |  | $ | 11,066 |  |  | $ | 13,991 |  | $ | 21,531 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.59 |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  | $ | 1.35 |
Diluted | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.59 |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  | $ | 1.35 |
Weighted average shares: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 16,009 |  | 15,970 |  | 15,921 |  |  | 15,990 |  | 15,898 |
Diluted | 16,016 |  | 15,999 |  | 15,955 |  |  | 16,008 |  | 15,950 |
Comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 4,551 |  | $ | 9,440 |  | $ | 11,066 |  |  | $ | 13,991 |  | $ | 21,531 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income: |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in net unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities | (10,928) |  | 16,213 |  | (27,050) |  |  | 5,285 |  | (65,278) |
Net unrealized losses on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | (14,847) |
Amortization of net unrealized losses on securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity | 451 |  | 463 |  | 472 |  |  | 914 |  | 616 |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, before tax | (10,477) |  | 16,676 |  | (26,578) |  |  | 6,199 |  | (79,509) |
Deferred tax (benefit) expense | (3,097) |  | 4,930 |  | (7,857) |  |  | 1,833 |  | (23,505) |
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax | (7,380) |  | 11,746 |  | (18,721) |  |  | 4,366 |  | (56,004) |
Total comprehensive (loss) income | $ | (2,829) |  | $ | 21,186 |  | $ | (7,655) |  |  | $ | 18,357 |  | $ | (34,473) |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
Page-4

BANK OF MARIN BANCORP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
For the three months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands, except share data; unaudited) | Common Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Net of Taxes | Total
Shares | Amount
| Three months ended June 30, 2023
Balance at April 1, 2023 | 16,107,210 |  | $ | 215,965 |  | $ | 276,209 |  | $ | (62,000) |  | $ | 430,174 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | 4,551 |  | — |  | 4,551 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | (7,380) |  | (7,380) |
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan | 741 |  | 12 |  | — |  | — |  | 12 |
Stock issued under employee stock ownership plan | 19,700 |  | 424 |  | — |  | — |  | 424 |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholdings upon vesting | (285) |  | (4) |  | — |  | — |  | (4) |
Restricted stock forfeited / cancelled | (20,174) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation - stock options | — |  | 21 |  | — |  | — |  | 21 |
Stock-based compensation - restricted stock | — |  | 171 |  | — |  | — |  | 171 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.25 per share) | — |  | — |  | (4,028) |  | — |  | (4,028) |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | 16,107,192 |  | $ | 216,589 |  | $ | 276,732 |  | $ | (69,380) |  | $ | 423,941 |
| Three months ended June 30, 2022
Balance at April 1, 2022 | 16,003,847 |  | $ | 213,204 |  | $ | 246,511 |  | $ | (39,307) |  | $ | 420,408 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | 11,066 |  | — |  | 11,066 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | (18,721) |  | (18,721) |
Stock options exercised, net of shares surrendered for cashless exercises and tax withholdings | 4,768 |  | 81 |  | — |  | — |  | 81 |
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan | 936 |  | 30 |  | — |  | — |  | 30 |
Stock issued under employee stock ownership plan | 13,000 |  | 412 |  | — |  | — |  | 412 |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholdings upon vesting | (333) |  | (11) |  | — |  | — |  | (11) |
Restricted stock forfeited / cancelled | (12,618) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation - stock options | — |  | 29 |  | — |  | — |  | 29 |
Stock-based compensation - restricted stock | — |  | 119 |  | — |  | — |  | 119 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.24 per share) | — |  | — |  | (3,840) |  | — |  | (3,840) |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | 16,009,600 |  | $ | 213,864 |  | $ | 253,737 |  | $ | (58,028) |  | $ | 409,573 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

BANK OF MARIN BANCORP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022
(in thousands, except share data; unaudited) | Common Stock | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income, Net of Taxes | Total
Shares | Amount
| Six months ended June 30, 2023
Balance at January 1, 2023 | 16,029,138 |  | $ | 215,057 |  | $ | 270,781 |  | $ | (73,746) |  | $ | 412,092 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | 13,991 |  | — |  | 13,991 |
Other comprehensive income, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | 4,366 |  | 4,366 |
Stock options exercised, net of shares surrendered for cashless exercises and tax withholdings | 11,530 |  | 230 |  | — |  | — |  | 230 |
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan | 1,156 |  | 21 |  | — |  | — |  | 21 |
Stock issued under employee stock ownership plan | 34,000 |  | 847 |  | — |  | — |  | 847 |
Restricted stock granted | 49,428 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholdings upon vesting | (2,498) |  | (70) |  | — |  | — |  | (70) |
Restricted stock forfeited / cancelled | (20,174) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation - stock options | — |  | 137 |  | — |  | — |  | 137 |
Stock-based compensation - restricted stock | — |  | 217 |  | — |  | — |  | 217 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.50 per share) | — |  | — |  | (8,040) |  | — |  | (8,040) |
Stock issued in payment of director fees | 4,612 |  | 150 |  | — |  | — |  | 150 |
Balance at June 30, 2023 | 16,107,192 |  | $ | 216,589 |  | $ | 276,732 |  | $ | (69,380) |  | $ | 423,941 |
| Six months ended June 30, 2022
Balance at January 1, 2022 | 15,929,243 |  | $ | 212,524 |  | $ | 239,868 |  | $ | (2,024) |  | $ | 450,368 |
Net income | — |  | — |  | 21,531 |  | — |  | 21,531 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax | — |  | — |  | — |  | (56,004) |  | (56,004) |
Stock options exercised, net of shares surrendered for cashless exercises and tax withholdings | 40,311 |  | 820 |  | — |  | — |  | 820 |
Stock issued under employee stock purchase plan | 936 |  | 30 |  | — |  | — |  | 30 |
Stock issued under employee stock ownership plan | 25,000 |  | 829 |  | — |  | — |  | 829 |
Restricted stock granted | 46,672 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholdings upon vesting | (1,169) |  | (40) |  | — |  | — |  | (40) |
Restricted stock forfeited / cancelled | (13,267) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |
Stock-based compensation - stock options | — |  | 115 |  | — |  | — |  | 115 |
Stock-based compensation - restricted stock | — |  | 270 |  | — |  | — |  | 270 |
Cash dividends paid on common stock ($0.48 per share) | — |  | — |  | (7,662) |  | — |  | (7,662) |
Stock issued in payment of director fees | 5,149 |  | 193 |  | — |  | — |  | 193 |
Stock repurchased, including commissions | (23,275) |  | (877) |  | — |  | — |  | (877) |
Balance at June 30, 2022 | 16,009,600 |  | $ | 213,864 |  | $ | 253,737 |  | $ | (58,028) |  | $ | 409,573 |
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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BANK OF MARIN BANCORP CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
For the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022

(in thousands; unaudited) | 2023 | 2022
Cash Flows from Operating Activities: |  |
Net income | $ | 13,991 |  | $ | 21,531 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: |  |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans | 850 |  | (485) |
Reversal of credit losses on unfunded loan commitments | (342) |  | (318) |
Noncash contribution expense to employee stock ownership plan | 847 |  | 829 |
Noncash director compensation expense | 150 |  | 193 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 354 |  | 385 |
Amortization of core deposit intangible | 685 |  | 754 |
Amortization of investment security premiums, net of accretion of discounts | 3,781 |  | 4,963 |
(Accretion of discounts) amortization of premiums on acquired loans, net | (415) |  | 281 |
Net change in deferred loan origination costs/fees | (588) |  | (2,322) |
Write-down of other real estate owned | 40 |  | — |
Depreciation and amortization | 1,282 |  | 845 |
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance policies | (1,067) |  | (711) |
Net changes in interest receivable and other assets | (1,354) |  | (443) |
Net changes in interest payable and other liabilities | 3,284 |  | (5,894) |
Total adjustments | 7,507 |  | (1,923) |
Net cash provided by operating activities | 21,498 |  | 19,608 |
Cash Flows from Investing Activities: |  |
Purchase of held-to-maturity securities | — |  | (208,784) |
Purchase of available-for-sale securities | — |  | (243,459) |
Proceeds from paydowns/maturities of held-to-maturity securities | 25,377 |  | 16,827 |
Proceeds from paydowns/maturities of available-for-sale securities | 33,595 |  | 76,276 |
(Increase) decrease in loans receivable, net | (9,271) |  | 93,875 |
Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance policies | 766 |  | 350 |
Purchase of premises and equipment | (1,823) |  | (354) |
Cash paid for low income housing tax credit investment | (39) |  | (30) |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 48,605 |  | (265,299) |
Cash Flows from Financing Activities: |  |
Net (decrease) increase in deposits | (248,136) |  | 22,120 |
Proceeds from short-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings, net | 180,200 |  | — |
Repayment of finance lease obligations | (75) |  | (63) |
Proceeds from stock options exercised | 230 |  | 820 |
Restricted stock surrendered for tax withholdings upon vesting | (70) |  | (40) |
Cash dividends paid on common stock | (8,040) |  | (7,662) |
Stock repurchased, including commissions | — |  | (1,250) |
Proceeds from stock issued under employee and director stock purchase plans | 21 |  | 30 |
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (75,870) |  | 13,955 |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (5,767) |  | (231,736) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period | 45,424 |  | 347,641 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 39,657 |  | $ | 115,905 |
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: |  |
Cash paid in interest | $ | 14,151 |  | $ | 1,175 |
Cash paid in income taxes | $ | — |  | $ | 8,450 |
Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities: |  |
Change in net unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities | $ | 5,285 |  | $ | (65,278) |
Securities transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, at fair value | $ | — |  | $ | 357,482 |
Amortization of net unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities transferred to held-to-maturity | $ | 914 |  | $ | 616 |
Purchase of investment securities not yet settled | $ | — |  | $ | 40,278 |
Stock issued to employee stock ownership plan | $ | 847 |  | $ | 829 |
Restricted cash 1 | $ | — |  | $ | 930 |

1 Restricted cash includes reserve requirements held with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and other cash pledged. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced the reserve requirement ratios to zero percent effective March 26, 2020.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
Note 1: Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Bancorp, a bank holding company, and its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Bank of Marin, a California state-chartered commercial bank. References to “we,” “our,” “us” mean Bancorp and the Bank that are consolidated for financial reporting purposes. The accompanying unaudited consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") have been condensed or omitted pursuant to those rules and regulations.
Although we believe that the disclosures are adequate and the information presented is not misleading, we suggest that these interim financial statements be read in conjunction with the annual financial statements and the notes thereto included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. In the opinion of management, the unaudited consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of the consolidated financial position, the results of operations, changes in comprehensive income (loss), changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the periods presented. All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated. The results of these interim periods may not be indicative of the results for the full year or for any other period.
The following table shows: 1) weighted average basic shares, 2) potentially dilutive weighted average common shares related to stock options and unvested restricted stock awards, and 3) weighted average diluted shares. Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) are calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during each period, excluding unvested restricted stock awards. Diluted EPS are calculated using the weighted average number of potentially dilutive common shares. The number of potentially dilutive common shares included in the quarterly diluted EPS is computed using the average market prices during the three months included in the reporting period under the treasury stock method. The number of potentially dilutive common shares included in year-to-date diluted EPS is a year-to-date weighted average of potentially dilutive common shares included in each quarterly diluted EPS computation. In computing diluted EPS, we exclude anti-dilutive shares such as options whose exercise prices exceed the current common stock price, as they would not reduce EPS under the treasury method. We have two forms of outstanding common stock: common stock and unvested restricted stock awards. Holders of unvested restricted stock awards receive non-forfeitable dividends at the same rate as common shareholders and they both share equally in undistributed earnings. Under the two-class method, the difference in EPS is nominal for these participating securities.

| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
(in thousands, except per share data) | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Weighted average basic common shares outstanding | 16,009 |  | 15,921 |  |  | 15,990 |  | 15,898 |
Potentially dilutive common shares related to: |  |  |  |  |
Stock options | — |  | 24 |  |  | 7 |  | 38 |
Unvested restricted stock awards | 7 |  | 10 |  |  | 11 |  | 14 |
Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding | 16,016 |  | 15,955 |  |  | 16,008 |  | 15,950 |
Net income | $ | 4,551 |  | $ | 11,066 |  |  | $ | 13,991 |  | $ | 21,531 |
Basic EPS | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.70 |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  | $ | 1.35 |
Diluted EPS | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  | $ | 1.35 |
Weighted average anti-dilutive common shares not included in the calculation of diluted EPS | 389 |  | 230 |  |  | 358 |  | 167 |

Note 2: Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Standards
Accounting Standards Adopted in 2023
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendment eliminated the recognition measurement guidance for troubled debt restructured ("TDR") loans and instead enhanced disclosure requirements for certain loan modifications when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. In addition, the amendment required that an entity include in its vintage disclosures the current period gross loan charge-offs by year of origination. We early adopted the current period charge-off disclosures in the first quarter of 2022. We adopted the loan modification provisions as
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of January 1, 2023 using a modified retrospective method. The cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings was considered immaterial. Refer to Note 5, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, for additional information.
In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-01, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Fair Value Hedging - Portfolio Layer Method. Among other things, the ASU renamed the "last-of-layer" method to the "portfolio layer" method and made fair value hedging more accessible for hedge accounting of interest rate risk for portfolios and financial assets. For example, the guidance permits an entity to apply the same portfolio hedging method to both prepayable and non-prepayable financial assets, thereby providing for consistency between accounting for similar hedges. We adopted the amendments on January 1, 2023, which had no effect on our existing hedge accounting, disclosures, financial condition or results of operations.
Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective
In March 2020, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848). The amendments in this ASU are elective and provide optional guidance for a limited period of time to ease the potential burden of accounting for, or recognizing the effects of reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. Topic 848 was further amended in January 2021 with ASU No. 2021-01, which provided additional guidance on certain optional expedients and scope of derivative instruments, and in December 2022 with ASU 2022-06, which extended the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024 given the UK Financial Conduct Authority ("FCA") March 2021 announcement that the intended cessation date of certain tenors of USD LIBOR would be June 30, 2023. An entity may elect the amendments in these updates at an interim period with adoption methods varying based on transaction type. As of June 30, 2023, we had four interest rate swap contracts with notional values totaling $11.5 million indexed to LIBOR, which transitioned to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") effective July 1, 2023. The transition to SOFR did not have a material impact to either our financial condition or results of operations.
In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions. The amendment reduces diversity in practice by clarifying that a separate contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. In addition, this ASU provided amended examples to illustrate that a restriction that is a characteristic of the equity security, which market participants would take into account when pricing them, would be considered in measuring fair value. This ASU also introduces new disclosure requirements. The amendments are effective prospectively for years beginning after December 15, 2023. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements. As discussed in Note 4, Investment Securities, on July 13, 2023 we sold our remaining shares of Visa Inc. Class B restricted common stock. As a result of the sale, this update will not impact our financial condition, results of operations or disclosures.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-01, Leases (Topic 842): Common Control Arrangements. For public companies, the amendment requires entities to amortize leasehold improvements associated with common control lease arrangements over the useful life of the improvements to the common control group, as opposed to the shorter of the remaining lease term and the useful life of the improvements for all other operating leases. The amendments are effective for years beginning after December 15, 2023, and may be adopted either prospectively or retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements. We currently do not have common control lease arrangements, and therefore do not anticipate that the amendments will impact our financial condition and results of operations.
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-02, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323): Accounting for Investments in Tax Credit Structures Using the Proportional Amortization Method. Under current GAAP, an entity can only elect to apply the proportional amortization method to investments in low-income housing tax credit ("LIHTC") structures. The proportional amortization method results in the cost of the investment being amortized in proportion to the income tax credits and other income tax benefits received, with the amortization of the investment and the income tax credits being presented net in the consolidated statements of income as a component of income tax expense (benefit). The amendments will allow entities to elect to account for all other equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits to using the proportional amortization method, regardless of the tax credit program through which the investment earns income tax credits,
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when certain conditions are met. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and may be adopted either on a modified retrospective basis or retrospectively. Other than investments in LIHTC funds, as disclosed in Note 4, Investment Securities, we currently have no other equity investments made primarily for the purpose of receiving income tax credits, and therefore do not anticipate that the amendments will impact our financial condition and results of operations.
Note 3: Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities
Fair Value Hierarchy and Fair Value Measurement
We group our assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value into three levels within the fair value hierarchy, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:
Level 1: Valuations are based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2: Valuations are based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuations for which all significant assumptions are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Valuations are based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Values are determined using pricing models and discounted cash flow models and may include significant management judgment and estimation.
Transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy are recognized through our monthly and/or quarterly valuation process in the reporting period during which the event or circumstances that caused the transfer occurred. No such transfers occurred in the years presented.
The following table summarizes our assets and liabilities that were required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.
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(in thousands) Description of Financial Instruments | Carrying Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Measurement Categories: Changes in Fair Value Recorded In 1
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by U.S. government-sponsored agencies | $ | 449,823 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 449,823 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
SBA-backed securities | $ | 36,649 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 36,649 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Debentures of government sponsored agencies | $ | 135,868 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 135,868 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 10,334 |  | $ | 10,334 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | 102,916 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 102,916 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Corporate bonds | $ | 34,043 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 34,043 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Asset-backed securities | $ | 1,309 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,309 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Derivative financial assets (interest rate contracts) | $ | 631 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 631 |  | $ | — |  | NI
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Securities available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by U.S. government-sponsored agencies | $ | 475,505 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 475,505 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
SBA-backed securities | $ | 44,355 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 44,355 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Debentures of government sponsored agencies | $ | 135,106 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 135,106 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
U.S. Treasury securities | $ | 10,269 |  | $ | 10,269 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | 102,123 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 102,123 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Corporate bonds | $ | 33,276 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 33,276 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Asset-backed securities | $ | 1,462 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,462 |  | $ | — |  | OCI
Derivative financial assets (interest rate contracts) | $ | 602 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 602 |  | $ | — |  | NI

1 Other comprehensive income ("OCI") or net income ("NI").
Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. When available, quoted market prices (Level 1) are used to determine the fair value of available-for-sale securities. Level 1 securities include U.S. Treasury securities. If quoted market prices are not available, we obtain pricing information from a reputable third-party service provider, who may utilize valuation techniques that use current market-based or independently sourced parameters, such as bid/ask prices, dealer-quoted prices, interest rates, benchmark yield curves, prepayment speeds, probability of default, loss severity and credit spreads (Level 2). Level 2 securities include asset-backed securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions, U.S. agencies or government-sponsored agencies' debt securities, mortgage-backed securities, government agency-issued, and corporate bonds. As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no Level 3 securities.
Held-to-maturity securities may be subject to an allowance for credit losses as a result of our evaluation of expected losses due to credit quality factors. We did not record any credit loss expense on held-to-maturity securities during the six months ended June 30, 2023 or June 30, 2022. Fair value of held-to-maturity securities is determined using the same techniques discussed above for available-for-sale securities.
On a recurring basis, derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value, which is based on the income approach using observable Level 2 market inputs, reflecting market expectations of future interest rates as of the measurement date. Standard valuation techniques are used to calculate the present value of the future expected cash flows assuming an orderly transaction. Valuation adjustments may be made to reflect both our own credit risk and the counterparties’ credit risk in determining the fair value of the derivatives. These unobservable inputs are not considered significant inputs to the fair value measurement overall. Level 2 inputs for the valuations are limited to observable market prices for London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and Overnight Index Swap ("OIS") rates (for the very short term), quoted prices for LIBOR futures contracts, observable market prices for LIBOR and OIS swap rates, and one-month and three-month LIBOR basis spreads at commonly quoted intervals. Mid-market pricing of the inputs is used as a practical expedient in the fair value measurements. We project spot rates at reset days specified by each swap contract to determine future cash flows, then discount to present value using OIS curves as
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of the measurement date. When the value of any collateral placed with counterparties is less than the interest rate derivative liability, a credit valuation adjustment ("CVA") is applied to reflect the credit risk we pose to counterparties. We have used the spread between the Standard & Poor's BBB rated U.S. Bank Composite rate and LIBOR for the closest maturity term corresponding to the duration of the swaps to derive the CVA. A similar credit risk adjustment, correlated to the credit standing of the counterparty, is made when collateral posted by the counterparty does not fully cover their liability to us. For further discussion on our methodology in valuing our derivative financial instruments, refer to Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities.
Certain financial assets may be measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis. These assets are subject to fair value adjustments that result from the application of the lower of cost or fair value accounting or write-downs of individual assets, such as individually analyzed loans that are collateral dependent and other real estate owned ("OREO").
OREO represents collateral acquired through foreclosure and is initially recorded at fair value as established by a current appraisal of the collateral. Subsequent to foreclosure, OREO is carried at the lower of cost or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. OREO values are reviewed on an ongoing basis and any subsequent decline in fair value is recorded as a foreclosed asset expense in the current period. The value of OREO is classified as Level 3. Our current OREO resulted from the American River Bankshares ("AMRB") merger in 2021.
The following table presents the carrying value of assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis and that were held in the consolidated statements of condition at each respective period end, by level within the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

(in thousands) | Carrying Value | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | $ | 415 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 415 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
Other real estate owned | $ | 455 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 455 |

On July 12, 2023, the Bank completed the sale of its only other real estate owned property and realized a negligible gain after sales costs.
Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The table below is a summary of fair value estimates for financial instruments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, excluding financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis (summarized in the first table in this note). The carrying amounts in the following table are recorded in the consolidated statements of condition under the indicated captions. Further, we have not disclosed the fair value of financial instruments specifically excluded from disclosure requirements such as bank-owned life insurance policies ("BOLI"), lease obligations and non-maturity deposit liabilities. Additionally, we held shares of Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") of San Francisco stock at cost and Visa Inc. Class B common stock with no carrying value, as there was no impairment or changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The values are discussed in Note 4, Investment Securities.
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| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(in thousands) | Carrying Amounts | Fair Value | Fair Value Hierarchy |  | Carrying Amounts | Fair Value | Fair Value Hierarchy
Financial assets (recorded at amortized cost): |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 39,657 |  | $ | 39,657 |  | Level 1 |  | $ | 45,424 |  | $ | 45,424 |  | Level 1
Investment securities held-to-maturity | 946,808 |  | 826,067 |  | Level 2 |  | 972,207 |  | 845,239 |  | Level 2
Loans, net | 2,078,964 |  | 1,985,481 |  | Level 3 |  | 2,069,563 |  | 1,993,866 |  | Level 3
Interest receivable | 12,810 |  | 12,810 |  | Level 2 |  | 13,069 |  | 13,069 |  | Level 2
Financial liabilities (recorded at amortized cost): |  |  |  |  |  |
Time deposits | 203,463 |  | 204,679 |  | Level 2 |  | 119,030 |  | 118,333 |  | Level 2
Federal Home Loan Bank short-term borrowings | 292,200 |  | 292,200 |  | Level 2 |  | 112,000 |  | 112,000 |  | Level 2
Interest payable | 868 |  | 868 |  | Level 2 |  | 75 |  | 75 |  | Level 2

Fair value of loans is based on exit price techniques and obtained from an independent third-party that uses its proprietary valuation model and methodology and may differ from actual price from a prospective buyer. The discounted cash flow valuation approach reflects key inputs and assumptions that are unobservable, such as loan probability of default, loss given default, prepayment speed, and market discount rates.
Fair value of fixed-rate time deposits is estimated by discounting future contractual cash flows using discount rates that reflect the current observable market rates offered for time deposits of similar remaining maturities.
Due to the short-term nature of the FHLB borrowings, the carrying value approximates fair value.
The value of off-balance-sheet financial instruments is estimated based on the fee income associated with the commitments, which in the absence of credit exposure, is considered to approximate their settlement value. The fair value of commitment fees was not material as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
Note 4: Investment Securities
Our investment securities portfolio consists of U.S. Treasury securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions, U.S. federal government agencies such as Government National Mortgage Association ("GNMA") and Small Business Administration ("SBA"), U.S. government-sponsored enterprises ("GSEs"), such as Federal National Mortgage Association ("FNMA"), Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation ("FHLMC"), Federal Farm Credit Banks Funding Corporation and FHLB, U.S. Corporations and one asset-backed security collateralized by student loan pools. We also invest in residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”/"CMBS") and collateralized mortgage obligations (“CMOs”) issued or guaranteed by the GSEs, as reflected in the following table.
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A summary of the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses related to securities held-to-maturity as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is presented below.

Held-to-maturity: | Amortized Cost 1 | Allowance for Credit Losses | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Unrealized | Fair Value |
(in thousands) | Gains | (Losses) |
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | $ | 316,968 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 316,968 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (48,904) |  | $ | 268,064 |  |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 231,217 |  | — |  | 231,217 |  | 177 |  | (27,759) |  | 203,635 |  |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 106,894 |  | — |  | 106,894 |  | 113 |  | (6,436) |  | 100,571 |  |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 51,511 |  | — |  | 51,511 |  | 216 |  | (3,271) |  | 48,456 |  |
SBA-backed securities | 1,977 |  | — |  | 1,977 |  | — |  | (130) |  | 1,847 |  |
Debentures of government-sponsored agencies | 145,973 |  | — |  | 145,973 |  | — |  | (24,087) |  | 121,886 |  |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 62,268 |  | — |  | 62,268 |  | 6 |  | (9,029) |  | 53,245 |  |
Corporate bonds | 30,000 |  | — |  | 30,000 |  | — |  | (1,637) |  | 28,363 |  |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 946,808 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 946,808 |  | $ | 512 |  | $ | (121,253) |  | $ | 826,067 |  |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Securities of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | $ | 331,281 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 331,281 |  | $ | — |  | $ | (50,147) |  | $ | 281,134 |  |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 235,971 |  | — |  | 235,971 |  | 59 |  | (29,503) |  | 206,527 |  |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 111,904 |  | — |  | 111,904 |  | — |  | (5,419) |  | 106,485 |  |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 52,356 |  | — |  | 52,356 |  | 11 |  | (3,076) |  | 49,291 |  |
SBA-backed securities | 2,372 |  | — |  | 2,372 |  | — |  | (133) |  | 2,239 |  |
Debentures of government-sponsored agencies | 145,823 |  | — |  | 145,823 |  | — |  | (26,467) |  | 119,356 |  |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 62,500 |  | — |  | 62,500 |  | — |  | (10,741) |  | 51,759 |  |
Corporate bonds | 30,000 |  | — |  | 30,000 |  | — |  | (1,552) |  | 28,448 |  |
Total held-to-maturity | $ | 972,207 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 972,207 |  | $ | 70 |  | $ | (127,038) |  | $ | 845,239 |  |
1 Amortized cost and fair values exclude accrued interest receivable of $3.6 million and $3.7 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is included in interest receivable and other assets in the consolidated statements of condition. |

Management measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity securities collectively by major security type with each type sharing similar risk characteristics, and considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. With regard to MBSs and CMOs issued or guaranteed by the GSEs, and SBA-backed securities, we expect to receive all the contractual principal and interest on these securities as such securities are backed by the full faith and credit of and/or guaranteed by the U.S. government. Accordingly, no allowance for credit losses has been recorded for these securities. With regard to securities issued by states and political subdivisions and corporate bonds, management considers: (i) issuer and/or guarantor credit ratings, (ii) historical probability of default and loss given default rates for given bond ratings and remaining maturity, (iii) whether issuers continue to make timely principal and interest payments under the contractual terms of the securities, (iv) internal credit review of the financial information, and (v) whether or not such securities have credit enhancements such as guarantees, contain a defeasance clause, or are pre-refunded by the issuers. Based on our comprehensive analysis, no cr edit losses are expected.
The following table summarizes the amortized cost of our portfolio of held-to-maturity securities issued by states and political subdivisions and corporate bonds by Moody's and/or Standard & Poor's bond ratings as of June 30, 2023.

| Obligations of state and political subdivisions | Corporate bonds |  |  |  |
(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |
AAA / Aaa | $ | 42,783 |  | $ | 42,986 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  |
AA / Aa | 19,485 |  | 19,514 |  | — |  | — |  |  |  |  |
A2 / A | — |  | — |  | 30,000 |  | 30,000 |  |  |  |  |
Total | $ | 62,268 |  | $ | 62,500 |  | $ | 30,000 |  | $ | 30,000 |  |  |  |  |

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A summary of the amortized cost, fair value and allowance for credit losses related to securities available-for-sale as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is presented below.

Available-for-sale: | Amortized Cost 1 | Gross Unrealized | Allowance for Credit Losses | Fair Value
(in thousands) | Gains | (Losses)
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |
Securities of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | $ | 102,420 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (11,758) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 90,664 |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 333,374 |  | — |  | (32,162) |  | — |  | 301,212 |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 32,916 |  | — |  | (3,816) |  | — |  | 29,100 |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 32,193 |  | 31 |  | (3,377) |  | — |  | 28,847 |
SBA-backed securities | 39,824 |  | — |  | (3,175) |  | — |  | 36,649 |
Debentures of government- sponsored agencies | 149,129 |  | — |  | (13,261) |  | — |  | 135,868 |
U.S. Treasury securities | 11,914 |  | — |  | (1,580) |  | — |  | 10,334 |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 116,040 |  | 36 |  | (13,160) |  | — |  | 102,916 |
Corporate bonds | 36,991 |  | — |  | (2,948) |  | — |  | 34,043 |
Asset-backed securities | 1,365 |  | — |  | (56) |  | — |  | 1,309 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 856,166 |  | $ | 69 |  | $ | (85,293) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 770,942 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |
Securities of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises: |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | $ | 109,736 |  | $ | 3 |  | $ | (12,133) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 97,606 |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 347,437 |  | — |  | (33,682) |  | — |  | 313,755 |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 36,172 |  | — |  | (3,852) |  | — |  | 32,320 |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 35,120 |  | — |  | (3,296) |  | — |  | 31,824 |
SBA-backed securities | 47,724 |  | 2 |  | (3,371) |  | — |  | 44,355 |
Debentures of government- sponsored agencies | 149,114 |  | — |  | (14,008) |  | — |  | 135,106 |
U.S. Treasury securities | 11,904 |  | — |  | (1,635) |  |  | 10,269 |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 116,855 |  | 29 |  | (14,761) |  | — |  | 102,123 |
Corporate bonds | 36,990 |  | — |  | (3,714) |  | — |  | 33,276 |
Asset-backed securities | 1,553 |  | — |  | (91) |  | — |  | 1,462 |
Total available-for-sale | $ | 892,605 |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | (90,543) |  | $ | — |  | $ | 802,096 |
1 Amortized cost and fair value exclude accrued interest receivable of $3.1 million and $3.2 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is included in interest receivable and other assets in the consolidated statements of condition.

As part of our ongoing review of our investment securities portfolio, we reassessed the classification of certain securities issued by government sponsored agencies. In March 2022, we transferred $357.5 million of these securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity at fair value. We intend and have the ability to hold these securities to maturity. The net unrealized pre-tax loss of $14.8 million that remained and the related accumulated other comprehensive loss are accreted to interest income over the remaining lives of the securities. Because these entries offset each other, there was no impact to net income.
The amortized cost a nd fair value of investment debt securities by contractual maturity at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities if the issuers of the securities have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

| June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Held-to-Maturity |  | Available-for-Sale |  | Held-to-Maturity |  | Available-for-Sale
(in thousands) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value
Within one year | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 26,665 |  | $ | 25,344 |  |  | $ | 450 |  | $ | 446 |  |  | $ | 1,254 |  | $ | 1,239 |
After one but within five years | 89,625 |  | 85,060 |  |  | 354,735 |  | 324,368 |  |  | 87,418 |  | 83,663 |  |  | 335,813 |  | 307,843 |
After five years through ten years | 266,785 |  | 227,818 |  |  | 130,738 |  | 117,530 |  |  | 262,072 |  | 222,280 |  |  | 185,997 |  | 166,273 |
After ten years | 590,398 |  | 513,189 |  |  | 344,028 |  | 303,700 |  |  | 622,267 |  | 538,850 |  |  | 369,541 |  | 326,741 |
Total | $ | 946,808 |  | $ | 826,067 |  |  | $ | 856,166 |  | $ | 770,942 |  |  | $ | 972,207 |  | $ | 845,239 |  |  | $ | 892,605 |  | $ | 802,096 |

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There were no sales of investment securities in either the first half of 2023 or 2022. However, in July 2023, the Bank sold $82.7 million of available-for-sale securities for a net loss of $2.8 million. In addition, on July 13, 2023, the Bank sold its remaining investment in Visa Inc. Class B restricted common stock, which had a zero carrying value, for a $2.8 million gain.

| Three months ended |  |

The carrying values of pledged investment securities are shown in the following table:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Pledged to the State of California: |  |
Secure public deposits in compliance with the Local Agency Security Program | $ | 199,327 |  | $ | 235,587 |
Collateral for trust deposits | 672 |  | 677 |
Collateral for Wealth Management and Trust Services checking account | 565 |  | 569 |
Total investment securities pledged to the State of California | 200,564 |  | 236,833 |
Bankruptcy trustee deposits pledged with Federal Reserve Bank | 1,594 |  | 1,737 |
Pledged to FHLB Securities-Backed Credit Program | 391,668 |  | — |
Pledged to the Federal Reserve Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") | 274,215 |  | — |
Total pledged investment securities | $ | 868,041 |  | $ | 238,570 |

There were 396 and 407 securities in unrealized loss positions at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Those securities are summarized and classified according to the duration of the loss period in the tables below:

June 30, 2023 | < 12 continuous months |  | ≥ 12 continuous months |  | Total securities in a loss position
(in thousands) | Fair value | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value | Unrealized loss
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | $ | 4,178 |  | $ | (132) |  |  | $ | 263,886 |  | $ | (48,772) |  |  | $ | 268,064 |  | $ | (48,904) |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 31,915 |  | (1,171) |  |  | 162,369 |  | (26,588) |  |  | 194,284 |  | (27,759) |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 43,167 |  | (2,064) |  |  | 39,161 |  | (4,372) |  |  | 82,328 |  | (6,436) |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 27,024 |  | (1,895) |  |  | 9,902 |  | (1,376) |  |  | 36,926 |  | (3,271) |
SBA-backed securities | — |  | — |  |  | 1,847 |  | (130) |  |  | 1,847 |  | (130) |
Debentures of government-sponsored agencies | 29,245 |  | (749) |  |  | 92,642 |  | (23,338) |  |  | 121,887 |  | (24,087) |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | — |  | — |  |  | 50,154 |  | (9,029) |  |  | 50,154 |  | (9,029) |
Corporate bonds | — |  | — |  |  | 28,363 |  | (1,637) |  |  | 28,363 |  | (1,637) |
Total held-to-maturity | 135,529 |  | (6,011) |  |  | 648,324 |  | (115,242) |  |  | 783,853 |  | (121,253) |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | 4,422 |  | (177) |  |  | 85,498 |  | (11,581) |  |  | 89,920 |  | (11,758) |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 12 |  | — |  |  | 301,200 |  | (32,162) |  |  | 301,212 |  | (32,162) |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 37 |  | (1) |  |  | 29,063 |  | (3,815) |  |  | 29,100 |  | (3,816) |
CMOs issued by GNMA | — |  | — |  |  | 25,070 |  | (3,377) |  |  | 25,070 |  | (3,377) |
SBA-backed securities | 29 |  | — |  |  | 36,309 |  | (3,175) |  |  | 36,338 |  | (3,175) |
Debentures of government- sponsored agencies | — |  | — |  |  | 135,868 |  | (13,261) |  |  | 135,868 |  | (13,261) |
U.S. Treasury securities | — |  | — |  |  | 10,334 |  | (1,580) |  |  | 10,334 |  | (1,580) |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 4,799 |  | (54) |  |  | 90,869 |  | (13,106) |  |  | 95,668 |  | (13,160) |
Corporate bonds | — |  | — |  |  | 34,043 |  | (2,948) |  |  | 34,043 |  | (2,948) |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | — |  |  | 1,309 |  | (56) |  |  | 1,309 |  | (56) |
Total available-for-sale | 9,299 |  | (232) |  |  | 749,563 |  | (85,061) |  |  | 758,862 |  | (85,293) |
Total securities at loss position | $ | 144,828 |  | $ | (6,243) |  |  | $ | 1,397,887 |  | $ | (200,303) |  |  | $ | 1,542,715 |  | $ | (206,546) |

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December 31, 2022 | < 12 continuous months |  | ≥ 12 continuous months |  | Total securities in a loss position
(in thousands) | Fair value | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value | Unrealized loss |  | Fair value | Unrealized loss
Held-to-maturity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | $ | 62,627 |  | $ | (5,960) |  |  | $ | 218,507 |  | $ | (44,187) |  |  | $ | 281,134 |  | $ | (50,147) |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 78,144 |  | (5,874) |  |  | 113,796 |  | (23,629) |  |  | 191,940 |  | (29,503) |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 106,485 |  | (5,419) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 106,485 |  | (5,419) |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 27,570 |  | (1,676) |  |  | 10,331 |  | (1,400) |  |  | 37,901 |  | (3,076) |
SBA-backed securities | 2,239 |  | (133) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 2,239 |  | (133) |
Debentures of government- sponsored agencies | 38,645 |  | (2,530) |  |  | 80,711 |  | (23,937) |  |  | 119,356 |  | (26,467) |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 15,155 |  | (589) |  |  | 36,603 |  | (10,152) |  |  | 51,758 |  | (10,741) |
Corporate Bonds | 28,448 |  | (1,552) |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 28,448 |  | (1,552) |
Total held-to-maturity | 359,313 |  | (23,733) |  |  | 459,948 |  | (103,305) |  |  | 819,261 |  | (127,038) |
Available-for-sale: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
MBS pass-through securities issued by FHLMC, FNMA and GNMA | 44,630 |  | (4,501) |  |  | 52,235 |  | (7,632) |  |  | 96,865 |  | (12,133) |
CMOs issued by FHLMC | 169,760 |  | (15,144) |  |  | 143,995 |  | (18,538) |  |  | 313,755 |  | (33,682) |
CMOs issued by FNMA | 4,790 |  | (235) |  |  | 27,529 |  | (3,617) |  |  | 32,319 |  | (3,852) |
CMOs issued by GNMA | 8,214 |  | (374) |  |  | 23,612 |  | (2,922) |  |  | 31,826 |  | (3,296) |
SBA-backed securities | 37,845 |  | (3,228) |  |  | 6,133 |  | (143) |  |  | 43,978 |  | (3,371) |
Debentures of government- sponsored agencies | 19,054 |  | (946) |  |  | 116,052 |  | (13,062) |  |  | 135,106 |  | (14,008) |
U.S. Treasury securities | — |  | — |  |  | 10,269 |  | (1,635) |  |  | 10,269 |  | (1,635) |
Obligations of state and political subdivisions | 70,402 |  | (9,459) |  |  | 28,711 |  | (5,302) |  |  | 99,113 |  | (14,761) |
Corporate Bonds | — |  | — |  |  | 33,276 |  | (3,714) |  |  | 33,276 |  | (3,714) |
Asset-backed securities | — |  | — |  |  | 1,462 |  | (91) |  |  | 1,462 |  | (91) |
Total available-for-sale | 354,695 |  | (33,887) |  |  | 443,274 |  | (56,656) |  |  | 797,969 |  | (90,543) |
Total securities at loss position | $ | 714,008 |  | $ | (57,620) |  |  | $ | 903,222 |  | $ | (159,961) |  |  | $ | 1,617,230 |  | $ | (217,581) |

As of June 30, 2023, the investment portfolio included 373 investment securities that had been in a continuous loss position for twelve months or more and 23 investment securities that had been in a loss position for less than twelve months.
Securities issued by government-sponsored enterprises, such as FNMA and FHLMC, usually have implicit credit support by the U.S. federal government. However, since 2008, FNMA and FHLMC have been under government conservatorship and, therefore, contractual cash flows for these investments carry explicit guarantees by the U.S. federal government. Securities issued by the SBA and GNMA have explicit credit guarantees by the U.S. federal government, which protects us from credit losses on the contractual cash flows of the securities.
Our investment in obligations of state and political subdivisions bonds are deemed credit worthy after our comprehensive analysis of the issuers' latest financial information, credit ratings by major credit agencies, and/or credit enhancements.
No allowances for credit losses have been recognized on available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, as management does not believe any of the securities are impaired due to credit risk factors at either June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022.
On July 7, 2023, the Bank entered into various interest rate swap agreements with notional values totaling $101.8 million to hedge balance sheet interest rate sensitivity and protect selected securities in its available-for-sale portfolio against changes in fair value related to changes in the benchmark interest rate. For additional details, refer to Note 9, Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities.
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Non-Marketable Securities Included in Other Assets
FHLB Capital Stock
As a member of the FHLB, we are required to maintain a minimum investment in FHLB capital stock determined by the Board of Directors of the FHLB. The minimum investment requirements can increase in the event we increase our total asset size or borrowings with the FHLB. Shares cannot be purchased or sold except between the FHLB and its members at the $100 per share par value. We held $16.7 million of FHLB stock included in other assets on the consolidated statements of condition at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The carrying amounts of these investments are reasonable estimates of fair value because the securities are restricted to member banks and they do not have a readily determinable market value. Based on our analysis of FHLB's financial condition and certain qualitative factors, we determined that the FHLB stock was not impaired at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. On July 27, 2023, FHLB announced a cash dividend for the second quarter of 2023 at an annualized dividend rate of 7.75% to be distributed on August 10, 2023. Cash dividends paid on FHLB capital stock are recorded as non-interest income.
VISA Inc. Class B Common Stock
As a member bank of Visa U.S.A., we held 10,439 shares of Visa Inc. Class B common stock at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. These shares had a carrying value of zero and were restricted from resale to non-member banks of Visa U.S.A. until their conversion into Class A (voting) shares upon the termination of Visa Inc.'s Covered Litigation escrow account. Because of the restriction and the uncertainty on the conversion rate to Class A shares, these shares lacked a readily determinable fair value. On July 13, 2023, the Bank sold the entirety of its remaining investment in Visa Inc. Class B restricted common stock for a $2.8 million gain.
For further information on the Covered Litigation, refer to Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies.
Low Income Housing Tax Credits
We invest in low-income housing tax credit funds as a limited partner, which totaled $2.3 million and $2.5 million recorded in other assets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In the first six months of 2023, we recognized $300 thousand of low-income housing tax credits and other tax benefits, offset by $252 thousand of amortization expense of low-income housing tax credit investment, as a component of income tax expense. As of June 30, 2023, our unfunded commitments for these low-income housing tax credit funds totaled $346 thousand. We did not recognize any impairment losses on these low-income housing tax credit investments during the first six months of 2023 or 2022, as the value of the future tax benefits exceeds the carrying value of the investments.
Note 5: Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The following table presents the amortized cost of loans by class as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Commercial and industrial | $ | 183,157 |  | $ | 173,547 |
Real estate: |  |
Commercial owner-occupied | 344,951 |  | 354,877 |
Commercial non-owner occupied | 1,196,158 |  | 1,191,889 |
Construction | 108,986 |  | 114,373 |
Home equity | 85,587 |  | 88,748 |
Other residential | 118,646 |  | 112,123 |
Installment and other consumer loans | 65,311 |  | 56,989 |
Total loans, at amortized cost 1 | 2,102,796 |  | 2,092,546 |
Allowance for credit losses on loans | (23,832) |  | (22,983) |
Total loans, net of allowance for credit losses on loans | $ | 2,078,964 |  | $ | 2,069,563 |

1 Amortized cost includes net deferred loan origination costs of $2.4 million and $1.8 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Amounts are also net of unrecognized purchase discounts of $2.2 million and $2.6 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. Amortized cost excludes accrued interest, which totaled $6.0 million and $6.1 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and is included in interest receivable and other assets in the consolidated statements of condition.
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Lending Risks
Commercial and Industrial Loans - Commercial loans are generally made to established small and mid-sized businesses to provide financing for their growth and working capital needs, equipment purchases and acquisitions. Management examines historical, current, and projected cash flows to determine the ability of the borrower to repay obligations as agreed. Commercial loans are made based primarily on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral and guarantor support. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not occur as expected, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial and industrial loans are secured by the assets being financed, such as accounts receivable and inventory, and typically include personal guarantees. We target stable businesses with guarantors who provide additional sources of repayment and have proven to be resilient in periods of economic stress. A weakened economy, and resultant decreased consumer and/or business spending, may have an effect on the credit quality of commercial loans.
Commercial Real Estate Loans - Commercial real estate loans, which include income producing investment properties and owner-occupied real estate used for business purposes, are subject to underwriting standards and processes similar to commercial loans discussed above. We underwrite these loans to be repaid from cash flow from either the business or investment property and supported by real property collateral. Underwriting standards for commercial real estate loans include, but are not limited to, debt coverage and loan-to-value ratios. Furthermore, a large majority of our loans are guaranteed by the owners of the properties. Conditions in the real estate markets or downturn in the general economy may adversely affect our commercial real estate loans. In the event of a vacancy, we expect guarantors to carry the loans until they find a replacement tenant. The owner's substantial equity investment provides a strong economic incentive to continue to support the commercial real estate projects. As such, we have generally experienced a relatively low level of loss and delinquencies in this portfolio.
Construction Loans - Construction loans are generally made to developers and builders to finance construction, renovation and occasionally land acquisitions in anticipation of near-term development. Construction loans include interest reserves that are used for the payment of interest during the development and marketing periods and are capitalized as part of the loan balance. When a construction loan is placed on nonaccrual status before the depletion of the interest reserve, we apply the interest funded by the interest reserve against the loan's principal balance. These loans are underwritten after evaluation of the borrower's financial strength, reputation, prior track record, and independent appraisals. We monitor all construction projects to determine whether they are on schedule, completed as planned and in accordance with the approved construction budgets. Significant events can affect the construction industry, including: the inherent volatility of real estate markets and vulnerability to delays due to weather, change orders, inability to obtain construction permits, labor or material shortages, and price changes. Estimates of construction costs and value associated with the completed project may be inaccurate. Repayment of construction loans is largely dependent on the ultimate success of the project.
Consumer Loans - Consumer loans primarily consist of home equity lines of credit, other residential loans, floating homes, and indirect luxury auto loans, along with a small number of installment loans. Our other residential loans include tenancy-in-common fractional interest loans ("TIC") located almost entirely in San Francisco County. We originate consumer loans utilizing credit score information, debt-to-income ratio and loan-to-value ratio analysis. Diversification among consumer loan types, coupled with relatively small loan amounts that are spread across many individual borrowers, mitigates risk. We do not originate sub-prime residential mortgage loans, nor is it our practice to underwrite loans commonly referred to as "Alt-A mortgages," the characteristics of which are reduced documentation, borrowers with low FICO scores or collateral with high loan-to-value ratios.
Credit Quality Indicators
We use a risk rating system to evaluate asset quality, and to identify and monitor credit risk in individual loans, and in the loan portfolio. Our definitions of “Special Mention” risk graded loans, or worse, are consistent with those used by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC"). Our internally assigned grades are as follows:
Pass and Watch - Loans to borrowers of acceptable or better credit quality. Borrowers in this category demonstrate fundamentally sound financial positions, repayment capacity, credit history and management expertise. Loans in this category must have an identifiable and stable source of repayment and meet the Bank’s policy regarding debt-service-coverage ratios. These borrowers are capable of sustaining normal economic, market
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or operational setbacks without significant financial consequences. Negative external industry factors are generally not present. The loan may be secured, unsecured or supported by non-real estate collateral for which the value is more difficult to determine and/or marketability is more uncertain. This category also includes “Watch” loans, where the primary source of repayment has been delayed. “Watch” is intended to be a transitional grade, with either an upgrade or downgrade within a reasonable period.
Special Mention - Potential weaknesses that deserve close attention. If left uncorrected, those potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the payment prospects for the asset. Special Mention assets do not present sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification.
Substandard - Inadequately protected by either the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or the collateral pledged, if any. A Substandard asset has a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize(s) the liquidation of the debt. Substandard assets are characterized by the distinct possibility that we will sustain some loss if such weaknesses or deficiencies are not corrected. Well-defined weaknesses include adverse trends or developments of the borrower’s financial condition, managerial weaknesses and/or significant collateral deficiencies.
Doubtful - Critical weaknesses that make collection or liquidation in full improbable. There may be specific pending events that work to strengthen the asset; however, the amount or timing of the loss may not be determinable. Pending events generally occur within one year of the asset being classified as Doubtful. Examples include: merger, acquisition, or liquidation; capital injection; guarantee; perfecting liens on additional collateral; and refinancing. Such loans are placed on non-accrual status and usually are collateral-dependent.
We regularly review our credits for accuracy of risk grades whenever we receive new information and at each quarterly and year-end reporting period. Borrowers are generally required to submit financial information at regular intervals. Typically, commercial borrowers with lines of credit are required to submit financial information with reporting intervals ranging from monthly to annually depending on credit size, risk and complexity. In addition, investor commercial real estate borrowers with loans exceeding a certain dollar threshold are usually required to submit rent rolls or property income statements annually. We monitor construction loans monthly. We review home equity and other consumer loans based on delinquency. We also review loans graded “Watch” or worse, regardless of loan type, no less than quarterly.
The following tables present the loan portfolio by loan class, origination year and internal risk rating as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The current year vintage table reflects gross charge-offs by loan class and year of origination. Generally, existing term loans that were re-underwritten are reflected in the table in the year of renewal. Lines of credit that have a conversion feature at the time of origination, such as construction to perm loans, are presented by year of origination.

(in thousands) | Term Loans - Amortized Cost by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost |
June 30, 2023 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | Total
Commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 30,686 |  | $ | 11,481 |  | $ | 3,726 |  | $ | 5,173 |  | $ | 16,419 |  | $ | 25,287 |  | $ | 67,323 |  | $ | 160,095 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 2,718 |  | 664 |  | 8,656 |  | 12,038 |
Substandard | — |  | 274 |  | — |  | 1,030 |  | — |  | 3,641 |  | 6,079 |  | 11,024 |
Total commercial and industrial | $ | 30,686 |  | $ | 11,755 |  | $ | 3,726 |  | $ | 6,203 |  | $ | 19,137 |  | $ | 29,592 |  | $ | 82,058 |  | $ | 183,157 |
Gross current period charge-offs | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | (3) |
Commercial real estate, owner-occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 1,045 |  | $ | 55,268 |  | $ | 50,712 |  | $ | 39,447 |  | $ | 44,398 |  | $ | 125,506 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 316,376 |
Special Mention | — |  | — |  | 15,919 |  | — |  | 293 |  | 10,537 |  | — |  | 26,749 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,826 |  | — |  | 1,826 |
Total commercial real estate, owner-occupied | $ | 1,045 |  | $ | 55,268 |  | $ | 66,631 |  | $ | 39,447 |  | $ | 44,691 |  | $ | 137,869 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 344,951 |
Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 21,865 |  | $ | 175,197 |  | $ | 208,613 |  | $ | 153,439 |  | $ | 145,528 |  | $ | 419,415 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,124,057 |
Special Mention | — |  | 2,815 |  | 3,320 |  | 11,918 |  | 15,903 |  | 13,797 |  | — |  | 47,753 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 2,227 |  | — |  | — |  | 22,121 |  | — |  | 24,348 |
Total commercial real estate, non-owner occupied | $ | 21,865 |  | $ | 178,012 |  | $ | 214,160 |  | $ | 165,357 |  | $ | 161,431 |  | $ | 455,333 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,196,158 |

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(in thousands) | Term Loans - Amortized Cost by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost |
June 30, 2023 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | Prior | Total
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 10,537 |  | $ | 45,971 |  | $ | 24,061 |  | $ | 28,417 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 108,986 |
Total construction | $ | 10,537 |  | $ | 45,971 |  | $ | 24,061 |  | $ | 28,417 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 108,986 |
Home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 717 |  | $ | 84,007 |  | $ | 84,724 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 441 |  | 422 |  | 863 |
Total home equity | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,158 |  | $ | 84,429 |  | $ | 85,587 |
Other residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 12,521 |  | $ | 20,322 |  | $ | 13,818 |  | $ | 27,340 |  | $ | 21,605 |  | $ | 23,040 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 118,646 |
Total other residential | $ | 12,521 |  | $ | 20,322 |  | $ | 13,818 |  | $ | 27,340 |  | $ | 21,605 |  | $ | 23,040 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 118,646 |
Installment and other consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 14,426 |  | $ | 16,790 |  | $ | 11,884 |  | $ | 5,182 |  | $ | 5,741 |  | $ | 10,264 |  | $ | 1,024 |  | $ | 65,311 |
Total installment and other consumer | $ | 14,426 |  | $ | 16,790 |  | $ | 11,884 |  | $ | 5,182 |  | $ | 5,741 |  | $ | 10,264 |  | $ | 1,024 |  | $ | 65,311 |
Gross current period charge-offs | $ | (6) |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (20) |
Total loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 91,080 |  | $ | 325,029 |  | $ | 312,814 |  | $ | 258,998 |  | $ | 233,691 |  | $ | 604,229 |  | $ | 152,354 |  | $ | 1,978,195 |
Total Special Mention | $ | — |  | $ | 2,815 |  | $ | 19,239 |  | $ | 11,918 |  | $ | 18,914 |  | $ | 24,998 |  | $ | 8,656 |  | $ | 86,540 |
Total Substandard | $ | — |  | $ | 274 |  | $ | 2,227 |  | $ | 1,030 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 28,029 |  | $ | 6,501 |  | $ | 38,061 |
Totals | $ | 91,080 |  | $ | 328,118 |  | $ | 334,280 |  | $ | 271,946 |  | $ | 252,605 |  | $ | 657,256 |  | $ | 167,511 |  | $ | 2,102,796 |
Total gross current period charge-offs | $ | (6) |  | $ | (5) |  | $ | — |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | (4) |  | $ | (23) |

(in thousands) | Term Loans - Amortized Cost by Origination Year | Revolving Loans Amortized Cost |
December 31, 2022 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | Prior | Total
Commercial and industrial: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 15,349 |  | $ | 6,679 |  | $ | 7,603 |  | $ | 19,982 |  | $ | 5,362 |  | $ | 24,954 |  | $ | 84,655 |  | $ | 164,584 |
Special Mention | 275 |  | — |  | — |  | 2,272 |  | 3,836 |  | — |  | 402 |  | 6,785 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | 1,252 |  | — |  | — |  | 625 |  | 301 |  | 2,178 |
Total commercial and industrial | $ | 15,624 |  | $ | 6,679 |  | $ | 8,855 |  | $ | 22,254 |  | $ | 9,198 |  | $ | 25,579 |  | $ | 85,358 |  | $ | 173,547 |
Commercial real estate, owner-occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 54,188 |  | $ | 52,080 |  | $ | 40,369 |  | $ | 44,798 |  | $ | 29,856 |  | $ | 104,377 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 325,668 |
Special Mention | — |  | 16,199 |  | — |  | 304 |  | 5,255 |  | 4,493 |  | — |  | 26,251 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1,160 |  | — |  | 1,699 |  | — |  | 2,859 |
Doubtful | — |  | — |  | 99 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 99 |
Total commercial real estate, owner-occupied | $ | 54,188 |  | $ | 68,279 |  | $ | 40,468 |  | $ | 46,262 |  | $ | 35,111 |  | $ | 110,569 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 354,877 |
Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 177,822 |  | $ | 211,228 |  | $ | 155,278 |  | $ | 160,670 |  | $ | 129,166 |  | $ | 308,509 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | 1,142,730 |
Special Mention | — |  | 1,172 |  | 12,097 |  | 3,934 |  | 678 |  | 9,290 |  | — |  | 27,171 |
Substandard | — |  | 2,264 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 19,724 |  | — |  | 21,988 |
Total commercial real estate, non-owner occupied | $ | 177,822 |  | $ | 214,664 |  | $ | 167,375 |  | $ | 164,604 |  | $ | 129,844 |  | $ | 337,523 |  | $ | 57 |  | $ | 1,191,889 |
Construction: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 49,262 |  | $ | 19,393 |  | $ | 28,861 |  | $ | 7,745 |  | $ | 9,112 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 114,373 |
Total construction | $ | 49,262 |  | $ | 19,393 |  | $ | 28,861 |  | $ | 7,745 |  | $ | 9,112 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 114,373 |
Home equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 883 |  | $ | 86,971 |  | $ | 87,854 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 480 |  | 414 |  | 894 |
Total home equity | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,363 |  | $ | 87,385 |  | $ | 88,748 |
Other residential: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 21,154 |  | $ | 14,547 |  | $ | 29,018 |  | $ | 21,890 |  | $ | 11,064 |  | $ | 14,450 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 112,123 |
Total other residential | $ | 21,154 |  | $ | 14,547 |  | $ | 29,018 |  | $ | 21,890 |  | $ | 11,064 |  | $ | 14,450 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 112,123 |
Installment and other consumer: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 20,054 |  | $ | 13,022 |  | $ | 5,727 |  | $ | 6,492 |  | $ | 4,181 |  | $ | 6,478 |  | $ | 944 |  | $ | 56,898 |
Substandard | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 91 |  | — |  | 91 |
Total installment and other consumer | $ | 20,054 |  | $ | 13,022 |  | $ | 5,727 |  | $ | 6,492 |  | $ | 4,181 |  | $ | 6,569 |  | $ | 944 |  | $ | 56,989 |
Total loans: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Pass and Watch | $ | 337,829 |  | $ | 316,949 |  | $ | 266,856 |  | $ | 261,577 |  | $ | 188,741 |  | $ | 459,651 |  | $ | 172,627 |  | $ | 2,004,230 |
Total Special Mention | $ | 275 |  | $ | 17,371 |  | $ | 12,097 |  | $ | 6,510 |  | $ | 9,769 |  | $ | 13,783 |  | $ | 402 |  | $ | 60,207 |
Total Substandard | $ | — |  | $ | 2,264 |  | $ | 1,252 |  | $ | 1,160 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 22,619 |  | $ | 715 |  | $ | 28,010 |
Total Doubtful | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 99 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 99 |
Totals | $ | 338,104 |  | $ | 336,584 |  | $ | 280,304 |  | $ | 269,247 |  | $ | 198,510 |  | $ | 496,053 |  | $ | 173,744 |  | $ | 2,092,546 |

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The following table shows the amortized cost of loans by class, payment aging and non-accrual status as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Loan Aging Analysis by Class
(in thousands) | Commercial and industrial | Commercial real estate, owner-occupied | Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied | Construction | Home equity | Other residential | Installment and other consumer | Total
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
30-59 days past due | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 371 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 124 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 51 |  | $ | 546 |
60-89 days past due | 436 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 91 |  | — |  | 1 |  | 528 |
90 days or more past due | — |  | 164 |  | 906 |  | — |  | 218 |  | — |  | — |  | 1,288 |
Total past due | 436 |  | 164 |  | 1,277 |  | — |  | 433 |  | — |  | 52 |  | 2,362 |
Current | 182,721 |  | 344,787 |  | 1,194,881 |  | 108,986 |  | 85,154 |  | 118,646 |  | 65,259 |  | 2,100,434 |
Total loans 1 | $ | 183,157 |  | $ | 344,951 |  | $ | 1,196,158 |  | $ | 108,986 |  | $ | 85,587 |  | $ | 118,646 |  | $ | 65,311 |  | $ | 2,102,796 |
Non-accrual loans 2 | $ | — |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | 906 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 749 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,112 |
Non-accrual loans with no allowance | $ | — |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | 906 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 749 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,112 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
30-59 days past due | $ | 3 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 319 |  | $ | 93 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | 420 |
60-89 days past due | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 244 |  | — |  | — |  | 244 |
90 days or more past due | 264 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 414 |  | — |  | — |  | 678 |
Total past due | 267 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 977 |  | 93 |  | 5 |  | 1,342 |
Current | 173,280 |  | 354,877 |  | 1,191,889 |  | 114,373 |  | 87,771 |  | 112,030 |  | 56,984 |  | 2,091,204 |
Total loans 1 | $ | 173,547 |  | $ | 354,877 |  | $ | 1,191,889 |  | $ | 114,373 |  | $ | 88,748 |  | $ | 112,123 |  | $ | 56,989 |  | $ | 2,092,546 |
Non-accrual loans 2 | $ | — |  | $ | 1,563 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 778 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 91 |  | $ | 2,432 |
Non-accrual loans with no allowance | $ | — |  | $ | 1,563 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 778 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 91 |  | $ | 2,432 |

1 There were no non-performing loans past due more than ninety days and accruing interest as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
2 None of the non-accrual loans as of June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022 were earning interest on a cash basis. We recognized no interest income on non-accrual loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022. We reversed interest income of $14 thousand and less than $8 thousand for loans on non-accrual status during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and June 30, 2022, respectively.
Collateral Dependent Loans
The following table presents the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed collateral-dependent loans, which are all on non-accrual status, by class at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

| Amortized Cost by Collateral Type |
(in thousands) | Commercial Real Estate | Residential Real Estate |  | Other | Total 1 | Allowance for Credit Losses
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate, owner-occupied | $ | 457 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 457 |  | $ | — |
Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied | 906 |  | — |  |  | — |  | 906 |  | — |
Home equity | — |  | 749 |  |  | — |  | 749 |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,363 |  | $ | 749 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,112 |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial real estate, owner-occupied | $ | 1,563 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,563 |  | $ | — |
Home equity | — |  | 778 |  |  | — |  | 778 |  | — |
Installment and other consumer | — |  | — |  |  | 91 |  | 91 |  | — |
Total | $ | 1,563 |  | $ | 778 |  |  | $ | 91 |  | $ | 2,432 |  | $ | — |

1 There were no collateral-dependent residential real estate mortgage loans in process of foreclosure or in substance repossessed at June 30, 2023 or December 31, 2022. The weighted average loan-to-value of collateral dependent loans was approximately 40% at June 30, 2023 and 42% at December 31, 2022.
Loan Modifications
We adopted ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures on January 1, 2023, as described in Note 2, Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Standards. The amendments enhanced disclosures related to certain types of loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, including principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, and/or term extensions. There were no material modifications during the six months ended June 30, 2023 requiring disclosure.
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Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The following table presents the details of the allowance for credit losses on loans segregated by loan portfolio segments as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
(in thousands) | Commercial and industrial | Commercial real estate, owner-occupied | Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied | Construction | Home equity | Other residential | Installment and other consumer | Unallocated | Total
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Modeled expected credit losses | $ | 1,100 |  | $ | 1,329 |  | $ | 7,441 |  | $ | 195 |  | $ | 486 |  | $ | 558 |  | $ | 609 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 11,718 |
Qualitative adjustments | 711 |  | 1,260 |  | 5,760 |  | 1,747 |  | 75 |  | 40 |  | 331 |  | 2,169 |  | 12,093 |
Specific allocations | 20 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 21 |
Total | $ | 1,831 |  | $ | 2,589 |  | $ | 13,201 |  | $ | 1,942 |  | $ | 561 |  | $ | 599 |  | $ | 940 |  | $ | 2,169 |  | $ | 23,832 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Modeled expected credit losses | $ | 1,079 |  | $ | 1,497 |  | $ | 7,937 |  | $ | 453 |  | $ | 504 |  | $ | 571 |  | $ | 610 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 12,651 |
Qualitative adjustments | 706 |  | 990 |  | 4,739 |  | 1,484 |  | 54 |  | 24 |  | 258 |  | 2,068 |  | 10,323 |
Specific allocations | 9 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |
Total | $ | 1,794 |  | $ | 2,487 |  | $ | 12,676 |  | $ | 1,937 |  | $ | 558 |  | $ | 595 |  | $ | 868 |  | $ | 2,068 |  | $ | 22,983 |

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Rollforward
The following table discloses activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the periods presented.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Rollforward
(in thousands) | Commercial and industrial | Commercial real estate, owner-occupied | Commercial real estate, non-owner occupied | Construction | Home equity | Other residential | Installment and other consumer | Unallocated | Total
Three months ended June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,941 |  | $ | 2,640 |  | $ | 12,701 |  | $ | 2,019 |  | $ | 538 |  | $ | 577 |  | $ | 882 |  | $ | 2,032 |  | $ | 23,330 |
(Reversal) Provision | (111) |  | (51) |  | 500 |  | (86) |  | 23 |  | 22 |  | 66 |  | 137 |  | 500 |
(Charge-offs) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (9) |  | — |  | (9) |
Recoveries | 1 |  | — |  | — |  | 9 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 11 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,831 |  | $ | 2,589 |  | $ | 13,201 |  | $ | 1,942 |  | $ | 561 |  | $ | 599 |  | $ | 940 |  | $ | 2,169 |  | $ | 23,832 |
Three months ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,784 |  | $ | 2,622 |  | $ | 12,301 |  | $ | 1,717 |  | $ | 549 |  | $ | 628 |  | $ | 641 |  | $ | 2,305 |  | $ | 22,547 |
(Reversal) Provision | (89) |  | (5) |  | 138 |  | 12 |  | (19) |  | (43) |  | 112 |  | (106) |  | — |
(Charge-offs) | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (20) |  | — |  | (20) |
Recoveries | 4 |  | — |  | — |  | 8 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 12 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,699 |  | $ | 2,617 |  | $ | 12,439 |  | $ | 1,737 |  | $ | 530 |  | $ | 585 |  | $ | 733 |  | $ | 2,199 |  | $ | 22,539 |

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans Rollforward
(in thousands) | Commercial and industrial | Commercial real estate, owner-occupied | Commercial real estate, investor | Construction | Home equity | Other residential | Installment and other consumer | Unallocated | Total
Six months ended June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,794 |  | $ | 2,487 |  | $ | 12,676 |  | $ | 1,937 |  | $ | 558 |  | $ | 595 |  | $ | 868 |  | $ | 2,068 |  | $ | 22,983 |
Provision (reversal) | 36 |  | 102 |  | 525 |  | (12) |  | 3 |  | 4 |  | 91 |  | 101 |  | 850 |
Charge-offs | (3) |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (20) |  | — |  | (23) |
Recoveries | 4 |  | — |  | — |  | 17 |  | — |  | — |  | 1 |  | — |  | 22 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,831 |  | $ | 2,589 |  | $ | 13,201 |  | $ | 1,942 |  | $ | 561 |  | $ | 599 |  | $ | 940 |  | $ | 2,169 |  | $ | 23,832 |
Six months ended June 30, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance | $ | 1,709 |  | $ | 2,776 |  | $ | 12,739 |  | $ | 1,653 |  | $ | 595 |  | $ | 644 |  | $ | 621 |  | $ | 2,286 |  | $ | 23,023 |
(Reversal) Provision | (17) |  | (159) |  | (300) |  | 68 |  | (65) |  | (59) |  | 134 |  | (87) |  | (485) |
Charge-offs | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | (22) |  | — |  | (22) |
Recoveries | 7 |  | — |  | — |  | 16 |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | 23 |
Ending balance | $ | 1,699 |  | $ | 2,617 |  | $ | 12,439 |  | $ | 1,737 |  | $ | 530 |  | $ | 585 |  | $ | 733 |  | $ | 2,199 |  | $ | 22,539 |

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Pledged Loans
Our FHLB line of credit is secured under terms of a blanket collateral agreement by a pledge of certain qualifying loans with unpaid principal balances of $1.293 billion and $1.298 billion at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In addition, we pledge eligible TIC loans, which totaled $109.0 million and $105.0 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, to secure our borrowing capacity with the Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB"). For additional information, see Note 6, Borrowings.
Related Party Loans
The Bank has, and expects to have in the future, banking transactions in the ordinary course of its business with directors, officers, principal shareholders and their businesses or associates. These transactions, including loans, are granted on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral on loans, as those prevailing at the same time for comparable transactions with persons not related to us. Likewise, these transactions do not involve more than the normal risk of collectability or present other unfavorable features. Related party loans totaled $6.3 million at June 30, 2023 and $6.4 million at December 31, 2022. In addition, undisbursed commitments to related parties totaled $562 thousand at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Note 6: Short-Term Borrowings and Other Obligations
Federal Home Loan Bank – As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank had total lines of credit with the FHLB totaling $1.034 billion and $711.6 million, respectively, based on eligible collateral of certain loans and investment securities.
Federal Funds Lines of Credit – The Bank had unsecured lines of credit with correspondent banks for overnight borrowings totaling $135.0 million and $150.0 million at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. In general, interest rates on these lines approximate the federal funds target rate.
Federal Reserve Bank – The Bank has a line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ("FRBSF") secured by certain residential loans. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Bank had total borrowing capacity under this line of $58.0 million and $58.7 million, respectively. In addition, under the Federal Reserve’s new BTFP facility, the Bank could borrow up to an additional $279.0 million based on the par value of pledged investment securities as of June 30, 2023.
Other Obligations – Finance lease liabilities totaling $372 thousand and $439 thousand at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are included in short-term borrowings and other obligations in the consolidated statements of condition. See Note 8, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.
Outstanding balances and weighted average interest rates on short-term borrowings and other obligations as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are summarized in the following table.

| June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Outstanding Balance | Weighted Average Rate | Outstanding Balance | Weighted Average Rate
FHLB - short-term borrowings | $ | 292,200 |  | 5.28 | % | $ | 112,000 |  | 4.65 | %
Federal funds lines of credit | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
FRBSF - federal funds purchased | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
FRBSF - short-term borrowings under the BTFP | — |  | — | % | — |  | — | %
Other obligations (finance leases) | 372 |  | 1.97 | % | 439 |  | 1.86 | %
Total short-term borrowings and other obligations | $ | 292,572 |  | 5.28 | % | $ | 112,439 |  | 4.64 | %

Note 7: Stockholders' Equity
Dividends
On April 21, 2023, Bancorp declared a $0.25 per share cash dividend, paid May 12, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on May 5, 2023. Subsequent to quarter end on July 21, 2023, Bancorp declared a $0.25
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per share cash dividend, payable on August 11, 2023 to shareholders of record at the close of business on August 4, 2023.
Share-Based Payments
The fair value of stock options as of the grant date is recorded as stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in common stock. Stock-based compensation also includes compensation expense related to the issuance of restricted stock awards. The grant-date fair value of the restricted stock awards, which equals the grant date price, is recorded as compensation expense over the requisite service period with a corresponding increase in common stock as the shares vest. Beginning in 2018, stock option and restricted stock awards issued include a retirement eligibility clause whereby the requisite service period is satisfied at the retirement eligibility date. For those awards, we accelerate the recording of stock-based compensation when the award holder is eligible to retire. However, retirement eligibility does not affect the vesting of restricted stock or the exercisability of the stock options, which are based on the scheduled vesting period.
Performance-based stock awards (restricted stock) are issued to a selected group of employees. Stock award vesting is contingent upon the achievement of pre-established long-term performance goals set by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Performance is measured over a three-year period and cliff vested. These performance-based stock awards were granted at a maximum opportunity level, and based on the achievement of the pre-established goals, the actual payouts can range from 0% to 200% of the target award. For performance-based stock awards, an estimate is made of the number of shares expected to vest based on the probability that the performance criteria will be achieved to determine the amount of compensation expense to be recognized. The estimate is re-evaluated quarterly and total compensation expense is adjusted for any change in the current period.
We record excess tax benefits (deficiencies) resulting from the exercise of non-qualified stock options, the disqualifying disposition of incentive stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards as income tax benefits (expense) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income with a corresponding decrease (increase) to current taxes payable.
The holders of unvested restricted stock awards are entitled to dividends on the same per-share ratio as holders of common stock. Tax benefits for dividends paid on unvested restricted stock awards are recorded as tax benefits in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income with a corresponding decrease to current taxes payable. Dividends on forfeited awards are included in stock-based compensation expense.
Stock options and restricted stock may be net settled in a cashless exercise by a reduction in the number of shares otherwise deliverable upon exercise or vesting in satisfaction of the exercise payment and/or applicable tax withholding requirements. During the six months ended June 30, 2023, we withheld 3,132 shares totaling $86 thousand at a weighted-average price of $27.57 for cashless exercises. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we withheld 10,208 shares totaling $351 thousand at a weighted-average price of $34.38 for cashless exercises. Shares withheld under net settlement arrangements are available for future grants.
Share Repurchase Program
Bancorp had an approved share repurchase program with $34.7 million outstanding at June 30, 2023. There have been no repurchases in 2023. Cumulative shares repurchased under this program totaled 618,991 shares as of June 30, 2023 at an average price of $36.04 per share. Subsequent to quarter end on July 21, 2023, Bancorp adopted a new share repurchase program, which replaced the existing program that expired on July 31, 2023, for up to $25.0 million and expiring on July 31, 2025.
Note 8: Commitments and Contingent Liabilities
Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk
We make commitments to extend credit in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit in the form of loans or through standby letters of credit. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other
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termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Because various commitments will expire without being fully drawn, the total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements.
Our credit loss exposure is equal to the contractual amount of the commitment in the event of nonperformance by the borrower. We use the same credit underwriting criteria for all credit exposure. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by us, is based on management's credit evaluation of the borrower. Collateral types pledged may include accounts receivable, inventory, other personal property and real property.
The contractual amount of unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit not reflected in the consolidated statements of condition are as follows:

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Commercial lines of credit | $ | 236,895 |  | $ | 292,204 |
Revolving home equity lines | 219,144 |  | 218,907 |
Undisbursed construction loans | 22,683 |  | 43,179 |
Personal and other lines of credit | 9,701 |  | 10,842 |
Standby letters of credit | 1,157 |  | 1,738 |
Total unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit | $ | 489,580 |  | $ | 566,870 |

We record an allowance for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments at the balance sheet date based on estimates of the probability that these commitments will be drawn upon according to historical utilization experience of the different types of commitments and expected loss rates determined for pooled funded loans. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments totaled $1.1 million and $1.5 million as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is included in interest payable and other liabilities in the consolidated statements of condition. The $168 thousand reversal of the provision for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments in the second quarter of 2023 was due primarily to a $39.9 million decrease in total unfunded commitments. This compares to no provision for the same quarter in 2022. The $342 thousand reversal of the provision for credit losses on unfunded loan commitments in the first half of 2023 was due primarily to a $77.3 million decrease in total unfunded commitments, compared to a $318 thousand provision reversal in the first half of 2022, due to improved economic forecasts at the time.
Leases
We lease premises under long-term non-cancelable operating leases with remaining terms of 10 months to 18 years, 11 months, most of which include escalation clauses and one or more options to extend the lease term, and some of which contain lease termination clauses. Lease terms may include certain renewal options that were considered reasonably certain to be exercised.
We lease certain equipment under finance leases with initial terms of 3 years to 5 years. The equipment finance leases do not contain renewal options, bargain purchase options or residual value guarantees.
The following table shows the balances of operating and finance lease right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Operating leases: |  |
Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 22,739 |  | $ | 24,821 |
Operating lease liabilities | $ | 25,220 |  | $ | 26,639 |
Finance leases: |  |
Finance lease right-of-use assets | $ | 608 |  | $ | 616 |
Accumulated amortization | (245) |  | (187) |
Finance lease right-of-use assets, net 1 | $ | 363 |  | $ | 429 |
Finance lease liabilities 2 | $ | 372 |  | $ | 439 |
1 Included in premises and equipment in the consolidated statements of condition. |
2 Included in borrowings and other obligations in the consolidated statements of condition. |

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The following table shows supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities for the periods presented.

| Six months ended
(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities, net of tenant improvement allowances received | $ | 572 |  | $ | 1,124 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities | $ | 7 |  | $ | — |

The following table shows components of operating and finance lease cost.

| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Operating lease cost | $ | 1,322 |  | $ | 1,295 |  |  | $ | 2,932 |  | $ | 2,579 |
Variable lease cost | — |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
Total operating lease cost 1 | $ | 1,322 |  | $ | 1,295 |  |  | $ | 2,932 |  | $ | 2,579 |
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets 2 | $ | 37 |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 74 |  | $ | 62 |
Interest on finance lease liabilities 3 | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  | 1 |
Total finance lease cost | $ | 39 |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 78 |  | $ | 63 |
Total lease cost | $ | 1,361 |  | $ | 1,326 |  |  | $ | 3,010 |  | $ | 2,642 |
1 Included in occupancy and equipment expense in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
2 Included in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.
3 Included in interest on borrowings and other obligations in the consolidated statements of comprehensive income.

The following table shows the future minimum lease payments, weighted average remaining lease terms, and weighted average discount rates under operating and finance lease arrangements as of June 30, 2023. The discount rates used to calculate the present value of lease liabilities were based on the collateralized FHLB borrowing rates that were commensurate with lease terms and minimum payments on the lease commencement date.

(in thousands) | June 30, 2023
Year | Operating Leases | Finance Leases
2023 | $ | 2,587 |  | $ | 78 |
2024 | 4,753 |  | 155 |
2025 | 4,112 |  | 108 |
2026 | 3,373 |  | 37 |
2027 | 3,097 |  | 5 |
Thereafter | 10,017 |  | — |
Total minimum lease payments | 27,939 |  | 383 |
Amounts representing interest (present value discount) | (2,719) |  | (11) |
Present value of net minimum lease payments (lease liability) | $ | 25,220 |  | $ | 372 |
Weighted average remaining term (in years) | 7.5 | 2.6
Weighted average discount rate | 2.36 | % | 1.97 | %

Litigation Matters
Bancorp may be party to legal actions that arise from time to time in the normal course of business. Bancorp's management is not aware of any pending legal proceedings to which either it or the Bank may be a party or has recently been a party that will have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of Bancorp or the Bank.
The Bank is responsible for a proportionate share of certain litigation indemnifications provided to Visa U.S.A. ("Visa") by its member banks in connection with Visa's lawsuits related to anti-trust charges and interchange fees ("Covered Litigation"). We sold our remaining shares on July 13, 2023, however our proportionate share of the litigation indemnification liability does not change or transfer upon the sale of our Class B Visa shares to member banks or, per the terms of the sale, to the recent purchaser of our shares. Visa established an escrow account for the Covered Litigation that it periodically funds, which is expected to cover the settlement payment obligations.
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Litigation is ongoing and until the court approval process is complete, there is no assurance that Visa will resolve the claims as contemplated by the amended class settlement agreement, and additional lawsuits may arise from individual merchants who opted out of the class settlement. However, until the escrow account is fully depleted and the conversion rate of Class B to Class A common stock is reduced to zero, no future cash settlement payments are required by the member banks, such as us, on the Covered Litigation. Therefore, we are not required to record any contingent liabilities for the indemnification related to the Covered Litigation, as we consider the probability of losses to be remote.
Note 9: Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
We entered into interest rate swap agreements, primarily as an asset/liability management strategy, in order to mitigate the changes in the fair value of specified long-term fixed-rate loans (or firm commitments to enter into long-term fixed-rate loans) caused by changes in interest rates. These hedges allow us to offer long-term fixed-rate loans to customers without assuming the interest rate risk of a long-term asset. Converting our fixed-rate interest payments to floating-rate interest payments, generally benchmarked to the one-month U.S. dollar LIBOR index (which transitioned to the SOFR effective July 1, 2023 due to the cessation of the LIBOR index on June 30, 2023) protects us against changes in the fair value of our loans associated with fluctuating interest rates.
Our credit exposure, if any, on interest rate swap asset positions is limited to the fair value (net of any collateral pledged to us) and interest payments of all swaps by each counterparty. Conversely, when an interest rate swap is in a liability position exceeding a certain threshold, we may be required to post collateral to the counterparty in an amount determined by the agreements. Collateral levels are monitored and adjusted on a regular basis for changes in interest rate swap values.
As of June 30, 2023, we had four interest rate swap agreements, which are scheduled to mature at various dates ranging from June 2031 to October 2037. All of our derivatives are accounted for as fair value hedges. The notional amounts of the interest rate contracts are equal to the notional amounts of the hedged loans. Our interest rate swap payments are settled monthly with counterparties. Accrued interest receivable on the swaps totaled $7 thousand at June 30, 2023 and $5 thousand at December 31, 2022. Information on our derivatives follows:

| Asset Derivatives |  | Liability Derivatives
(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Fair value hedges: |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate contracts notional amount | $ | 11,535 |  | $ | 12,046 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |
Interest rate contracts fair value 1 | $ | 631 |  | $ | 602 |  |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |

1 See Note 3, Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities, for valuation methodology.
The following table presents the carrying amount and associated cumulative basis adjustment related to the application of fair value hedge accounting that is included in the carrying amount of hedged assets as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

| Carrying Amounts of Hedged Assets |  | Cumulative Amount of Fair Value Hedging Adjustment Included in the Carrying Amount of the Hedged Loans
(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022 |  | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Loans | $ | 10,786 |  | $ | 11,319 |  |  | $ | (749) |  | $ | (726) |

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The following table presents the net gains (losses) recognized in interest income on loans on the consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) related to our derivatives designated as fair value hedges.

| Three months ended | Six months ended
(in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022 | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Interest and fees on loans 1 | $ | 24,579 |  | $ | 23,334 |  | $ | 48,837 |  | $ | 47,011 |
Increase (decrease) in fair value of designated interest rate swaps due to LIBOR interest rate movements | $ | 250 |  | $ | 430 |  | $ | 29 |  | $ | 1,187 |
Receivable (payment) on interest rate swaps | 66 |  | (65) |  | 118 |  | (150) |
(Decrease) increase in fair value hedging adjustment of hedged loans | (243) |  | (428) |  | (23) |  | (1,180) |
Decrease in value of yield maintenance agreement | (2) |  | (2) |  | (4) |  | (5) |
Net gain (loss) on fair value hedging relationships recognized in interest income | $ | 71 |  | $ | (65) |  | $ | 120 |  | $ | (148) |

1 Represents the income line item in the statement of comprehensive income in which the effects of fair value hedges are recorded.
Our derivative transactions with counterparties are under International Swaps and Derivative Association (“ISDA”) master agreements that include “right of set-off” provisions. “Right of set-off” provisions are legally enforceable rights to offset recognized amounts and there may be an intention to settle such amounts on a net basis. We do not offset such financial instruments for financial reporting purposes. Information on financial instruments that are eligible for offset in the consolidated statements of condition follows:

Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets
|  | Gross Amounts | Net Amounts of | Gross Amounts Not Offset in |
| Gross Amounts | Offset in the | Assets Presented | the Statements of Condition |
| of Recognized | Statements of | in the Statements | Financial | Cash Collateral |
(in thousands) | Assets 1 | Condition | of Condition 1 | Instruments | Received | Net Amount
June 30, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |
Counterparty | $ | 631 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 631 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 631 |
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Counterparty | $ | 602 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 602 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 602 |

Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities

1 Amounts exclude accrued interest on swaps.
For more information on how we account for our interest rate swaps, refer to Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in our 2022 Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023.
On July 7, 2023, the Bank entered into various interest rate swap agreements with notional values totaling approximately $101.8 million and split evenly between terms of 2.5 and 3.0 years to hedge balance sheet interest rate sensitivity and protect selected securities in its available-for-sale portfolio against changes in fair value related to changes in the benchmark interest rate. The interest rate swaps are expected to be immediately accretive to earnings.
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ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Management's discussion of the financial condition and results of operations, which is unaudited, should be read in conjunction with the related unaudited consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q and with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Average balances, including balances used in calculating certain financial ratios, are generally comprised of average daily balances.
Forward-Looking Statements
This discussion of financial results includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (the "1933 Act") and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "1934 Act"). Those sections of the 1933 Act and 1934 Act provide a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements to encourage companies to provide prospective information about their financial performance so long as they provide meaningful, cautionary statements identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ significantly from projected results.
Our forward-looking statements include descriptions of plans or objectives of management for future operations, products or services, and forecasts of revenues, earnings or other measures of economic performance. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They often include the words "believe," "expect," "intend," "estimate" or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs preceded by "will," "would," "should," "could" or "may."
Forward-looking statements are based on management's current expectations regarding economic, legislative, and regulatory issues that may impact Bancorp's earnings in future periods. Factors that could cause future results to vary materially from current management expectations include, but are not limited to, general economic conditions and the economic uncertainty in the United States and abroad, including economic or other disruptions to financial markets caused by acts of terrorism, war or other conflicts such as Russia's military action in Ukraine, impacts from inflation, supply change disruptions, changes in interest rates (including the actions taken by the Federal Reserve to control inflation), California's unemployment rate, deposit flows, real estate values, and expected future cash flows on loans and securities; the impact of adverse developments at other banks, including bank failures, that impact general sentiment regarding the stability and liquidity of banks; costs or effects of acquisitions; competition; changes in accounting principles, policies or guidelines; changes in legislation or regulation; natural disasters (such as wildfires and earthquakes in our area); adverse weather conditions; interruptions of utility service in our markets for sustained periods; and other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technological factors (including external fraud and cybersecurity threats) affecting our operations, pricing, products and services; and successful integration of acquisitions.
Important factors that could cause results or performance to materially differ from those expressed in our prior forward-looking statements are detailed in ITEM 1A, Risk Factors section of our 2022 Form 10-K as filed with the SEC, and ITEM 1A Risk Factors herein, copies of which are available from us at no charge. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made. We do not undertake to update forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events that occur after the date the forward-looking statements are made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Critical accounting estimates are those estimates made in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles that involve a significant level of estimation and uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We consider accounting estimates to be critical to our financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain, (ii) management could have applied different assumptions during the reported period, and (iii) changes in the accounting estimate are reasonably likely to occur in the future and could have a material impact on our financial statements. Our critical estimates include: Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Unfunded Commitments, Income Taxes, Fair Value Measurements, and Business Combinations. For a detailed discussion, refer to the Critical Accounting Estimates section of our 2022 Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 16, 2023.
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Executive Summary
We generated earnings of $4.6 million for the second quarter of 2023, compared to $9.4 million for the first quarter of 2023. Diluted earnings per share were $0.28 for the second quarter of 2023, compared to $0.59 for the preceding quarter. Earnings for the first six months of 2023 totaled $14.0 million, compared to $21.5 million in the same period last year. Diluted earnings per share were $0.87 and $1.35 for the first six months of 2023 and 2022, respectively. 2023 earnings presented were impacted by the increased cost of interest bearing deposits catching up to market interest rates and higher average balances on borrowings.
The following are highlights of our operating and financial performance for the periods presented. Additional performance details can be found in the pages that follow.
•Deposits totaled $3.325 billion as of June 30, 2023, a decrease of $248.1 million from $3.573 billion at December 31, 2022. We are closing the gap on the deposit outflows experienced in the first quarter of 2023. Our deposit franchise exhibited good growth in new and existing relationships in the second quarter of 2023 as a result of our extensive customer outreach, with the addition of over 1,400 new accounts in the quarter and over 2,400 new accounts year-to-date at average rates well below our cost of borrowing. In fact, total deposits increased by $69 million post quarter-end through July 31, 2023, following a $75 million increase in second quarter as previously reported in our earnings release, and were less than $80 million below levels immediately preceding the first quarter bank failures that resulted in industry disruption.
•Non-interest bearing deposits made up 47.8% of total deposits at June 30, 2023, compared to 51.5% at December 31, 2022. We have successfully maintained high non-interest bearing deposit balances consistent with pre-pandemic levels, despite market and industry turbulence. Customer participation in the reciprocal deposit network program grew to $421.0 million, bringing estimated FDIC insured and/or collateralized deposits up to 71% of total deposits as of June 30, 2023. Our largest depositor represented 1.3% of total deposits as of June 30, 2023.
•Contingent liquidity provided 209% coverage of estimated uninsured and/or uncollateralized deposits at June 30, 2023. The Bank has long followed sound liquidity management practices similar to large banks with robust liquidity requirements and regular liquidity stress testing that have been enhanced subsequent to events of the first quarter.
•The credit quality of our loan portfolio remains strong with classified loans at only 1.81% of total loans and manageable delinquencies with no meaningful credit surprises during the first half of the year. Non-accrual loans were 0.10% of total loans as of June 30, 2023, compared to 0.12% at December 31, 2022. We recorded a $500 thousand provision for credit losses on loans in the second quarter, compared to a provision of $350 thousand in the previous quarter. For six months ended June 30, 2023, we recorded a provision for credit losses on loans of $850 thousand, compared to a reversal of $485 thousand for the same period in 2022.
•Loan balances of $2.103 billion increased $10.3 million during the six months ended June 30, 2023. Loan originations were $67.7 million and payoffs were $46.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023.
•The second quarter tax-equivalent net interest margin decreased 59 basis points to 2.45% from 3.04% for the previous quarter due primarily to increased deposit costs and average borrowing balances, partially offset by higher loan yields. The tax-equivalent net interest margin for the first six months of 2023 of 2.74% decreased 27 basis points from 3.01% for the same period in 2022 for the same reasons mentioned above.
•Return on average assets ("ROA") was 0.44% for the second quarter of 2023, compared to 0.92% for the first quarter of 2023. Return on average equity ("ROE") was 4.25% for the second quarter of 2023, compared to 9.12% for the prior quarter. ROA was 0.68% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to 1.00% in the same period of the prior year. ROE was 6.65% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to 10.16% in the same period of the prior year. The efficiency ratio for the second quarter of 2023 was 76.91%, compared to 60.24% for the prior quarter. The efficiency ratio was 67.74% for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to 57.40% in the same period of the prior year. The sequential declines in ROA and ROE and increase in the efficiency ratio in the first six months of 2023 were due primarily to a $13.8 million increase in interest expense.
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•All capital ratios were above well-capitalized regulatory requirements. The total risk-based capital ratios at June 30, 2023 for Bancorp and the Bank were 16.4% and 16.0%, respectively. Bancorp's tangible common equity to tangible assets ("TCE ratio") was 8.6% at June 30, 2023, compared to 8.2% as of December 31, 2022. As of June 30, 2023, Bancorp's TCE ratio, net of after tax unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities, was 6.7%, compared to 6.2% at December 31, 2022 (ref er to page 45 for a dis cussion and reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure).
•On July 12, 2023, the Bank completed the sale of its only other real estate owned property, which was obtained in the 2021 merger with American River Bankshares. After previously recorded write-downs totaling $385 thousand, including $40 thousand in the second quarter of 2023, the Bank realized a negligible gain after sales costs.
•On July 7, 2023, the Bank entered into various interest rate swap agreements with notional values totaling $101.8 million to hedge balance sheet interest rate sensitivity and protect selected securities in its available-for-sale portfolio against changes in fair value related to changes in the benchmark interest rate. The interest rate swaps are expected to be immediately accretive to earnings.
•In July 2023, the Bank sold $82.7 million of available-for-sale securities for a net loss of $2.8 million. We held the sales proceeds in cash as part of our liquidity strategy. The loss was offset by a $2.8 million gain from the July 13, 2023 sale of our remaining investment in Visa Inc. Class B restricted common stock, which had a zero carrying value.
•The Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.25 per share on July 21, 2023, which represents the 73 rd consecutive quarterly dividend paid by Bancorp. The dividend is payable on August 11, 2023, to shareholders of record at the close of business on August 4, 2023.
•On July 21, 2023, the Board of Directors approved the adoption of Bancorp's new share repurchase program for up to $25.0 million and expiring on July 31, 2025, replacing the program that expired on July 31, 2023.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Highlights of the financial results are presented in the following tables:

| Three months ended | Six months ended
(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | June 30, 2023 | March 31, 2023 |  |  | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Selected operating data: |  |  |  |  |  |
Net interest income | $ | 24,130 |  | $ | 29,899 |  |  |  | $ | 54,029 |  | $ | 61,095 |
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans | 500 |  | 350 |  |  |  | 850 |  | (485) |
Reversal of credit losses on unfunded loan commitments | (168) |  | (174) |  |  |  | (342) |  | (318) |
Non-interest income | 2,739 |  | 2,935 |  |  |  | 5,674 |  | 5,595 |
Non-interest expense | 20,665 |  | 19,780 |  |  |  | 40,445 |  | 38,281 |
Net income | 4,551 |  | 9,440 |  |  |  | 13,991 |  | 21,531 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  |  | $ | 0.88 |  | $ | 1.35 |
Diluted | $ | 0.28 |  | $ | 0.59 |  |  |  | $ | 0.87 |  | $ | 1.35 |
Performance and other financial ratios: |  |  |  |  |  |
Return on average assets | 0.44 | % | 0.92 | % |  |  | 0.68 | % | 1.00 | %
Return on average equity | 4.25 | % | 9.12 | % |  |  | 6.65 | % | 10.16 | %
Tax-equivalent net interest margin | 2.45 | % | 3.04 | % |  |  | 2.74 | % | 3.01 | %
Cost of deposits | 0.69 | % | 0.20 | % |  |  | 0.44 | % | 0.06 | %
Efficiency ratio | 76.91 | % | 60.24 | % |  |  | 67.74 | % | 57.40 | %
Net (recoveries) charge-offs | $ | (2) |  | $ | 3 |  |  |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | (1) |
Cash dividend payout ratio on common stock 1 | 89.29 | % | 42.37 | % |  |  | 56.82 | % | 35.56 | %

(dollars in thousands, except per share data) | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Selected financial condition data: |  |
Total assets | $ | 4,092,133 |  | $ | 4,147,464 |
Investment securities | 1,717,750 |  | 1,774,303 |
Loans, net | 2,078,964 |  | 2,069,563 |
Deposits | 3,325,212 |  | 3,573,348 |
Short-term borrowings and other obligations | 292,572 |  | 112,439 |
Stockholders' equity | 423,941 |  | 412,092 |
Book value per share | 26.32 |  | 25.71 |
Asset quality ratios: |  |
Allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans | 1.13 | % | 1.10 | %
Allowance for credit losses on loans to non-performing loans | 11.28x | 9.45x
Non-accrual loans to total loans | 0.10 | % | 0.12 | %
Capital ratios: |  |
Equity to total assets ratio | 10.36 | % | 9.94 | %
Tangible common equity to tangible assets | 8.64 | % | 8.21 | %
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 16.36 | % | 15.90 | %
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets) | 15.45 | % | 15.02 | %
Tier 1 capital (to average assets) | 10.10 | % | 9.60 | %
Common equity Tier 1 capital (to risk weighted assets) | 15.45 | % | 15.02 | %
1 Calculated as dividends on common shares divided by basic net income per common share.

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Net Interest Income
Net interest income is the interest earned on loans, investments and other interest-earning assets minus the interest expense incurred on deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is impacted by changes in general market interest rates and by changes in the composition of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rate changes can create fluctuations in the net interest income and/or margin due to an imbalance in the timing of repricing and maturity of assets and liabilities. We manage interest rate risk exposure with the goal of minimizing the impact of interest rate volatility on net interest income. For more information, refer to Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk in this Form 10-Q.
Net interest margin is expressed as net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets. Net interest rate spread is the difference between the average rate earned on total interest-earning assets and the average rate incurred on total interest-bearing liabilities. Both of these measures are reported on a taxable-equivalent basis. Net interest margin is the higher of the two because it reflects interest income earned on assets funded with non-interest-bearing sources of funds, which include demand deposits and stockholders’ equity.
Average Statements of Condition and Analysis of Net Interest Income
The following tables compare interest income, average interest-earning assets, interest expense, and average interest-bearing liabilities for the periods presented. The tables also presents net interest income, net interest margin and net interest rate spread for each period reported.

|  | Three months ended | Three months ended |
|  | June 30, 2023 | March 31, 2023 |
|  |  | Interest |  |  | Interest |  |  |  |
|  | Average | Income/ | Yield/ | Average | Income/ | Yield/ |  |  |
(dollars in thousands) | Balance | Expense | Rate | Balance | Expense | Rate |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest-earning deposits with banks 1 | $ | 3,578 |  | $ | 48 |  | 5.35 | % | $ | 4,863 |  | $ | 56 |  | 4.58 | % |  |  |
| Investment securities 2, 3 | 1,819,486 |  | 10,103 |  | 2.22 | % | 1,851,743 |  | 10,194 |  | 2.20 | % |  |  |
| Loans 1, 3, 4 | 2,108,260 |  | 24,700 |  | 4.63 | % | 2,121,718 |  | 24,415 |  | 4.60 | % |  |  |
| Total interest-earning assets 1 | 3,931,324 |  | 34,851 |  | 3.51 | % | 3,978,324 |  | 34,665 |  | 3.49 | % |  |  |
| Cash and non-interest-bearing due from banks | 38,154 |  |  |  | 39,826 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Bank premises and equipment, net | 8,546 |  |  |  | 8,396 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest receivable and other assets, net | 141,130 |  |  |  | 137,114 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 4,119,154 |  |  |  | $ | 4,163,660 |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest-bearing transaction accounts | $ | 232,090 |  | $ | 234 |  | 0.41 | % | $ | 272,353 |  | $ | 254 |  | 0.38 | % |  |  |
| Savings accounts | 285,745 |  | 146 |  | 0.20 | % | 329,299 |  | 170 |  | 0.21 | % |  |  |
| Money market accounts | 948,670 |  | 4,292 |  | 1.81 | % | 952,479 |  | 1,085 |  | 0.46 | % |  |  |
| Time accounts including CDARS | 174,471 |  | 946 |  | 2.18 | % | 126,030 |  | 223 |  | 0.72 | % |  |  |
| Short-term borrowings and other obligations 1 | 372,308 |  | 4,873 |  | 5.18 | % | 222,571 |  | 2,716 |  | 4.88 | % |  |  |
| Total interest-bearing liabilities | 2,013,284 |  | 10,491 |  | 2.09 | % | 1,902,732 |  | 4,448 |  | 0.95 | % |  |  |
| Demand accounts | 1,627,730 |  |  |  | 1,792,998 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest payable and other liabilities | 49,116 |  |  |  | 48,233 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity | 429,024 |  |  |  | 419,697 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & stockholders' equity | $ | 4,119,154 |  |  |  | $ | 4,163,660 |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-equivalent net interest income/margin 1 |  | $ | 24,360 |  | 2.45 | % |  | $ | 30,217 |  | 3.04 | % |  |  |
Reported net interest income/margin 1 |  | $ | 24,130 |  | 2.43 | % |  | $ | 29,899 |  | 3.01 | % |  |  |
Tax-equivalent net interest rate spread |  |  | 1.42 | % |  |  | 2.54 | % |  |  |

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|  | Six months ended |  | Six months ended |  |  |
|  | June 30, 2023 |  | June 30, 2022 |  |  |
|  |  | Interest |  |  |  | Interest |  |  |  |
|  | Average | Income/ | Yield/ |  | Average | Income/ | Yield/ |  |  |
(in thousands) | Balance | Expense | Rate |  | Balance | Expense | Rate |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest-earning deposits with banks 1 | $ | 4,217 |  | $ | 104 |  | 4.91 | % |  | $ | 163,064 |  | $ | 286 |  | 0.35 | % |  |  |
| Investment securities 2, 3 | 1,835,525 |  | 20,297 |  | 2.21 | % |  | 1,717,624 |  | 15,340 |  | 1.79 | % |  |  |
| Loans 1, 3, 4 | 2,114,952 |  | 49,115 |  | 4.62 | % |  | 2,211,062 |  | 47,403 |  | 4.26 | % |  |  |
| Total interest-earning assets 1 | 3,954,694 |  | 69,516 |  | 3.50 | % |  | 4,091,750 |  | 63,029 |  | 3.06 | % |  |  |
| Cash and non-interest-bearing due from banks | 38,985 |  |  |  |  | 62,679 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Bank premises and equipment, net | 8,471 |  |  |  |  | 7,305 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest receivable and other assets, net | 139,134 |  |  |  |  | 167,265 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total assets | $ | 4,141,284 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,328,999 |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest-bearing transaction accounts | $ | 252,110 |  | $ | 488 |  | 0.39 | % |  | $ | 297,734 |  | $ | 109 |  | 0.07 | % |  |  |
| Savings accounts | 307,402 |  | 316 |  | 0.21 | % |  | 343,333 |  | 61 |  | 0.04 | % |  |  |
| Money market accounts | 950,564 |  | 5,377 |  | 1.14 | % |  | 1,099,439 |  | 916 |  | 0.17 | % |  |  |
| Time accounts including CDARS | 150,384 |  | 1,169 |  | 1.57 | % |  | 146,061 |  | 81 |  | 0.11 | % |  |  |
| Short-term borrowings and other obligations 1 | 297,853 |  | 7,589 |  | 5.07 | % |  | 384 |  | 1 |  | 0.62 | % |  |  |
| Total interest-bearing liabilities | 1,958,313 |  | 14,939 |  | 1.54 | % |  | 1,886,951 |  | 1,168 |  | 0.12 | % |  |  |
| Demand accounts | 1,709,907 |  |  |  |  | 1,963,832 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Interest payable and other liabilities | 48,678 |  |  |  |  | 50,846 |  |  |  |  |  |
| Stockholders' equity | 424,386 |  |  |  |  | 427,370 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total liabilities & stockholders' equity | $ | 4,141,284 |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,328,999 |  |  |  |  |  |
Tax-equivalent net interest income/margin 1 |  | $ | 54,577 |  | 2.74 | % |  |  | $ | 61,861 |  | 3.01 | % |  |  |
Reported net interest income/margin 1 |  | $ | 54,029 |  | 2.72 | % |  |  | $ | 61,095 |  | 2.97 | % |  |  |
Tax-equivalent net interest rate spread |  |  | 1.96 | % |  |  |  | 2.94 | % |  |  |
| 1 Interest income/expense is divided by actual number of days in the period times 360 days to correspond to stated interest rate terms, where applicable. |  |  |
| 2 Yields on available-for-sale securities are calculated based on amortized cost balances rather than fair value, as changes in fair value are reflected as a component of stockholders' equity. Investment security interest is earned on 30/360 day basis monthly. |  |  |
| 3 Yields and interest income on tax-exempt securities and loans are presented on a taxable-equivalent basis using the Federal statutory rate of 21 percent in 2023 and 2022. |  |  |
| 4 Average balances on loans outstanding include non-performing loans. The amortized portion of net loan origination fees is included in interest income on loans, representing an adjustment to the yield. |  |  |

The following table presents the effects of changes in average balances (volume) or changes in average rates on tax-equivalent net interest income for the periods indicated. Volume variances are equal to the increase or decrease in average balances multiplied by prior period rates. Rate variances are equal to the increase or decrease in rates multiplied by prior period average balances. Mix variances are attributable to the change in yields or rates multiplied by the change in average balances, including one more day in the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to March 31, 2023.

| Three Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 |  | Six Months Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(in thousands) | Volume | Yield/Rate | Mix | Total |  | Volume | Yield/Rate | Mix | Total
Interest-earning deposits with banks | $ | (15) |  | $ | 9 |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | (8) |  |  | $ | (280) |  | $ | 3,735 |  | $ | (3,637) |  | $ | (182) |
Investment securities 1 | (178) |  | 88 |  | (1) |  | (91) |  |  | 1,053 |  | 3,653 |  | 251 |  | 4,957 |
Loans 1 | (155) |  | 170 |  | 270 |  | 285 |  |  | (2,061) |  | 3,944 |  | (171) |  | 1,712 |
Total interest-earning assets | (348) |  | 267 |  | 267 |  | 186 |  |  | (1,288) |  | 11,332 |  | (3,557) |  | 6,487 |
Interest-bearing transaction accounts | (38) |  | 18 |  | — |  | (20) |  |  | (17) |  | 467 |  | (71) |  | 379 |
Savings accounts | (22) |  | (4) |  | 2 |  | (24) |  |  | (6) |  | 292 |  | (31) |  | 255 |
Money market accounts | (4) |  | 3,177 |  | 34 |  | 3,207 |  |  | (124) |  | 5,303 |  | (718) |  | 4,461 |
Time accounts, including CDARS | 86 |  | 453 |  | 184 |  | 723 |  |  | 2 |  | 1,054 |  | 32 |  | 1,088 |
Short-term borrowings and other obligations | 1,827 |  | 165 |  | 165 |  | 2,157 |  |  | 775 |  | 8 |  | 6,805 |  | 7,588 |
Total interest-bearing liabilities | 1,849 |  | 3,809 |  | 385 |  | 6,043 |  |  | 630 |  | 7,124 |  | 6,017 |  | 13,771 |
Changes in tax-equivalent net interest income | $ | (2,197) |  | $ | (3,542) |  | $ | (118) |  | $ | (5,857) |  |  | $ | (1,918) |  | $ | 4,208 |  | $ | (9,574) |  | $ | (7,284) |
1 Yields and interest income on tax-exempt securities and loans are presented on a taxable-equivalent basis using the federal statutory rate of 21%.

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Second Quarter of 2023 Compared to the First Quarter of 2023
Net interest income totaled $24.1 million in the second quarter of 2023, compared to $29.9 million in the first quarter of 2023. The $5.8 million decrease from the prior quarter was primarily related to an increase in the cost of deposits and higher average borrowing balances.
The tax-equivalent net interest margin was 2.45% in the second quarter of 2023, compared to 3.04% in the first quarter of 2023. The decline from prior quarter was primarily due to higher deposit and borrowing costs slightly offset by higher yields on loans. Average interest-bearing deposit balances decreased by $39.2 million while the cost increased by 95 basis points. Average borrowing balances increased by $149.7 million and the cost of borrowings increased by 30 basis points. Average loan balances decreased by $13.5 million while the average yield increased by 3 basis points.
First Six Months of 2023 Compared to the First Six Months of 2022
Net interest income totaled $54.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, a decrease of $7.1 million, compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to higher deposit costs resulting in an incremental $6.2 million in interest expense, and borrowing costs of $7.6 million. These decreases were partially offset by higher average balances and yields on the investment portfolio, generating incremental income of $5.1 million, and higher yields on loans, adding $1.8 million.
The tax-equivalent net interest margin was 2.74% in the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to 3.01% in the same period in the prior year. The decrease was primarily attributed to higher borrowing and deposit costs partially offset by higher yields on investments and loans. Average interest-bearing deposits balances decreased by $226.1 million while the cost increased by 77 basis points, mainly for money market and time deposit account types. Average borrowing balances increased by $297.5 million at an average cost of 4.45%. Average loan balances decreased by $96.1 million while the average yield increased by 36 basis points.
Market Interest Rates
Market interest rates are, in part, based on the target federal funds interest rate (the interest rate banks charge each
other for short-term borrowings) implemented by the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee ("FOMC").
In response to the evolving risks to economic activity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the FOMC made two emergency federal funds rate cuts totaling 150 basis points in March 2020. The federal funds rate range remained between 0.0% to 0.25% through the beginning of 2022, putting downward pressure on our asset yields and net interest margin. Beginning in March 2022, the FOMC began successive increases to the federal funds rate due to the evolving inflation risks, complicated by international political unrest and supply chain disruptions. As a result of seven rate adjustments during 2022, the federal funds target rate increased to a range of 4.25% to 4.50% at year-end 2022. In 2023, on each of February 1 st, March 22 nd, May 3 rd, and July 26 th the FOMC increased the target rate by 25 basis points to a range of 5.25% to 5.50%. Federal Reserve policymakers continue to monitor inflation and economic developments throughout 2023. See ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk for further information.
Provision for Credit Losses on Loans
Management assesses the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans quarterly based on several factors including growth of the loan portfolio, past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts to estimate expected losses over the contractual terms of our loans. The allowance for credit losses on loans is increased by provisions charged to expense and loss recoveries and decreased by loans charged off.
The following table shows the activity for the periods presented.

| Three months ended |  | Six months ended
(dollars in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | March 31, 2023 |  |  | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Provision for (reversal of) credit losses on loans | $ | 500 |  | $ | 350 |  |  |  | $ | 850 |  | $ | (485) |

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We recorded a $500 thousand provision for credit losses on loans in the second quarter. The provision was due primarily to increases in qualitative risk factors from continued negative trends in adversely graded loans and/or collateral values on our non-owner occupied commercial real estate office and multi-family real estate portfolios. These increases were partially offset by the impact of a decrease in loan balances.
We recorded a $350 thousand provision for credit losses on loans in the first quarter. The provision was due primarily t o increases in qualitative risk factors to account for continued uncertainty about inflation and recession risks. Management believed that these risk factors were not adequately captured in the modeled quantitative portion of the allowance and took a more prudent approach to account for loan and collateral concentration risks, mainly in our construction and commercial real estate portfolios and the need for heightened portfolio management in light of current economic conditions. In additio n, the $19.8 million increase in loans contrib uted modestly to the provision in the first quarter. These increases were partially offset by the quantitative impact of an improvement in Moody's Analytics' baseline California unemployment rate forecasts over the next four quarters at the time.
The reversal of the allowance for credit losses on loans for the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily resulted from improved unemployment rate forecasts at the time.
For more information, refer to Note 5, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.
Non-interest Income
The following table details the components of non-interest income.

| Three months ended |  |
(dollars in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | March 31, 2023 |  | Amount Change | Percent Change |  |
Wealth Management and Trust Services | $ | 559 |  | $ | 511 |  |  | $ | 48 |  | 9.4 | % |  |
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance, net | 362 |  | $ | 705 |  |  | (343) |  | (48.7) | % |  |
Service charges on deposit accounts | 520 |  | 533 |  |  | (13) |  | (2.4) | % |  |
Debit card interchange fees, net | 555 |  | 447 |  |  | 108 |  | 24.2 | % |  |
Dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 290 |  | 302 |  |  | (12) |  | (4.0) | % |  |
Merchant interchange fees, net | 127 |  | 133 |  |  | (6) |  | (4.5) | % |  |
Other income | 326 |  | 304 |  |  | 22 |  | 7.2 | % |  |
Total non-interest income | $ | 2,739 |  | $ | 2,935 |  |  | $ | (196) |  | (6.7) | % |  |

| Six months ended | Amount Change | Percent Change
(dollars in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Wealth Management and Trust Services | $ | 1,070 |  | $ | 1,230 |  | $ | (160) |  | (13.0) | %
Earnings on bank-owned life insurance, net | 1,067 |  | 711 |  | 356 |  | 50.1 | %
Service charges on deposit accounts | 1,053 |  | 953 |  | 100 |  | 10.5 | %
Debit card interchange fees, net | 1,002 |  | 1,036 |  | (34) |  | (3.3) | %
Dividends on Federal Home Loan Bank stock | 592 |  | 508 |  | 84 |  | 16.5 | %
Merchant interchange fees, net | 260 |  | 289 |  | (29) |  | (10.0) | %
Other income | 630 |  | 868 |  | (238) |  | (27.4) | %
Total non-interest income | $ | 5,674 |  | $ | 5,595 |  | $ | 79 |  | 1.4 | %

Second Quarter of 2023 Compared to the First Quarter of 2023
Non-interest income totaled $2.7 million for the second quarter of 2023, compared to $2.9 million for the prior quarter. The $196 thousand decrease from the prior quarter was primarily related to the recognition of a bank-owned life insurance benefit payment in the prior quarter, partially offset by increases in ATM and debit card interchange fees.
First Six Months of 2023 Compared to the First Six Months of 2022
Non-interest income totaled $5.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $5.6 million for the same period of the prior year. The $79 thousand increase from the prior year period was mostly attributable to the
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higher bank-owned life insurance balances and benefit payments, partially offset by decreases in wealth management and trust services income and other income including one-way deposit and cash management fees.
Non-interest Expense
The following table details the components of non-interest expense.

| Three months ended |  |
(dollars in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | March 31, 2023 |  | Amount Change | Percent Change |  |
Salaries and related benefits | $ | 11,416 |  | $ | 10,930 |  |  | $ | 486 |  | 4.4 | % |  |
Occupancy and equipment | 1,980 |  | 2,414 |  |  | (434) |  | (18.0) | % |  |
Data processing | 922 |  | 1,045 |  |  | (123) |  | (11.8) | % |  |
Professional services | 797 |  | 1,123 |  |  | (326) |  | (29.0) | % |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 400 |  | 882 |  |  | (482) |  | (54.6) | % |  |
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance | 666 |  | 289 |  |  | 377 |  | 130.4 | % |  |
Information technology | 357 |  | 370 |  |  | (13) |  | (3.5) | % |  |
Charitable contributions | 638 |  | 49 |  |  | 589 |  | 1,202.0 | % |  |
Amortization of core deposit intangible | 340 |  | 345 |  |  | (5) |  | (1.4) | % |  |
Directors' expense | 300 |  | 321 |  |  | (21) |  | (6.5) | % |  |
Other real estate owned | 44 | 4 |  | 40 |  | 1,000.0 | % |  |
Other non-interest expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising | 300 |  | 278 |  |  | 22 |  | 7.9 | % |  |
Other expense | 2,505 |  | 1,730 |  |  | 775 |  | 44.8 | % |  |
Total other non-interest expense | 2,805 |  | 2,008 |  |  | 797 |  | 39.7 | % |  |
Total non-interest expense | $ | 20,665 |  | $ | 19,780 |  |  | $ | 885 |  | 4.5 | % |  |

| Six months ended | Amount Change | Percent Change
(dollars in thousands) | June 30, 2023 | June 30, 2022
Salaries and related benefits | $ | 22,346 |  | $ | 21,889 |  | $ | 457 |  | 2.1 | %
Occupancy and equipment | 4,394 |  | 3,798 |  | 596 |  | 15.7 | %
Data processing | 1,967 |  | 2,476 |  | (509) |  | (20.6) | %
Professional services | 1,920 |  | 1,578 |  | 342 |  | 21.7 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 1,282 |  | 845 |  | 437 |  | 51.7 | %
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurance | 955 |  | 586 |  | 369 |  | 63.0 | %
Information technology | 727 |  | 946 |  | (219) |  | (23.2) | %
Charitable contributions | 687 |  | 556 |  | 131 |  | 23.6 | %
Amortization of core deposit intangible | 685 |  | 754 |  | (69) |  | (9.2) | %
Directors' expense | 621 |  | 605 |  | 16 |  | 2.6 | %
Other real estate owned | 48 |  | 5 |  | 43 |  | NM
Other non-interest expense |  |  |  |
Advertising | 578 | 568 | 10 |  | 1.8 | %
Other expense | 4,235 |  | 3,675 |  | 560 |  | 15.2 | %
Total other non-interest expense | 4,813 |  | 4,243 |  | 570 |  | 13.4 | %
Total non-interest expense | $ | 40,445 |  | $ | 38,281 |  | $ | 2,164 |  | 5.7 | %
NM - Not Meaningful |  |  |  |

Second Quarter of 2023 Compared to the First Quarter of 2023
Non-interest expense totaled $20.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $19.8 million for the prior quarter. Th e $885 thousand increase from the prior quarter included $589 thousand in charitable contributions as part of our annual grant program, $486 thousand in salaries and related benefits, which included annual merit increases, and $393 thousand in expenses and fees associated with an increase in our customers' participation in reciprocal deposit networks to bolster their FDIC insured balances. In addition, our FDIC insurance expense increased by $377 thousand as the statutory rates increased uniformly by 2 basis points for all depository institutions effective January 1, 2023 in order to strengthen the FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund. These and other lesser increases were partially offset by a $482 thousand reduction in depreciation and amortization expense and $434 thousand decrease in occupancy and equipment expense, primarily due to the acceleration of lease-related costs for branches closed in the first quarter. These branch closures also reduced maintenance, janitorial and
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utilities expenses for the quarter. In addition, professional services decreased by $326 thousand, mainly due to timing of audit work performed.
First Six Months of 2023 Compared to the First Six Months of 2022
Non-interest expense totaled $40.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $38.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, an increase of $2.2 million. The most significant increases over prior year came from occupancy and equipment and depreciation and amortization expenses, which rose $596 thousand and $437 thousand, respectively, from branch closures in the first quarter of 2023. In addition, expenses associated with reciprocal deposits placed into deposit networks included in other expenses increased $497 thousand due to higher average balances and fees. Salaries and related benefits increased by $457 thousand primarily due to regularly scheduled annual merit and other increases and lower deferred origination costs, which were partially offset by an adjustment to our incentive bonus accrual. The FDIC insurance assessment and professional services also increased by $369 thousand and $342 thousand, resp ectively, for the same reasons mentioned above. These increases were partially offset by a $509 thousand decrease in data processing expenses due to our core system contract renegotiation for the current period and because the prior year included data processing expenses largely eliminated after the systems conversion associated with the American River Bankshares merger. In addition, the pre-tax savings in 2023 from the branch closures, net of accelerated costs, are expected to be approximately $470 thousand, and future annual pre-tax savings are expected to be approximately $1.4 million.
Provision for Income Taxes
Income tax provisions reflect accruals for taxes at the applicable rates for federal income tax and California franchise tax based upon reported pre-tax income. Provisions also reflect permanent differences between income for tax and financial reporting purposes (such as earnings on tax exempt loans and municipal securities, bank-owned life insurance ("BOLI") income, low-income housing tax credits, and stock-based compensation from the exercise of stock options, disqualifying dispositions of incentive stock options and vesting of restricted stock awards).
The provision for income taxes for the second quarter of 2023 totaled $1.3 million at an effective tax rate of 22.5%, compared to $3.4 million at an effective tax rate of 26.7% in the prior quarter. The decrease in the provision for income taxes in the second quarter of 2023 reflected lower pre-tax income. The 420 basis point decrease in the effective tax rate in the second quarter of 2023 was primarily due to the larger proportional effect of permanent tax differences on lower pretax income. This decrease was partially offset by a reduction in the tax-exempt interest exclusion (due to a larger IRC Section 291(e) interest expense disallowance) and lower tax-exempt BOLI income in the second quarter, compared to the prior quarter.
The provision for income taxes for the first half of 2023 totaled $4.8 million at an effective tax rate of 25.4%, compared to $7.7 million at an effective tax rate of 26.3% for the first half of 2022. The 90 basis point decrease in the effective tax rate in the first half of 2023, as compared to the same period a year ago, was primarily due the larger proportional effect of permanent tax differences on lower pretax income and higher tax-exempt BOLI income.
We file a consolidated return in the U.S. Federal tax jurisdiction and a combined return in the State of California tax jurisdiction. There were no ongoing federal or state income tax examinations at the issuance of this report. At June 30, 2023, neither the Bank nor Bancorp had accruals for interest or penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits.
FINANCIAL CONDITION SUMMARY
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash were $39.7 million at June 30, 2023, compared to $45.4 million at December 31, 2022. The $5.8 million decrease was due primarily to increases in loans and decreases in deposits, partially offset by cash flows from investment securities and increased borrowings.
Investment Securities
The investment securities portfolio totaled $1.718 billion at June 30, 2023, a decrease of $56.6 million from $1.774 billion at December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily the result of principal repayments and maturities totaling
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$58.9 million, partially offset by a $5.3 million decrease in pre-tax unrealized losses on available-for-sale investment securities, along with $2.9 million in net amortization in the first half of 2023. Both the available-for-sale and held-to maturity portfolios are eligible for pledging to either the FHLB or the Federal Reserve as collateral for borrowing. The portfolios are comprised of high credit quality investments with average effective duratio ns of 3.8 on available-for-sale securities and 5.8 on held-to-maturity securities. Both portfolios generate cash inflows monthly from interest, principal amortization and payoffs, which supports the Bank's liquidity. Those cash inflows totaled $82.9 million in the first six months of 2023.
Subsequent to quarter end, the Bank sold $82.7 million of available-for-sale securities and recognized a $2.8 million net loss. We held the sales proceeds in cash as part of our liquidity strategy. The net loss was offset with the $2.8 million gain from the July 13, 2023 sale of the Bank's remaining investment in Visa Inc. Class B restricted common stock, which had a zero carrying value. See Note 4, Investment Securities, for additional information.
The following table summarizes our investment in obligations of state and political subdivisions at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

|  | June 30, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands) | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total State and Political Subdivisions |  | Amortized Cost | Fair Value | % of Total State and Political Subdivisions
Within California: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| General obligation bonds | $ | 25,755 |  | $ | 21,352 |  | 14.4 | % |  | $ | 25,806 |  | $ | 20,768 |  | 14.4 | %
| Revenue bonds | 3,513 |  | 2,902 |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3,719 |  | 2,987 |  | 2.1 |
Total within California | 29,268 |  | 24,254 |  | 16.4 |  |  | 29,525 |  | 23,755 |  | 16.5 |
Outside California: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| General obligation bonds | 121,232 |  | 107,777 |  | 68.0 |  |  | 121,908 |  | 106,375 |  | 68.0 |
| Revenue bonds | 27,808 |  | 24,130 |  | 15.6 |  |  | 27,922 |  | 23,752 |  | 15.5 |
Total outside California | 149,040 |  | 131,907 |  | 83.6 |  |  | 149,830 |  | 130,127 |  | 83.5 |
Total obligations of state and political subdivisions | $ | 178,308 |  | $ | 156,161 |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 179,355 |  | $ | 153,882 |  | 100.0 | %
Percent of investment portfolio | 9.7 | % | 9.5 | % |  |  | 9.6 | % | 9.3 | % |

Of the total investment in obligations of state and political subdivisions, the largest concentrations outside of California are in Texas (39.7%), Washington (14.3%) and Wisconsin (8.9%). Our investment in obligations issued by municipal issuers in Texas are either guaranteed by the AAA rated Texas Permanent School Fund ("PSF") or backed by revenue sources from essential services (such as utilities and transportation).
Investments in states, municipalities and political subdivisions are subject to an initial pre-purchase credit assessment and ongoing monitoring. Key considerations include:
•The soundness of a municipality’s budgetary position and stability of its tax revenues
•Debt profile and level of unfunded liabilities, diversity of revenue sources, taxing authority of the issuer
•Local demographics/economics including unemployment data, largest taxpayers and local employers, income indices and home values
•For revenue bonds, the source and strength of revenue for municipal authorities including the obligor’s financial condition and reserve levels, annual debt service and debt coverage ratio, and credit enhancement (such as insurer’s strength and collateral in escrow accounts)
•Credit ratings by major credit rating agencies
Loans and Credit Quality
During the first half of 2023, loans increased by $10.3 million and totaled $2.103 billion at June 30, 2023, compared to $2.093 billion at December 31, 2022. Loan originations wer e $67.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $152.0 million for the first six months of 2022. Excluding PPP loans, payoffs were $45.0 mill ion in the six months ended June 30, 2023, compared to $159.1 million for the same period in 2022. PPP loan payoffs during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were $1.8 million and $94.2 million, respectively. In addition, l oan amortization from scheduled repayments totaling $39.9 million was partially offset by a net increase in
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utilization of credit lines of $29.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2023. Bank of Marin has continued its usual steadfast conservative underwriting practices, and has not changed its credit standards or policies specifically in reaction to the current market conditions. The Bank continues to be focused on achieving risk-adjusted returns.
The ratio of allowance for credit losses on loans to total loans was 1.13% at June 30, 2023 compared to 1.10% at December 31, 2022.
Non-accrual loans decreased $320 thousand to $2.1 million, or 0.10% of the loan portfolio at June 30, 2023 from $2.4 million, or 0.12% at December 31, 2022. All of the non-accrual loans are collateralized by real estate with no expected credit loss as of June 30, 2023. Accruing loans past due 30 to 89 days totaled $1.0 million at June 30, 2023, compared to $664 thousand at December 31, 2022.
Classified loans with risk ratings of substandard or doubtful totaled $38.1 million at June 30, 2023, compared to $28.1 million at December 31, 2022. Increases in 2023 were primarily due to a $5.8 million increase in the usage of a revolving line of credit that was previously downgraded and the addition of eight loans to seven borrowers totaling $7.4 million. Approximately 90% of the additions were comprised of one commercial loan and two non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans. Partially offsetting the additions were $2.3 million in payoffs and paydowns and $939 thousand in upgrades to pass risk rating.
Loans designated special mention, which are not considered adversely classified, increased by $26.3 million to $86.5 million at June 30, 2023 from $60.2 million at December 31, 2022. The increase was largely due to $35.9 million in downgrades from pass risk ratings and balance increases of $548 thousand, which were partially offset by $5.9 million in downgrades from special mention to substandard and $4.2 million in paydowns and payoffs.
With the heightened market concern about non-owner occupied commercial real estate, and in particular the office portfolios, we are providing the following additional information. Non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans made up 64% of total classified loans as of June 30, 2023, compared to 88% at December 31, 2022 and all are currently paying in accordance with loan terms. We continue to maintain diversity among property types and within our geographic footprint. Specifically, our office commercial real estate portfolio in the City of San Francisco represents just 3% of our total loan portfolio and 6% of our total non-owner occupied commercial real estate portfolio. As of the last annual review period (generally December 2022), the average loan-to-value and debt-service coverage for the entire non-owner occupied office portfolio were 55% and 1.67x, respectively. For the eleven non-owner occupied office loans in the City of San Francisco totaling $71.4 with an average loan balance of $6.5 million, the average loan-to-value and debt-service coverage ratios were 63% and 1.20x, respectively.
For more information, refer to Note 5, Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans, to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q.
Liabilities - Deposits and Borrowings
During the first six months of 2023, total liabilities decreased by $67.2 million to $3.668 billion. Deposits totaled $3.325 billion at June 30, 2023, a decrease of $248.1 million compared to $3.573 billion at December 31, 2022. Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings increased $180.2 million to $292.2 million at June 30, 2023 from $112.0 million at December 31, 2022. Post quarter end, we reduced borrowings by another $92 million through July 31, 2023 and maintained excess cash, mostly from the sale of available-for-sale securities mentioned above, that is available for further reductions.
Non-interest bearing deposits decreased $250.4 million, while money market deposits increased $39.7 million and time deposits increased $84.4 million in the first six months of 2023. There was a small shift in deposit composition in the first half of 2023, droppin g non-interest bearing deposits from 51.5% of total deposits to 47.8%, and raising money markets from 27.7% to 30.9% and time deposits from 3.3% to 6.1%. While there was some runoff in the first quarter attributed to industry disruptions and bank deposits moving to money market funds, the Bank experienced a modest recovery and gained deposit growth momentum in the second quarter. Additionally, the Bank's competitive and balanced approach to relationship management and focused outreach supported the growth adding over 1,400 new accounts during the second quarter, bringing the total to over 2,400 new accounts in 2023 (excluding new reciprocal accounts). Of those, approximately 40% were new relationships to the Bank. The average cost of deposits was 0.44% in the first half of 2023, compared to 0.06% in the same period of 2022.
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At June 30, 2023, the Bank had $292.2 million outstanding in overnight borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank at a rate of 5.28%, an increase of $180.2 million, compared to $112.0 million i n overnight borrowings at December 31, 2022 at a rate of 4.65%. The Bank is actively evaluating strategies for reducing borrowings in the current environment and as market conditions change. Total immediate contingent funding sources, including unrestricted cash, unencumbered available-for-sale securities, and remaining borrowing capacity was $1.992 billion, or 60% of total deposits a nd 209% of estimated uninsured and/or uncollateralized deposits as of June 30, 2023.
Capital Adequacy
We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements as set forth in the following tables can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, we must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and the Bank’s prompt corrective action classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components of capital, risk weightings and other factors.
Management reviews capital ratios on a regular basis and produces a five-year capital plan semi-annually to ensure that capital exceeds the prescribed regulatory minimums and is adequate to meet our anticipated future needs. Stress tests are performed on capital ratios and include scenarios such as additional unrealized losses on the investment portfolio, additional deposit growth and potential share repurchases. For all periods presented, the Bank’s ratios exceed the regulatory definition of “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action and Bancorp’s ratios exceed the required minimum ratios to be considered a well-capitalized bank holding company. In addition, the most recent notification from the FDIC categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action as of June 30, 2023. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s categories and we expect the Bank to remain well capitalized for prompt corrective action purposes.
Bancorp's TCE ratio was 8.6% at June 30, 2023, compared to 8.2% at December 31, 2022. Bancorp's TCE ratio, net of after tax unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities, was 6.7%, compared to 6.2% at December 31, 2022. Management believes this non-GAAP measure is important because it reflects the level of capital available to withstand drastic changes in market conditions (ref er to page 45 for a dis cussion and reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure).
The Bancorp’s and Bank’s capital adequacy ratios as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 are presented in the following tables.

Bancorp Capital Ratios (dollars in thousands) | Actual | Adequately Capitalized Threshold 1 | Threshold to be a Well Capitalized Bank Holding Company
June 30, 2023 | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 440,340 |  | 16.36 | % | $ | 282,667 |  | 10.50 | % | $ | 269,207 |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 415,943 |  | 15.45 | % | $ | 228,826 |  | 8.50 | % | $ | 215,365 |  | 8.00 | %
Tier 1 Leverage Capital (to average assets) | $ | 415,943 |  | 10.10 | % | $ | 164,763 |  | 4.00 | % | $ | 205,954 |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 415,943 |  | 15.45 | % | $ | 188,445 |  | 7.00 | % | $ | 174,984 |  | 6.50 | %
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 431,667 |  | 15.90 | % | $ | 285,079 |  | 10.50 | % | $ | 271,504 |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 407,912 |  | 15.02 | % | $ | 230,778 |  | 8.50 | % | $ | 217,203 |  | 8.00 | %
Tier 1 Leverage Capital (to average assets) | $ | 407,912 |  | 9.60 | % | $ | 169,948 |  | 4.00 | % | $ | 212,435 |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 407,912 |  | 15.02 | % | $ | 190,053 |  | 7.00 | % | $ | 176,478 |  | 6.50 | %

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Bank Capital Ratios (dollars in thousands) | Actual | Adequately Capitalized Threshold 1 | Threshold to be Well Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
June 30, 2023 | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio | Amount | Ratio
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 430,491 |  | 15.99 | % | $ | 282,659 |  | 10.50 | % | $ | 269,199 |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 406,094 |  | 15.09 | % | $ | 228,819 |  | 8.50 | % | $ | 215,359 |  | 8.00 | %
Tier 1 Leverage Capital (to average assets) | $ | 406,094 |  | 9.86 | % | $ | 164,759 |  | 4.00 | % | $ | 205,949 |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 406,094 |  | 15.09 | % | $ | 188,439 |  | 7.00 | % | $ | 174,979 |  | 6.50 | %
December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |
Total Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 427,108 |  | 15.73 | % | $ | 285,052 |  | 10.50 | % | $ | 271,478 |  | 10.00 | %
Tier 1 Capital (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 403,352 |  | 14.86 | % | $ | 230,757 |  | 8.50 | % | $ | 217,183 |  | 8.00 | %
Tier 1 Leverage Capital (to average assets) | $ | 403,352 |  | 9.49 | % | $ | 169,940 |  | 4.00 | % | $ | 212,425 |  | 5.00 | %
Common Equity Tier 1 (to risk-weighted assets) | $ | 403,352 |  | 14.86 | % | $ | 190,035 |  | 7.00 | % | $ | 176,461 |  | 6.50 | %

1 Except for Tier 1 Leverage Capital, the adequately capitalized thresholds reflect the regulatory minimum plus a 2.5% capital conservation buffer as required under the Basel III Capital Standards in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The goal of liquidity management is to provide adequate funds to meet loan demand and to fund operating activities and deposit withdrawals. We accomplish this goal by maintaining an appropriate level of liquid assets and formal lines of credit with the FHLB, FRBSF and correspondent banks that enable us to borrow funds as seen in the table below and discussed in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in ITEM 1 of this report. Our Asset Liability Management Committee ("ALCO"), which is comprised of Bank directors and the Bank's Chief Executive Officer, is responsible for approving and monitoring our liquidity targets and strategies. The Bank has long-established minimum liquidity and diversification requirements using tools similar to larger banks such as the Liquidity Coverage Ratio and multi-scenario, long-horizon stress testing. Our c on tingency funding plan provides for early detection of potential liquidity issues in the market or the Bank and institutes prompt responses that may prevent or alleviate a potential liquidity crisis. Management monitors liquidity daily and regularly adjusts our position based on current and future liquidity needs. We also have relationships with third-party deposit networks and can adjust the placement of our deposits via reciprocal or one-way sales as part of our cash management strategy. We maintained $2.2 million in off-balance sheet one-way deposit sales with our deposit networks at both June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Net available contingent funding sources, including unrestricted cash, unencumbered available-for-sale securities and total available borrowing capacity was $1.992 billion, or 209% of estimated uninsured and/or uncollateralized deposits as of June 30, 2023. The Federal Reserve's new BTFP facility offers borrowing capacity based on par values of securities pledged making it less sensitive to changes in market rates. The following table details the components of our contingent liquidity sources as of June 30, 2023.

(in thousands) | Total Available | Amount Used | Net Availability
Internal Sources |  |  |
Unrestricted cash 1 | $ | 16,705 |  | N/A | $ | 16,705 |
Unencumbered securities at market value | 761,472 |  | N/A | 761,472 |
External Sources |  |  |
FHLB line of credit | 1,033,792 |  | $ | (292,200) |  | 741,592 |
FRB line of credit and BTFP facility | 337,047 |  | — |  | 337,047 |
Lines of credit at correspondent banks | 135,000 |  | — |  | 135,000 |
Total Liquidity | $ | 2,284,016 |  | $ | (292,200) |  | $ | 1,991,816 |

1 Excludes cash items in transit.
Note: Brokered deposits available through third party networks are not included above.
We obtain funds from the repayment and maturity of loans, deposit inflows, investment security maturities and paydowns, federal funds purchases, FHLB advances, other borrowings, and cash flow from operations. Our primary uses of funds are the origination of loans, the purchase of investment securities, withdrawals of deposits, maturity of certificates of deposit, repayment of borrowings, dividends to common stockholders, and operating expenses.
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Customer deposits are a significant component of our daily liquidity position. The attraction and retention of new deposits depend upon the variety and effectiveness of our customer account products, service and convenience, rates paid to customers, and our financial strength. The cash cycles and unique business activities of some of our large commercial depositors may cause short-term fluctuations in their deposit balances held with us.
Our cash and cash equivalents decreased $5.8 million in the first half of 2023. Significant uses of liquidity during 2023 were $248.1 million in withdrawals of deposits, $9.3 million in loan originations and advances, net of principal collected, and $8.0 million in cash dividends paid on common stock to our shareholders.
The most significant sources of liquidity during the first half of 2023 were increased Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings of $180.2 million, proceeds from principal paydowns and maturities of investment securities of $59.0 million, and $21.5 million in net cash provided by operating activities. Refer to the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in this Form 10-Q for additional information on our sources and uses of liquidity. Management anticipates that our current strong liquidity position, as detailed in this report, and contingent funding sources outlined in the table above are adequate to support our operational needs.
Unfunded loan commitments, as discussed in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q, totaled $489.6 million at June 30, 2023. We expect to fund these commitments to the extent utilized primarily through the repayment of existing loans, principal paydowns of investment securities, and liquid assets.
Over the next twelve months, $179.4 million of time deposits will mature. We expect to replace these funds with new deposits or excess liquidity. Our emphasis on local deposits, combined with our immediately available funding sources, provides a very stable base for our liquidity needs.
We had borrowings under our credit facilities of $292.2 million at June 30, 2023, and $112.0 million at December 31, 2022, as discussed in Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in ITEM 1 of this report.
Since Bancorp is a holding company and does not conduct regular banking operations, its primary sources of liquidity are dividends from the Bank. Under the California Financial Code, payment of a dividend from the Bank to Bancorp without advance regulatory approval is restricted to the lesser of the Bank’s retained earnings or the amount of the Bank’s net profits from the previous three fiscal years less the amount of dividends paid during that period. The primary uses of funds for Bancorp are shareholder dividends and ordinary operating expenses. Bancorp held $9.7 million in cash at June 30, 2023 and management anticipates that there will be sufficient earnings at the Bank to provide dividends to Bancorp to meet its funding requirements for the foreseeable future.
Statement Regarding use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Our first half of 2022 was impacted by costs associated with our 2021 acquisition of American River Bankshares, which we considered immaterial to discuss in this report. For additional information regarding the impact of non-GAAP adjustments to our first half of 2022 performance measures, refer to Form 10-Q filed on August 8, 2022.
In this report, financial results are presented in accordance with GAAP and with reference to certain non-GAAP financial measures. Management believes that, given recent industry turmoil, the presentation of Bancorp's non-GAAP TCE ratio reflecting the after-tax impact of unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities provides useful supplemental information to investors because it reflects the level of capital available to withstand drastic changes in market conditions. Because there are limits to the usefulness of this measure to investors, Bancorp encourages readers to consider its annual and quarterly consolidated financial statements and notes related thereto in their entirety, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and not to rely on any single financial measure. A reconciliation of the non-GAAP TCE ratio is presented below.
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Reconciliation of GAAP and Non-GAAP Financial Measures

(in thousands, unaudited) |  | June 30, 2023 | December 31, 2022
Tangible Common Equity - Bancorp |  |  |
Total stockholders' equity |  | $ | 423,941 |  | 412,092 |
Goodwill and core deposit intangible |  | (77,185) |  | (77,870) |
Total TCE | a | 346,756 |  | 334,222 |
Unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax 1 |  | (85,046) |  | (89,432) |
TCE, net of unrealized losses on HTM securities (non-GAAP) | b | $ | 261,710 |  | 244,790 |
Total assets |  | $ | 4,092,133 |  | 4,147,464 |
Goodwill and core deposit intangible |  | (77,185) |  | (77,870) |
Total tangible assets | d | 4,014,948 |  | 4,069,594 |
Unrealized losses on HTM securities, net of tax 1 |  | (85,046) |  | (89,432) |
Total tangible assets, net of unrealized losses on HTM securities (non-GAAP) | e | $ | 3,929,902 |  | 3,980,162 |
Bancorp TCE ratio | a / d | 8.6 | % | 8.2 | %
Bancorp TCE ratio, net of unrealized losses on HTM securities (non-GAAP) | b / e | 6.7 | % | 6.2 | %

1 Net unrealized losses on held-to-maturity securities as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 of $120.7 million and $127.0, respectively, as shown in Note 4, net of an estimated $35.7 million and $37.5, respectively, in deferred tax benefits based on a blended state and federal statutory tax rate of 29.56%.
ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk
Market risk is defined as the risk of loss arising from an adverse change in the market value (or prices) of financial instruments. A significant component of market risk is interest rate risk, which is inherent in our lending, investment, borrowing and deposit gathering activities. The Bank manages interest rate sensitivity to minimize the exposure of our net interest margin, earnings, and capital to changes in interest rates. Interest rate changes can create fluctuations in the net interest margin due to an imbalance in the timing of repricing or maturity of assets or liabilities. Interest rate changes can also affect the market value of our financial instruments, such as available-for-sale securities and the related unrealized gains or losses, which affects our equity value.
To mitigate interest rate risk, the structure of our assets and liabilities is managed with the objective of correlating the effects of interest rate changes on loans and investments with those of deposits and borrowings. The asset and liability management policy sets limits on the acceptable amount of change to net interest income and economic value of equity in different interest rate environments.
From time to time, we enter into interest rate swap contracts to mitigate the changes in the fair value of specified long-term fixed-rate loans and firm commitments to enter into long-term fixed-rate loans caused by changes in interest rates. See Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.
ALCO and the Board of Directors review our exposure to interest rate risk at least quarterly. We use simulation models to measure interest rate risk and to evaluate strategies to improve profitability in the context of policy guidelines. A simplified statement of condition is prepared on a quarterly basis as a starting point, using instrument level data of our actual loans, investments, borrowings and deposits as inputs. If potential changes to net equity value and net interest income resulting from hypothetical interest rate changes are not within the limits established by the Board of Directors, management may adjust the asset and liability mix to bring the risk position within approved limits or take other actions. Governing policies are subject to review by regulators and are updated to incorporate their observations and to adapt to changes in idiosyncratic and systemic risks. At June 30, 2023, interest rate risk was within policy guidelines established by ALCO and the Board. One set of interest rates modeled and evaluated against flat interest rates and a static balance sheet is a series of immediate parallel shifts in the yield curve. Our most recent analysis of our interest rate sensitivity is provided in the following table as an example rather than an expectation of likely interest rate movements.
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Immediate and Parallel Shift in Interest Rates (in basis points) | Estimated Change in Net Interest Income in Year 1, as percent of Net Interest Income | Estimated Change in Net Interest Income in Year 2, as percent of Net Interest Income
up 400 | (18.0) | % | (4.9) | %
up 300 | (13.6) | % | (3.8) | %
up 200 | (9.1) | % | (2.8) | %
up 100 | (4.5) | % | (1.2) | %
down 100 | 4.9 | % | 2.9 | %
down 200 | 9.1 | % | 4.8 | %

Interest rate sensitivity is a function of the repricing characteristics of our assets and liabilities. The Bank runs a combination of scenarios and sensitivities in its attempt to capture the range of interest rate risk including the simulations mentioned above. As with any simulation model or other method of measuring interest rate risk, limitations are inherent in the process and dependent on assumptions. For example, lower deposit growth than modeled may cause the Bank to increase its borrowing position, thereby increasing its liability sensitivity. Additionally, assets and liabilities may react differently to changes in market interest rates in terms of both timing and responsiveness to market rate movements. Important deposit modeling assumptions include the speed of deposit run-off and the amount by which interest-bearing deposit rates increase or decrease when market interest rates change, otherwise known as the deposit beta. We applied deposit betas up t o 45%, averaging 35%, to rates paid on non-maturity interest-bearing deposits in rising rate scenarios, reflected in the table above. The actual rates and timing of prepayments on loans and investment securities could vary significantly from the assumptions applied in the various scenarios. Lastly, uneven changes in different tenors of U.S. Treasury rates that result in changes to the shape of the yield curve could produce different results from those presented in the table. Accordingly, the results presented should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results in the event of changing market interest rates.
ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Bank of Marin Bancorp and its subsidiary (the "Company") conducted an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. The term disclosure controls and procedures means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Act (15 U.S.C. 78a et seq.) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the quarter ended June 30, 2023, there were no significant changes that materially affected, or were reasonably likely to affect, our internal control over financial reporting. The term internal control over financial reporting, as defined by Rule 15d-15(f) of the Act, is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the issuer's principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the issuer's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
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PART II OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1 Legal Proceedings
Refer to Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of our 2022 Form 10-K and Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10-Q.
ITEM 1A Risk Factors
Our business is influenced by many factors that are difficult to predict, involve uncertainties that may materially affect actual results and are often beyond our control. In evaluating an investment in Bancorp's common stock, investors should consider, among other things, the risks previously disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, "Risk Factors" of our 2022 Form 10-K, and the information contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q and other reports and registration statements filed w ith the SEC, which are incorporated herein by reference. Other than as noted below, there have been no material changes in the risk factors disclosed in our 2022 Form 10-K.
Recent Negative Developments Affecting the Banking Industry and Resulting Media Coverage Have Eroded Customer and Investor Confidence in the Banking System
The recent high-profile bank failures involving Silicon Valley Bank, Signature Bank, and First Republic Bank, as well as media and market coverage of the Bay Area economy and local financial institutions, have generated significant market volatility among publicly traded bank holding companies and, in particular, regional and community banks like the Company. These market developments have negatively impacted customer confidence in the safety and soundness of regional and community banks. As a result, customers may choose to maintain deposits with larger financial institutions or invest in higher yielding short-term fixed income securities, all of which could materially adversely impact the Company’s liquidity, loan funding capacity, net interest margin, capital and results of operations. Additionally, these recent events have, and could continue to, adversely impact the market price and volatility of the Company’s common stock independent from the Company’s actual underlying financial performance.
Rising Interest Rates Have Decreased the Value of the Company’s Held-To-Maturity and Available-for-Sale Securities Portfolio, and the Company Would Realize Losses if It Were Required to Sell Such Securities to Meet Liquidity Needs
Because of inflationary pressures and the resulting rapid increases in interest rates over the last year, the trading value of previously issued government and other fixed income securities has declined significantly. These securities make up a majority of the securities portfolio of most banks in the U.S., including the Company’s, resulting in unrealized losses embedded in the held-to-maturity portion of U.S. banks’ securities portfolios and unrealized losses on available-for-sale securities reflected in the Company’s accumulated other comprehensive income. While the Company may use the sale of eligible securities in the normal course of business as a source of liquidity or to reposition the balance sheet for strategic purposes, it is not our intention to sell securities at a net loss. However, if the Company were to sell such securities it may incur losses that could impair the Company’s capital, financial condition, and results of operations and may require the Company to raise additional capital on unfavorable terms, thereby negatively impacting its profitability.
Any Regulatory Examination Scrutiny or New Regulatory Requirements Arising From the Recent Events in the Banking Industry Could Increase the Company’s Expenses and Affect the Company’s Operations
The Company also anticipates increased regulatory scrutiny – in the course of routine examinations and otherwise – and new regulations directed towards banks of similar size to the Bank, designed to address the recent negative developments in the banking industry, all of which may increase the Company’s costs of doing business and reduce its profitability. As primarily a commercial bank, the Bank has a higher percentage of uninsured deposits compared to primarily retail focused banks. As a result, the Bank could face increased scrutiny or be viewed as higher risk by regulators and the investor community.
ITEM 2 Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the period covered by this report.
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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
On July 16, 2021, Bancorp Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program under which Bancorp could repurchase up to $25.0 million of its outstanding common stock through July 31, 2023. On October 22, 2021, Bancorp Board of Directors approved an amendment, which increased the total authorization to $57.0 million and left the expiration date unchanged. The last activity under the program was in the first quarter of 2022.
On July 21, 2023, Bancorp Board of Directors approved the adoption of a new share repurchase program under which Bancorp could repurchase up to $25.0 million of its outstanding common stock expiring on July 31, 2025, which replaced the existing program.

ITEM 3 Defaults upon Senior Securities
None.
ITEM 4 Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
ITEM 5 Other Information
Not applicable.
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ITEM 6 Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed as part of this report or hereby incorporated by references to filings previously made with the SEC.

|  | Incorporated by Reference |
Exhibit Number | Exhibit Description | Form | File No. | Exhibit | Filing Date | Herewith
3.01 | Articles of Incorporation, as amended | S-4 | 333-257025 | 3.01 | June 11, 2021 |
3.02 | Bylaws, as amended | S-4 | 333-257025 | 3.02 | June 11, 2021 |
4.01 | Description of Capital Stock | 10-K | 001-33572 | 4.01 | March 16, 2023 |
10.01 | Employee Stock Ownership Plan | S-8 | 333-218274 | 4.1 | May 26, 2017 |
10.02 | 2017 Employee Stock Purchase Plan | S-8 | 333-221219 | 4.1 | October 30, 2017 |
10.03 | 2017 Equity Plan, as amended | S-8 | 333-227840 | 4.1 | October 15, 2018 |
10.04 | 2020 Director Stock Plan | S-8 | 333-239555 | 4.1 | June 30, 2020 |
10.05 | Form of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Executive Officers, dated August 9, 2007 | 10-Q | 001-33572 | 10.06 | November 7, 2007 |
10.06 | 2010 Annual Individual Incentive Compensation Plan, revised 2019 | 10-K | 001-33572 | 10.07 | March 15, 2021 |
10.07 | Salary Continuation Agreement for executive officer Tani Girton, Chief Financial Officer, dated October 18, 2013 | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.2 | November 4, 2014 |
10.08 | 2007 Form of Change in Control Agreement | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.1 | October 31, 2007 |
10.09 | Director Deferred Fee Plan, dated December 17, 2020 | 10-K | 001-33572 | 10.13 | March 15, 2021 |
10.10 | Employment Agreement with Timothy Myers, dated September 23, 2021 | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.1 | September 24, 2021 |
10.11 | Salary Continuation Agreement, as amended for executive officer Timothy Myers, Chief Executive Officer, dated January 1, 2022 | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.1 | December 21, 2022 |
10.12 | Salary Continuation Agreement for executive officer Nicolette Sloan, Head of Commercial Banking, dated January 1, 2022 | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.2 | December 21, 2022 |
10.13 | Salary Continuation Agreement for executive officer Misako Stewart, Chief Credit Officer, dated January 1, 2022 | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.3 | December 21, 2022 |
10.14 | Salary Continuation Agreement for executive officer Brandi Campbell, Head of Retail Banking, dated July 1, 2022 | 8-K | 001-33572 | 10.4 | December 21, 2022 |
31.01 | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | Filed
31.02 | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | Filed
32.01 | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §1350 as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | Filed
101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |  |  | Filed

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  |  | Bank of Marin Bancorp
|  |  | (registrant)
| August 8, 2023 |  | /s/ Timothy D. Myers
| Date |  | Timothy D. Myers
|  |  | President and Chief Executive Officer
|  |  | (Principal Executive Officer)
| August 8, 2023 |  | /s/ Tani Girton
| Date |  | Tani Girton
|  |  | Executive Vice President &
|  |  | Chief Financial Officer
|  |  | (Principal Financial Officer)
| August 8, 2023 |  | /s/ David A. Merck
| Date |  | David A. Merck
|  |  | First Vice President & Controller
|  |  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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