EX-3.3 3 d781613dex33.htm EX-3.3

Exhibit 3.3

BYLAWS

OF 4D MOLECULAR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Adopted March 20, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  |  | Page |
ARTICLE I — MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS |  |  | 1 |
1.1 |  | Place of Meetings |  |  | 1 |
1.2 |  | Annual Meeting |  |  | 1 |
1.3 |  | Special Meeting |  |  | 1 |
1.4 |  | Notice of Meetings |  |  | 2 |
1.5 |  | Quorum |  |  | 2 |
1.6 |  | Adjourned Meeting; Notice |  |  | 2 |
1.7 |  | Conduct of Business |  |  | 3 |
1.8 |  | Voting |  |  | 3 |
1.9 |  | Stockholder Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting |  |  | 4 |
1.10 |  | Record Date for Stockholder Notice; Voting; Giving Consents |  |  | 5 |
1.11 |  | Proxies |  |  | 6 |
1.12 |  | List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote |  |  | 6 |
ARTICLE II — DIRECTORS |  |  | 6 |
2.1 |  | Powers |  |  | 6 |
2.2 |  | Number of Directors |  |  | 6 |
2.3 |  | Election, Qualification and Term of Office of Directors |  |  | 7 |
2.4 |  | Resignation and Vacancies |  |  | 7 |
2.5 |  | Place of Meetings; Meetings by Telephone |  |  | 8 |
2.6 |  | Conduct of Business |  |  | 8 |
2.7 |  | Regular Meetings |  |  | 8 |
2.8 |  | Special Meetings; Notice |  |  | 8 |
2.9 |  | Quorum; Voting |  |  | 9 |
2.10 |  | Board Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting |  |  | 9 |
2.11 |  | Fees and Compensation of Directors |  |  | 10 |
2.12 |  | Removal of Directors |  |  | 10 |
ARTICLE III — COMMITTEES |  |  | 10 |
3.1 |  | Committees of Directors |  |  | 10 |
3.2 |  | Committee Minutes |  |  | 11 |
3.3 |  | Meetings and Actions of Committees |  |  | 11 |
3.4 |  | Subcommittees |  |  | 12 |
ARTICLE IV — OFFICERS |  |  | 12 |
4.1 |  | Officers |  |  | 12 |
4.2 |  | Appointment of Officers |  |  | 12 |
4.3 |  | Subordinate Officers |  |  | 12 |
4.4 |  | Removal and Resignation of Officers |  |  | 12 |
4.5 |  | Vacancies in Offices |  |  | 13 |
4.6 |  | Representation of Shares of Other Corporations |  |  | 13 |
4.7 |  | Authority and Duties of Officers |  |  | 13 |

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

(Continued)

|  |  |  | Page |
ARTICLE V — INDEMNIFICATION |  |  | 13 |
5.1 |  | Indemnification of Directors and Officers in Third Party Proceedings |  |  | 13 |
5.2 |  | Indemnification of Directors and Officers in Actions by or in the Right of the Company |  |  | 14 |
5.3 |  | Successful Defense |  |  | 14 |
5.4 |  | Indemnification of Others |  |  | 14 |
5.5 |  | Advancement of Expenses |  |  | 14 |
5.6 |  | Limitation on Indemnification |  |  | 15 |
5.7 |  | Determination; Claim |  |  | 15 |
5.8 |  | Non-Exclusivity of Rights |  |  | 15 |
5.9 |  | Insurance |  |  | 16 |
5.10 |  | Survival |  |  | 16 |
5.11 |  | Effect of Repeal or Modification |  |  | 16 |
5.12 |  | Certain Definitions |  |  | 16 |
ARTICLE VI — STOCK |  |  | 17 |
6.1 |  | Stock Certificates; Partly Paid Shares |  |  | 17 |
6.2 |  | Special Designation on Certificates |  |  | 17 |
6.3 |  | Lost Certificates |  |  | 18 |
6.4 |  | Dividends |  |  | 18 |
6.5 |  | Stock Transfer Agreements |  |  | 18 |
6.6 |  | Registered Stockholders |  |  | 18 |
6.7 |  | Transfers |  |  | 19 |
ARTICLE VII — MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE AND WAIVER |  |  | 19 |
7.1 |  | Notice of Stockholder Meetings |  |  | 19 |
7.2 |  | Notice by Electronic Transmission |  |  | 19 |
7.3 |  | Notice to Stockholders Sharing an Address |  |  | 20 |
7.4 |  | Notice to Person with Whom Communication is Unlawful |  |  | 20 |
7.5 |  | Waiver of Notice |  |  | 21 |
ARTICLE VIII — GENERAL MATTERS |  |  | 21 |
8.1 |  | Fiscal Year |  |  | 21 |
8.2 |  | Seal |  |  | 21 |
8.3 |  | Annual Report |  |  | 21 |
8.4 |  | Construction; Definitions |  |  | 21 |
8.5 |  | Conflict with Applicable Law or Certificate of Incorporation |  |  | 22 |
ARTICLE IX — AMENDMENTS |  |  | 22 |

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BYLAWS

ARTICLE I — MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

1.1 Place of Meetings

Meetings of stockholders of 4D Molecular Therapeutics, Inc. (the “ Company”) shall be held at any place, within or outside the State of Delaware, as determined by the Company’s board of directors (the “ Board”). The Board may, in its sole discretion, determine that a meeting of stockholders shall not be held at any place, but may instead be held solely by means of remote communication as authorized by Section 211(a)(2) of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “ DGCL”). In the absence of any such determination by the Board, meetings of stockholders shall be held at the Company’s principal executive office.

1.2 Annual Meeting

An annual meeting of stockholders shall be held for the election of directors on such date and at such time as may be designated by resolution of the Board from time to time. Any other proper business may be transacted at the annual meeting of stockholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not be required to hold an annual meeting of stockholders, provided that (i) the stockholders are permitted to act by written consent under the Company’s certificate of incorporation and these bylaws, (ii) the stockholders take action by written consent to elect directors, and (iii) the stockholders unanimously consent to such action or, if such consent is less than unanimous, all of the directorships to which directors could be elected at an annual meeting held at the effective time of such action are vacant and are filled by such action.

1.3 Special Meeting

A special meeting of stockholders may be called at any time by the Board, Chairperson of the Board, Chief Executive Officer or President (in the absence of a Chief Executive Officer).

At any time or times that the Company is subject to Section 2115(b) of the California Corporations Code (the “ CCC”), stockholders holding 5% or more of the outstanding shares shall have the right to call a special meeting of stockholders as set forth in Section 2.4.

If any person(s) other than the Board calls a special meeting, the request shall:

(i) be in writing;

(ii) specify the general nature of the business proposed to be transacted; and

(iii) be delivered personally or sent by registered mail, return receipt requested, or by facsimile transmission to the Chairperson of the Board, Chief Executive Officer, President (in the absence of a Chief Executive Officer) or Secretary.

The officer(s) of the Company receiving the request shall cause notice to be promptly given to the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting, in accordance with these bylaws, that a meeting will be held at the place and time determined by the Board, which shall not be fewer than 30 nor more than 120 days after the date of receipt of the request. No business may be transacted at such special meeting other than the business specified in such notice to stockholders. Nothing contained in this paragraph of this Section 1.3 shall be construed as limiting, fixing or affecting the time when a meeting of stockholders called by action of the Board may be held.

1.4 Notice of Meetings

Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a written notice of the meeting shall be given which shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting, the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such meeting, the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (if such date is different from the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting), and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called. Except as otherwise provided in the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the written notice of any meeting of stockholders shall be given not fewer than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting as of the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of the meeting.

1.5 Quorum

Except as otherwise provided in the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, at each meeting of stockholders the presence in person or by proxy of the holders of shares of stock having a majority of the votes which could be cast by the holders of all outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote at the meeting shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum; provided that, where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, a majority of the outstanding shares of such class or series or classes or series, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter.

If, however, such quorum is not present or represented at any meeting of stockholders, then either (i) the Chairperson of the Meeting (as defined in Section 1.7) or (ii) the holders of a majority of the shares present or represented at the meeting shall have the power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, in the manner provided in Section 1.6, until a quorum is present or represented. A quorum, once established, shall not be broken by the subsequent withdrawal of enough votes to leave less than a quorum.

1.6 Adjourned Meeting; Notice

Any meeting of stockholders may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other place, and notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time, place, if any, thereof, and the means of remote communication, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be deemed to be present in person and vote at such adjourned meeting are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At the adjourned meeting, the Company may transact

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any business which might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more than 30 days, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If, after the adjournment, a new record date for stockholders entitled to vote is fixed for the adjourned meeting, the Board shall fix a new record date for notice of such adjourned meeting in accordance with the DGCL and shall give notice of the adjourned meeting to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such adjourned meeting as of the record date fixed for notice of such adjourned meeting.

1.7 Conduct of Business

Each meeting of stockholders shall be presided over by the Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the Vice Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by the Chief Executive Officer, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by the President, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by a Vice President, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by a chairperson of such meeting designated by the Board, or in the absence of such designation by a chairperson chosen at such meeting by the holders of a majority of the shares present or represented at such meeting (such presiding person, the “ Chairperson of the Meeting”). The Secretary shall act as secretary of each meeting, but in his or her absence the Chairperson of the Meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of such meeting. The Chairperson of the Meeting shall determine the order of business and the procedure at the meeting, including such regulation of the manner of voting and the conduct of business.

1.8 Voting

The stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Section 1.10, subject to Section 217 of the DGCL (relating to voting rights of fiduciaries, pledgors and joint owners of stock) and Section 218 of the DGCL (relating to voting trusts and other voting agreements).

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation and subject to Section 1.10, each stockholder entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder which has voting power upon the matter in question. Elections of directors need not be by written ballot and, unless otherwise required by law, need not be conducted by inspectors of election unless so determined by the holders of shares of stock having a majority of the votes which could be cast by the holders of all outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote thereon which are present in person or by proxy at such meeting. If authorized by the Board, such requirement of a written ballot shall be satisfied by a ballot submitted by electronic transmission, provided that any such electronic transmission must either set forth or be submitted with information from which it can be determined that the electronic transmission was authorized by the stockholder or proxy holder.

Except as otherwise provided in the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, (i) in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall be the act of the stockholders, (ii) directors shall be elected by a plurality of the voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled

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to vote on the election of directors, and (iii) where a separate vote by a class or series or classes or series is required, in all matters other than the election of directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of shares of such class or series or classes or series present in person or represented by proxy at the meeting shall be the act of such class or series or classes or series.

1.9 Stockholder Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, any action required by the DGCL to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting of such stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted.

Every written consent (other than a written consent by electronic transmission) shall bear the date of signature of each stockholder who signs the consent, and no written consent shall be effective to take the corporate action referred to therein unless, within 60 days of the earliest dated consent delivered to the Company in the manner herein required, written consents signed by a sufficient number of stockholders to take action are delivered to the Company by delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware, its principal place of business or an officer or agent of the Company having custody of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the Company’s registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested.

An electronic transmission consenting to an action to be taken and transmitted by a stockholder or proxy holder, or by a person or persons authorized to act for a stockholder or proxy holder, shall be deemed to be written, signed and dated for purposes of this Section 1.9, provided that any such electronic transmission sets forth or is delivered with information from which the Company can determine (i) that the electronic transmission was transmitted by the stockholder or proxy holder or by a person or persons authorized to act for the stockholder or proxy holder and (ii) the date on which such stockholder or proxy holder or authorized person or persons transmitted such electronic transmission. The date on which such electronic transmission is transmitted shall be deemed to be the date on which such consent was signed.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the Board shall have instructed the officers of the Company to solicit the vote or written consent of the stockholders of the Company, an electronic transmission of a stockholder written consent given pursuant to such solicitation may be delivered to the Secretary or President (or to a person designated by the Secretary or President). The Secretary or President (or a person designated by the Secretary or President) shall cause any such written consent by electronic transmission to be reproduced in paper form and inserted into the Company’s corporate records.

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1.10 Record Date for Stockholder Notice; Voting; Giving Consents

In order that the Company may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board, and which record date:

(i) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, shall, unless otherwise required by the DGCL, not be more than 60 nor fewer than 10 days before the date of such meeting;

(ii) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, shall not be more than 10 days after the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board; and

(iii) in the case of determination of stockholders for any other action, shall not be more than 60 days prior to such action.

If no record date is fixed by the Board:

(i) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held;

(ii) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action by the Board is required by the DGCL, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Company in accordance with the DGCL, or, if prior action by the Board is required by the DGCL, shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution taking such prior action; and

(iii) the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution relating thereto.

A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting, provided that the Board may fix a new record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to vote at the adjourned meeting, and in such case shall also fix as the record date for stockholders entitled to notice of such adjourned meeting the same or an earlier date as that fixed for determination of stockholders entitled to vote in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this Section 1.10 at the adjourned meeting.

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1.11 Proxies

Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or to express consent or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy authorized by an instrument in writing or by a transmission permitted by law, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. The revocability of a proxy that states on its face that it is irrevocable shall be governed by the provisions of Section 212 of the DGCL.

1.12 List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote

The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the Company shall prepare and make, at least 10 days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting (unless the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to vote is less than 10 days before the meeting date, in which case the list shall reflect the stockholders entitled to vote as of the tenth day before the meeting date), arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder. The Company shall not be required to include electronic mail addresses or other electronic contact information on such list. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder for any purpose germane to the meeting for a period of at least 10 days prior to the meeting: (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (ii) during ordinary business hours, at the Company’s principal place of business. In the event that the Company determines to make the list available on an electronic network, the Company may take reasonable steps to ensure that such information is available only to stockholders of the Company. If the meeting is to be held at a place, then a list of stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting shall be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time thereof and may be examined by any stockholder who is present. If the meeting is to be held solely by means of remote communication, then such list shall also be open to the examination of any stockholder during the whole time of the meeting on a reasonably accessible electronic network, and the information required to access such list shall be provided with the notice of the meeting.

ARTICLE II — DIRECTORS

2.1 Powers

The business and affairs of the Company shall be managed by or under the direction of the Board, except as may be otherwise provided in the DGCL or the certificate of incorporation.

2.2 Number of Directors

The Board shall consist of one or more members, each of whom shall be a natural person. Unless the certificate of incorporation fixes the number of directors, the number of directors shall be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board. No reduction of the authorized number of directors shall have the effect of removing any director before that director’s term of office expires.

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2.3 Election, Qualification and Term of Office of Directors

Except as provided in Section 2.4, and subject to Section 1.2 and Section 1.9, directors shall be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders. Directors need not be stockholders unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws. The certificate of incorporation or these bylaws may prescribe other qualifications for directors. Each director shall hold office until such director’s successor is elected and qualified or until such director’s earlier death, resignation or removal.

No stockholder entitled to vote at an election for directors may cumulate votes to which such stockholder is entitled, unless, at the time of such election, the Company is subject to Section 2115(b) of the CCC. During such time that the Company is subject to Section 2115 of the CCC, the Company’s stockholders shall have the right to cumulate their votes in connection with the election of directors as provided by subdivisions (a), (b) and (c) of Section 708 of the CCC.

2.4 Resignation and Vacancies

Any director may resign at any time upon notice given in writing or by electronic transmission to the Company. A resignation is effective when the resignation is delivered unless the resignation specifies a later effective date or an effective date determined upon the happening of an event or events. A resignation which is conditioned upon the director failing to receive a specified vote for reelection as a director may provide that it is irrevocable. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, when one or more directors shall resign from the Board, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or resignations shall become effective.

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director.

If at any time, by reason of death or resignation or other cause, the Company should have no directors in office, then any officer or any stockholder or an executor, administrator, trustee or guardian of a stockholder, or other fiduciary entrusted with like responsibility for the person or estate of a stockholder, may call a special meeting of stockholders in accordance with the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, or may apply to the Court of Chancery for a decree summarily ordering an election as provided in Section 211 of the DGCL.

If, at the time of filling any vacancy or any newly created directorship, the directors then in office shall constitute less than a majority of the whole Board (as constituted immediately prior to any such increase), the Court of Chancery may, upon application of any stockholder or stockholders holding at least 10% of the voting stock at the time outstanding having the right to vote for such directors, summarily order an election to be held to fill any such vacancies or newly created directorships, or to replace the directors chosen by the directors then in office as aforesaid, which election shall be governed by Section 211 of the DGCL as far as applicable.

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At any time or times that the Company is subject to Section 2115(b) of the CCC, if, after the filling of any vacancy by the directors, the directors then in office who have been elected by the stockholders shall constitute less than a majority of the directors then in office, then (i) any holder or holders of an aggregate of five percent (5%) or more of the total number of shares at the time outstanding having the right to vote for those directors may call a special meeting of stockholders or (ii) the superior court of the proper county shall, upon application of such stockholder or stockholders, summarily order a special meeting of stockholders, to be held to elect the entire Board, all in accordance with Section 305(c) of the CCC, and the term of office of any director shall terminate upon that election of a successor.

A director elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected for the unexpired term of his or her predecessor in office and until such director’s successor is elected and qualified or until such director’s earlier death, resignation or removal.

2.5 Place of Meetings; Meetings by Telephone

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the Board may hold meetings within or outside the State of Delaware.

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, members of the Board, or any committee designated by the Board, may participate in a meeting of the Board, or any committee, by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the meeting.

2.6 Conduct of Business

Each meeting of the Board shall be presided over by the Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the Vice Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in the absence of the foregoing persons by a chairperson of such meeting designated by the Board, or in the absence of such designation by a chairperson chosen at such meeting. The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of such meeting.

2.7 Regular Meetings

Regular meetings of the Board may be held without notice at such time and at such place as shall from time to time be determined by the Board.

2.8 Special Meetings; Notice

Special meetings of the Board for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the Chairperson of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer, the President, the Secretary or any two directors.

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Notice of the time and place of all special meetings shall be:

(i) delivered personally by hand, by courier or by telephone (including a voice messaging system or other technology designed to record and communicate messages) during normal business hours at least 24 hours before the date and time of the meeting;

(ii) sent by United States first-class mail, postage prepaid, deposited at least four days before the date and time of the meeting;

(iii) sent by facsimile during normal business hours at least 24 hours before the date and time of the meeting; or

(iv) sent by electronic mail during normal business hours at least 24 hours before the date and time of the meeting,

directed to each director at that director’s address, telephone number, facsimile number or electronic mail address, as the case may be, as shown on the Company’s records.

Any oral notice may be communicated to the director. The notice need not specify the place of the meeting (if the meeting is to be held at the Company’s principal executive office) nor the purpose of the meeting.

2.9 Quorum; Voting

At all meetings of the Board, a majority of the total number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, unless the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws require a greater number. If a quorum is not present at any meeting of the Board, then the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum is present. A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to transact business notwithstanding the withdrawal of directors if any action taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum for that meeting.

The vote of the majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board, unless the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws requires a vote of a greater number.

If the certificate of incorporation provides that one or more directors shall have greater or fewer than one vote per director on any matter, every reference in these bylaws to a majority or other proportion of the directors shall refer to a majority or other proportion of the votes of the directors.

2.10 Board Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing (or by electronic transmission) and the writing or writings (or electronic transmission or transmissions) are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board or committee.

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Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic form.

2.11 Fees and Compensation of Directors

Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, the Board shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors.

2.12 Removal of Directors

Unless otherwise restricted by the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, and assuming that the Company is not subject to Section 2115(b) of the CCC, any director or the entire Board may be removed, with or without cause, by the holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors. Whenever the holders of any class or series are entitled to elect one or more directors by the certificate of incorporation, this Section 2.12 shall apply, in respect to the removal without cause of a director or directors so elected, to the vote of the holders of the outstanding shares of that class or series and not to the vote of the outstanding shares as a whole.

During such time that the Company is subject to Section 2115(b) of the CCC, unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, and subject to applicable law and the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock of the Company, any or all of the directors may be removed without cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of the outstanding shares entitled to vote on such removal, provided that, unless the entire Board is removed, no individual director may be removed when the votes cast against such director’s removal, or not consenting in writing to such removal, would be sufficient to elect that director if voted cumulatively at an election at which the same total number of votes were cast (or, if such action is taken by written consent, all shares entitled to vote were voted) and the entire number of directors authorized at the time of such director’s most recent election were then being elected.

ARTICLE III — COMMITTEES

3.1 Committees of Directors

The Board may designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Company. The Board may at any time increase or decrease the number of members of any committee or terminate the existence of any committee. The membership of a committee member shall terminate on the date of his or her death, resignation from such committee or the Board or removal from such committee or the Board. The Board may at any time and for any reason remove any individual committee member, and the Board may fill any committee vacancy created by a committee member’s death, resignation or removal. The Board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a committee, the member or members present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or members constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board or in these bylaws, shall

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have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board in the management of the business and affairs of the Company, and may authorize the seal of the Company to be affixed to all papers that may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to (i) approve or adopt, or recommend to the stockholders, any action or matter (other than the election or removal of directors) expressly required by the DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval or (ii) adopt, amend or repeal any bylaw of the Company.

3.2 Committee Minutes

Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its meetings and report the same to the Board when required.

3.3 Meetings and Actions of Committees

Meetings and actions of committees shall be governed by, and be held and taken in accordance with, the provisions of:

(i) Section 2.5 (Place of Meetings; Meetings by Telephone);

(ii) Section 2.7 (Regular Meetings);

(iii) Section 2.8 (Special Meetings; Notice);

(iv) Section 2.9 (Quorum; Voting);

(v) Section 2.10 (Board Action by Written Consent Without a Meeting); and

(vi) Section 7.5 (Waiver of Notice),

with such changes in the context of those bylaws as are necessary to substitute the committee and its members for the Board and its members. However:

(i) the time of regular meetings of a committee may be determined either by resolution of the Board or by resolution of such committee;

(ii) special meetings of committees may also be called by resolution of the Board; and

(iii) notice of special meetings of any committee shall also be given to all alternate members of such committee, who shall have the right to attend all meetings of such committee. The Board may adopt rules for the government of any committee not inconsistent with the provisions of these bylaws.

Any provision in the certificate of incorporation providing that one or more directors shall have more or less than one vote per director on any matter shall apply to voting in any committee or subcommittee, unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

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3.4 Subcommittees

Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of incorporation, these bylaws or the resolution of the Board designating the committee, a committee may create one or more subcommittees, each subcommittee to consist of one or more members of the committee, and delegate to a subcommittee any or all of the powers and authority of the committee.

ARTICLE IV — OFFICERS

4.1 Officers

The officers of the Company shall be a President and a Secretary. The Company may also have, at the discretion of the Board, a Chairperson of the Board (or Co-Chairpersons of the Board, each of whom acting alone shall, unless otherwise directed by the Board, have all the powers and duties of a Chairperson of the Board), a Vice Chairperson of the Board, a Chief Executive Officer, one or more Vice Presidents, a Chief Financial Officer, a Treasurer, one or more Assistant Treasurers, one or more Assistant Secretaries, and any such other officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of these bylaws. Any number of offices may be held by the same person.

4.2 Appointment of Officers

The Board shall appoint the officers of the Company, except such officers as may be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Section 4.3.

4.3 Subordinate Officers

The Board may appoint, or empower the Chief Executive Officer or President (in the absence of a Chief Executive Officer) to appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the Company may require. Each of such other officers and agents shall hold office for such period, have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided in these bylaws or as the Board may from time to time determine.

4.4 Removal and Resignation of Officers

Any officer may be removed, with or without cause, by an affirmative vote of the majority of the Board or, except in the case of an officer chosen by the Board, by any officer upon whom such power of removal may be conferred by the Board.

Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Company. Any officer’s resignation shall take effect at the date of the Company’s receipt of such notice or at any later time specified in such notice. Unless otherwise specified in an officer’s notice of resignation, the acceptance of the resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any resignation is without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the Company under any contract to which the resigning officer is a party.

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4.5 Vacancies in Offices

Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Company shall be filled by the Board or as provided in Section 4.3.

4.6 Representation of Shares of Other Corporations

Unless otherwise directed by the Board, the President (or any other person authorized by the Board or the President) is authorized to vote, represent and exercise, on behalf of the Company, all rights incident to any and all shares or other securities or interests in, or issued by, any other corporation standing in the name of the Company. The authority granted herein may be exercised either by such person directly or by any other person authorized to do so by proxy or power of attorney duly executed by such person having the authority.

4.7 Authority and Duties of Officers

Except as otherwise provided in these bylaws, the officers of the Company shall have such powers and duties in the management of the Company as may be designated from time to time by the Board and, to the extent not so provided, as generally pertain to their respective offices, subject to the control of the Board.

ARTICLE V — INDEMNIFICATION

5.1 Indemnification of Directors and Officers in Third Party Proceedings

Subject to the other provisions of this Article V, the Company shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any director or officer of the Company who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding other than an action by or in the right of the Company, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a “ Proceeding”), by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Company, or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such Proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe such person’s conduct was unlawful. The termination of any such Proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that such person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that such person’s conduct was unlawful.

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5.2 Indemnification of Directors and Officers in Actions by or in the Right of the Company

Subject to the other provisions of this Article V, the Company shall indemnify, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any director or officer of the Company who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the Company to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director or officer of the Company, or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with the defense or settlement of any such action or suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Company, except that no indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable to the Company unless and only to the extent that the Court of Chancery or the court in which such action or suit was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

5.3 Successful Defense

To the extent that a present or former director or officer of the Company has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit or proceeding described in Section 5.1 or Section 5.2, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein, such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys’ fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection therewith.

5.4 Indemnification of Others

Subject to the other provisions of this Article V, the Company shall have the power to indemnify its employees and agents to the extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law. The Board shall have the power to delegate to such person or persons the determination of whether employees or agents shall be indemnified.

5.5 Advancement of Expenses

Expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by a director or officer of the Company in defending any civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding shall be paid by the Company in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of a written request therefor (together with documentation reasonably evidencing such expenses) and an undertaking by or on behalf of such director or officer to repay such amount if it shall ultimately be determined that such person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Company under this Article V or the DGCL. Such expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by former directors and officers or other employees and agents of the Company may be so paid upon such terms and conditions, if any, as the Company deems appropriate. The right to advancement of expenses shall not apply to any action, suit or proceeding for which indemnity is excluded pursuant to these bylaws, but shall apply to any action, suit or proceeding referenced in Section 5.6(ii) or Section 5.6(iii) prior to a determination that the person is not entitled to be indemnified by the Company.

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5.6 Limitation on Indemnification

Subject to the requirements in Section 5.3 and the DGCL, the Company shall not be obligated to indemnify any person pursuant to this Article V in connection with any action, suit or proceeding (or any part of any action, suit or proceeding):

(i) for which payment has actually been made to or on behalf of such person under any statute, insurance policy, indemnity provision, vote or otherwise, except with respect to any excess beyond the amount paid;

(ii) initiated by such person, including any action, suit or proceeding (or any part of any action, suit or proceeding) initiated by such person against the Company or any of its directors, officers, employees, agents or other indemnitees, unless (a) the Board authorized the action, suit or proceeding (or the relevant part of the action, suit or proceeding) prior to its initiation, (b) the Company provides the indemnification, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the Company under applicable law, (c) otherwise required to be made under Section 5.7, or (d) otherwise required by applicable law; or

(iii) if prohibited by applicable law.

5.7 Determination; Claim

If a claim for indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Article V is not paid by the Company or on its behalf within 90 days after the Company’s receipt of a written claim therefor, the claimant shall be entitled to an adjudication by a court of competent jurisdiction of his or her entitlement to such indemnification or advancement of expenses. To the extent not prohibited by applicable law, the Company shall indemnify such claimant against all expenses he or she actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any action for indemnification or advancement of expenses from the Company under this Article V, to the extent such claimant is successful in such action. In any such action, the Company shall, to the fullest extent no prohibited by law, have the burden of proving that the claimant is not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses.

5.8 Non-Exclusivity of Rights

The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article V shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under the certificate of incorporation or any statute, bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in such person’s official capacity and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. The Company is specifically authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors, officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advancement of expenses, to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or other applicable law.

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5.9 Insurance

The Company may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, or is or was serving at the request of the Company as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such capacity, or arising out of such person’s status as such, whether or not the Company would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability under the provisions of the DGCL.

5.10 Survival

Subject to the terms contained in any indemnification agreement entered into between the Company and a director, officer, employee or agent, the indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by this Article V shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

5.11 Effect of Repeal or Modification

A right to indemnification or to advancement of expenses arising hereunder shall not be eliminated or impaired by an amendment hereof after the occurrence of the act or omission that is the subject of the civil, criminal, administrative or investigative action, suit or proceeding for which indemnification or advancement of expenses is sought.

5.12 Certain Definitions

For purposes of this Article V, references to the “ Company” shall include, in addition to the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to indemnify its directors, officers, employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under this Article V with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as such person would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its separate existence had continued. For purposes of this Article V, references to “other enterprises” shall include employee benefit plans; references to “fines” shall include any excise taxes assessed on a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to “serving at the request of the Company” shall include any service as a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company which imposes duties on, or involves services by, such director, officer, employee or agent with respect to an employee benefit plan, its participants or beneficiaries; and a person who acted in good faith and in a manner such person reasonably believed to be in the interest of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be deemed to have acted in a manner “not opposed to the best interests of the Company” as referred to in this Article V.

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ARTICLE VI — STOCK

6.1 Stock Certificates; Partly Paid Shares

The shares of the Company shall be represented by certificates, provided that the Board may provide by resolution or resolutions that some or all of any or all classes or series of its stock shall be uncertificated shares. Any such resolution shall not apply to shares represented by a certificate until such certificate is surrendered to the Company. Every holder of stock represented by certificates shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of, the Company by the Chairperson of the Board or Vice-Chairperson of the Board, or the President or a Vice President, and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of the Company representing the number of shares registered in certificate form. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate has ceased to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Company with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue. The Company shall not have power to issue a certificate in bearer form.

The Company may issue the whole or any part of its shares as partly paid and subject to call for the remainder of the consideration to be paid therefor. Upon the face or back of each stock certificate issued to represent any such partly paid shares, or upon the books and records of the Company in the case of uncertificated partly paid shares, the total amount of the consideration to be paid therefor and the amount paid thereon shall be stated. Upon the declaration of any dividend on fully paid shares, the Company shall declare a dividend upon partly paid shares of the same class, but only upon the basis of the percentage of the consideration actually paid thereon.

6.2 Special Designation on Certificates

If the Company is authorized to issue more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, then the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate that the Company shall issue to represent such class or series of stock, provided that, except as otherwise provided in Section 202 of the DGCL, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, there may be set forth on the face or back of the certificate which the Company shall issue to represent such class or series of stock, a statement that the Company will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Within a reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated stock, the Company shall send to the registered owner thereof a written notice containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates pursuant to this Section 6.2 or Section 156, Section 202(a) or Section 218(a) of the DGCL or with respect to this

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Section 6.2 a statement that the Company will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Except as otherwise expressly provided by law, the rights and obligations of the holders of uncertificated stock and the rights and obligations of the holders of certificates representing stock of the same class and series shall be identical.

6.3 Lost Certificates

Except as provided in this Section 6.3, no new certificates for shares shall be issued to replace a previously issued certificate unless the previously issued certificate is surrendered to the Company and cancelled at the same time. The Company may issue a new certificate of stock or uncertificated shares in place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Company may require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owner’s legal representative, to give the Company a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate or uncertificated shares.

6.4 Dividends

The Board, subject to applicable law and any restrictions contained in the certificate of incorporation, may declare and pay dividends upon the shares of the Company’s capital stock. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property or in shares of the Company’s capital stock, subject to applicable law and the certificate of incorporation.

The Board may set apart out of any of the funds of the Company available for dividends a reserve or reserves for any proper purpose and may abolish any such reserve.

6.5 Stock Transfer Agreements

The Company shall have power to enter into and perform any agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes of stock of the Company to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the Company of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not prohibited by the DGCL.

6.6 Registered Stockholders

The Company:

(i) shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive dividends and to vote as such owner;

(ii) shall be entitled to hold liable for calls and assessments the person registered on its books as the owner of shares; and

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(iii) shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of another person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware.

6.7 Transfers

Stock of the Company shall be transferable in the manner prescribed by law and in these bylaws. Transfers of stock of the Company shall be made on its books only by the person named as the holder thereof on the company’s stock records, in person or by an attorney duly authorized in writing, and, if such stock is certificated, upon the surrender of the certificate thereof, which shall be cancelled before a new certificate or uncertificated shares shall be issued. No transfer of stock of the Company shall be valid as against the Company for any purpose until it shall have been entered in the Company’s stock records by an entry showing from and to whom transferred.

ARTICLE VII — MANNER OF GIVING NOTICE AND WAIVER

7.1 Notice of Stockholder Meetings

Notice of any meeting of stockholders, if mailed, is given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder’s address as it appears on the Company’s records. An affidavit of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or of the transfer agent or other agent of the Company that the notice has been given shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

7.2 Notice by Electronic Transmission

Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Company under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a form of electronic transmission consented to by the stockholder to whom the notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Company. Any such consent shall be deemed revoked if:

(i) the Company is unable to deliver by electronic transmission two consecutive notices given by the Company in accordance with such consent; and

(ii) such inability becomes known to the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or to the transfer agent or other person responsible for the giving of notice.

However, the inadvertent failure to treat such inability as a revocation shall not invalidate any meeting or other action.

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Any notice given pursuant to the preceding paragraph of this Section 7.2 shall be deemed given:

(i) if by facsimile telecommunication, when directed to a number at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice;

(ii) if by electronic mail, when directed to an electronic mail address at which the stockholder has consented to receive notice;

(iii) if by a posting on an electronic network together with separate notice to the stockholder of such specific posting, upon the later of (A) such posting and (B) the giving of such separate notice; and

(iv) if by any other form of electronic transmission, when directed to the stockholder.

An affidavit of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or of the transfer agent or other agent of the Company that the notice has been given by a form of electronic transmission shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.

As used in these bylaws, an “electronic transmission” means any form of communication, not directly involving the physical transmission of paper, that creates a record that may be retained, retrieved and reviewed by a recipient thereof, and that may be directly reproduced in paper form by such a recipient through an automated process.

This Section 7.2 shall not apply to Section 164, Section 296, Section 311, Section 312 or Section 324 of the DGCL.

7.3 Notice to Stockholders Sharing an Address

Without limiting the manner by which notice otherwise may be given effectively to stockholders, any notice to stockholders given by the Company under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws shall be effective if given by a single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Any such consent shall be revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the Company. Any stockholder who fails to object in writing to the Company, within 60 days of having been given written notice by the Company of its intention to send the single notice permitted under this Section 7.3, shall be deemed to have consented to receiving such single written notice. This Section 7.3 shall not apply to Section 164, Section 296, Section 311, Section 312 or Section 324 of the DGCL.

7.4 Notice to Person with Whom Communication is Unlawful

Whenever notice is required to be given, under the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, to any person with whom communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or

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agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice had been duly given. In the event that the action taken by the Company is such as to require the filing of a certificate under the DGCL, the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that notice was given to all persons entitled to receive notice except such persons with whom communication is unlawful.

7.5 Waiver of Notice

Whenever notice is required to be given under any provision of the DGCL, the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws, a written waiver, signed by the person entitled to notice, or a waiver by electronic transmission by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of stockholders, directors or members of a committee of directors need be specified in any written waiver of notice or any waiver by electronic transmission unless so required by the certificate of incorporation or these bylaws.

ARTICLE VIII — GENERAL MATTERS

8.1 Fiscal Year

The fiscal year of the Company shall be fixed by resolution of the Board and may be changed by the Board.

8.2 Seal

The Company may adopt a corporate seal, which shall be in such form as may be approved from time to time by the Board. The Company may use the corporate seal by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or affixed or in any other manner reproduced.

8.3 Annual Report

The Company shall cause an annual report to be sent to the stockholders of the Company to the extent required by applicable law. If and so long as there are fewer than 100 holders of record of the Company’s shares, the requirement of sending an annual report to the stockholders of the Company is expressly waived to the extent permitted by applicable law.

8.4 Construction; Definitions

Unless the context requires otherwise, the general provisions, rules of construction and definitions in the DGCL shall govern the construction of these bylaws. Without limiting the generality of this provision, the singular number includes the plural, the plural number includes the singular, and the term “person” includes both a corporation and a natural person.

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8.5 Conflict with Applicable Law or Certificate of Incorporation

These bylaws are adopted subject to any applicable law and the certificate of incorporation. Whenever these bylaws may conflict with any applicable law or the certificate of incorporation, such conflict shall be resolved in favor of such law or the certificate of incorporation.

ARTICLE IX — AMENDMENTS

These bylaws may be adopted, amended or repealed by the stockholders entitled to vote. However, the Company may, in its certificate of incorporation, confer the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws upon the directors. The fact that such power has been so conferred upon the directors shall not divest the stockholders of the power, nor limit their power, to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws.

A bylaw amendment adopted by stockholders which specifies the votes that shall be necessary for the election of directors shall not be further amended or repealed by the Board.

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