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Stockholders' Equity (Tables) | 6 Months Ended | 12 Months Ended
--- | --- | ---
Jun. 30, 2019 | Dec. 31, 2018
Stockholders Equity Note [Abstract] |  |
Summary of Stock Option Activity | The following is a summary of stock option activity under the Plan for the six months ended June 30, 2019:
|  | Number of Shares |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) |  |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  |  | 1,250,000 |  |  |  | 0.28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cancelled/Forfeited |  |  | (83,333 | ) |  |  | 0.28 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 |  |  | 1,166,667 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  |  | 8.8 |  |  | $ | — |
Exercisable at June 30, 2019 |  |  | 399,998 |  |  | $ | 0.28 |  |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | $ | — |
Summary of Weighted Average Assumptions Used to Compute Fair Value | The following weighted average assumptions were used to compute the fair value of stock options granted during the six months ended June 30, 2019:
|  | Six months ended June 30, 2019 |
Dividend yield |  |  | N/A |
Expected volatility |  |  | 147.6 | %
Weighted average risk-free interest rate |  |  | 2.6 | %
Weighted average expected life (in years) |  |  | 5.5 |
Weighted average grant date fair value |  | $ | 0.259 |
Summary of Recognized Share-based Compensation Cost |
|  | Three months ended June 30, |  |  | Six months ended June 30, |
(in thousands) |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |  |  | 2019 |  |  | 2018 |
Selling, general and administrative |  | $ | 58 |  |  | $ | (71 | ) |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | (58 | )
Research and development |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (69 | ) |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | (63 | )
Total |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | (140 | ) |  | $ | 133 |  |  | $ | (121 | )
Summary of Warrant Activity | The following is a summary of warrant activity for the six months ended June 30, 2019:
|  | Warrants |  |  | Exercise Price per Share |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 65,685,269 |  |  | $ | 0.01 - $10.00 |  |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  |  | 5.75 |
Exercised |  |  | (7,898,853 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.01 |  |  |  |  |
Exchanged |  |  | (64,000 | ) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at June 30, 2019 |  |  | 57,722,416 |  |  | $ | 0.01 - $10.00 |  |  | $ | 0.23 |  |  |  | 5.24 |
| The Company issued warrants as part of its offerings in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2018 as well as part of its issuance of convertible notes in 2016 and 2018 and an exchange agreement in 2017. A summary of warrant activity is as follows:
|  | Warrants |  |  | Exercise Price per Share |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) |
Outstanding at January 1, 2017 |  |  | 78 |  |  | $281,750 - $19,712,000 |  | $ | 910,000 |  |  |  | 5.59 |
Warrants issued |  |  | 14,256 |  |  |  |  |  | 2,299 |  |  |  |  |
Warrants exercised |  |  | (246 | ) |  |  |  |  | 4,221 |  |  |  |  |
Warrants expired |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  |  |  | 845,250 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2017 |  |  | 14,049 |  |  | $1,225 - $19,712,000 |  | $ | 1,569 |  |  |  | 4.88 |
Warrants issued in Feb 2018 registered direct offering |  |  | 1,076,002 |  |  |  |  |  | 9.33 |  |  |  |  |
Warrants issued with convertible notes |  |  | 69,169,756 |  |  |  |  |  | 0.18 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (4,574,529 | ) |  |  |  |  | 1.79 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  |  |  | 19,712,000 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at December 31, 2018 |  |  | 65,685,269 |  |  | $0.01 - $10.00 |  | $ | 0.22 |  |  |  | 5.75 |

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- Definition Tabular disclosure of the significant assumptions used during the year to estimate the fair value of stock options, including, but not limited to: (a) expected term of share options and similar instruments, (b) expected volatility of the entity's shares, (c) expected dividends, (d) risk-free rate(s), and (e) discount for post-vesting restrictions. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Subparagraph (f)(2) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=109197908&loc=d3e5070-113901 + Details
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- Definition Tabular disclosure of warrants or rights issued. Warrants and rights outstanding are derivative securities that give the holder the right to purchase securities (usually equity) from the issuer at a specific price within a certain time frame. Warrants are often included in a new debt issue to entice investors by a higher return potential. The main difference between warrants and call options is that warrants are issued and guaranteed by the company, whereas options are exchange instruments and are not issued by the company. Also, the lifetime of a warrant is often measured in years, while the lifetime of a typical option is measured in months. Disclose the title of issue of securities called for by warrants and rights outstanding, the aggregate amount of securities called for by warrants and rights outstanding, the date from which the warrants or rights are exercisable, and the price at which the warrant or right is exercisable. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 718 -SubTopic 10 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (a) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=109197908&loc=d3e5047-113901 Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 235 -SubTopic 10 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -Subparagraph (SX 210.4-08(i)) -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=26873400&loc=d3e23780-122690 Reference 3: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section S99 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=6784392&loc=d3e188667-122775 Reference 4: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 505 -SubTopic 50 -Section 50 -Paragraph 1 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/extlink&oid=68057994&loc=d3e25284-112666 + Details
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