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Fair Value Of Financial Instruments | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Text Block [Abstract] |
Fair Value Measurement | Note 7: Fair Value of Financial Instruments Fair Value Measurement Financial Assets Financial assets held by the Company primarily consist of investments in debt securities. Substantially all of the Company’s investments are priced by independent third parties, including pricing services and brokers. Typically, the Company receives one pricing service v alue or broker quote for each instrument, which represents a non-binding indication of value. The Company, along with its third-party portfolio manager, reviews the assumptions, inp uts and methodologies used by pricing services and brokers to obtain reason able assurance that the prices used in its valuations reflect fair value. When the Company and its third-party portfolio manager believe a third-party quotation differs significantl y from its internally developed expectation of fair value, whether higher or lower, the Company reviews its data or assumptions with the provider. This review includes comparing significant assumptions such as prepayment speeds, default ratios, forward yie ld curves, credit spreads and other significant quantitative inputs to internal assumptions, and working with the price provider to reconcile the differences. The price provider may subsequently provide an updated price. In the event that the price provide r does not update its price, and the Company still does not agree with the price provided, its third-party portfolio manager will obtain a price from another third-party provider or use an internally developed price which it believes represents the fair va lue of the investment. The fair values of investments for which internal prices were used were not significant to the aggregate fair value of the Company’s investment portfolio as of December 31, 2018 or 2017. All challenges to third-party prices are reviewed by staff of the Company as well as its third-party portfolio manager with relevant expertise to ensure reasonableness of assumptions. A pricing analysis is reviewed and approved by the Company’s v aluation c ommittee. Financial Liabilities (excludi ng derivative liabilities) Financial liabilities, excluding derivative liabilities, issued by the Company primarily consist of debt issued for general corporate purposes within its corporate segment, MTNs, investment agreements and debt issued by consolida ted VIEs. The majority of the financial liabilities that the Company has elected to fair value or that require fair value reporting or disclosures are valued based on the estimated value of the underlying collateral, the Company’s or a third-party’s estima te of discounted cash flow model estimates, or quoted market values for similar products. These valuations include adjustments for expected nonperformance risk of the Company. Derivative Liabilities The Company’s derivative liabilities are primarily intere st rate swaps and an insured credit derivative. The Company’s insured credit derivative contract is a non-traded structured credit derivative transaction and since it is highly customized, there is generally no observable market for th is derivative. T he Company estimates its fair value in a hypothetical market based on an internal model that incorporates market or estimated prices of similar securities that are obtained for all collateral within a transaction, the present value of the market-implied po tential loss and nonperformance risk. The Company reviews its valuation model results on a quarterly basis to assess the appropriateness of the assumptions and results in light of current market activity and conditions. This review is performed by internal staff with relevant expertise. Internal Review Process All significant financial assets and liabilities are reviewed by the valuation committee to ensure compliance with the Company’s policies and risk procedures in the development of fair values of fina ncial assets and liabilities. The valuation committee reviews, among other things, key assumptions used for internally developed prices, significant changes in sources and uses of inputs, including changes in model approaches, and any adjustments from thir d-party inputs or prices to internally developed inputs or prices. The committee also reviews any significant impairment or improvements in fair values of the financial instruments from prior periods. The committee is comprised of senior finance and other team members with relevant experience in the financial instruments the committee is responsible for. The committee documents its agreement with the fair value measurements reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Valuation Techniques Va luation techniques for financial instruments measured at fair value are described below. Fixed-Maturity Securities Held as Available-For-Sale, Investments Carried at Fair Value, Investments Pledged as Collateral and S hort-term I nvestments These investments include investments in U.S. Treasury and government agencies, state and municipal bonds, foreign governments, corporate obligations, MB S, ABS, money market securities, and perpetual debt and equity securities. These investments are generally valued bas ed on recently executed transaction prices or quoted market prices. When quoted market prices are not available, fair value is generally determined using quoted prices of similar investments or a valuation model based on observable and unobservable inputs. Inputs vary depending on the type of investment. Observable inputs include contractual cash flows, interest rate yield curves, CDS spreads, prepayment and volatility scores, diversity scores, cross-currency basis index spreads, and credit spreads for stru ctures similar to the financial instrument in terms of issuer, maturity and seniority. Unobservable inputs include cash flow projections and the value of any credit enhancement. The investment in the fixed-income fund was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient. The investment in the fixed-income fund may be redeemed on a quarterly basis with prior redemption notification of ninety days subject to withdrawal limitations. The investment is required to be held for a minimum of twelve months, and any subsequent quarterly redemption is limited to 25% of the investment or a complete redemption over four consecutive quarters in the amounts of 25%, 33%, 50%, and 100% of the remaining investment balance as of the first, s econd, third and fourth consecutive quarters, respectively. The investment in money market securities was also measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient. These funds are backed by high quality, very liquid short-term instruments and the probability is remote that the funds would be sold for a value other than net asset value. Investments based on quoted market prices of identical investments in active marke ts are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Level 1 investments generally consist of U.S. Treasury and government agency and perpetual debt and equity securities. Quoted market prices of investments in less active markets, as well as investme nts which are valued based on other than quoted prices for which the inputs are observable, such as interest rate yield curves, are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Investments that contain significant inputs that are not observable are categorized as Level 3. Cash and Cash Equivalents The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to the short-term nature and credit worthiness of these instruments and are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. L oans Receivable and Other Instruments at Fair Value Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value are comprised of loans and other instruments held by consolidated VIEs consisting of residential mortgage and corporate loans and other instruments. Fair values of residential mortgage loans are determined using quoted prices for MBS issue d by the respective VIE and adjusted for the fair values of the financial guarantees provided by MBIA Corp. on the related MBS. The fair values of the financial guarantees consider expected claim payments, net of recoveries, under MBIA Corp.’s policies. Fa ir values of corporate l oans and other instruments, which are to privately held companies, are based on methodologies that generally use comparable EBITDA multiples and the most current available EBITDAs. Loan Repurchase Commitments Loan repurchase commitments are obligations owed by the sellers/servicers of mortgage loans to MBIA as reimbursement of paid claims. Loan repurchase commitments are assets of the consolidated VIEs. This asset represents the rights of MBIA against the sellers/servicers for breaches of representations and warranties that the securitized residential mortgage loans sold to the trust to comply with stated underwriting guidelines and for the sellers/servicers to cure, replace, or repurchase mortgage loans. Fair value measurements of loan repurchase commitm ents represent the amounts owed by the sellers/servicers to MBIA as reimbursement of paid claims. Loan repurchase commitments are not securities and no quoted prices or comparable market transaction information are observable or available. Fair values of l oan repurchase commitments are determined using discounted cash flow techniques and are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other Assets A VIE consolidated by the Company ha s entered into a derivative instrument consisting of a cross currency swap. The c ross currency swap is entered into to manage the variability in cash flows resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. The fair value of the VIE derivative is determined based on inputs from unobservable cash flows proj ection of the derivative, discounted using observable discount rates. As the significant inputs are unobservable, the derivative contract is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other assets also include receivables representing the right to receive reimbursement payments on claim payments expected to be made on certain insured VIE liabilities due to risk mitigating transactions with third parties executed to effectively defease, or, in-substance commute the Company’s exposure on its financia l guarantee policies. The right to receive reimbursement payments is based on the value of the Company’s financial guarantee determined using the cash flow model. The fair value of the financial guarantee primarily contains unobservable inputs and is categ orized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Medium-t erm Notes at Fair Value The Company has elected to measure certain MTNs at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of certain MTNs are based on quoted market prices provided by third-party so urces, where available. When quoted market prices are not available, the Company applies a matrix pricing grid to determine fair value based on the quoted market prices received for similar instruments and considering the MTNs’ stated maturity and interest rate. Nonperformance risk is included in the quoted market prices and the matrix pricing grid. MTNs are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Variable Interest Entity Notes The fair values of VIE notes are determined based on recently executed transaction prices or quoted prices where observable. When position-specific quoted prices are not observable, fair values are based on quoted prices of similar securities. Fair values based on quoted prices of similar securitie s may be adjusted for factors unique to the securities, including any credit enhancement. Observable inputs include interest rate yield curves and bond spreads of similar securities. Unobservable inputs include the value of any credit enhancement. VIE note s are categorized in Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Derivatives The corporate segment has entered into derivative transactions primarily con sisting of interest rate swaps. Fair values of over-the-counter derivatives are determined using valuation models based on observable inputs, nonperformance risk of the Company and nonperformance risk of the counterparties. Observable and market-based inpu ts include interest rate yields, credit spreads and volatilities. These derivatives are categorized in Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. Derivatives—Insurance The derivative contracts insured by the Company cannot be legally traded and generally do not have observable market prices. The Company determines the fair values of insured credit derivatives using valuation models based on observab le inputs and considering nonperformance risk of the Company. Negotiated settlements are also considered to validate the valuation models and to reflect assumptions the Company believes market participant s would use. Valuation Model Overview T he Company us es an internally developed Direct Price Model to value its insured credit derivative that incorporate s market prices or estimated prices of similar securities that are obtained for all collateral within a transaction, the present value of the market-implie d potential losses, and nonperformance risk. The valuation of the insured credit derivative includes the impact of its credit standing. The insured credit derivative is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy based on unobservable inputs that ar e significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company a lso has other derivative liabilities as a result of a commutation that occurred in 2014. The fair value of the derivative is determined using a discounted cash flow model. Key inputs include unobservable cash flows projected over the expected term of the derivative. As the significant inputs are un observable, the derivative contract is categor ized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Other Liabilities Stock warrants issued by the Company are valued using the Black-Scholes model and are recorded at fair value. Inputs into the warrant valuation include the Company’s stock price, the strike pr ice of the warrant, time to expiration, a volatility parameter, interest rates, and dividend data. As all significant inputs are market-based and observable, warrants are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. As of December 31, 2018, there were no warrants outstanding. Other payable relates to certain contingent consideration. The fair value of the liability is based on the cash flow methodologies using observable and unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs include invested asset balances and asset management fees that are significant to the fair value estimate and the liability is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Significant Unobservable Inputs The following tables provide quantitative information regarding the significa nt unobservable inputs used by the Company for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017.
|  |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | as of |  |  |  |  |  | Range
|  |  | December 31, |  |  |  |  |  | (Weighted
In millions |  | 2018 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Input |  | Average)
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value |  | $ | 172 |  | Market prices adjusted for financial |  | Impact of financial guarantee(1) |  | -17% - 75% (7%)
|  |  |  |  |  | guarantees provided to VIE obligations |  |  |  |
| Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 418 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Recovery rates(2) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Breach rates(2) |  |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Variable interest entity notes |  |  | 366 |  | Market prices of VIE assets adjusted for |  | Impact of financial guarantee |  | 0% - 63% (39%)
|  |  |  |  |  | financial guarantees provided |  |  |  |
Credit derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| CMBS |  |  | 33 |  | Direct Price Model |  | Nonperformance risk |  | 54% - 54% (54%)
Other derivative liabilities |  |  | 7 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Cash flows |  | $0 - $49 ($25)(3)
____________ |  |  |  |  |
(1) - Negative percentage represents financial guarantee policies in a receivable position.
(2) - Recovery rates and breach rates include estimates about potential variations in the outcome of litigation with a counterparty.
(3) - Midpoint of cash flows are used for the weighted average.
|  |  | Fair Value |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | as of |  |  |  |  |  | Range
|  |  | December 31, |  |  |  |  |  | (Weighted
In millions |  | 2017 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Input |  | Average)
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value |  | $ | 1,679 |  | Market prices adjusted for financial |  | Impact of financial guarantee(1) |  | -25% - 35% (-2%)
|  |  |  |  |  | guarantees provided to VIE obligations |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Multiples of EBITDA |  | Multiples(2) |  |
| Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 407 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Recovery rates(3) |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Breach rates(3) |  |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Variable interest entity notes |  |  | 406 |  | Market prices of VIE assets |  | Impact of financial guarantee |  | 0% - 60% (36%)
|  |  |  |  |  | adjusted for financial guarantees provided |  |  |  |
Credit derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| CMBS |  |  | 63 |  | Direct Price Model |  | Nonperformance risk |  | 54% - 54% (54%)
Other derivative liabilities |  |  | 4 |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Cash flows |  | $0 - $49 ($25)(4)
| ____________ |  |  |  |
| (1) - Negative percentage represents financial guarantee policies in a receivable position.
| (2) - Unobservable inputs are primarily based on comparable companies' EBITDA multiples.
| (3) - Recovery rates and breach rates include estimates about potential variations in the outcome of litigation with a counterparty.
| (4) - Midpoint of cash flows are used for the weighted average.
Sensitivity of Significant Unobservable Inputs As of December 31, 2018, t he significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s residential loans receivable at fair value of consolidated VIEs is the impact of the financial guarantee. The fair value of residential loans receivable is calculated by subtracting the value of the financial guarantee from the market value of VIE liabilities. The value of a financial guarantee is estimated by the Company as the present value of expected cash payments, net of recoveries, under the policy. If there is a lower expected cash flow on the underlying loans receivable of the VIE, the value of the financial guarantee provided by the Company under the insurance policy increases. This results in a lower fair value of the residential loans receivable in relation to the obligations of the VIE. In addition to the impact of the financial guarantee, as of December 31, 2017, t he fair value of corporate loans receivable and other instruments also includes certain methodologies using multiples of EBITDA. Multiples a re external factors that are considered when determining the fair values of corporate loans. These loans are to privately held companies for which the Company has limited information. The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s loan repurchase commitments of consolidated VIEs are the recovery rates and breach rates. Recovery rates reflect the estimates of future cash flows reduced for litigation delays and risks and/or potential financial distress of the sellers/servicers. The estimated recoveries of the loan repurchase commitments may differ from the actual recoveries that may be received in the future. Breach rates represent the rate at which mortgages fail to comply with stated representations and warranties of the sellers/servicers. Significant increases or decreases in the recovery rates and the breach rates would result in significantly higher or lower fair values of the loan repurchase commitments, respectively. Additionally, changes in the legal environment and the ability of the counterparties to pay would impact the recovery rate assumptions, which could significantly impact the fair value measurement. Any significant challenges by the counterparties to the Company’s determination of breaches of representa tions and warranties could have a material adverse impact on the fair value measurement. Recovery rates and breach rates are determined independently. Changes in one input will not necessarily have any impact on the other input. The significant unobservabl e input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s VIE notes of consolidated VIEs is the impact of the financial guarantee. The fair value of VIE notes is calculated by adding the value of the financial guarantee to the market value of VIE assets. The value of a financial guarantee is estimated by the Company as the present value of expected cash payments under the policy. As the value of the guarantee provided by the Company to the obligations issued by the VIE increases, the credit support adds v alue to the liabilities of the VIE. This results in an increase in the fair value of the liabilities of the VIE. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of MBIA Corp.’s commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) credit der ivative, which is valued using the Direct Price Model, is nonperformance risk. The nonperformance risk is an assumption of MBIA Corp.’s own ability to pay and whether MBIA Corp. will have the necessary resources to pay the obligations as they come due. Any significant increase or decrease in MBIA Corp.’s nonperformance risk would result in a decrease or increase in the fair value of the derivative liabilities, respectively. The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of MBIA Corp.’s other derivatives, which are valued using a discounted cash flow m odel, is the estimates of future cash flows discounted using market rates and CDS spreads. Any significant increase or decrease in future cash flows would result in a n increase or decrease in the fair value of the derivative liabilit y, respectively. Fair Value Measurements The following tables present the fair value of the Company’s assets (including short-term investments) and liabilities measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Active Markets |  | Other |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | for Identical |  | Observable |  | Unobservable |  |  | Balance as of |
|  |  |  |  |  | Assets |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  |  | December 31, |
In millions |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  |  | 2018 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 1,028 |  | $ | 90 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,118 |
| State and municipal bonds |  |  | - |  |  | 728 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 728 |
| Foreign governments |  |  | - |  |  | 9 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |
| Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 1,410 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,410 |
| Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | - |  |  | 219 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 219 |
|  | Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  | 28 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 28 |
|  | Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 47 |  |  | 7 | (1) |  |  | 54 |
| Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 121 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 121 |
|  | Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 181 |  |  | 3 | (1) |  |  | 184 |
|  |  | Total fixed-maturity investments |  |  | 1,028 |  |  | 2,833 |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 3,871 |
Money market securities |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 67 | (2)
Perpetual debt and equity securities |  |  | 23 |  |  | 35 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |
Fixed-income fund |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75 | (2)
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 222 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 222 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-insured derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Active Markets |  | Other |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | for Identical |  | Observable |  | Unobservable |  |  | Balance as of |
|  |  |  |  |  | Assets |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  |  | December 31, |
In millions |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  |  | 2018 |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5 | (1) |  |  | 14 |
| Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  | 92 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 92 |
|  | Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 34 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |
| Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 | (1) |  |  | 7 |
|  | Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |
| Cash |  |  | 58 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 58 |
| Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential loans receivable |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 172 |
| Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 418 |
| Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Currency derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 17 | (1) |  |  | 17 |
|  | Other |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 14 | (1) |  |  | 14 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,331 |  | $ | 3,021 |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | 5,131 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 102 | (1) |  | $ | 102 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Credit derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 35 |
| Non-insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | 157 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 157 |
|  | Other |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Other payable |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 5 | (1) |  |  | 5 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  | 114 |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 480 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  | $ | 273 |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 786 |
____________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) - Unobservable inputs are either not developed by the Company or do not significantly impact the overall fair values of the aggregate financial assets and liabilities. |
(2) - Investment that was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient, and was required not to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. |
|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Active Markets |  | Other |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | for Identical |  | Observable |  | Unobservable |  |  | Balance as of |
|  |  |  |  |  | Assets |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  |  | December 31, |
In millions |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  |  | 2017 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 1,256 |  | $ | 96 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,352 |
| State and municipal bonds |  |  | - |  |  | 858 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 858 |
| Foreign governments |  |  | - |  |  | 10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |
| Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 1,338 |  |  | 2 | (1) |  |  | 1,340 |
| Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | - |  |  | 368 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 368 |
|  | Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  | 32 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32 |
|  | Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 60 |  |  | 7 | (1) |  |  | 67 |
| Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 118 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 118 |
|  | Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 178 |  |  | 5 | (1) |  |  | 183 |
|  |  | Total fixed-maturity investments |  |  | 1,256 |  |  | 3,058 |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 4,328 |
Money market securities |  |  | 180 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 180 |
Perpetual debt and equity securities |  |  | 26 |  |  | 37 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 63 |
Fixed-income fund |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 82 | (2)
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 122 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 122 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Non-insured derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
|  |  |  |  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Quoted Prices in |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | Active Markets |  | Other |  | Significant |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  | for Identical |  | Observable |  | Unobservable |  |  | Balance as of |
|  |  |  |  |  | Assets |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  |  | December 31, |
In millions |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  |  | 2017 |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 19 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |
| Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  | 108 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 108 |
|  | Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 30 |  |  | 6 | (1) |  |  | 36 |
| Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  | 8 |  |  | 1 | (1) |  |  | 9 |
|  | Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  | 10 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |
| Cash |  |  | 24 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
| Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential loans receivable |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 759 |  |  |  | 759 |
|  | Corporate loans receivable and other instruments |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 920 |  |  |  | 920 |
| Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 407 |  |  |  | 407 |
| Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Currency derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 19 | (1) |  |  | 19 |
|  | Other |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 14 | (1) |  |  | 14 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,608 |  | $ | 3,272 |  | $ | 2,140 |  |  | $ | 7,102 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 115 | (1) |  | $ | 115 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Credit derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 65 |
| Non-insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  | 193 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 193 |
|  | Other |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Warrants |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |
| Other payable |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 7 | (1) |  |  | 7 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  | 663 |  |  | 406 |  |  |  | 1,069 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  | $ | 864 |  | $ | 595 |  |  | $ | 1,459 |
____________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) - Unobservable inputs are either not developed by the Company or do not significantly impact the overall fair values of the aggregate financial assets and liabilities. |
(2) - Investment that was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient, and was required not to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. |
Level 3 assets at fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 represented approximately 12% and 30%, respectively, of total assets measured at fair value. Level 3 liabilities at fair value as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 represented approximately 65% and 41%, respectively, of total liabilities measured at fair value. The following tables present the fair values and carrying valu es of the Company’s assets and liabilities that are disclosed at fair value but not reported at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Quoted Prices in |  | Significant |  | Significant |  | Fair Value |  | Carry Value |
|  |  | Active Markets for |  | Other Observable |  | Unobservable |  | Balance as of |  | Balance as of |
|  |  | Identical Assets |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | December 31, |  | December 31, |
In millions |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | 2018 |  | 2018 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Other investments |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 1 |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Investments held-to-maturity |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 925 |  |  | 925 |  |  | 890 |
Total assets |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 925 |  | $ | 926 |  | $ | 891 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long-term debt |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,101 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,101 |  | $ | 2,249 |
| Medium-term notes |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 422 |  |  | 422 |  |  | 620 |
| Investment agreements |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 388 |  |  | 388 |  |  | 311 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  | 378 |  |  | 925 |  |  | 1,303 |  |  | 1,264 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,479 |  | $ | 1,735 |  | $ | 3,214 |  | $ | 4,444 |
Financial Guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Gross liability (recoverable) |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 993 |  | $ | 993 |  | $ | (43) |
| Ceded |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 65 |  |  | 65 |  |  | 35 |
|  |  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Quoted Prices in |  | Significant |  | Significant |  | Fair Value |  | Carry Value
|  |  | Active Markets for |  | Other Observable |  | Unobservable |  | Balance as of |  | Balance as of
|  |  | Identical Assets |  | Inputs |  | Inputs |  | December 31, |  | December 31,
In millions |  | (Level 1) |  | (Level 2) |  | (Level 3) |  | 2017 |  | 2017
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Other investments |  | $ | - |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 2
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Investments held-to-maturity |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 916 |  |  | 916 |  |  | 890
Total assets |  | $ | - |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | 916 |  | $ | 918 |  | $ | 892
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Long-term debt |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,002 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,002 |  | $ | 2,121
| Medium-term notes |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 406 |  |  | 406 |  |  | 650
| Investment agreements |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 433 |  |  | 433 |  |  | 337
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  | 352 |  |  | 916 |  |  | 1,268 |  |  | 1,220
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,354 |  | $ | 1,755 |  | $ | 3,109 |  | $ | 4,328
Financial Guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Gross liability |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1,785 |  | $ | 1,785 |  | $ | 1,220
| Ceded |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 61 |  |  | 61 |  |  | 39
The carrying value of the Company’s gross financial guarantees consists of unearned premium revenue and loss and LAE reserves, net of the insurance loss recoverable as reported on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value of ceded financial guarantees consists of prepaid reinsurance premiums and reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses as reported within “Other assets”, net of gross salvage payable to reinsurers as reported within “Other l iabilities” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The following tables present information about changes in Level 3 assets (including short-term investments) and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Year Ended December 31, 2018
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gains
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Losses) for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | the Period
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Included in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Earnings for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gains / |  | Unrealized |  | Foreign |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Assets
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Losses) |  | Gains / |  | Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | still held
|  | Balance, |  | Realized |  | Included |  | (Losses) |  | Recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Transfers |  | Transfers |  |  |  |  | as of
|  | Beginning |  | Gains / |  | in |  | Included |  | in OCI or |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | into |  | out of |  | Ending |  | December 31,
In millions |  | of Year |  | (Losses) |  | Earnings |  | in OCI |  | Earnings |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Level 3(1) |  | Level 3(1) |  | Balance |  | 2018
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | - |  | $ | -
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage-backed |  |  | 7 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 7 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 7 |  |  | -
Other asset-backed |  |  | 5 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | 5 |  |  | - |  |  | (1) |  |  | (3) |  |  | - |  |  | (2) |  |  | 3 |  |  | -
Assets of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | - |  |  | 5 |  |  | -
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage-backed |  |  | 6 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (6) |  |  | - |  |  | -
Collateralized debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | -
Loans receivable- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
residential |  |  | 759 |  |  | - |  |  | 14 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (114) |  |  | (487) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 172 |  |  | (22)
Loans receivable and other instruments- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
corporate |  |  | 920 |  |  | - |  |  | 11 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (6) |  |  | (925) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | -
Loan repurchase |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
commitments |  |  | 407 |  |  | - |  |  | 11 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 418 |  |  | 11
Currency |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
derivatives |  |  | 19 |  |  | - |  |  | (2) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 17 |  |  | (2)
Other |  |  | 14 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 14 |  |  | -
Total assets |  | $ | 2,140 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 34 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | - |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | - |  | $ | (122) |  | $ | (1,415) |  | $ | 13 |  | $ | (17) |  | $ | 637 |  | $ | (13)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Gains)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Losses for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | the Period
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Included in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Earnings for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Gains) / |  | (Gains) / |  | Foreign |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Liabilities
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Losses |  | Losses |  | Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | still held
|  | Balance, |  | Realized |  | Included |  | Included in |  | Recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Transfers |  | Transfers |  |  |  |  | as of
|  | Beginning |  | (Gains) / |  | in |  | Credit Risk |  | in OCI or |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | into |  | out of |  | Ending |  | December 31,
In millions |  | of Year |  | Losses |  | Earnings |  | in OCI |  | Earnings |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Level 3(1) |  | Level 3(1) |  | Balance |  | 2018
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 115 |  | $ | (9) |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 55 |  | $ | (10) |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | (48) |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 102 |  | $ | (11)
Credit derivatives |  |  | 63 |  |  | 56 |  |  | (30) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (56) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 33 |  |  | (30)
Other derivatives |  |  | 4 |  |  | - |  |  | 3 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 7 |  |  | 3
Other payable |  |  | 7 |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (3) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 5 |  |  | 1
Liabilities of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
VIE notes |  |  | 406 |  |  | 39 |  |  | (30) |  |  | (20) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 8 |  |  | (37) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 366 |  |  | (30)
Total liabilities |  | $ | 595 |  | $ | 86 |  | $ | (57) |  | $ | 35 |  | $ | (10) |  | $ | - |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | (144) |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 513 |  | $ | (67)
_______________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) - Transferred in and out at the end of the period.
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Year Ended December 31, 2017
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gains
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Losses) for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | the Period
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Included in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Earnings for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Gains / |  | Unrealized |  | Foreign |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Assets
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Losses) |  | Gains / |  | Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | still held
|  | Balance, |  | Realized |  | Included |  | (Losses) |  | Recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Transfers |  | Transfers |  |  |  |  | as of
|  | Beginning |  | Gains / |  | in |  | Included |  | in OCI or |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | into |  | out of |  | Ending |  | December 31,
In millions |  | of Year |  | (Losses) |  | Earnings |  | in OCI |  | Earnings |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Level 3(1) |  | Level 3(1) |  | Balance |  | 2017
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | -
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 14 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 7 |  |  | -
Collateralized debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
obligations |  |  | 15 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (7) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (8) |  |  | - |  |  | -
Other asset-backed |  |  | 44 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (41) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 5 |  |  | -
State and municipal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
bonds |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | -
Assets of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (2) |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | (4) |  |  | - |  |  | -
Commercial |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (3) |  |  | 9 |  |  | - |  |  | 6 |  |  | -
Collateralized debt |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | -
Other asset-backed |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | - |  |  | -
Loans receivable- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
residential |  |  | 916 |  |  | - |  |  | 79 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (236) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 759 |  |  | 79
Loans receivable and other instruments- |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
corporate |  |  | 150 |  |  | - |  |  | 89 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 719 |  |  | - |  |  | (38) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 920 |  |  | 89
Loan repurchase |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
commitments |  |  | 404 |  |  | - |  |  | 3 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 407 |  |  | 3
Currency derivatives |  |  | 19 |  |  | - |  |  | 2 |  |  | - |  |  | (2) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 19 |  |  | -
Other |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (3) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 17 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 14 |  |  | (3)
Total assets |  | $ | 1,552 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 170 |  | $ | 2 |  | $ | (2) |  | $ | 737 |  | $ | - |  | $ | (324) |  | $ | (3) |  | $ | 31 |  | $ | (23) |  | $ | 2,140 |  | $ | 168
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Change in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Gains)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Losses for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | the Period
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Included in
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Unrealized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Earnings for
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Gains) / |  | Unrealized |  | Foreign |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Liabilities
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Losses |  | (Gains) / |  | Exchange |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | still held
|  | Balance, |  | Realized |  | Included |  | Losses |  | Recognized |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Transfers |  | Transfers |  |  |  |  | as of
|  | Beginning |  | (Gains) / |  | in |  | Included |  | in OCI or |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | into |  | out of |  | Ending |  | December 31,
In millions |  | of Year |  | Losses |  | Earnings |  | in OCI |  | Earnings |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Level 3(1) |  | Level 3(1) |  | Balance |  | 2017
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 101 |  | $ | - |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | - |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 115 |  | $ | 14
Credit derivatives |  |  | 64 |  |  | 51 |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (51) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 63 |  |  | 1
Other derivatives |  |  | 20 |  |  | - |  |  | 18 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (34) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 4 |  |  | 18
Other payable |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 7 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 7 |  |  | -
Liabilities of |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
VIE notes |  |  | 476 |  |  | - |  |  | 37 |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (56) |  |  | (51) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 406 |  |  | 37
Total liabilities |  | $ | 661 |  | $ | 51 |  | $ | 53 |  | $ | - |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | 7 |  | $ | - |  | $ | (141) |  | $ | (51) |  | $ | - |  | $ | - |  | $ | 595 |  | $ | 70
_______________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(1) - Transferred in and out at the end of the period.
F or the year ended December 31, 2018, sales include the impact of the deconsolidation of VIEs. Refer to “Note 4: Variable Interest Entities” for additional information about the deconsolidation of VIEs. F or the year ended December 31, 2018, t ransfers into Level 3 and out of Level 2 were principally related to CMBS and corporate obligations, where inputs, which are significant to their valuation, became unobservable during the period. CMBS, c orporate obligations and other asset-backed compris ed the majority of the instruments transferred out of Level 3 where inputs, which are significant to their valuation, became observable during the period. These inputs included spreads, prepayment speeds, default speeds, default severities, yield curves ob servable at commonly quoted intervals, and market corroborated inputs. There were no transfers into or out of Level 1. F or the year ended December 31, 2017, t ransfers into Level 3 and out of Level 2 were principally related to CMBS and c orporate ob ligations, where inputs, which are significant to their valuation, became unobservable during the period. CDOs, CMBS, c orporate obligations and other asset-backed comprised the majority of the instruments transferred out of Level 3 where inputs, which are significant to their valuation, became observable during the period. These inputs included spreads, prepayment speeds, default speeds, default severities, yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, and market corroborated inputs. There were no transfers into or out of Level 1. All Level 1, 2 and 3 designations are made at the end of each accounting period. G a in s a n d l o ss e s (r eal i z e d a n d u n r eal i z e d) i n c l ude d i n ea r ni n g s relating t o Le v e l 3 a ss e t s an d li a bili t ie s f o r t h e years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 a re r epo r t e d o n t h e Company’s c on s oli d a t e d s t a t e m en t s o f ope r a t ion s a s f ol l ow s:
|  |  |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses)
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | for the Period Included in Earnings
|  |  | Total Gains (Losses) |  | for Assets and Liabilities still
In millions |  | Included in Earnings |  | held as of December 31,
|  |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Unrealized gains (losses) on |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| insured derivatives |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | 1 |  | $ | 21 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | (1) |  | $ | 13
| Realized gains (losses) and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | (56) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (43) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | -
| Net gains (losses) on financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 17 |  |  | (32) |  |  | 1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (32) |  |  | 1
| Net investment losses related to |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| other-than-temporary impairments |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | -
| Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | (1) |  |  | - |  |  | -
| Revenues of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Net gains (losses) on financial instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 25 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 14 |  |  | 17 |  |  | 131 |  |  | 32
Total |  | $ | 15 |  | $ | 49 |  | $ | (8) |  | $ | 54 |  | $ | 98 |  | $ | 46
Fair Value Option The Company elected to record at fair value certain financial instruments that have been consolidated in connection with the adoption of the accounting guidance for consolidation of VIEs, among others. The following table presents the gains and (losses) included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 for financial instruments for which the fair value option was elected:
|  |  |  | Years Ended December 31, |
| In millions |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |
| Investments carried at fair value(1) |  | $ | (11) |  | $ | 8 |  | $ | 7 |
| Fixed-maturity securities held at fair value-VIE(2) |  |  | (25) |  |  | (22) |  |  | (124) |
| Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Residential mortgage loans(2) |  |  | (100) |  |  | (158) |  |  | (268) |
|  | Corporate loans and other instruments(2) |  |  | 11 |  |  | 52 |  |  | - |
| Loan repurchase commitments(2) |  |  | 12 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 8 |
| Other assets-VIE(2) |  |  | - |  |  | (3) |  |  | - |
| Medium-term notes(1) |  |  | 19 |  |  | (14) |  |  | 4 |
| Other liabilities(3) |  |  | (2) |  |  | - |  |  | - |
| Variable interest entity notes (2) |  |  | 118 |  |  | 230 |  |  | 383 |
| ___________ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| (1) - Reported within "Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange" on MBIA's consolidated statements of operations. |
| (2) - Reported within "Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange-VIE" on MBIA's consolidated statements of operations. |
| (3) - Reported within "Other net realized gains (losses)" on MBIA's consolidated statements of operations. |
Instrument-Specific Credit Risk of Liabilities Elected Under the Fair Value Option As of December 31, 2018, the cumulative changes in instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities elected under the fair value option were a loss of $1 10 million reported in “Accumulated o ther comprehensive income” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Changes in value attributable to instrument-specific credit risk were derived principally from changes in the Company’s credit spread. For liabilit ies of VIEs, additional adjustments to instrument-specific credit risk are required, which is determined by an analysis of deal specific performance of collateral that support these liabilities. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the portion s of instrument-specific credit risk included in AOCI that w ere recognized in earnings due to settlement of liabilities w ere loss es of $97 million. T h e f ol l owin g t abl e r e f l e c t s t h e d i f f e r en ce be t wee n t h e ag g r ega t e f ai r v alu e an d t h e a gg r ega t e r e m a inin g c on t r a c t u a l p r in c i pa l bala n c e ou t s t a ndin g a s o f December 31, 2018 an d 2017 f o r loans and no t e s f o r wh i ch t h e f a i r v al u e o p t i o n w a s el e c t ed:
|  |  | As of December 31, 2018 |  |  | As of December 31, 2017
|  |  | Contractual |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Contractual |  |  |  |  |  |
|  |  | Outstanding |  | Fair |  |  |  |  | Outstanding |  | Fair |  |  |
In millions |  | Principal |  | Value |  | Difference |  | Principal |  | Value |  | Difference
Loans receivable and other instruments at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Residential mortgage loans |  | $ | 168 |  | $ | 164 |  | $ | 4 |  | $ | 732 |  | $ | 727 |  | $ | 5
| Residential mortgage loans (90 days or more past due) |  |  | 153 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 145 |  |  | 170 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 138
| Corporate loans and other instruments (90 days |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| or more past due) |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | - |  |  | 1,394 |  |  | 920 |  |  | 474
Total loans receivable and other instruments at fair value |  | $ | 321 |  | $ | 172 |  | $ | 149 |  | $ | 2,296 |  | $ | 1,679 |  | $ | 617
Variable interest entity notes |  | $ | 1,295 |  | $ | 480 |  | $ | 815 |  | $ | 1,882 |  | $ | 1,069 |  | $ | 813
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 114 |  | $ | 102 |  | $ | 12 |  | $ | 180 |  | $ | 115 |  | $ | 65
The difference between the contractual outstanding principal and the fair values on l o a ns r e c e i v a b l e and other instruments, VIE notes and MTNs, in the preceding table, are primarily a t t r i bu t a b l e t o c r e d i t r i s k. T h i s i s due t o t he h i gh r a t e of d e f a u l t s o n l o a n s a n d t he c o l l at e r a l s u ppor t i ng t h e VIE notes and the nonperformance risk of the Company on its MTNs, which r e s u l t ed i n d e pr e s s e d pr i c i ng of t h e f i n a n c ia l i n s t r u m e n t s.

X
- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Publisher FASB -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Topic 820 -URI http://asc.fasb.org/topic&trid=2155941 + Details
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- References No definition available. + Details
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