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Includes 0.9 million and 1.0 million of participating securities that met the service condition and were eligible to receive nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.Represents the sum of third-party financial guarantee net premiums earned, net investment income, insurance-related fees and reimbursements and other fees.Represents intercompany premium income and expense and intercompany interest income and expense pertaining to intercompany receivables and payables.Consists principally of intercompany reinsurance balances.Represents unrealized gains or losses on OTTI securities recognized in AOCI, which includes the non-credit component of impairments, as well as all subsequent changes in fair value of such impaired securities reported in AOCI.Includes loan repurchase commitments of $530 million and $486 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.Amounts are net of expected recoveries.An “issue” represents the aggregate of financial guarantee policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments on the insured debt.Represents contractual principal and interest payments due by the issuer of the obligations insured by MBIA.The gross claim liability with respect to Puerto Rico exposures are net of expected recoveries for policies in a net payable position.Gross potential recoveries with respect to certain Puerto Rico exposures are net of the claim liability for policies in a net recoverable position.Represents discount related to Gross Claim Liability and Gross Potential Recoveries.Included in “Other assets” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.Investment that was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient, and was required not to be classified in the fair value hierarchy.Reported within the “Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities” on MBIA’s Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income/Loss.Insurance loss reserve estimates are based on the proportion of par value owned to the total amount of par value insured.The Company revised its previously reported amount of $66 million to $121 million.The Company revised its previously reported amount of $1,284 million to $1,371 million.The Company revised its previously reported amount of $445 million to $433 million.The Company revised its previously reported amount of $1,795 million to $1,925 million.In accordance with the accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities, the balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivative instruments is determined by the location of the related host contract.Includes changes in amount and timing of estimated payments and recoveries.Weighted average represents the total MBIA guarantees as a percentage of total instrument fair value.Midpoint of cash flows are used for the weighted average.Transferred in and out at the end of 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Table of Contents
United States
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
Form
10-Q

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
or

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from
to
Commission File Number:
1-9583
MBIA INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Connecticut |  | 06-1185706
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1 Manhattanville Road, Suite 301, Purchase, New York |  | 10577
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(914) 273-4545
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Not applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock |  | MBI |  | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation
S-T
(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes
☒
No
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a
non-accelerated
filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer |  | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer |  | ☐
Non-accelerated filer |  | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company |  | ☐
|  |  |  | Emerging growth company |  | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.
☐
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2
of the Exchange Act). Yes
☐
No
☒
As of November 2, 2020,
53,928,317 shares of Common Stock, par value $1 per share,
were outstanding.

Table of Contents

|  |  |  | PAGE |
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
Item 1. |  | Financial Statements MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries (Unaudited) |  |  |  |
|  | Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 (Unaudited) |  |  | 1 |
|  | Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) |  |  | 2 |
|  | Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) |  |  | 3 |
|  | Consolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) |  |  | 4 |
|  | Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 (Unaudited) |  |  | 5 |
|  | Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) |  |  | 6 |
|  | Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties |  |  | 6 |
|  | Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies |  |  | 9 |
|  | Note 3: Recent Accounting Pronouncements |  |  | 11 |
|  | Note 4: Variable Interest Entities |  |  | 12 |
|  | Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves |  |  | 14 |
|  | Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments |  |  | 20 |
|  | Note 7: Investments |  |  | 36 |
|  | Note 8: Derivative Instruments |  |  | 42 |
|  | Note 9: Income Taxes |  |  | 45 |
|  | Note 10: Business Segments |  |  | 46 |
|  | Note 11: Earnings Per Share |  |  | 50 |
|  | Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |  |  | 51 |
|  | Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies |  |  | 52 |
Item 2. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |  |  | 56 |
Item 3. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |  |  | 82 |
Item 4. |  | Controls and Procedures |  |  | 82 |
PART II OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. |  | Legal Proceedings |  |  | 83 |
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors |  |  | 83 |
Item 2. |  | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds |  |  | 86 |
Item 6. |  | Exhibits |  |  | 87 |
SIGNATURES |  |  | 88 |

Table of Contents
FORWARD-LOOKING AND CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS
This quarterly report of MBIA Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, (collectively, “MBIA”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) includes statements that are not historical or current facts and are “forward-looking statements” made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “believe”, “anticipate”, “project”, “plan”, “expect”, “estimate”, “intend”, “will likely result”, “looking forward”, or “will continue” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical earnings and those presently anticipated or projected. MBIA cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only to their respective dates. We undertake no obligation to publicly correct or update any forward-looking statement if the Company later becomes aware that such result is not likely to be achieved.
The following are some of the general factors that could affect financial performance or could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates contained in or underlying the Company’s forward-looking statements:

| • |  | increased credit losses or impairments on public finance obligations that National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation (“National”) insures issued by state, local and territorial governments and finance authorities and other providers of public services, located in the U.S. or abroad, that are experiencing fiscal stress;

| • |  | the possibility that loss reserve estimates are not adequate to cover potential claims;

| • |  | a disruption in the cash flow from National or an inability to access the capital markets and our exposure to significant fluctuations in liquidity and asset values in the global credit markets as a result of collateral posting requirements;

| • |  | our ability to fully implement our strategic plan;

| • |  | the possibility that MBIA Insurance Corporation will have inadequate liquidity or resources to timely pay claims as a result of higher than expected losses on certain insured transactions or as a result of a delay or failure in collecting expected recoveries, which could lead the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”) to put MBIA Insurance Corporation into a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding under Article 74 of the New York Insurance Law and/or take such other actions as the NYSDFS may deem necessary to protect the interests of MBIA Insurance Corporation’s policyholders;

| • |  | the impact on our insured portfolios or business operations caused by the global spread of the novel coronavirus COVID-19;

| • |  | deterioration in the economic environment and financial markets in the United States or abroad, real estate market performance, credit spreads, interest rates and foreign currency levels; and

| • |  | the effects of changes to governmental regulation, including insurance laws, securities laws, tax laws, legal precedents and accounting rules.

The above factors provide a summary of and are qualified in their entirety by the risk factors discussed under “Risk Factors” in Part II, Other Information, Item 1A included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition, refer to “Note 1: Business Developments and Risk and Uncertainties” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of certain risks and uncertainties related to our financial statements.
This quarterly report of MBIA Inc. also includes statements of the opinion and belief of MBIA management which may be forward-looking statements subject to the preceding cautionary disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the basis for each statement of opinion or belief of MBIA management in this report is the relevant industry or subject matter experience and views of certain members of MBIA’s management. Accordingly, MBIA cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any such statements, because like all statements of opinion or belief they are not statements of fact and may prove to be incorrect. We undertake no obligation to publicly correct or update any statement of opinion or belief if the Company later becomes aware that such statement of opinion or belief was not or is not then accurate. In addition, readers are cautioned that each statement of opinion or belief may be further qualified by disclosures set forth elsewhere in this report or in other disclosures by MBIA.

Table of Contents
PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
MBIA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Unaudited)
(In millions except share and per share amounts)

|  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity securities held as available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost $2,184 and $2,705) |  | $ | 2,374 |  |  | $ | 2,820 |
Investments carried at fair value |  |  | 210 |  |  |  | 209 |
Investments pledged as collateral, at fair value (amortized cost $6 and $15) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 10 |
Short-term investments, at fair value (amortized cost $346 and $423) |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | 423 |
Total investments |  |  | 2,932 |  |  |  | 3,462 |
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | 75 |
Premiums receivable (net of allowance for credit losses $4 and $-) |  |  | 229 |  |  |  | 249 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 60 |
Insurance loss recoverable |  |  | 1,798 |  |  |  | 1,694 |
Other assets |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | 115 |
Assets of consolidated variable interest entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 8 |
Investments held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $575 and $892) |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | 890 |
Investments carried at fair value |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 83 |
Loans receivable at fair value |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 136 |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 486 |
Other assets |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total assets |  | $ | 6,551 |  |  | $ | 7,284 |
Liabilities and Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unearned premium revenue |  | $ | 429 |  |  | $ | 482 |
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves |  |  | 991 |  |  |  | 901 |
Long-term debt |  |  | 2,318 |  |  |  | 2,228 |
Medium-term notes (includes financial instruments carried at fair value of $101 and $108) |  |  | 686 |  |  |  | 680 |
Investment agreements |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 304 |
Derivative liabilities |  |  | 228 |  |  |  | 175 |
Other liabilities |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 136 |
Liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes (includes financial instruments carried at fair value of $343 and $403) |  |  | 1,187 |  |  |  | 1,539 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 6,308 |  |  |  | 6,445 |
Commitments and contingencies (Refer to Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, par value $1 per share; authorized shares -- 10,000,000; issued and outstanding -- none |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Common stock, par value $1 per share; authorized shares -- 400,000,000; issued shares -- 283,433,401 and 283,433,401 |  |  | 283 |  |  |  | 283 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 2,960 |  |  |  | 2,999 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | 607 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax of $8 and $8 |  |  | 130 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Treasury stock, at cost -- 229,505,963 and 204,000,108 shares |  |  | (3,211 | ) |  |  | (3,061 | )
Total shareholders’ equity of MBIA Inc. |  |  | 230 |  |  |  | 826 |
Preferred stock of subsidiary |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total equity |  |  | 243 |  |  |  | 839 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 6,551 |  |  | $ | 7,284 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements
1

Table of Contents
MBIA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Unaudited)
(In millions except share and per share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums earned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Scheduled premiums earned |  | $ | 14 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | 52 |
Refunding premiums earned |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 13 |
Premiums earned (net of ceded premiums of $1, $1, $3 and $4) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 65 |
Net investment income |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 89 |
Fees and reimbursements |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |
Change in fair value of insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10 | )
Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23 |
Net change in fair value of insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | (26 | ) |  |  | 40 |
Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other-than-temporary impairments recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | )
Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | )
Net gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Revenues of consolidated variable interest entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 30 |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 112 |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (62 | )
Total revenues |  |  | 71 |  |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  | 252 |
Expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | 427 |  |  |  | 89 |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 9 |
Operating |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 68 |
Interest |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 154 |
Expenses of consolidated variable interest entities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 6 |
Interest |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | 63 |
Total expenses |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 389 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | (497 | ) |  |  | (137 | )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Net income (loss) per common share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (1.11 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97 | ) |  | $ | (1.75 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (1.11 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97 | ) |  | $ | (1.75 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 52,588,533 |  |  |  | 78,686,542 |  |  |  | 62,391,826 |  |  |  | 82,813,523 |
Diluted |  |  | 52,588,533 |  |  |  | 78,686,542 |  |  |  | 62,391,826 |  |  |  | 82,813,523 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
2

Table of Contents
MBIA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) (Unaudited)
(In millions)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Available-for-sale securities with no credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 39 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 164 |
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | 164 |
Reclassification adjustments for (gains) losses included in net income (loss) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | (15 | )
Available-for-sale securities with credit losses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | (32 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | )
Reclassification adjustments for (gains) losses included in net income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5 | )
Foreign currency translation: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation gains (losses) |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 1 |
Instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities measured at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (27 | ) |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | (27 | )
Reclassification adjustments for (gains) losses included in net income (loss) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 26 |
Total other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 142 |
Comprehensive income (loss) |  | $ | (57 | ) |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (365 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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MBIA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (Unaudited)
(In millions except share amounts)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Common shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period |  |  | 283,433,401 |  |  |  | 283,625,689 |  |  |  | 283,433,401 |  |  |  | 283,625,689 |
Common stock amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 284 |  |  | $ | 283 |  |  | $ | 284 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 2,959 |  |  | $ | 2,995 |  |  | $ | 2,999 |  |  | $ | 3,025 |
Period change |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (28 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 2,960 |  |  | $ | 2,997 |  |  | $ | 2,960 |  |  | $ | 2,997 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | 738 |  |  | $ | 607 |  |  | $ | 966 |
ASU 2016-13 transition adjustment |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (42 | ) |  |  | - |
Net income (loss) |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | (497 | ) |  |  | (145 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 821 |  |  | $ | 68 |  |  | $ | 821 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 129 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | (156 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (51 | ) |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | 142 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | (14 | )
Treasury shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  |  | (220,924,081 | ) |  |  | (198,824,693 | ) |  |  | (204,000,108 | ) |  |  | (193,803,976 | )
Treasury shares acquired under share repurchase program |  |  | (8,582,686 | ) |  |  | (4,341,232 | ) |  |  | (26,430,768 | ) |  |  | (10,273,891 | )
Other |  |  | 804 |  |  |  | 8,166 |  |  |  | 924,913 |  |  |  | 920,108 |
Balance at end of period |  |  | (229,505,963 | ) |  |  | (203,157,759 | ) |  |  | (229,505,963 | ) |  |  | (203,157,759 | )
Treasury stock amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | (3,149 | ) |  | $ | (3,014 | ) |  | $ | (3,061 | ) |  | $ | (3,000 | )
Treasury shares acquired under share repurchase program |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | (39 | ) |  |  | (198 | ) |  |  | (93 | )
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 40 |
Balance at end of period |  | $ | (3,211 | ) |  | $ | (3,053 | ) |  | $ | (3,211 | ) |  | $ | (3,053 | )
Total shareholders’ equity of MBIA Inc. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning of period |  | $ | 348 |  |  | $ | 1,040 |  |  | $ | 826 |  |  | $ | 1,119 |
Period change |  |  | (118 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (596 | ) |  |  | (84 | )
Balance at end of period |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |  |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 1,035 |
Preferred stock of subsidiary shares |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period |  |  | 1,315 |  |  |  | 1,315 |  |  |  | 1,315 |  |  |  | 1,315 |
Preferred stock of subsidiary amount |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at beginning and end of period |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  | $ | 13 |
Total equity |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 1,048 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 1,048 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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MBIA INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Unaudited)
(In millions)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
|  | 2020 |  | 2019
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums, fees and reimbursements received |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 19 |
Investment income received |  |  | 96 |  |  |  | 143 |
Insured derivative commutations and losses paid |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11 | )
Financial guarantee losses and loss adjustment expenses paid |  |  | (461 | ) |  |  | (477 | )
Proceeds from recoveries and reinsurance |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | 117 |
Operating and employee related expenses paid |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | (60 | )
Interest paid, net of interest converted to principal |  |  | (67 | ) |  |  | (144 | )
Income taxes (paid) received |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities |  |  | (388 | ) |  |  | (415 | )
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases of available-for-sale investments |  |  | (900 | ) |  |  | (1,759 | )
Sales of available-for-sale investments |  |  | 862 |  |  |  | 1,875 |
Paydowns and maturities of available-for-sale investments |  |  | 613 |  |  |  | 722 |
Purchases of investments at fair value |  |  | (137 | ) |  |  | (129 | )
Sales, paydowns, maturities and other proceeds of investments at fair value |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | 583 |
Sales, paydowns and maturities (purchases) of short-term investments, net |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | (131 | )
Sales, paydowns and maturities of held-to-maturity investments |  |  | 315 |  |  |  | - |
Paydowns and maturities of loans receivable |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 68 |
Consolidation of variable interest entities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 72 |
Deconsolidation of variable interest entities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | )
(Payments) proceeds for derivative settlements |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (95 | )
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 1,204 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from investment agreements |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | 11 |
Principal paydowns of investment agreements |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (13 | )
Principal paydowns of medium-term notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | (57 | )
Principal paydowns of variable interest entity notes |  |  | (333 | ) |  |  | (671 | )
Principal paydowns of long-term debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (150 | )
Purchases of treasury stock |  |  | (200 | ) |  |  | (96 | )
Other financing |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (12 | )
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities |  |  | (552 | ) |  |  | (988 | )
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (199 | )
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 280 |
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 81 |
Reconciliation of net income (loss) to net cash provided (used) by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided (used) by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Premiums receivable |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 40 |
Deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 9 |
Accrued investment income |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 19 |
Unearned premium revenue |  |  | (53 | ) |  |  | (88 | )
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | (34 | )
Insurance loss recoverable |  |  | (105 | ) |  |  | (249 | )
Accrued interest payable |  |  | 102 |  |  |  | 75 |
Accrued expenses |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | 5 |
Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37 |
Unrealized (gains) losses on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | (23 | )
Net (gains) losses on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (152 | )
Other net realized (gains) losses |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | 60 |
Other operating |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | 31 |
Total adjustments to net income (loss) |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | (270 | )
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities |  | $ | (388 | ) |  | $ | (415 | )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties
Summary
MBIA Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, (collectively, “MBIA” or the “Company”) operates within the financial guarantee insurance industry. MBIA manages three operating segments: 1) United States (“U.S.”) public finance insurance; 2) corporate; and 3) international and structured finance insurance. The Company’s U.S. public finance insurance business is managed through National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation (“National”), the corporate segment is operated through MBIA Inc. and several of its subsidiaries, including its service company, MBIA Services Corporation (“MBIA Services”) and its international and structured finance insurance business is primarily operated through MBIA Insurance Corporation and its subsidiary (“MBIA Corp.”).
Refer to “Note 10: Business Segments” for further information about the Company’s operating segments.
Business Developments
Puerto Rico
On January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and certain of its instrumentalities (“Puerto Rico”) defaulted on scheduled debt service for National insured bonds and National paid gross claims in the aggregate of $391
million. As of September 30, 2020, National had $2.9 billion of debt service outstanding related to Puerto Rico. Refer to the “Risks and Uncertainties” section below for additional information on the Company’s Puerto Rico exposures.
PREPA RSA
In September of 2019, National agreed to join the restructuring support agreement, as amended (“RSA”), with the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (“PREPA”), other monoline insurers, a group of uninsured PREPA bondholders, Puerto Rico, and the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico (the “Oversight Board”). The Rule 9019 hearing to approve the RSA has been delayed several times, and most recently was adjourned due to the outbreak of the novel coronavirus
COVID-19
(“COVID-19”)
until further notice. The Oversight Board and the Commonwealth submitted a status report to the Title III court on September 25, 2020, requesting additional time to review the impact of
COVID-19
and other limiting circumstances and seeking to file a further update with the Court on December 9, 2020. The debt restructuring contemplated by the RSA will not be effective until (i) confirmation of a plan of adjustment under the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act (“PROMESA”), (ii) negotiation and consummation of definitive documentation and legal opinions, (iii) enactment and implementation of supportive Puerto Rico legislation and (iv) receipt of Puerto Rico regulatory approval, each of which outcome is uncertain and subject to varying degrees of risk.
GO PSA
On June 17, 2019, the Oversight Board announced it had reached a plan support agreement (“PSA”) with certain Commonwealth General Obligation (“GO”) bondholders and guaranteed Puerto Rico Buildings Authority (“PBA”) bondholders on a framework for a plan of adjustment to resolve $35.0 billion worth of debt and unsecured claims against the Commonwealth. On February 9, 2020, the Oversight Board posted an amended PSA. National and the other monolines are not parties to the amended PSA. On September 9, 2020, the Oversight Board filed a further court-mandated status report concerning the PSA. The Oversight Board stated that it continued to be unprepared to propose a schedule for the plan of adjustment and disclosure statement processes to restart due to the uncertainty of the pandemic, fiscal and economic disruption, the severe drought conditions present in Puerto Rico as well as political and legislative hurdles, and asserted it was continuing to negotiate with the parties to the amended PSA (“PSA Parties”) on a reduced distribution to creditors.
On October 25, 2020 the Oversight Board provided to the Court a written status update requesting that, due to the current status of the Oversight Board membership and COVID-19 caseload, active hurricane season, upcoming November elections and ongoing talks with AAFAF and the PSA parties, the next status update be scheduled for December 4, 2020. On October 28, 2020, the Court ruled that the Oversight Board must file by February 10, 2021 an informative motion including a term sheet outlining the terms of an amended plan of adjustment or attaching an amended plan and disclosure statement and including a timetable for remaining important dates leading to Commonwealth confirmation. The Court also set December 4, 2020 as the next required status update from the Oversight Board.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties (continued)
On October 5, 2020, National filed a motion seeking entry of an order directing an investigation into whether certain hedge funds violated the Court’s orders by trading in the debtors’ securities, including GO bonds and PBA bonds, during the Title III mediation process. On October 28, 2020, the Court heard argument and denied National’s motion.
Risks and Uncertainties
The Company’s financial statements include estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. The outcome of certain significant risks and uncertainties could cause the Company to revise its estimates and assumptions or could cause actual results to differ materially from the Company’s estimates. The discussion below highlights the significant risks and uncertainties that could have a material effect on the Company’s financial statements and business objectives in future periods.
COVID-19
COVID-19, a respiratory disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020 and has spread globally. The pandemic continues to affect a wide range of economic activities, as well as domestic and global business and financial markets. The impact, scope and duration of the outbreak, and the availability of treatment or vaccine, remain largely unknown. The attendant governmental policy and social responses, and economic and financial consequences, continue to be the subject of considerable attention and development. The Company continues to perform all of its traditional operations, including surveilling and, as necessary, remediating, the credits in its insured portfolios.
Insured portfolios
The Company continues to regularly assess the financial impact of the pandemic on its operating insurance companies’ overall insured portfolios. It remains challenging to comprehensively quantify, or account for the impact of the outbreak on most of the specific credits within those portfolios, due to, in part, challenges in determining whether and to what extent the underlying credits will be able or willing to continue to meet their debt service obligations or avoid long term impairment in this environment. Adverse developments on macroeconomic factors resulting from the spread of COVID-19, including without limitation reduced economic activity and certainty, increased unemployment, increased loan defaults or delinquencies, and increased stress on municipal budgets, including due to reduced tax revenues and the ability to raise taxes or limit spending, could materially and adversely affect the performance of the Company’s insured portfolios. The impact of the pandemic on National’s financial guarantee credits is likely to vary based on the nature of the taxes, fees and revenues pledged to debt repayment and their sensitivity to the related slowdown in economic activity. Several of the credits within National’s insured portfolio have made public pronouncements that the pandemic has had an impact on their economic status, without yet providing any specific quantification of the impact. The duration of the pandemic, the availability of federal aid to state and local governments, and the breadth and speed of economic recovery may all contribute to the ultimate degree and length of the economic stress incurred by the credits in National’s and MBIA Corp.’s insured portfolios. Further, any national recession that may result from the pandemic and its aftermath could present additional but yet unknown credit risks to National’s and MBIA Corp.’s insured portfolios.
Federal legislation passed to combat the economic impact of the pandemic, principally the $2.7 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, included significant aid to public sector issuers including states, territories, healthcare, higher education and transportation issuers. In addition, the Federal Reserve has announced several actions in furtherance of its mandate from Congress to promote the stability of the financial system that are directly supportive of the municipal market. It is premature to assess whether these or any subsequent federal responses will prevent or reduce financial distress in the municipal sector. If the issuers of the obligations in National’s insured portfolio, including Puerto Rico, are unable to raise taxes, reduce spending, or receive federal assistance, the Company may experience new or additional losses or impairments on those obligations, which could materially and adversely affect its business, financial condition and financial results.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties (continued)
Certain of MBIA Corp.’s structured finance policies, including those in which the underlying principal obligations are comprised of residential or commercial mortgages and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), could be negatively impacted by delays or failures of borrowers to make payments of principal and interest when due, or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures or enforcement actions with respect to delinquent or defaulted mortgages imposed by governmental authorities. MBIA Corp. has recorded significant loss reserves on its residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”) exposures, and there can be no assurance that these reserves will be sufficient if the pandemic causes further deterioration to the economy. These transactions are also subject to servicer risks, which relate to problems with the transaction’s servicer that could adversely impact performance of the underlying assets. Additionally, several of the Company’s credits, particularly within its international public finance sector, feature large, near term debt-service payments, and there can be no assurance that the liquidity position of MBIA Corp. will enable it to satisfy any claims that arise if the issuers of such credits are unable or unwilling to refinance or repay their obligations. MBIA Corp. has recorded substantial expected recoveries on certain RMBS transactions, and the forbearance options that mortgage borrowers who were facing financial difficulties took advantage of under the CARES Act, may delay or impair collections on these recoveries.
Liquidity
The Company continues to monitor its cash and liquid asset resources using cash forecasting and stress-scenario testing. Members of the Company’s senior management meet regularly to review liquidity metrics, discuss contingency plans and establish target liquidity levels. It remains premature to predict the full impact the pandemic may have on the Company’s future liquidity position and needs. Declines in the market value or rating eligibility of assets pledged against the Company’s obligations as a result of credit market deterioration caused by COVID-19 require additional eligible assets to be pledged in order to meet minimum required collateral amounts against these obligations. This could require the Company to sell assets, potentially with substantial losses or use free cash or other assets to meet the collateral requirements, thus negatively impacting the Company’s liquidity position. Associated declines in the yields in its insurance companies’ fixed-income portfolios could materially impact investment income.
U.S. Public Finance Market Conditions
National continues to monitor and remediate its existing insured portfolio and may also pursue strategic alternatives that could enhance shareholder value. Certain state and local governments and territory obligors that National insures are under financial and budgetary stress. This could lead to an increase in defaults by such entities on the payment of their obligations and losses or impairments on a greater number of National’s insured transactions. National monitors and analyzes these situations and other stressed credits closely, and the overall extent and duration of this stress is uncertain.
MBIA Corp. Insured Portfolio
MBIA Corp.’s primary objectives are to satisfy all claims by its policyholders and to maximize future recoveries, if any, for its senior lending and surplus note holders, and then its preferred stock holders. MBIA Corp. is executing this strategy by, among other things, pursuing various actions focused on maximizing the collection of recoveries and by reducing potential losses on its insurance exposures. MBIA Corp.’s insured portfolio performance could deteriorate and result in additional significant loss reserves and claim payments. MBIA Corp.’s ability to meet its obligations is limited by available liquidity and its ability to secure additional liquidity through financing and other transactions. There can be no assurance that MBIA Corp. will be successful in generating sufficient resources to meet its obligations.
Zohar and RMBS Recoveries
Payment of claims on MBIA Corp.’s policies insuring the Class A-1 and A-2 notes issued by Zohar CDO 2003-1, Limited (“Zohar I”) and Zohar II 2005-1, Limited (“Zohar II”), entitles MBIA Corp. to reimbursement of such amounts plus interest and expenses and/or to exercise certain rights and remedies to seek recovery of such amounts. MBIA Corp. anticipates that the primary source of the recoveries will come from the monetization of the assets of Zohar I and Zohar II (the “Zohar Assets”), which include, among other things, loans made to, and equity interests in, companies that, until late March of 2020, were purportedly controlled and managed by the sponsor and former collateral manager of Zohar I and Zohar II (the “Zohar Sponsor”). In late March of 2020, the Zohar Sponsor resigned as director and manager of all but one portfolio company, and new directors and managers are currently in place at all but two portfolio companies, which are all subject to a monetization process approved by the Court. However, there can be no assurance that the monetization of the Zohar Assets will yield amounts sufficient to permit MBIA Corp. to recover a substantial portion of the payments it made on Zohar I and Zohar II. In particular, as the monetization process unfolds in coordination with the new directors and managers in place, and new information concerning the financial condition of the portfolio companies is disclosed, the Company may revise its expectations for recoveries. For example, at a June 3, 2020 hearing, counsel for one of the portfolio companies announced that the monetization process for that company would be delayed as a consequence of having to investigate issues relating to the integrity of the company’s financial statements.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties (continued)
MBIA Corp. also projects to collect excess spread from insured RMBS, and to recover proceeds from Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and DLJ Mortgage Capital, Inc. (collectively, “Credit Suisse”) arising from its failure to repurchase ineligible loans that were included in a Credit Suisse sponsored RMBS transaction. However, the amount and timing of these recoveries and collections are uncertain.
Failure to collect its expected recoveries could impede MBIA Corp.’s ability to make payments when due on other policies. MBIA Corp. believes that if the New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”) concludes at any time that MBIA Insurance Corporation will not be able to pay its policyholder claims, the NYSDFS would likely put MBIA Insurance Corporation into a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding under Article 74 of the New York Insurance Law (“NYIL”) and/or take such other actions as the NYSDFS may deem necessary to protect the interests of MBIA Insurance Corporation’s policyholders. The determination to commence such a proceeding or take other such actions is within the exclusive control of the NYSDFS.
Given the separation of MBIA Inc. and MBIA Corp. as distinct legal entities, the absence of any cross defaults between the entities and the lack of reliance by MBIA Inc. on MBIA Corp. for dividends, the Company does not believe that a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding with respect to MBIA Insurance Corporation would have any significant liquidity impact on MBIA Inc. Such a proceeding could have material adverse consequences for MBIA Corp., including the termination of insured credit default swaps (“CDS”) and other derivative contracts for which counterparties may assert market-based claims, the acceleration of debt obligations issued by affiliates and insured by MBIA Corp., the loss of control of MBIA Insurance Corporation to a rehabilitator or liquidator, and unplanned costs.
Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” for additional information about MBIA Corp.’s recoveries.
Corporate Liquidity
Based on the Company’s projections of National’s dividends and other cash inflows, the Company expects that MBIA Inc. will have sufficient cash to satisfy its debt service and general corporate needs. However, MBIA Inc. continues to have liquidity risk that could be caused by interruption of or reduction in dividends, deterioration in the performance of invested assets, impaired access to the capital markets, as well as other factors, which are not anticipated at this time. Furthermore, failure by MBIA Inc. to settle liabilities that are insured by MBIA Corp. could result in claims on MBIA Corp.
Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies
The Company has disclosed its significant accounting policies in “Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The following significant accounting policies provide an update to those included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X and, accordingly, do not include all of the information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for annual periods. These statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have not been audited by an independent registered public accounting firm in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (U.S.), but in the opinion of management such financial statements include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. As additional information becomes available or actual amounts become determinable, the recorded estimates are revised and reflected in operating results.
The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2020. The December 31, 2019 consolidated balance sheet was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP for annual periods.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies (continued)
Investments
The Company classifies its investments as available-for-sale (“AFS”), held-to-maturity (“HTM”), or trading. AFS investments are reported in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value with non-credit related unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable deferred income taxes, reflected in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) in shareholders’ equity. The specific identification method is used to determine realized gains and losses on AFS securities. HTM investments, for which the Company has the ability and intent to hold such investments to maturity, are reported in the consolidated balance sheets at amortized cost (net of an allowance for credit losses). Investments carried at fair value consist of equity instruments, and certain investments elected under the fair value option, or classified as trading. Short-term investments held as AFS include all fixed-maturity securities with a remaining maturity of less than one year at the date of purchase, commercial paper and money market securities. Changes in fair value of investments carried at fair value and realized gains and losses from the sale of investment securities are reflected in earnings as part of “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Investment income is recorded as earned which includes the current period interest accruals deemed collectible. Accrued interest income is recorded as part of “Other assets” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Bond discounts and premiums are amortized using the effective yield method over the remaining term of the securities and reported in “Net investment income” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. However, premiums on certain callable debt securities are amortized to the earliest call date. For MBS and asset-backed securities (“ABS”), discounts and premiums are amortized using the retrospective or prospective method.
Effective January 1, 2020, accrued interest income on debt securities is not assessed for credit losses as the Company reverses any past due accrued interest income and charges it against net investment income. Interest income is subsequently recognized to the extent cash is received.
Credit Losses on Debt Securities
For AFS debt securities, the Company’s consolidated statements of operations reflect the full impairment (the difference between a security’s amortized cost basis and fair value) if the Company intends to sell or would more likely than not be required to sell before the expected recovery of the amortized cost basis. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position and HTM debt securities that the Company has the intent and ability to hold, the securities are evaluated on a quarterly basis to determine if a credit loss exists. The Company considers a credit loss exists when the Company does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the debt security. The Company measures the allowance for credit loss on a security-by-security basis as the difference between the recorded investment and the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected, discounted at the instrument’s effective interest rate. In the event of a credit loss, only the amount of impairment associated with the credit loss is recognized in income and reflected in earnings as part of “Other net realized gains (losses)” on the Company’s statements of operations.
Effective January 1, 2020, the Company no longer records impairment for credit losses as adjustments to the amortized cost of the debt securities, but rather records an allowance for credit loss. For AFS debt securities, adjustments to the amortized cost basis are recorded if there is an intent to sell before recovery from impairment. For debt securities with an allowance for credit loss, changes in credit losses including accretion of the allowance for credit losses are recognized through other net realized gains (losses) as discussed above.
Financial Guarantee Insurance Premiums
The Company has disclosed its financial guarantee insurance premiums in “Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note: 5 Insurance Premiums” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. Below is an update on the Company’s premium receivables accounting policy.
Credit Losses on Premium Receivables
The Company evaluates the collectability of outstanding premium receivables on a quarterly basis and measures any allowance for credit losses as the difference between the receivable amounts compared to the projected net present value of premiums expected to be collected, discounted at the effective interest rate which is the risk-free rate for the insurance contracts. The estimation of the allowance for credit losses involves substantial judgment, requires forecasting cash flows, and incorporates any historical experience of uncollectible balances, future performance of the transaction’s underlying assets, certain macro-economic factors and each transaction’s liability structure, including the seniority of premium payments to the Company.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 3: Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU
2016-13)
In June of 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, “Financial Instruments-Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU 2016-13 requires financing receivables and other financial assets measured at amortized cost to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by recording an allowance for credit losses with changes in the allowance recorded as credit loss expense or a reversal of credit loss expense based on management’s current estimate of expected credit losses each period. ASU 2016-13 does not apply to credit losses on financial guarantee insurance contracts within the scope of Accounting Standards Codification Topic 944, “Financial Services-Insurance.” ASU 2016-13 also makes targeted amendments to the current impairment model for AFS debt securities, which include requiring the recognition of an allowance rather than a direct write-down of the investment’s cost basis. An allowance on an AFS investment may be reversed in the event that the credit quality of the issuer improves. The new guidance also replaces the model for purchased credit impaired debt securities and requires the establishment of an allowance for credit losses at acquisition of such securities by grossing up the purchase price when recording the initial amortized cost. ASU 2016-13 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020 with early adoption permitted beginning January 1, 2019. ASU 2016-13 is applied on a modified retrospective basis except that prospective application is applied to AFS debt securities with other-than-temporary impairments (“OTTI”) recognized before the date of adoption.
The Company adopted ASU
2016-13
in its entirety as of January 1, 2020. For financial assets held by the Company and measured at amortized cost, which primarily include HTM debt securities, premiums receivable, accrued investment income and reinsurance recoverables, the Company’s aggregate cumulative-effect adjustment, net of tax, related to allowances for credit losses as of the date of adoption was a $42 million reduction in retained earnings. In addition, the Company updated its models and implemented or modified processes and controls necessary for the proper identification, measurement and recording of expected credit losses on financial assets within the scope of ASU
2016-13.
Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (ASU
2018-13)
In August of 2018, the FASB issued ASU
2018-13,
“Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” ASU
2018-13
modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. ASU
2018-13
was effective for interim and annual periods beginning January 1, 2020 with early adoption permitted to remove or modify disclosures upon issuance of the standard and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until the effective date. Since the amendments of ASU
2018-13
only impact disclosure requirements, the adoption of ASU
2018-13
did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The Company adopted the amendments of ASU
2018-13
in its entirety as of January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU
2018-13
only impacted the fair value disclosures within the Company’s consolidated financial statements and did not impact amounts reported on the Company’s balance sheet, statement of operations, statement of comprehensive income or statement of cash flows.
Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (ASU
2019-12)
As previously disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2019, in the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company adopted ASU
2019-12,
“Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” as of January 1, 2019. As a result of adopting ASU
2019-12,
the Company revised its previously reported amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company previously reported an income tax provision and net income of $18 million and $71 million, respectively, which were revised to $6 million and $83 million, respectively. In addition, for the three months ended September 30, 2019, the Company previously reported net income per basic and diluted common share of $0.86 which was revised to $1.00 per basic and diluted common share. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company previously reported an income tax benefit and a net loss of $21 million and $116 million, respectively, which were revised to an income tax provision and a net loss of $8 million and $145 million, respectively. In addition, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company previously reported a net loss per basic and diluted common share of $1.40 which was revised to a $1.75 net loss per basic and diluted common share. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated shareholders’ equity.
The Company has not adopted any other new accounting pronouncements that had a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 3: Recent Accounting Pronouncements (continued)
Recent Accounting Developments
Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (ASU 2020-04)
In March of 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting.” ASU 2020-04 provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications and hedging relationships, subject to meeting certain criteria that reference London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and another rate that is expected to be discontinued. ASU 2020-04 is effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company is evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2020-04.
Note 4: Variable Interest Entities
Primarily through MBIA’s international and structured finance insurance segment, the Company provides credit protection to issuers of obligations that may involve issuer-sponsored special purpose entities (“SPEs”). An SPE may be considered a variable interest entity (“VIE”) to the extent the SPE’s total equity at risk is not sufficient to permit the SPE to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or its equity investors lack any one of the following characteristics: (i) the power to direct the activities of the SPE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance or (ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity or the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity. A holder of a variable interest or interests in a VIE is required to assess whether it has a controlling financial interest, and thus is required to consolidate the entity as primary beneficiary. An assessment of a controlling financial interest identifies the primary beneficiary as the variable interest holder that has both of the following characteristics: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The primary beneficiary is required to consolidate the VIE. An ongoing reassessment of controlling financial interest is required to be performed based on any substantive changes in facts and circumstances involving the VIE and its variable interests.
The Company evaluates issuer-sponsored SPEs initially to determine if an entity is a VIE, and is required to reconsider its initial determination if certain events occur. For all entities determined to be VIEs, MBIA performs an ongoing reassessment to determine whether its guarantee to provide credit protection on obligations issued by VIEs provides the Company with a controlling financial interest. Based on its ongoing reassessment of controlling financial interest, the Company determines whether a VIE is required to be consolidated or deconsolidated.
The Company makes its determination for consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the purpose and design of a VIE, the terms and characteristics of variable interests of an entity, and the risks a VIE is designed to create and pass through to holders of variable interests. The Company generally provides credit protection on obligations issued by VIEs, and holds certain contractual rights according to the purpose and design of a VIE. The Company may have the ability to direct certain activities of a VIE depending on facts and circumstances, including the occurrence of certain contingent events, and these activities may be considered the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance. The Company generally considers its guarantee of principal and interest payments of insured obligations, given nonperformance by a VIE, to be an obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE. At the time the Company determines it has the ability to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entity based on facts and circumstances, MBIA is deemed to have a controlling financial interest in the VIE and is required to consolidate the entity as primary beneficiary. The Company performs an ongoing reassessment of controlling financial interest that may result in consolidation or deconsolidation of any VIE.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 4: Variable Interest Entities (continued)
Consolidated VIEs
The carrying amounts of assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs was $1.3 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, as of September 30, 2020 and $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2019. The carrying amounts of assets and liabilities are presented separately in “Assets of consolidated variable interest entities” and “Liabilities of consolidated variable interest entities” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. VIEs are consolidated or deconsolidated based on an ongoing reassessment of controlling financial interest, when events occur or circumstances arise, and whether the ability to exercise rights that constitute power to direct activities of any VIEs are present according to the design and characteristics of these entities. In the third quarters of 2020 and 2019, there were no consolidation or deconsolidation of VIEs by the Company. In the first quarter of 2020, the Company deconsolidated one structured finance VIE due to the prepayment of the outstanding notes of the VIE. Also, in the first quarter of 2020, the Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation (“COFINA”) Trusts established in 2019
(the “Trusts”)
were legally dissolved and the seven related VIEs were deconsolidated. There was no impact to the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the first quarter of 2020 due to the deconsolidation of these VIEs. In the first quarter of 2019, the Company consolidated seven VIEs related to the Trusts established in connection with the COFINA Plan of Adjustment. On the initial consolidation of the Trusts, the Company recorded a loss of $42 million, representing the difference between the fair value of the Company’s financial guarantee within the Trusts and the carrying value of the insurance related balances on the COFINA policies. During 2019, all of the uninsured bonds held in the Trusts were sold and the proceeds were used to reduce National’s obligations under its original insurance policies upon passing the proceeds through the Trusts to certificate holders. In addition, in 2019, National elected to make a voluntary additional payment in the amount of $66 million with the effect of simultaneously reducing the Trust’s obligations to zero and satisfying in full the obligations under its original insurance policies. In the second quarter of 2020, there were no consolidation or deconsolidation of VIEs by the Company. In the second quarter of 2019, two VIEs were deconsolidated as a result of the termination of the Company’s insurance policies related to those VIEs and the Company recorded losses of $16 million primarily due to credit losses in AOCI that were released to earnings. Consolidation and deconsolidation gains and losses are recorded within “Other net realized gains (losses)” under “Revenues of consolidated variable interest entities” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
In addition, subsequent to September 30, 2020, one structured finance VIE was deconsolidated due to the prepayment of the outstanding notes of the VIE, resulting in a reduction in VIE assets and liabilities of approximately $575
million. As of September 30, 2020, the allowance for credit losses on HTM assets held by the VIE was reduced to zero. Refer to “Note 7: Investments” for further information on credit losses on investments.
Holders of insured obligations of issuer-sponsored VIEs do not have recourse to the general assets of the Company. In the event of nonpayment of an insured obligation issued by a consolidated VIE, the Company is obligated to pay principal and interest, when due, on the respective insured obligation only. The Company’s exposure to consolidated VIEs is limited to the credit protection provided on insured obligations and any additional variable interests held by the Company.
Nonconsolidated VIEs
The following tables present the Company’s maximum exposure to loss for nonconsolidated VIEs and carrying values of the assets and liabilities for its interests in these VIEs in its insurance operations as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The amounts included under the headings for the carrying value of assets and liabilities represent amounts reported within the applicable financial statement line items on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The maximum exposure to loss as a result of MBIA’s variable interests in VIEs is represented by insurance in force. Insurance in force is the maximum future payments of principal and interest which may be required under commitments to make payments on insured obligations issued by nonconsolidated VIEs. The Company has aggregated nonconsolidated VIEs based on the underlying credit exposure of the insured obligation. The nature of the Company’s variable interests in nonconsolidated VIEs is related to financial guarantees and any investments in obligations issued by nonconsolidated VIEs.

|  | September 30, 2020 |
|  |  |  |  | Carrying Value of Assets |  |  | Carrying Value of Liabilities |
In millions |  | Maximum Exposure to Loss |  |  | Investments |  |  | Premiums Receivable |  |  | Insurance Loss Recoverable |  |  | Unearned Premium Revenue |  |  | Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves |
Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Global structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | 1,921 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 104 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 495 |
Consumer asset-backed |  |  | 313 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 17 |
Corporate asset-backed |  |  | 787 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total global structured finance |  |  | 3,021 |  |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 563 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 514 |
Global public finance |  |  | 1,890 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |
Total insurance |  | $ | 4,911 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 563 |  |  | $ | 29 |  |  | $ | 515 |

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 4: Variable Interest Entities (continued)

|  | December 31, 2019
|  |  |  | Carrying Value of Assets |  | Carrying Value of Liabilities
In millions |  | Maximum Exposure to Loss |  | Investments |  | Premiums Receivable |  | Insurance Loss Recoverable |  | Unearned Premium Revenue |  | Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves
Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Global structured finance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mortgage-backed residential |  | $ | 2,253 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 436 |
Mortgage-backed commercial |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Consumer asset-backed |  |  | 384 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 11 |
Corporate asset-backed |  |  | 937 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 673 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |
Total global structured finance |  |  | 3,600 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 781 |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 447 |
Global public finance |  |  | 1,926 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | - |
Total insurance |  | $ | 5,526 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 34 |  |  | $ | 781 |  |  | $ | 33 |  |  | $ | 447 |

Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves
U.S. Public Finance Insurance
U.S. public finance insured transactions consist of municipal bonds, including
tax-exempt
and taxable indebtedness of U.S. political subdivisions, as well as utilities, airports, health care institutions, higher educational facilities, housing authorities and other similar agencies and obligations issued by private entities that finance projects that serve a substantial public purpose. The Company estimates future losses by using probability-weighted cash flow scenarios that are customized to each insured transaction. Future loss estimates consider debt service due for each insured transaction, which includes par outstanding and interest due, as well as recoveries for such payments, if any. Gross par outstanding for capital appreciation bonds represents the par amount at the time of issuance of the insurance policy.
Certain state and local governments and territory obligors that National insures are under financial and budgetary stress. In addition, the
COVID-19
pandemic may present additional but unknown credit risks to National’s insured portfolio. Puerto Rico had been experiencing significant fiscal stress and constrained liquidity, and in response, the U.S. Congress passed PROMESA. In formulating loss reserves, the Company considers the following: environmental and political impacts; litigation; ongoing discussions with creditors; timing and amount of debt service payments and future recoveries; existing proposed restructuring plans or agreements; and deviations from these proposals in its probability-weighted scenarios. In September of 2019, National agreed to join the RSA with PREPA, other monoline insurers, a group of uninsured PREPA bondholders, Puerto Rico, and the Oversight Board. Refer to “Note 1: Business Developments and Risk and Uncertainties”, for further information on
COVID-19
and the Company’s Puerto Rico exposures.
Recoveries on Puerto Rico Losses
For recoveries on paid Puerto Rico losses, the estimates include assumptions related to the following: economic conditions and trends; political developments; the Company’s ability to enforce contractual rights through litigation and otherwise; discussions with other creditors and the obligors, any existing proposals; and the remediation strategy for an insured obligation that has defaulted or is expected for default.
International and Structured Finance Insurance
The international and structured finance insurance segment’s case basis reserves and insurance loss recoveries recorded in accordance with GAAP do not include estimates for a policy insuring a credit derivative or on financial guarantee VIEs that are eliminated in consolidation. The policy insuring a credit derivative contract is accounted for as a derivative and is carried at fair value in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The fair value of the insured credit derivative contract is influenced by a variety of market and transaction-specific factors that may be unrelated to potential future claim payments under the Company’s insurance policy. Refer to “Note 8: Derivative Instruments” for a further discussion of the Company’s use of derivatives and their impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. In addition,
COVID-19
may present additional but unknown credit risks to MBIA Corp.’s insured portfolio. Refer to “Note 1: Business Developments and Risk and Uncertainties”, for further information on
COVID-19.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (continued)
RMBS Case Basis Reserves (Financial Guarantees)
The Company’s RMBS reserves and recoveries relate to financial guarantee insurance policies, excluding those on consolidated VIEs. The Company’s first-lien RMBS case basis reserves primarily relate to RMBS backed by alternative
A-paper
and subprime mortgage loans. The Company’s second-lien RMBS case basis reserves relate to RMBS backed by home equity lines of credit and
closed-end
second mortgages. The Company calculated RMBS case basis reserves as of September 30, 2020 for both first and second-lien RMBS transactions using a process called the Roll Rate Methodology (“Roll Rate Methodology”). The Roll Rate Methodology is a multi-step process using databases of loan level information, proprietary internal cash flow models, and commercially available models to estimate potential losses and recoveries on insured bonds. Roll Rate is defined as the probability that current loans become delinquent and subsequently default and loans in the delinquent pipeline are
charged-off
or liquidated. The loss reserve estimates are based on a probability-weighted average of
multiple
scenarios of loan losses. Additional data used for both second and first-liens include historic averages of deal specific voluntary prepayment rates, forward projections of the LIBOR interest rates, and historic averages of deal-specific loss severities. In addition, for second-lien RMBS backed by home equity lines of credit, the Company assumes a constant basis spread between Prime and LIBOR interest rates.
In calculating ultimate cumulative losses for RMBS, the Company estimates the amount of second-lien loans that are expected to be
charged-off
(deemed uncollectible by servicers of the transactions) and, for first-lien RMBS, the Company estimates the amount of loans that are expected to be liquidated in the future through foreclosure or short sale. The time to liquidation for a defaulted loan is specific to the loan’s delinquency bucket.
For all RMBS transactions, cash flow models consider allocations and other structural aspects and claims against MBIA Corp.’s insurance policy consistent with such policy’s terms and conditions. The estimated net claims from the procedure above are then discounted using a risk-free rate to a net present value reflecting MBIA’s general obligation to pay claims over time and not on an accelerated basis.
The Company monitors RMBS portfolio performance on a monthly basis against projected performance, reviewing delinquencies, roll rates, and prepayment rates (including voluntary and involuntary). However, loan performance remains difficult to predict and losses may exceed expectations. In the event of a material deviation in actual performance from projected performance, the Company would increase or decrease the case basis reserves accordingly and
re-evaluate
its assumptions.
RMBS Recoveries
The Company primarily records two types of recoveries related to insured RMBS exposures: excess spread that is generated from the trust structures in the insured transactions; and second-lien
“put-back”
claims related to those mortgage loans whose inclusion in an insured securitization failed to comply with representations and warranties (“ineligible loans”).
Excess Spread
Excess spread within insured RMBS securitizations is the difference between interest inflows on mortgage loan collateral and interest outflows on the insured RMBS notes. The aggregate amount of excess spread depends on the future loss trends, which include future delinquency trends, average time to
charge-off/liquidate
delinquent loans, the future spread between Prime and the LIBOR interest rates, and borrower refinancing behavior (which may be affected by changes in the interest rate environment) that results in voluntary prepayments. Excess spread also includes subsequent recoveries on previously
charged-off
loans associated with insured second-lien RMBS securitizations.
Second-lien
Put-Back
Claims Related to Ineligible Loans
The Company has settled the majority of its
put-back
claims relating to the inclusion of ineligible loans in securitizations it insured. Only its claims against Credit Suisse remain outstanding. Credit Suisse has challenged the Company’s assessment of the ineligibility of individual mortgage loans and a trial concerning the dispute was held in July and August of 2019. While the Company’s settlement amounts on its prior
put-back
claims have been consistent with the
put-back
recoveries that had been included in the Company’s financial statements at the times preceding the settlements, there can be no assurance that the Company will prevail in its litigation against Credit Suisse. However, based on the Company’s assessment of the strength of its contractual
put-back
rights against Credit Suisse, as well as on its prior settlements with other sellers/servicers and success of other monolines’
put-back
settlements, the Company believes it will prevail in enforcing its contractual rights and that it is entitled to collect the full amount of its incurred losses plus contractual interest due. The Company consolidates the RMBS securitization originated by Credit Suisse as a VIE and, therefore, eliminates its estimate of recoveries from its insurance accounting and reflects such recoveries in its accounting for the loan repurchase commitments asset of the VIE using a measurement process similar to that used for insurance accounting.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and
Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (continued)
The uncertainty remaining with respect to the ultimate outcome of the litigation with Credit Suisse is contemplated in the probability-weighted scenario based-modeling the Company uses. The Credit Suisse recovery scenarios are based on certain probabilities of ultimate resolution of the dispute with Credit Suisse and the fair values are determined using discounted cash flow models.
The Company continues to consider relevant facts and circumstances in developing its assumptions on expected cash inflows, probability of potential recoveries (including the timing and outcome of the litigation) and recovery period. While the Company believes it will be successful in realizing its recoveries from its
put-back
contract claims against Credit Suisse, the ultimate amount recovered may be materially different from that recorded by the Company given the inherent uncertainty of the manner of resolving the claims (i.e., litigation and/or negotiated
out-of-court
settlement) and the assumptions used in the required estimation process for accounting purposes which are based, in part, on judgments and other information that are not easily corroborated by historical data or other relevant benchmarks. Refer to “Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies” for further information about the Company’s litigation with Credit Suisse.
CDO Reserves and Recoveries
The Company also has loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) reserves on certain transactions within its CDO portfolio, primarily its multi-sector CDO asset class that was insured in the form of financial guarantee policies. MBIA’s insured multi-sector CDOs are transactions that include a variety of collateral ranging from corporate bonds to structured finance assets (which includes, but are not limited to, RMBS, commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS,”) ABS and CDO collateral). The Company’s process for estimating reserves and credit impairments on these policies is determined as the present value of the probability-weighted potential future losses, net of estimated recoveries, across multiple scenarios. The Company considers several factors when developing the range of potential outcomes and their impact on MBIA. A range of loss scenarios is considered under different default and severity rates for each transaction’s collateral. Additionally, each transaction is evaluated for its commutation potential.
Zohar Recoveries
MBIA Corp. is seeking to recover the payments it made (plus interest and expenses) with respect to Zohar I and Zohar II. In March of 2018, the then-director of Zohar I and Zohar II placed those funds into voluntary bankruptcy proceedings in federal bankruptcy court in the District of Delaware (the “Zohar Funds Bankruptcy Cases”). In May of 2018, MBIA and certain parties to the Zohar Funds Bankruptcy Cases agreed to a stay of litigation and a process, among other things (the “Zohar Bankruptcy Settlement”) by which the debtor funds, through an independent director and a chief restructuring officer, would work with the original sponsor of the funds to monetize the Zohar Assets and repay creditors, including MBIA Corp. While the stay of litigation provided for in the Zohar Bankruptcy Settlement has expired, the court has ruled that the monetization process will continue, a decision that was affirmed by the federal District Court for the District of Delaware in July of 2020.
While MBIA Corp. anticipates that the primary source of the recoveries will come from the monetization of the Zohar Assets, significant uncertainty remains with respect to realizable value. Notably, one of the portfolio companies, Dura Automotive Systems, LLC, and certain of its affiliates, filed for bankruptcy protection in the fall of 2019 and the Company no longer projects any recovery on the Zohar debtors’ substantial debt and equity interests in the Dura debtors. In late March of 2020, the original sponsor of the Zohar Funds resigned from her role as director and manager of all the portfolio companies, except for Dura, which companies have debt and equity that comprise, in part, the Zohar Assets. New directors and managers are currently in place at all but two of the portfolio companies, which are all subject to the above-referenced monetization process. There can be no assurance, however, that the recent coronavirus outbreak and/or other developments will not cause the monetization of the Zohar Assets to be delayed or impacted. Salvage and subrogation recoveries related to Zohar I and Zohar II are reported within “Insurance loss recoverable” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. The Company’s estimate of the insurance loss recoverable for Zohar I and Zohar II includes probability-weighted scenarios of the ultimate monetized recovery from the Zohar Assets.
Notwithstanding the procedures agreed to in the Zohar Bankruptcy Settlement and confirmed by the court, there can be no assurance that the monetization of the Zohar Assets will yield amounts sufficient to permit MBIA Corp. to recover a substantial portion of the payments it made on Zohar I and Zohar II. In particular, as the monetization process unfolds in coordination with the new directors and managers in place, and new information concerning the financial condition of the portfolio companies is disclosed, the Company may revise its expectations for recoveries. For example, at a June 3, 2020 hearing, counsel for one of the portfolio companies announced that the monetization process for that company would be delayed as a consequence of having to investigate issues relating to the integrity of the company’s financial statements. Failure to recover a substantial portion of the payments made on Zohar I and Zohar II could impede MBIA Corp.’s ability to make payments when due on other policies. MBIA Corp. believes that if the NYSDFS concludes at any time that MBIA Insurance Corporation will not be able to pay its policyholder claims, the NYSDFS would likely put MBIA Insurance Corporation into a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding under Article 74 of the NYIL and/or take such other actions as the NYSDFS may deem necessary to protect the interests of MBIA Insurance Corporation’s policyholders. The determination to commence such a proceeding or take other such actions is within the exclusive control of the NYSDFS.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and
Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (continued)
Summary of Loss and LAE Reserves and Recoveries
The Company’s loss and LAE reserves and recoveries before consolidated VIE eliminations, along with amounts that were eliminated as a result of consolidating VIEs for the international and structured finance insurance segment, which are included in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are presented in the following table:

|  | As of September 30, 2020 |  | As of December 31, 2019
In millions |  | Balance Sheet Line Item |  | Balance Sheet Line Item
|  | Insurance loss recoverable |  | Loss and LAE reserves (2) |  | Insurance loss recoverable |  | Loss and LAE reserves (2)
U.S. Public Finance Insurance |  | $ | 1,233 |  |  | $ | 454 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  | $ | 432 |
International and Structured Finance Insurance: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Before VIE eliminations (1) |  |  | 1,116 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 1,286 |  |  |  | 749 |
VIE eliminations (1) |  |  | (551 | ) |  |  | (254 | ) |  |  | (503 | ) |  |  | (280 | )
Total international and structured finance insurance |  |  | 565 |  |  |  | 537 |  |  |  | 783 |  |  |  | 469 |
Total |  | $ | 1,798 |  |  | $ | 991 |  |  | $ | 1,694 |  |  | $ | 901 |

(1) - Includes loan repurchase commitments of $530 million and $486 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
(2) - Amounts are net of expected recoveries.
Changes in Loss and LAE Reserves
The following table presents changes in the Company’s loss and LAE reserves for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.
Changes in loss and LAE reserves, with the exception of loss and LAE payments,
are recorded in “Losses and loss adjustment” expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2020, the weighted average risk-free rate used to discount the Company’s loss reserves (claim liability) was 0.71%. LAE reserves are generally expected to be settled within a
one-year
period and are not discounted. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 the Company’s gross loss and LAE reserves included $33 million and $34 million, respectively, related to LAE.

In millions |  | Changes in Loss and LAE Reserves for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  |
Gross Loss and LAE Reserves as of December 31, 2019 (1) |  | Loss Payments |  | Accretion of Claim Liability Discount |  | Changes in Discount Rates |  | Changes in Assumptions |  | Changes in Unearned Premium Revenue |  | Other |  | Gross Loss and LAE Reserves as of September 30, 2020 (1)
$901 |  | $(435) |  | $8 |  | $(86) |  | $600 |  | $7 |  | (4) |  | $991

(1) - Includes changes in amount and timing of estimated payments and recoveries.
The increase in the Company’s loss and LAE reserves for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily related to an increase in expected payments on certain Puerto Rico exposures and an increase in insured first-lien RMBS transactions due to the decline in risk-free rates during 2020 used to present value loss reserves. This increase was partially offset by actual payments made and favorable changes in future recoveries on unpaid losses due to the decline in risk-free rates on certain Puerto Rico exposures.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (continued)
Changes in Insurance Loss Recoverable
Insurance loss recoverable represents the Company’s estimate of recoveries on paid claims and LAE. The Company recognizes potential recoveries on paid claims based on the probability-weighted net cash inflows present valued at applicable risk-free rates as of the measurement date. The following table presents changes in the Company’s insurance loss recoverable for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Changes in the insurance loss recoverable, with the exception of collections, are recorded in “Losses and loss adjustment” expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

|  |  |  |  | Changes in Insurance Loss Recoverable |
|  |  |  |  | for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |
In millions |  | Gross Reserve as of December 31, 2019 |  |  | Collections for Cases |  |  | Accretion of Recoveries |  |  | Changes in Discount Rates |  |  | Changes in Assumptions |  |  | Other |  |  | Gross Reserve as of September 30, 2020 |
Insurance loss recoverable |  | $ | 1,694 |  |  | $ | (35 | ) |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | 152 |  |  | $ | (21 | ) |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 1,798 |

The increase in the Company’s insurance loss recoverable reflected in the preceding table was primarily due to a portion of Puerto Rico claim payments that are expected to be
recovered
in the future as well as a decline in risk-free rates on certain Puerto Rico exposures during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. This was partially offset by a decline in expected recoveries on CDOs.
Loss and LAE Activity
For the three months ended September 30, 2020, loss and LAE incurred primarily related to a decrease in expected salvage collections related to CDOs, an increase in incurred losses on RMBS transactions and an increase in actual and expected payments on certain Puerto Rico credits. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, loss and LAE incurred primarily related to a decrease in expected salvage collections related to CDOs, an increase in actual and expected payments on certain Puerto Rico credits and an increase in incurred losses on first-lien RMBS transactions. Overall, risk-free rates used to discount loss reserve and recovery cash flows declined during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The decline in risk-free rates had the impact of increasing the present value of recoveries, primarily on certain Puerto Rico credits, which was partially offset by the impact of increasing the present value of future claim payments across the Company’s insured portfolio.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, loss and LAE activity primarily related to an increase in losses incurred on first-lien RMBS and CDOs, partially offset by an incurred benefit related to certain Puerto Rico transactions as a result of a decline in risk-free interest rates.
Costs associated with remediating insured obligations assigned to the Company’s surveillance categories are recorded as LAE and are included in “Losses and loss adjustment” expenses on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. For the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, gross LAE related to remediating insured obligations were $8 million and $16 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, gross LAE related to remediating insured obligations were $25 million and $26 million, respectively.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (continued)
Surveillance Categories
The following table provides information about the financial guarantees and related claim liability included in each of MBIA’s surveillance categories as of September 30, 2020:

|  | Surveillance Categories |
$ in millions |  | Caution List Low |  |  | Caution List Medium |  |  | Caution List High |  |  | Classified List |  |  | Total |
Number of policies |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 220 |  |  |  | 287 |
Number of issues (1) |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 101 |  |  |  | 123 |
Remaining weighted average contract period (in years) |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8.0 |  |  |  | 7.4 |
Gross insured contractual payments outstanding: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal |  | $ | 1,558 |  |  | $ | 218 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,364 |  |  | $ | 5,140 |
Interest |  |  | 2,058 |  |  |  | 90 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,457 |  |  |  | 3,605 |
Total |  | $ | 3,616 |  |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4,821 |  |  | $ | 8,745 |
Gross Claim Liability (3) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,088 |  |  | $ | 1,088 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross Potential Recoveries (4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,008 |  |  |  | 2,008 |
Discount, net (5) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (133 | ) |  |  | (133 | )
Net claim liability (recoverable) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (787 | ) |  | $ | (787 | )
Unearned premium revenue |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  | $ | 49 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10 |

(1) - An “issue” represents the aggregate of financial guarantee policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments on the insured debt.
(2) - Represents contractual principal and interest payments due by the issuer of the obligations insured by MBIA.
(3) - The gross claim liability with respect to Puerto Rico exposures are net of expected recoveries for policies in a net payable position.
(4) - Gross potential recoveries with respect to certain Puerto Rico exposures are net of the claim liability for policies in a net recoverable position.
(5) - Represents discount related to Gross Claim Liability and Gross Potential Recoveries.
(6) - Included in “Other assets” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves (continued)
The following table provides information about the financial guarantees and related claim liability included in each of MBIA’s surveillance categories as of December 31, 2019:

|  | Surveillance Categories |
$ in millions |  | Caution List Low |  |  | Caution List Medium |  |  | Caution List High |  |  | Classified List |  |  | Total |
Number of policies |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 212 |  |  |  | 276 |
Number of issues (1) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 94 |  |  |  | 112 |
Remaining weighted average contract period (in years) |  |  | 7.3 |  |  |  | 7.2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7.9 |  |  |  | 7.7 |
Gross insured contractual payments outstanding: (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Principal |  | $ | 1,546 |  |  | $ | 248 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3,794 |  |  | $ | 5,588 |
Interest |  |  | 2,107 |  |  |  | 110 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,668 |  |  |  | 3,885 |
Total |  | $ | 3,653 |  |  | $ | 358 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 5,462 |  |  | $ | 9,473 |
Gross Claim Liability (3) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 965 |  |  | $ | 965 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross Potential Recoveries (4) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,184 |  |  |  | 2,184 |
Discount, net (5) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (453 | ) |  |  | (453 | )
Net claim liability (recoverable) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (766 | ) |  | $ | (766 | )
Unearned premium revenue |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 39 |  |  | $ | 48 |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 19 |

(1) - An “issue” represents the aggregate of financial guarantee policies that share the same revenue source for purposes of making debt service payments on the insured debt.
(2) - Represents contractual principal and interest payments due by the issuer of the obligations insured by MBIA.
(3) - The gross claim liability with respect to Puerto Rico exposures are net of expected recoveries for policies in a net payable position.
(4) - Gross potential recoveries with respect to certain Puerto Rico exposures are net of the claim liability for policies in a net recoverable position.
(5) - Represents discount related to Gross Claim Liability and Gross Potential Recoveries.
(6) - Included in “Other assets” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value Measurement
Financial Assets and Liabilities
Financial assets held by the Company primarily consist of investments in debt securities, loans receivables at fair value and loan repurchase commitments held by consolidated VIEs. Financial liabilities, excluding derivative liabilities, issued by the Company primarily consist of debt issued for general corporate purposes within its corporate segment, medium-term notes (“MTNs”), investment agreements and debt issued by consolidated VIEs. The Company’s derivative liabilities are primarily interest rate swaps and insured credit derivatives.
Valuation Techniques
Valuation techniques for financial instruments measured at fair value are described below.
Fixed-Maturity Securities Held as Available-For-Sale, Investments Carried at Fair Value, Investments Pledged as Collateral and Short-term Investments
These investments include investments in U.S. Treasury and government agencies, state and municipal bonds, foreign governments, corporate obligations, MBS, ABS, money market securities, and perpetual debt and equity securities.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Substantially all of these investments are valued based on recently executed transaction prices or quoted market prices by independent third parties, including pricing services and brokers. When quoted market prices are not available, fair value is generally determined using quoted prices of similar investments or a valuation model based on observable and unobservable inputs. Inputs vary depending on the type of investment. Observable inputs include contractual cash flows, interest rate yield curves, CDS spreads, prepayment and volatility scores, diversity scores, cross-currency basis index spreads, and credit spreads for structures similar to the financial instrument in terms of issuer, maturity and seniority. Unobservable inputs include cash flow projections and the value of any credit enhancement.
The investment in the fixed-income fund was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient. The investment in the fixed-income fund may be redeemed on a quarterly basis with prior redemption notification of ninety days subject to withdrawal limitations. The investment is required to be held for a minimum of twelve months, and any subsequent quarterly redemption is limited to 25% of the investment or a complete redemption over four consecutive quarters in the amounts of 25%, 33%, 50%, and 100% of the remaining investment balance as of the first, second, third and fourth consecutive quarters, respectively. The investment in the fixed-income fund are included as “Investments carried as fair value” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Investments based on quoted market prices of identical investments in active markets are classified as Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. Level 1 investments generally consist of U.S. Treasury and government agency, money market securities and perpetual debt and equity securities. Quoted market prices of investments in less active markets, as well as investments which are valued based on other than quoted prices for which the inputs are observable, such as interest rate yield curves, are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Investments that contain significant inputs that are not observable are categorized as Level 3.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents approximate fair value due to the short-term nature and credit worthiness of these instruments and are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy.
Loans Receivable at Fair Value
Loans receivable at fair value are comprised of loans and other instruments held by consolidated VIEs consisting of residential mortgage loans are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Fair values of residential mortgage loans are determined using quoted prices for MBS issued by the respective VIE and adjusted for the fair values of the financial guarantees provided by MBIA Corp. on the related MBS. The fair values of the financial guarantees consider expected claim payments, net of recoveries, under MBIA Corp.’s policies.
Loan Repurchase Commitments
Loan repurchase commitments are obligations owed by the sellers/servicers of mortgage loans to MBIA as reimbursement of paid claims. Loan repurchase commitments are assets of the consolidated VIEs. These assets represent the rights of MBIA against the sellers/servicers for breaches of representations and warranties that the securitized residential mortgage loans sold to the trust to comply with stated underwriting guidelines and for the sellers/servicers to cure, replace, or repurchase mortgage loans. Fair value measurements of loan repurchase commitments represent the amounts owed by the sellers/servicers to MBIA as reimbursement of paid claims and contractual interest. Loan repurchase commitments are not securities and no quoted prices or comparable market transaction information are observable or available. Fair values of loan repurchase commitments are determined using discounted cash flow techniques and are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Other Assets
A VIE consolidated by the Company has entered into a derivative instrument consisting of a cross currency swap. The cross currency swap is entered into to manage the variability in cash flows resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. The fair value of the VIE derivative is determined based on inputs from unobservable cash flows projection of the derivative, discounted using observable discount rates. As the significant inputs are unobservable, the derivative contract is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Other assets also include receivables representing the right to receive reimbursement payments on claim payments expected to be made on certain insured VIE liabilities due to risk mitigating transactions with third parties executed to effectively defease, or, in-substance commute the Company’s exposure on its financial guarantee policies. The right to receive reimbursement payments is based on the value of the Company’s financial guarantee determined using the cash flow model. The fair value of the financial guarantee primarily contains unobservable inputs and is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Medium-term Notes at Fair Value
The Company has elected to measure certain MTNs at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values of certain MTNs are based on quoted market prices provided by third-party sources, where available. When quoted market prices are not available, the Company applies a matrix pricing grid to determine fair value based on the quoted market prices received for similar instruments and considering the MTNs’ stated maturity and interest rate. Nonperformance risk is included in the quoted market prices and the matrix pricing grid. MTNs are categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and do not include accrued interest.
Variable Interest Entity Notes
The fair values of VIE notes are determined based on recently executed transaction prices or quoted prices where observable. When position-specific quoted prices are not observable, fair values are based on quoted prices of similar securities. Fair values based on quoted prices of similar securities may be adjusted for factors unique to the securities, including any credit enhancement. Observable inputs include interest rate yield curves and bond spreads of similar securities. Unobservable inputs include the value of any credit enhancement. VIE notes are categorized in Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Derivatives
The corporate segment has entered into derivative transactions primarily consisting of interest rate swaps. Fair values of over-the-counter derivatives are determined using valuation models based on observable inputs, nonperformance risk of the Company and nonperformance risk of the counterparties. Observable and market-based inputs include interest rate yields, credit spreads and volatilities. These derivatives are categorized in Level 2 or Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Derivatives—Insurance
The derivative contracts insured by the Company cannot be legally traded and generally do not have observable market prices. The Company determines the fair values of certain insured credit derivatives using valuation models based on observable inputs and considering nonperformance risk of the Company. These insured credit derivatives are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The Company uses an internally developed Direct Price Model to value an insured credit derivative that incorporates market prices or estimated prices for all collateral within the transaction, the present value of the market-implied potential losses, and nonperformance risk. The valuation of the insured credit derivative includes the impact of its credit standing. The insured credit derivative is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy based on unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.
Derivatives—Other
The Company also has other derivative liabilities as a result of a commutation that occurred in 2014. The fair value of the derivative is determined using a discounted cash flow model. Key inputs include unobservable cash flows projected over the expected term of the derivative. As the significant inputs are unobservable, the derivative contract is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Other Liabilities
Other payable relates to certain contingent consideration. The fair value of the liability is based on the cash flow methodologies using observable and unobservable inputs. Unobservable inputs include invested asset balances and asset management fees that are significant to the fair value estimate and the liability is categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
The following tables provide quantitative information regarding the significant unobservable inputs used by the Company for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September
3
0, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

In millions |  | Fair Value as of September 30, 2020 |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average)
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable at fair value |  | $ | 114 |  |  | Market prices adjusted for financial guarantees provided to VIE obligations |  | Impact of financial guarantee (2) |  |  | -28% -110% (20%) (1) |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 530 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Recovery rates (3) Breach rates (3) |  |  |  |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes |  |  | 294 |  |  | Market prices of VIE assets adjusted for financial guarantees provided |  | Impact of financial guarantee |  |  | 29% - 74% (59%) (1) |
Credit derivative liabilities – CMBS |  |  | 8 |  |  | Direct Price Model |  | Nonperformance risk |  |  | 54% - 54% (54%) |
Other derivative liabilities |  |  | 38 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Cash flows |  |  | $0 - $49 ($25) (4) |

(1) - | Weighted average represents the total MBIA guarantees as a percentage of total instrument fair value.

(2) - | Negative percentage represents financial guarantee policies in a receivable position.

(3) - | Recovery rates include assumptions about legal risk in the enforcement of the Company’s contract and breach rates represent estimates of the percentage of ineligible loans.

(4) - | Midpoint of cash flows are used for the weighted average.

In millions |  | Fair Value as of December 31, 2019 |  |  | Valuation Techniques |  | Unobservable Input |  | Range (Weighted Average) |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable at fair value |  | $ | 136 |  |  | Market prices adjusted for financial guarantees provided to VIE obligations |  | Impact of financial guarantee (1) |  |  | -20% - 99% (22%) |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 486 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Recovery rates (2) Breach rates (2) |  |  |  |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes |  |  | 347 |  |  | Market prices of VIE assets adjusted for financial guarantees provided |  | Impact of financial guarantee |  |  | 37% - 76% (61%) |
Credit derivative liabilities – CMBS |  |  | 7 |  |  | Direct Price Model |  | Nonperformance risk |  |  | 54% - 54% (54%) |
Other derivative liabilities |  |  | 34 |  |  | Discounted cash flow |  | Cash flows |  |  | $0 - $49 ($25) (3) |

(1) - | Negative percentage represents financial guarantee policies in a receivable position.

(2) - | Recovery rates include assumptions about legal risk in the enforcement of the Company’s contract and breach rates represent estimates of the percentage of ineligible loans.

(3) - | Midpoint of cash flows are used for the weighted average.

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Sensitivity of Significant Unobservable Inputs
The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s residential loans receivable at fair value of consolidated VIEs is the impact of the financial guarantee. The fair value of residential loans receivable is calculated by subtracting the value of the financial guarantee from the market value of VIE liabilities. The value of a financial guarantee is estimated by the Company as the present value of expected cash payments, net of recoveries, under the policy. If there had been a lower expected cash flow on the underlying loans receivable of the VIE, the value of the financial guarantee provided by the Company under the insurance policy would have been higher. This would have resulted in a lower fair value of the residential loans receivable in relation to the obligations of the VIE.
The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s loan repurchase commitments of consolidated VIEs are a breach rate, which represents the percentage of ineligible loans held within a trust, and a recovery rate, which reflects the estimate of future cash receipts including legal risk in the enforcement of the Company’s contractual rights. Significant increases or decreases in the breach rate assumptions would have resulted in significantly higher or lower fair values of the loan repurchase commitments, respectively. Additionally, changes in assumptions about the Company’s legal risk would have impacted the recovery rate assumptions, which would have significantly impacted the fair value measurement. The estimated recoveries of the loan repurchase commitments may differ from the actual recoveries that may be received in the future.
The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s VIE notes of consolidated VIEs is the impact of the financial guarantee. The fair value of VIE notes is calculated by adding the value of the financial guarantee to the market value of VIE assets. The value of a financial guarantee is estimated by the Company as the present value of expected cash payments under the policy. If the value of the guarantee provided by the Company to the obligations issued by the VIE had increased, the credit support would have added value to the liabilities of the VIE. This would have resulted in an increased fair value of the liabilities of the VIE.
The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of MBIA Corp.’s CMBS credit derivative, which is valued using the Direct Price Model, is nonperformance risk. The nonperformance risk is an assumption of MBIA Corp.’s own ability to pay and whether MBIA Corp. will have the necessary resources to pay the obligations as they come due. Any significant increase or decrease in MBIA Corp.’s nonperformance risk would have resulted in a decrease or increase in the fair value of the derivative liabilities, respectively.
The significant unobservable input used in the fair value measurement of MBIA Corp.’s other derivatives, which are valued using a discounted cash flow model, is the estimates of future cash flows discounted using market rates and CDS spreads. Any significant increase or decrease in future cash flows would have resulted in an increase or decrease in the fair value of the derivative liability, respectively.
24

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables present the fair value of the Company’s assets (including short-term investments) and liabilities measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
In millions |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance as of September 30, 2020
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 901 |  |  | $ | 109 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,010 |
State and municipal bonds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 191 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 191 |
Foreign governments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,019 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,019 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 296 |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26 |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 124 |
Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 109 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 109 |
Total fixed-maturity investments |  |  | 901 |  |  |  | 1,909 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2,810 |
Money market securities |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20 |
Perpetual debt and equity securities |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 53 |
Fixed-income fund |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49 | (1)
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 107 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-insured derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |

25

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |
In millions |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance as of September 30, 2020
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41 |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |
Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |
Cash |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |
Loans receivable at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans receivable |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 114 |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 530 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 12 |
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 13 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,065 |  |  | $ | 2,008 |  |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 3,791 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 101 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 10 |
Non-insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 180 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 180 |
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 38 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 343 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 231 |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 672 |

(1) - | Investment that was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient, and was required not to be classified in the fair value hierarchy.

26

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |
In millions |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance as of December 31, 2019
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 791 |  |  | $ | 97 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 888 |
State and municipal bonds |  |  | - |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 200 |
Foreign governments |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |
Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,266 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,266 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 330 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 330 |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 19 |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 22 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 140 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 140 |
Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 326 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 327 |
Total fixed-maturity investments |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 2,410 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 3,202 |
Money market securities |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 154 |
Perpetual debt and equity securities |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 55 |
Fixed-income fund |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 51 | (1)
Cash and cash equivalents |  |  | 75 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 75 |
Derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-insured derivative assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |

27

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |
In millions |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Balance as of December 31, 2019
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 45 |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |
Other asset-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Cash |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Loans receivable at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential loans receivable |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | 136 |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 486 |
Other assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Currency derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 8 |
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 18 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,058 |  |  | $ | 2,519 |  |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 4,277 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 108 |
Derivative liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Credit derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 9 |
Non-insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 132 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 132 |
Other |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 34 |
Other liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other payable |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 4 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | 403 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 190 |  |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 690 |

(1) - | Investment that was measured at fair value by applying the net asset value per share practical expedient, and was required not to be classified in the fair value hierarchy.

Level 3 assets at fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 represented approximately
18% and 15%, respectively, of total assets measured at fair value. Level 3 liabilities at fair value as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 represented approximately 66% and 72%, respectively, of total liabilities measured at fair value.
28

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
The following tables present the fair values and carrying values of the Company’s assets and liabilities that are disclosed at fair value but not reported at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. The majority of the financial assets and liabilities that the Company requires fair value reporting or disclosures are valued based on the estimated value of the underlying collateral, the Company’s or a third-party’s estimate of discounted cash flow model estimated, or quoted market values for similar products.

|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |  |
In millions |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Fair Value Balance as of September 30, 2020 |  | Carry Value Balance as of September 30, 2020
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments held-to-maturity |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 575 |
Total assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 575 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 724 |  |  | $ | 2,318 |
Medium-term notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 379 |  |  |  | 583 |
Investment agreements |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 408 |  |  |  | 293 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 264 |  |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | 839 |  |  |  | 844 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 988 |  |  | $ | 1,362 |  |  | $ | 2,350 |  |  | $ | 4,038 |
Financial Guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross liability (recoverable) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 595 |  |  | $ | 595 |  |  | $ | (378 | )
Ceded recoverable (liability) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | (18 | )
|  | Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using |  |  |  |
In millions |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) |  | Fair Value Balance as of December 31, 2019 |  | Carry Value Balance as of December 31, 2019
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Investments held-to-maturity |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | 890 |
Total assets |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | 890 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Long-term debt |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,073 |  |  | $ | 2,228 |
Medium-term notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | 396 |  |  |  | 570 |
Investment agreements |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | 394 |  |  |  | 304 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Variable interest entity notes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 261 |  |  |  | 892 |  |  |  | 1,153 |  |  |  | 1,136 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,334 |  |  | $ | 1,682 |  |  | $ | 3,016 |  |  | $ | 4,238 |
Financial Guarantees: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gross liability (recoverable) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | 556 |  |  | $ | (311 | )
Ceded recoverable (liability) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 24 |

29

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
The following tables present information about changes in Level 3 assets (including short-term investments) and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2020

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Period |  | Total Gains / (Losses) Included in Earnings |  | Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Included in OCI (1) |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Transfers into Level 3 |  | Transfers out of Level 3 |  | Ending Balance |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets still held as of September 30, 2020 |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in OCI for Assets still held as of September 30, 2020 (1)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other asset-backed |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable- residential |  |  | 116 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 524 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |
Currency derivatives |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |
Other |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |
Total assets |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | - |

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Period |  | Total (Gains) / Losses Included in Earnings |  | Unrealized (Gains) / Losses Included in in OCI (2) |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Transfers into Level 3 |  | Transfers out of Level 3 |  | Ending Balance |  | Change in Unrealized (Gains) Losses for the Period Included in Earnings for Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2020 |  | Change in Unrealized (Gains) Losses for the Period Included in OCI for Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2020 (2)
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 96 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (3 | )
Credit derivatives |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Other derivatives |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
VIE notes |  |  | 291 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Total liabilities |  | $ | 432 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | (5 | )

(1) - | Reported within the “Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities” on MBIA’s Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income/Loss.

(2) - | Reported within the “Instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities measured at fair value” on MBIA’s Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income/Loss.

30

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Period |  |  | Total Gains / (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Included in OCI |  |  | Purchases |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Settlements |  |  | Sales |  |  | Transfers into Level 3 (1) |  |  | Transfers out of Level 3 (1) |  |  | Ending Balance |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets still held as of September 30, 2019 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Other asset-backed |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable- residential |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | (3 | )
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 428 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 50 |
Currency derivatives |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Other |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 2 |
Total assets |  | $ | 613 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 45 |

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Period |  |  | Total Gains / (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Included in OCI |  |  | Purchases |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Settlements |  |  | Sales |  |  | Transfers into Level 3 (1) |  |  | Transfers out of Level 3 (1) |  |  | Ending Balance |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2019 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 110 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (5 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Credit derivatives |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (9 | )
Other derivatives |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 14 |
Other payable |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 1 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
VIE notes |  |  | 342 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | (11 | )
Total liabilities |  | $ | 489 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | (19 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | (4 | )

(1) - | Transferred in and out at the end of the period.

For the three months ended September 30, 2019, there were no transfers into Level 3 and out of Level 2. CMBS comprised the instruments transferred out of Level 3 where inputs, which are significant to their valuation, became observable during the quarter. These inputs included spreads, prepayment speeds, default speeds, default severities, yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, and market corroborated inputs.
31

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
The following tables present information about changes in Level 3 assets (including short-term investments) and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Period |  | Total Gains / (Losses) Included in Earnings |  | Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Included in OCI (1) |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Transfers into Level 3 |  | Transfers out of Level 3 |  | Ending Balance |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets still held as of September 30, 2020 |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in OCI for Assets still held as of September 30, 2200 (1)
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Other asset-backed |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans receivable- residential |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | (13 | ) |  |  | - |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 486 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 530 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | - |
Currency derivatives |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |
Other |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | - |
Total assets |  | $ | 649 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (12 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 669 |  |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | - |

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Period |  | Total Gains / (Losses) Included in Earnings |  | Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Included in OCI (2) |  | Purchases |  | Issuances |  | Settlements |  | Sales |  | Transfers into Level 3 |  | Transfers out of Level 3 |  | Ending Balance |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2020 |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in OCI for Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2200 (12
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (15 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 8 |  |  | $ | (15 | )
Credit derivatives |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Other derivatives |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |
Other payable |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
VIE notes |  |  | 347 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (41 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 294 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (39 | )
Total liabilities |  | $ | 500 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | (56 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 441 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (54 | )

(1) - | Reported within the “Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities” on MBIA’s Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income/Loss.

(2) | Reported within the “Instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities measured at fair value” on MBIA’s Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income/Loss.

32

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Year |  |  | Total Gains / (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Unrealized Gains / (Losses) Included in OCI |  |  | Purchases |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Settlements |  |  | Sales |  |  | Transfers into Level 3 (1) |  |  | Transfers out of Level 3 (1) |  |  | Ending Balance |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets still held as of September 30, 2019 |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Other asset-backed |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Loans receivable- residential |  |  | 172 |  |  |  | 40 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (18 | ) |  |  | (48 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 146 |  |  |  | 35 |
Loan repurchase commitments |  |  | 418 |  |  |  | 60 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 478 |  |  |  | 60 |
Currency derivatives |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (9 | )
Other |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 3 |
Total assets |  | $ | 637 |  |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (25 | ) |  | $ | (49 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | $ | 650 |  |  | $ | 89 |

In millions |  | Balance, Beginning of Year |  |  | Total (Gains) / Losses Included in Earnings |  |  | Unrealized (Gains) / Losses Included in OCI |  |  | Purchases |  |  | Issuances |  |  | Settlements |  |  | Sales |  |  | Transfers into Level 3 (1) |  |  | Transfers out of Level 3 (1) |  |  | Ending Balance |  |  | Change in Unrealized (Gains) Losses for the Period Included in Earnings for Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2019 |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 102 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 1 |
Credit derivatives |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | (23 | )
Other derivatives |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 23 |
Other payable |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2 |
Liabilities of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
VIE notes |  |  | 366 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (21 | ) |  |  | (60 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 348 |  |  |  | 32 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 513 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | (38 | ) |  | $ | (60 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 498 |  |  | $ | 35 |

(1) - | Transferred in and out at the end of the period.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, sales include the impact of the deconsolidation of VIEs. Refer to “Note 4: Variable Interest Entities” for additional information about the deconsolidation of VIEs.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, there were no transfers into Level 3 and out of Level 2. CMBS and corporate obligations comprised the instruments transferred out of Level 3 where inputs, which are significant to their valuation, became observable during the period. These inputs included spreads, prepayment speeds, default speeds, default severities, yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals, and market corroborated inputs.
33

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Gains and losses (realized and unrealized) included in earnings related to Level 3 assets and liabilities for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are reported on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |
In millions |  | Total Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets and Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2020 |  |  | Total Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets and Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2019 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | 9 |
Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | - |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | (15 | ) |  |  | (15 | )
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Revenues of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 56 |
Total |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (13 | ) |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 49 |

Gains and losses (realized and unrealized) included in earnings relating to Level 3 assets and liabilities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are reported on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations as follows:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 |
In millions |  | Total Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets and Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2020 |  |  | Total Gains (Losses) Included in Earnings |  |  | Change in Unrealized Gains (Losses) for the Period Included in Earnings for Assets and Liabilities still held as of September 30, 2019 |
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 23 |
Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | - |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (12 | ) |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | (24 | )
Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (2 | )
Revenues of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 57 |
Total |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 26 |  |  | $ | 54 |

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Fair Value Option
The Company elected to record at fair value certain financial instruments that are consolidated in connection with the adoption of the accounting guidance for consolidation of VIEs, among others.
The following table presents the gains and (losses) included in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 for financial instruments for which the fair value option was elected:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Investments carried at fair value (1) |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 13 |
Fixed-maturity securities held at fair value-VIE (2) |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 94 |
Loans receivable at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage loans (2) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 40 |
Loan repurchase commitments (2) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | 60 |
Other assets-VIE (2) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 3 |
Medium-term notes (1) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (8 | ) |  |  | (1 | )
Other liabilities (3) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | )
Variable interest entity notes (2) |  |  | (11 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (77 | )

(1) - | Reported within “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on MBIA’s consolidated statements of operations.

(2) - | Reported within “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange-VIE” on MBIA’s consolidated statements of operations.

(3) - | Reported within “Other net realized gains (losses)” on MBIA’s consolidated statements of operations.

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 for loans and notes for which the fair value option was elected:

|  | As of September 30, 2020 |  | As of December 31, 2019
|  | Contractual |  |  |  |  |  | Contractual |  |  |  |
|  | Outstanding |  | Fair |  |  |  | Outstanding |  | Fair |  |
In millions |  | Principal |  | Value |  | Difference |  | Principal |  | Value |  | Difference
Loans receivable at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage loans - current |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | 107 |  |  | $ | - |
Residential mortgage loans (90 days or more past due) |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 108 |  |  |  | 154 |  |  |  | 29 |  |  |  | 125 |
Total loans receivable and other instruments at fair value |  | $ | 222 |  |  | $ | 114 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 261 |  |  | $ | 136 |  |  | $ | 125 |
Variable interest entity notes |  | $ | 1,107 |  |  | $ | 343 |  |  | $ | 764 |  |  | $ | 1,126 |  |  | $ | 403 |  |  | $ | 723 |
Medium-term notes |  | $ | 117 |  |  | $ | 101 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | 108 |  |  | $ | 4 |

The differences between the contractual outstanding principal and the fair values on loans receivable, VIE notes and MTNs, in the preceding table, are primarily attributable to credit risk. This is due to the high rate of defaults on loans (90 days or more past due), the collateral supporting the VIE notes and the nonperformance risk of the Company on its MTNs, which resulted in depressed pricing of the financial instruments.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments (continued)
Instrument-Specific Credit Risk of Liabilities Elected Under the Fair Value Option
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the cumulative changes in instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities elected under the fair value option were losses of $48 million and $107 million, respectively, reported in “Accumulated other comprehensive income” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Changes in value attributable to instrument-specific credit risk were derived principally from changes in the Company’s credit spread. For liabilities of VIEs, additional adjustments to instrument-specific credit risk are required, which is determined by an analysis of deal specific performance of collateral that support these liabilities. During the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the portions of instrument-specific credit risk included in AOCI that were recognized in earnings due to settlement of liabilities were losses of $2 million and $3 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the portions of instrument-specific credit risk included in AOCI that were recognized in earnings due to settlement of liabilities were losses of $5 million and $26 million, respectively.
Note 7: Investments
Investments, excluding those elected under the fair value option, include debt and equity securities classified as either AFS or HTM.
The following table presents the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, corresponding gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value for AFS and HTM investments in the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio as of September 30, 2020:

|  | September 30, 2020
In millions |  | Amortized Cost |  | Allowance for Credit Losses |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
AFS Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 918 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 85 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 1,003 |
State and municipal bonds |  |  | 159 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 190 |
Foreign governments |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 870 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 934 |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | 281 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 289 |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26 |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 18 |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 121 |
Other asset-backed |  |  | 106 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 107 |
Total AFS investments |  | $ | 2,511 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 2,701 |
HTM Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 575 |
Total HTM investments |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 575 |

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 7: Investments (continued)
The following table presents the amortized cost, fair value, corresponding gross unrealized gains and losses and OTTI for AFS and HTM investments in the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio as of December 31, 2019:

|  | December 31, 2019
In millions |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Other-Than- Temporary Impairments (1)
AFS Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 838 |  |  | $ | 46 |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | 882 |  |  | $ | - |
State and municipal bonds |  |  | 178 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 200 |  |  |  | - |
Foreign governments |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | - |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 1,140 |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1,191 |  |  |  | - |
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | 317 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 320 |  |  |  | - |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | - |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | 139 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 137 |  |  |  | - |
Other asset-backed |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 321 |  |  |  | - |
Total AFS investments |  | $ | 2,984 |  |  | $ | 126 |  |  | $ | (11 | ) |  | $ | 3,099 |  |  | $ | - |
HTM Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | $ | 890 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | - |
Total HTM investments |  | $ | 890 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 892 |  |  | $ | - |

(1) - | Represents unrealized gains or losses on OTTI securities recognized in AOCI, which includes the non-credit component of impairments, as well as all subsequent changes in fair value of such impaired securities reported in AOCI.

HTM investments declined
due to the early redemption of assets and liabilities within a structured finance VIE that was
deconsolidated
during the first quarter
of
2020
.
The following table presents the distribution by contractual maturity of AFS and HTM fixed-maturity securities at amortized cost, net of allowance for credit losses, and fair value as of September 30, 2020. Contractual maturity may differ from expected maturity as borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations.

|  | AFS Securities |  | HTM Securities
|  |  |  |  |  | Consolidated VIEs
In millions |  | Net Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value |  | Net Amortized Cost |  | Fair Value
Due in one year or less |  | $ | 560 |  |  | $ | 562 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Due after one year through five years |  |  | 473 |  |  |  | 490 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Due after five years through ten years |  |  | 269 |  |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Due after ten years |  |  | 657 |  |  |  | 791 |  |  |  | 575 |  |  |  | 575 |
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed |  |  | 552 |  |  |  | 561 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total fixed-maturity investments |  | $ | 2,511 |  |  | $ | 2,701 |  |  | $ | 575 |  |  | $ | 575 |

Deposited and Pledged Securities
The fair value of securities on deposit with various regulatory authorities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was $11 million. These deposits are required to comply with state insurance laws.
Pursuant to the Company’s tax sharing agreement, securities held by MBIA Inc. in the Tax Escrow Account are included as “Investments pledged as collateral, at fair value” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 7: Investments (continued)
Investment agreement obligations require the Company to pledge securities as collateral. Securities pledged in connection with investment agreements may not be repledged by the investment agreement counterparty. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value of securities pledged as collateral for these investment agreements approximated $294 million and $313 million, respectively. The Company’s collateral as of September 30, 2020 consisted principally of U.S. Treasury and government agency and corporate obligations, and was primarily held with major U.S. banks. Additionally, the Company pledged cash as collateral under investment agreements in the amount of $8 million as of September 30, 2020.
Refer to “Note 8: Derivative Instruments” for information about securities posted to derivative counterparties.
Impaired Investments
The following table presents the
non-credit
related gross unrealized losses related to AFS investments as of September 30, 2020:

|  | September 30, 2020
|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
In millions |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
AFS Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 124 |  |  | $ | - |
State and municipal bonds |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 124 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 131 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 57 |  |  |  | - |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 80 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | (4 | )
Other asset-backed |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | - |
Total AFS investments |  | $ | 382 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | (4 | ) |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | (8 | )

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses related to AFS investments as of December 31, 2019:

|  | December 31, 2019
|  | Less than 12 Months |  | 12 Months or Longer |  | Total
In millions |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value |  | Unrealized Losses
AFS Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Fixed-maturity investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. Treasury and government agency |  | $ | 148 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 227 |  |  | $ | (2 | )
State and municipal bonds |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | - |
Corporate obligations |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Mortgage-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Residential mortgage-backed agency |  |  | 62 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | - |
Residential mortgage-backed non-agency |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | (5 | )
Commercial mortgage-backed |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |
Asset-backed securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Collateralized debt obligations |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 121 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Other asset-backed |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | (1 | )
Total AFS investments |  | $ | 371 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  | $ | 206 |  |  | $ | (8 | ) |  | $ | 577 |  |  | $ | (11 | )

Gross unrealized losses on AFS investments decreased as of September 30, 2020 compared with December 31, 2019 primarily due to lower interest rates, partially offset by widening credit spreads.
With the weighting applied on the fair value of each security relative to the total fair value, the weighted average contractual maturity of securities in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 was 11 and 10 years, respectively. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, there were 45 and 63 securities, respectively, that were in an unrealized loss position for a continuous twelve-month period or longer, of which, fair values of 16 securities were below book value by more than 5%.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 7: Investments (continued)
The following table presents the distribution of securities in an unrealized loss position for a continuous twelve-month period or longer where fair value was below book value by more than 5% as of September 30, 2020:

|  | AFS Securities
Percentage of Fair Value Below Book Value |  | Number of Securities |  | Book Value (in millions) |  | Fair Value (in millions)
> 5% to 15% |  |  | 10 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  | $ | 18 |
> 15% to 25% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
> 25% to 50% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |
> 50% |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  |  | 16 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 19 |

Impaired securities that the Company intends to sell before the expected recovery of such securities’ fair values have been written down to fair value. During the second quarter of 2020, the Company impaired intent to sell securities in an unrealized loss position to fair value. These securities were subsequently sold in the third quarter of 2020. As of September 30, 2020, the Company concluded that it does not have the intent to sell securities in an unrealized loss position and it is more likely than not, that it would not have to sell these securities before recovery of their cost basis. In making this conclusion, the Company examined the cash flow projections for its investment portfolios, the potential sources and uses of cash in its businesses, and the cash resources available to its business other than sales of securities. It also considered the existence of any risk management or other plans as of September 30, 2020 that would require the sale of impaired securities.
Credit Losses on Investments
In calculating credit-related losses, the Company uses cash flow modeling based on the type of security. The Company’s cash flow analysis considers all sources of cash that support the payment of amounts owed by an issuer of a security. For AFS investments, this includes the credit enhancement taking into the consideration of cash expected to be provided by financial guarantors, including MBIA Corp. and National, resulting from an actual or potential insurance policy claim. In general, any change in the amount and/or timing of cash flows received or expected to be received, whether or not such cash flows are contractually defined, is reflected in the Company’s cash flow analysis for purposes of assessing a credit loss on an impaired security.
Each quarter, an internal committee, comprising staff that is independent of the Company’s evaluation process for determining credit losses of securities, reviews and approves the valuation of investments. Among other responsibilities, this committee ensures that the Company’s process for identifying and calculating allowance for credit losses, including the use of models and assumptions, is reasonable and complies with the Company’s internal policy.
Determination of Credit Losses on ABS, MBS and Corporate Obligations
AFS ABS investments are evaluated for credit loss using historical collateral performance, deal waterfall and structural protections, credit ratings, and forward looking projections of collateral performance based on business and economic conditions specific to each collateral type and risk. The underlying collateral is evaluated to identify any specific performance concerns, and stress scenarios are considered in forecasting ultimate returns of principal. Based on this evaluation, if a principal default is projected for a security, estimated future cash flows are discounted at the security’s effective interest rate used to recognize interest income on the security. For CDO investments, the Company uses the same tools as its RMBS investments discussed below, aggregating the bond level cash flows to the CDO investment level. If the present value of cash flows is less than the Company’s amortized cost for the security, the difference is recorded as a credit loss.
AFS RMBS investments are evaluated for credit losses using several quantitative tools. Loan level data is obtained and analyzed in a model that produces prepayment, default, and severity vectors. The model uses macro inputs, including housing price assumptions and interest rates. The vector outputs are used as inputs to a third-party cash flow model, which considers deal waterfall dynamics and structural features, to generate cash flows for an RMBS investment. The expected cash flows of the security are then discounted at the interest rate used to recognize interest income of the security to arrive at a present value amount. If the present value of the cash flows is less than the Company’s amortized cost for the investment, the difference is recorded as a credit loss.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 7: Investments (continued)
For AFS corporate obligation investments, credit losses are evaluated using credit analysis techniques. The Company’s analysis includes a detailed review of a number of quantitative and qualitative factors impacting the value of an individual security. These factors include the interest rate of the security (fixed or floating), the security’s current market spread, any collateral supporting the security, the security’s position in the issuer’s capital structure, and credit rating upgrades or downgrades. Additionally, these factors include an assessment of various issuer-related credit metrics including market capitalization, earnings, cash flow, capitalization, interest coverage, leverage, liquidity and management. The Company’s analysis is augmented by comparing market prices for similar securities of other issuers in the same sector, as well as any recent corporate or government actions that may impact the ultimate return of principal. If the Company determines that a principal default is projected, a recovery analysis is performed using the above data. If the Company’s estimated recovery value for the security is less than its amortized cost, the difference is recorded as a credit loss.
For HTM corporate obligation investments, credit losses are evaluated based on quarterly estimates of the probability-weighted amount of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected over the estimated remaining lives of the security. Developing the Company’s probability-weighted expected future cash flows is a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with certain internal assumptions regarding the future performance. The Company’s considerations include, but are not limited to, (a) changes in the financial conditions of the security’s underlying collateral, (b) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, (c) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer, (d) level of excess cash flows generated from the underlying collateral supporting the principal and interest payments of the security. Estimates of collectability require the use of significant management judgment and include the probability and timing of issuer’s default and loss severity estimates. In addition, cash flow projections may change when these factors are reviewed and updated as appropriate.
Determination of Credit Loss Guaranteed by the Company on Other Third-Party Guarantors
The Company does not recognize credit losses on securities insured by MBIA Corp. and National since those securities, whether or not owned by the Company, are evaluated for impairments in accordance with its loss reserving policy. The following table provides information about securities held by the Company as of September 30, 2020 that were in an unrealized loss position and insured by a financial guarantor, along with the amount of insurance loss reserves corresponding to the par amount owned by the Company. The Company did not hold any securities in an unrealized loss position that were insured by a third-party financial guarantor as of September 30, 2020.

In millions |  | Fair Value |  |  | Unrealized Loss |  |  | Insurance Loss Reserve (1) |
Mortgage-backed |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Total |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

| (1) - | Insurance loss reserve estimates are based on the proportion of par value owned to the total amount of par value insured.

Allowance for Credit Losses Rollforward
The Company did not establish an allowance for credit losses for AFS securities as of September 30, 2020 or purchase any credit-deteriorated assets for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2020.
The following tables present the rollforward of allowance for credit losses on HTM investments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, the allowance for credit losses was reduced to zero as a result of the repayment of the assets, at par, subsequent to the third quarter of 2020.

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  |
In millions |  | Balance Beginning of Period |  | Current period provision for expected credit losses |  | Initial allowance recognized for PCD assets |  | Write-Offs |  | Recoveries |  | Balance as of September 30, 2020
HTM Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | (23 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Total Allowance on HTM investments |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | (23 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 7: Investments (continued)

|  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 |  |
In millions |  | Balance as of January 1, 2020 (1) |  | Current period provision for expected credit losses |  | Initial allowance recognized for PCD assets |  | Write-Offs |  | Recoveries |  | Balance as of September 30, 2020
HTM Investments |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Assets of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Corporate obligations |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |
Total Allowance on HTM investments |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | (37 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |

(1) - | Represents transition adjustment upon adoption of ASU 2016-13.

Credit Loss Rollforward for AFS
The portion of certain unrealized losses on fixed-maturity securities that does not represent credit losses is recognized in AOCI. For these impairments, the net amount recognized in earnings represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future discounted cash flows prior to impairment. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI. The following table presents the amount of credit loss impairments recognized in earnings on fixed-maturity securities held by MBIA as of the dates indicated, for which a portion of the
non-credit
related losses was recognized in AOCI, and the corresponding changes in such amounts. The additional credit loss impairments on securities previously impaired for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was primarily related to an impaired security for which a loss was recognized as the difference between the amortized cost and net present value of projected cash flows. The OTTI resulted from updated liquidity concerns and other adverse financial conditions of the issuer.

In millions |  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Credit Losses Recognized in Earnings Related to Other-Than-Temporary Impairments
Beginning balance |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 37 |
Additions for credit loss impairments recognized in the current period on securities previously impaired |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37 |
Ending balance |  | $ | 74 |  |  | $ | 74 |

Sales of
Available-for-Sale
Investments
Gross realized gains and losses are recorded within “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The proceeds and the gross realized gains and losses from sales of fixed-maturity securities held as AFS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Proceeds from sales |  | $ | 293 |  |  | $ | 508 |  |  | $ | 862 |  |  | $ | 1,875 |
Gross realized gains |  | $ | 22 |  |  | $ | 79 |  |  | $ | 53 |  |  | $ | 100 |
Gross realized losses |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (14 | ) |  | $ | (3 | )

Equity Investments
Unrealized gains and losses recognized
on equity investments held as of the end
of each period for the
three
and
nine
months ended September
30
,
2020
and
2019
are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 9 |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities sold during the period |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |
Unrealized gains (losses) recognized during the period on equity securities still held at the reporting date |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 8 |

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 8: Deri
va
tive Instruments
U.S. Public Finance Insurance
The Company’s derivative exposure within its U.S. public finance insurance operations primarily consists of insured interest rate and inflation-linked swaps related to insured U.S. public finance debt issues. These derivatives do not qualify for the financial guarantee scope exception and are accounted for as derivative instruments. Changes in the fair values of the Company’s insured derivatives within its U.S. Public Finance segment are included in “Net change in fair value of insured derivatives” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Corporate
The Company has entered into derivative instruments primarily consisting of interest rate swaps to manage the risks associated with fluctuations in interest rates affecting the value of certain assets. Changes in the fair values of the Company’s derivatives within its
c
orporate segment are included in “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
International and Structured Finance Insurance
The Company has entered into a derivative instrument to provide financial guarantee insurance to a structured finance transaction that does not qualify for the financial guarantee scope exception and, therefore, is accounted for as a derivative. The insured CDS contract, referencing CMBS, is intended to be held for the entire term of the contract unless a settlement with the counterparty is negotiated. The Company no longer insures new CDS contracts except for transactions related to the restructuring of existing exposures. The Company’s derivative exposure within its international and structured finance insurance segment also includes insured interest rate and inflation-linked swaps related to insured debt issues. Changes in the fair values of the Company’s insured derivatives within its International and Structured Finance segment are included in “Net change in fair value of insured derivatives” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
The Company has also entered into a derivative contract in connection with the commutation of certain insurance exposure, which occurred in 2014. Changes in the fair value of this non-insured derivative are included in “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Variable Interest Entities
A VIE consolidated by the Company is party to a cross currency swap, which was entered into to manage the variability in cash flows resulting from fluctuations in foreign currency rates. Changes in the fair value of the VIE derivative are included in “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign
exchange-VIE”
on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Credit Derivatives Sold
The following tables present information about credit derivatives sold by the Company’s insurance operations that were outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Credit ratings represent the lower of underlying ratings assigned to the collateral by Moody’s Investor Services (“Moody’s”), Standard & Poor’s Financial Services, LLC (“S&P”) or MBIA.

$ in millions |  | As of September 30, 2020
|  | Notional Value |  |
Credit Derivatives Sold |  | Weighted Average Remaining Expected Maturity |  | AAA |  | AA |  | A |  | BBB |  | Below Investment Grade |  | Total Notional |  | Fair Value Asset (Liability)
Insured credit default swaps |  |  | 0.3 Years |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | (8 | )
Insured swaps |  |  | 14.1 Years |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 1,341 |  |  |  | 362 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1,762 |  |  |  | (2 | )
Total notional |  |  |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 59 |  |  | $ | 1,341 |  |  | $ | 362 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 1,785 |  |  |  |  |
Total fair value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (8 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (10 | )

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 8: Derivative Instruments (continued)

$ in millions |  | As of December 31, 2019
|  | Notional Value |  |
Credit Derivatives Sold |  | Weighted Average Remaining Expected Maturity |  | AAA |  | AA |  | A |  | BBB |  | Below Investment Grade |  | Total Notional |  | Fair Value Asset (Liability)
Insured credit default swaps |  |  | 1.0 Years |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | (7 | )
Insured swaps |  |  | 14.0 Years |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 121 | (1) |  |  | 1,371 | (2) |  |  | 433 | (3) |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,925 | (4) |  |  | (2 | )
Total notional |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 121 |  |  | $ | 1,371 |  |  | $ | 433 |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 1,957 |  |  |  |  |
Total fair value |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | (7 | ) |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (9 | )

(1) - | The Company revised its previously reported amount of $66 million to $121 million.

(2) - | The Company revised its previously reported amount of $1,284 million to $1,371 million.

(3) - | The Company revised its previously reported amount of $445 million to $433 million.

(4) - | The Company revised its previously reported amount of $1,795 million to $1,925 million.

Internal credit ratings assigned by MBIA on the underlying collateral are derived by the Company’s surveillance group. In assigning an internal rating, current status reports from issuers and trustees, as well as publicly available transaction-specific information, are reviewed. Also, where appropriate, cash flow analyses and collateral valuations are considered. The maximum potential amount of future payments (undiscounted) on insured CDS and insured swaps is estimated as the notional value of such contracts.
MBIA may hold recourse provisions with third parties in derivative instruments through subrogation rights, whereby if MBIA makes a claim payment, it may be entitled to any rights of the insured counterparty, including the right to any assets held as collateral.
Counterparty Credit Risk
The Company manages counterparty credit risk on an individual counterparty basis through master netting agreements covering derivative instruments in the corporate segment. These agreements allow the Company to contractually net amounts due from a counterparty with those amounts due to such counterparty when certain triggering events occur. The Company only executes swaps under master netting agreements, which typically contain mutual credit downgrade provisions that generally provide the ability to require assignment or termination in the event either MBIA or the counterparty is downgraded below a specified credit rating.
Under these agreements, the Company may receive or provide cash, U.S. Treasury or other highly rated securities to secure counterparties’ exposure to the Company or its exposure to counterparties, respectively. Such collateral is available to the holder to pay for replacing the counterparty in the event that the counterparty defaults. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company did not hold or post cash collateral to derivative counterparties.
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had securities with a fair value of $237 million and $181 million, respectively, posted to derivative counterparties and these amounts are included within “Fixed-maturity securities held as
available-for-sale,
at fair value” on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the fair value on one Credit Support Annex (“CSA”) was $1 million. This CSA governs collateral posting requirements between MBIA and its derivative counterparties. The Company did not receive collateral due to the Company’s credit rating, which was below the CSA minimum credit ratings level for holding counterparty collateral. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the counterparty was rated Aa3 by Moody’s and A+ by S&P.
Financial Statement Presentation
The fair value of amounts recognized for eligible derivative contracts executed with the same counterparty under a master netting agreement, including any cash collateral that may have been received or posted by the Company, is presented on a net basis in accordance with accounting guidance for the offsetting of fair value amounts related to derivative instruments. Insured CDS and insured swaps are not subject to master netting agreements. VIE derivative assets and liabilities are not presented net of any master netting agreements. Counterparty netting of derivative assets and liabilities offsets balances in “Interest rate swaps”, when applicable.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 8: Derivative Instruments (continued)
The following table presents the total fair value of the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities by instrument and balance sheet location, before counterparty netting, as of September 30, 2020:

In millions |  |  |  | Derivative Assets (1) |  | Derivative Liabilities (1)
Derivative Instruments |  | Notional Amount Outstanding |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
Not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured credit default swaps |  | $ | 23 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | (8 | )
Insured swaps |  |  | 1,762 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  |  | (2 | )
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 435 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  |  | (180 | )
Interest rate swaps-embedded |  |  | 242 |  |  |  | Medium-term notes |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | Medium-term notes |  |  |  | (9 | )
Currency swaps-VIE |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | Other assets-VIE |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities- VIE |  |  |  | - |
All other |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  |  | (38 | )
Total non-designated derivatives |  | $ | 2,566 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (237 | )

(1) - | In accordance with the accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities, the balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivative instruments is determined by the location of the related host contract.

The following table presents the total fair value of the Company’s derivative assets and liabilities by instrument and balance sheet location, before counterparty netting, as of December 31, 2019:

In millions |  |  |  | Derivative Assets (1) |  | Derivative Liabilities (1)
Derivative Instruments |  | Notional Amount Outstanding |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | Fair Value
Not designated as hedging instruments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insured credit default swaps |  | $ | 32 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  | $ | - |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  | $ | (7 | )
Insured swaps |  |  | 1,925 | (2) |  |  | Other assets |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  |  | (2 | )
Interest rate swaps |  |  | 441 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  |  | (132 | )
Interest rate swaps-embedded |  |  | 232 |  |  |  | Medium- term notes |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | Medium- term notes |  |  |  | (15 | )
Currency swaps-VIE |  |  | 58 |  |  |  | Other assets-VIE |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities-VIE |  |  |  | - |
All other |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | Other assets |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | Derivative liabilities |  |  |  | (34 | )
Total non-designated derivatives |  | $ | 2,737 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (190 | )

(1) - | In accordance with the accounting guidance for derivative instruments and hedging activities, the balance sheet location of the Company’s embedded derivative instruments is determined by the location of the related host contract.

(2) - | The Company revised its previously reported amount of $1,795 million to $1,925 million.

44

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 8: Derivative Instruments (continued)
The following table presents the effect of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

In millions |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives Not Designated as |  |  |  | Three Months Ended September 30,
Hedging Instruments |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Insured credit default swaps |  | Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 9 |
Insured credit default swaps |  | Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10 | )
Interest rate swaps |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (30 | )
Currency swaps-VIE |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange-VIE |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (3 | )
All other |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (14 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (48 | )

The following table presents the effect of derivative instruments on the consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

In millions |  |  |  |  |  |
Derivatives Not Designated as |  |  |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
Hedging Instruments |  | Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Income on Derivative |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Insured credit default swaps |  | Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives |  | $ | (1 | ) |  | $ | 23 |
Insured credit default swaps |  | Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | (11 | )
Interest rate swaps |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (53 | ) |  |  | (85 | )
Currency swaps-VIE |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange-VIE |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (8 | )
All other |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (23 | )
Total |  |  |  | $ | (54 | ) |  | $ | (104 | )

Note 9: Income Taxes
The Company’s income taxes and the related effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (137 | )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8 |
Effective tax rate |  |  | 0.0% |  |  |  | 6.7% |  |  |  | 0.0% |  |  |  | -5.8% |

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s effective tax rate applied to its loss before income taxes was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate due to the full valuation allowance on the changes in its net deferred tax asset.
Deferred Tax Asset, Net of Valuation Allowance
The Company assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of its existing deferred tax assets. A significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the Company having a three-year cumulative loss. Such objective evidence limits the ability to consider other subjective evidence, such as the Company’s projections of
pre-tax
income. On the basis of this evaluation, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax asset of $948 million and $873 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company will continue to analyze the valuation allowance on a quarterly basis.
Net operating losses (“NOLs”) of property and casualty insurance companies are permitted to be carried back two years and carried forward 20 years, except where modified by the CARES Act as outlined below. NOLs of property and casualty insurance companies are not subject to the 80 percent taxable income limitation and indefinite lived carryforward period required by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act applicable to general corporate NOLs.
45

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 9: Income Taxes (continued)
Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes
The Company’s policy is to record and disclose any change in unrecognized tax benefit (“UTB”) and related interest and/or penalties to income tax in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company includes interest as a component of income tax expense. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had no UTB.
Federal income tax returns through 2011 have been examined or surveyed. As of September 30, 2020, the Company’s NOL is approximately $3.1 billion. NOLs generated prior to tax reform and property and casualty NOLs generated after tax reform will expire between tax years 2031 through 2040. As of September 30, 2020, the Company has a foreign tax credit carryforward of $61 million, which will expire between tax years 2020 through 2030.
Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code
On May 2, 2018, MBIA Inc.’s shareholders ratified an amendment to the Company’s
By-Laws,
which had been adopted earlier by MBIA Inc.’s Board of Directors. The amendment places restrictions on certain acquisitions of Company stock that otherwise may have increased the likelihood of an ownership change within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. With certain exceptions, the amendment generally prohibits a person from becoming a “Section 382 five-percent shareholder” by acquiring, directly or by attribution, 5% or more of the outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock.
Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act
On March 27, 2020, as part of the business stimulus package in response to
the
COVID-19
pandemic, the U.S. government enacted the CARES Act. The CARES Act established new tax provisions including, but not limited to: (1) five-year carryback of NOLs generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020; (2) accelerated refund of alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credit carryforwards; and (3) retroactive changes to allow accelerated depreciation for certain depreciable property. The legislation does not have a material impact on the Company’s tax positions due to the lack of taxable income in the carryback periods. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had received a cash benefit for its remaining AMT credits as provided by the CARES Act.
Note 10: Business Segments
As defined by segment reporting, an operating segment is a component of a company (i) that engages in business activities from which it earns revenue and incurs expenses, (ii) whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the Chief Operating Decision Maker to assess the performance of the segment and to make decisions about the allocation of resources to the segment and, (iii) for which discrete financial information is available.
The Company manages its businesses across three operating segments: 1) U.S. public finance insurance; 2) corporate; and 3) international and structured finance insurance. The Company’s U.S. public finance insurance business is operated through National and its international and structured finance insurance business is operated through MBIA Corp.
The following sections provide a description of each of the Company’s reportable operating segments.
U.S. Public Finance Insurance
The Company’s U.S. public finance insurance portfolio is managed through National. The financial guarantees issued by National provide unconditional and irrevocable guarantees of the payment of the principal of, and interest or other amounts owing on, U.S. public finance insured obligations when due. The obligations are not subject to acceleration, except that National may have the right, at its discretion, to accelerate insured obligations upon default or otherwise. National’s guarantees insure municipal bonds, including
tax-exempt
and taxable indebtedness of U.S. political subdivisions, as well as utilities, airports, health care institutions, higher educational facilities, housing authorities and other similar agencies and obligations issued by private entities that finance projects that serve a substantial public purpose. Municipal bonds and privately issued bonds used for the financing of public purpose projects are generally supported by taxes, assessments, fees or tariffs related to the use of these projects, lease payments or other similar types of revenue streams.
46

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 10: Business Segments (continued)
Corporate
The Company’s corporate segment consists of general corporate activities, including providing support services to MBIA Inc.’s subsidiaries as well as asset and capital management. Support services are provided by the Company’s service company, MBIA Services, and include, among others, management, legal, accounting, treasury, information technology, and insurance portfolio surveillance, on a
fee-for-service
basis. Capital management includes activities related to servicing obligations issued by MBIA Inc. and its subsidiaries, MBIA Global Funding, LLC (“GFL”) and MBIA Investment Management Corp. (“IMC”). MBIA Inc. issued debt to finance the operations of the MBIA group. GFL raised funds through the issuance of MTNs with varying maturities, which were in
turn guaranteed by MBIA Corp. GFL lent the proceeds of these MTN issuances to MBIA Inc. IMC, along with MBIA Inc., provided customized investment agreements, guaranteed by MBIA Corp., for bond proceeds and other public funds for such purposes as construction, loan origination, escrow and debt service or other reserve fund requirements. The Company has ceased issuing new MTNs and investment agreements and the outstanding liability balances and corresponding asset balances have declined over time as liabilities matured, terminated or were called or repurchased. All of the debt within the corporate segment is managed collectively and is serviced by available liquidity.
International and Structured Finance Insurance
The Company’s international and structured finance insurance segment is principally conducted through MBIA Corp. The financial guarantees issued by MBIA Corp. generally provide unconditional and irrevocable guarantees of the payment of principal of, and interest or other amounts owing on,
non-U.S.
public finance and global structured finance insured obligations when due, or in the event MBIA Corp. has the right, at its discretion, to accelerate insured obligations upon default or otherwise. MBIA Corp. insures the investment contracts written by MBIA Inc., and if MBIA Inc. were to have insufficient assets to pay amounts due upon maturity or termination, MBIA Corp. would make such payments. MBIA Corp. insures debt obligations of the following affiliates:

| • |  | MBIA Inc.;

| • |  | GFL;

| • |  | IMC;

| • |  | MZ Funding LLC; and

| • |  | LaCrosse Financial Products, LLC, a wholly-owned affiliate, to which MBIA Insurance Corporation has written insurance policies guaranteeing the obligations under CDS. Certain policies cover payments potentially due under CDS, including termination payments that may become due in certain circumstances, including the occurrence of certain insolvency or payment defaults under the CDS or derivatives contracts by the insured counterparty or by the guarantor.

MBIA Corp. insures
non-U.S.
public finance and global structured finance obligations, including asset-backed obligations. MBIA Corp. has insured sovereign-related and
sub-sovereign
bonds, utilities, privately issued bonds used for the financing of projects that include toll roads, bridges, airports, public transportation facilities, and other types of infrastructure projects serving a substantial public purpose. Global structured finance and asset-backed obligations typically are securities repayable from expected cash flows generated by a specified pool of assets, such as residential and commercial mortgages, insurance policies, consumer loans, corporate loans and bonds, trade and export receivables, and leases for equipment, aircraft and real estate property. MBIA Corp. has also written policies guaranteeing obligations under certain other derivative contracts, including termination payments that may become due upon certain insolvency or payment defaults of the financial guarantor or the issuer. The Company is no longer insuring new CDS contracts except for transactions related to the restructuring of existing exposures. MBIA Corp. has not written any meaningful amount of business since 2008.
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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 10: Business Segments (continued)
Segments Results
The following tables provide the Company’s segment results for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
|  | U.S. |  |  |  | International |  |  |  |
|  | Public |  |  |  | and Structured |  |  |  |
|  | Finance |  |  |  | Finance |  |  |  |
In millions |  | Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Insurance |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenues (1) |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 34 |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |
Revenues of consolidated VIEs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |
Inter-segment revenues (2) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 71 |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48 |
Operating |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23 |
Interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 43 |
Expenses of consolidated VIEs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 15 |
Inter-segment expenses (2) |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | - |
Total expenses |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | (22 | ) |  |  | 129 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (58 | )
Identifiable assets |  | $ | 3,777 |  |  | $ | 1,031 |  |  | $ | 4,309 |  |  | $ | (2,566 | ) (3) |  | $ | 6,551 |

(1) - | Represents the sum of third-party financial guarantee net premiums earned, net investment income, insurance-related fees and reimbursements and other fees.

(2) - | Represents intercompany premium income and expense and intercompany interest income and expense pertaining to intercompany receivables and payables.

(3) - | Consists principally of intercompany reinsurance balances.

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 10: Business Segments (continued)

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  | U.S. |  |  |  | International |  |  |  |
|  | Public |  |  |  | and Structured |  |  |  |
|  | Finance |  |  |  | Finance |  |  |  |
In millions |  | Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Insurance |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenues (1) |  | $ | 30 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | 11 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 47 |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 44 |
Net gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Revenues of consolidated VIEs |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 82 |
Inter-segment revenues (2) |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | 172 |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | (90 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (13 | )
Operating |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 26 |
Interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 50 |
Expenses of consolidated VIEs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 20 |
Inter-segment expenses (2) |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | - |
Total expenses |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | (28 | ) |  |  | 83 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 219 |  |  | $ | (39 | ) |  | $ | (91 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 89 |

(1) - | Represents the sum of third-party financial guarantee net premiums earned, net investment income, insurance-related fees and reimbursements and other fees.

(2) - | Represents intercompany premium income and expense and intercompany interest income and expense pertaining to intercompany receivables and payables.

The following tables provide the Company’s segment results for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
|  | U.S. |  |  |  | International |  |  |  |
|  | Public |  |  |  | and Structured |  |  |  |
|  | Finance |  |  |  | Finance |  |  |  |
In millions |  | Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Insurance |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenues (1) |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | 15 |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 116 |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (26 | )
Revenues of consolidated VIEs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 89 |
Inter-segment revenues (2) |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | 179 |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 427 |
Operating |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 50 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 68 |
Interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 135 |
Expenses of consolidated VIEs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 46 |
Inter-segment expenses (2) |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | - |
Total expenses |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 464 |  |  |  | (79 | ) |  |  | 676 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | (339 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (497 | )
Identifiable assets |  | $ | 3,777 |  |  | $ | 1,031 |  |  | $ | 4,309 |  |  | $ | (2,566 | ) (3) |  | $ | 6,551 |

(1) - | Represents the sum of third-party financial guarantee net premiums earned, net investment income, insurance-related fees and reimbursements and other fees.

(2) - | Represents intercompany premium income and expense and intercompany interest income and expense pertaining to intercompany receivables and payables.

(3) - | Consists principally of intercompany reinsurance balances.

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Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 10: Business Segments (continued)

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
|  | U.S. |  |  |  | International |  |  |  |
|  | Public |  |  |  | and Structured |  |  |  |
|  | Finance |  |  |  | Finance |  |  |  |
In millions |  | Insurance |  | Corporate |  | Insurance |  | Eliminations |  | Consolidated
Revenues (1) |  | $ | 106 |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 155 |
Net change in fair value of insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 40 |
Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | )
Net gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 2 |
Revenues of consolidated VIEs |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 80 |
Inter-segment revenues (2) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 48 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | (85 | ) |  |  | - |
Total revenues |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | 252 |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 89 |
Operating |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | 53 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 77 |
Interest |  |  | - |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 154 |
Expenses of consolidated VIEs |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 69 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 69 |
Inter-segment expenses (2) |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | - |
Total expenses |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | 332 |  |  |  | (84 | ) |  |  | 389 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | (131 | ) |  | $ | (256 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | (137 | )

(1) - | Represents the sum of third-party financial guarantee net premiums earned, net investment income, insurance-related fees and reimbursements and other fees.

(2) - | Represents intercompany premium income and expense and intercompany interest income and expense pertaining to intercompany receivables and payables.

Note 11: Earnings Per Share
Earnings per share is calculated using the
two-class
method in which earnings are allocated to common stock and participating securities based on their rights to receive nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents. The Company grants restricted stock to certain employees and
non-employee
directors in accordance with the Company’s long-term incentive programs, which entitle the participants to receive nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents during the vesting period on the same basis as those dividends are paid to common shareholders. These unvested stock awards represent participating securities. During periods of net income, the calculation of earnings per share exclude the income attributable to participating securities in the numerator and the dilutive impact of these securities from the denominator. During periods of net loss, no effect is given to participating securities in the numerator and the denominator excludes the dilutive impact of these securities since they do not share in the losses of the Company.
Basic earnings per share excludes dilution and is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilutive effect of all unvested restricted stock outstanding during the period that could potentially result in the issuance of common stock. The dilution from unvested restricted stock is calculated by applying the
two-class
method and using the treasury stock method. The treasury stock method assumes the proceeds from the unrecognized compensation expense from unvested restricted stock will be used to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at the average market price during the period. If the potentially dilutive securities disclosed in the table below become vested, the transaction would be net share settled resulting in a significantly lower impact to the outstanding share balance in comparison to the total amount of the potentially dilutive securities. During periods of net loss, unvested restricted stock is excluded from the calculation because it would have an antidilutive effect. Therefore, in periods of net loss, the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share would result in the same value.
50

Table of Contents
MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 11: Earnings Per Share (continued)
The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions except per share amounts |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Basic earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Basic weighted average shares (1) |  |  | 52.6 |  |  |  | 78.7 |  |  |  | 62.4 |  |  |  | 82.8 |
Net income (loss) per basic common share |  | $ | (1.11 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97 | ) |  | $ | (1.75 | )
Diluted earnings per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Less: undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Net income (loss) available to common shareholders |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 78 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Diluted weighted average shares |  |  | 52.6 |  |  |  | 78.7 |  |  |  | 62.4 |  |  |  | 82.8 |
Net income (loss) per diluted common share |  | $ | (1.11 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97 | ) |  | $ | (1.75 | )
Potentially dilutive securities excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because of antidilutive affect |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  | 4.8 |  |  |  | 4.5 |

(1) - | Includes 1.0 million and 1.1 million of participating securities that met the service condition and were eligible to receive nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Includes 0.9 million and 1.0 million of participating securities that met the service condition and were eligible to receive nonforfeitable dividends or dividend equivalents for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
The following table presents the changes in the components of AOCI for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:

In millions |  | Unrealized Gains (Losses) on AFS Securities, Net |  |  | Foreign Currency Translation, Net |  |  | Instrument-Specific Credit Risk of Liabilities Measured at Fair Value, Net |  |  | Total |
Balance, December 31, 2019 |  | $ | 112 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | (107 | ) |  | $ | (2 | )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications |  |  | 93 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | 144 |
Amounts reclassified from AOCI |  |  | (17 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | (12 | )
Net period other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | 59 |  |  |  | 132 |
Balance, September 30, 2020 |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | (10 | ) |  | $ | (48 | ) |  | $ | 130 |

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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 12: Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (continued)
The following table presents the details of the reclassifications from AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

In millions |  | Amounts Reclassified from AOCI |  |
|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
Details about AOCI Components |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Affected Line Item on the Consolidated Statements of Operations
Unrealized gains (losses) on |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
AFS securities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) on sale of securities |  | $ | 9 |  |  | $ | (7 | ) |  | $ | 17 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange
Credit losses |  |  | - |  |  |  | 42 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 5 |  |  | Net investment losses related to OTTI
Amortization on securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  | Net investment income
Total unrealized gains (losses) on AFS securities |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |
Instrument-specific credit risk of liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Settlement of liabilities |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | (3 | ) |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | (26 | ) |  | Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange
Total reclassifications for the period |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 31 |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | (6 | ) |  | Net income (loss)

Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies
The following commitments and contingencies provide an update of those discussed in “Note 19: Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form
10-K
for the year ended December 31, 2019, and should be read in conjunction with the complete descriptions provided in the aforementioned Form
10-K.
Litigation
MBIA Insurance Corp. v. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, et al.
; Index No. 603751/2009 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., N.Y.
County)
On September
13
,
2018
,
the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court, First Judicial Department issued a ruling on the parties’ cross-appeals from the court’s March
31
,
2017
decision and order on the parties’ summary judgment motions. The ruling affirmed the trial court’s decision, except reversed as to the trial court’s determination to interpret as a matter of law, prior to trial, certain of the representations and warranties that form the predicate for certain of MBIA Corp.’s breach of contract claims.
Trial of the case concluded on August
2
,
2019
. Post-trial briefs have been submitted, and the case is under submission.
Tilton v. MBIA Inc., et al.;
Index No. 68880/2015 (N.Y. Sup. Ct., Westchester County)
On November 2, 2015, Lynn Tilton and Patriarch Partners XV, LLC filed a complaint in New York State Supreme Court, Westchester County, against MBIA Inc. and MBIA Corp., alleging fraudulent inducement and related claims arising from purported promises made in connection with insurance policies issued by MBIA Corp. on certain collateralized loan obligations managed by Ms. Tilton and affiliated Patriarch entities, and seeking damages. Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on January 15, 2016. The parties completed discovery in 2017. In 2018, the parties stipulated to a stay of proceedings until October of 2019, at which time, the Company removed the case to the United States District Court for the Southern District. In September of 2020, the case was remanded to New York Supreme Court, Westchester County, and the parties engaged in discussions with the court in October of 2020 regarding applicable procedures governing the submission of cross-motions for summary judgment in that forum.
Tilton et al. v. MBIA Inc., et al.; Adversary Case
No. 19-50390
(KBO) (Bankr. Del.)
On October 1, 2019, Lynn Tilton and certain affiliated entities commenced an adversary proceeding in the Zohar Funds Bankruptcy Cases against MBIA Inc., MBIA Corp. and other Zohar Fund creditors seeking the equitable subordination of those creditors’ claims with respect to the Zohar Funds. Plaintiffs claim they are entitled to relief due to inequitable and unfair conduct by defendants. The Company and the other defendants filed their respective motions to dismiss on October 30, 2020.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies (continued)
MBIA Insurance Corp. v. Tilton et al., Adversary Case No. 20-50776 (KBO) (Bankr. Del.)
On July 30, 2020, MBIA Corp. commenced an adversary proceeding in the Zohar Funds Bankruptcy Cases against Lynn Tilton and certain affiliated entities seeking damages incurred by MBIA Corp. in connection with insurance policies it issued on senior notes issued by Zohar I and Zohar II. Tilton and her affiliated defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on October 23, 2020, and the briefing on such motion is scheduled to be completed as of December 15, 2020.
Motion of Assured Guaranty Corp., Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp., and National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation for Adequate Protection or, in the Alternative, for Relief from the Automatic Stay
, Case No. 17 BK 3567-LTS (D.P.R. August 23, 2019) (Swain, J.)
On January 16, 2020, National, Ambac and Assured (“Movants”) filed a renewed motion in the PRHTA Title III case for relief from the automatic stay or, in the alternative, adequate protection. The motion seeks leave to file a complaint in Puerto Rico, and argues that the revenues securing the bonds insured by Movants are being improperly diverted away from PRHTA, despite such revenues being the exclusive property of PRHTA and its bondholders. Following a preliminary lift stay hearing held on June 4, 2020, on July 2, 2020, Judge Swain ruled that the Movants had failed to satisfy its burden of presenting a colorable claim that they had a statutory, contractual or equitable lien on HTA. On September 9, 2020, the Court entered a final order denying the HTA lift stay motion, finding that a balancing of factors does not support stay relief. National filed a notice of appeal to the First Circuit on September 23, 2020
. Briefing on the appeal is underway, and oral argument is expected for February of 2021.
The Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, as representative of The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, et al.
, Case No. 17 BK
4780-LTS
(D.P.R. July 19, 2017) (Swain, J.)
On July 18, 2017, National, together with other PREPA bondholders, asked the court overseeing PREPA’s Title III bankruptcy proceeding to lift the automatic bankruptcy stay, and permit bondholders to seek appointment of a receiver to oversee PREPA. On September 14, 2017, the court held that PROMESA barred relief from the stay. The bondholders appealed the decision to the First Circuit. On August 8, 2018, the First Circuit issued an order reversing Judge Swain’s decision on jurisdictional grounds and remanding the motion. On October 3, 2018, National, together with other monolines filed an updated motion for relief from the automatic stay to allow Movants to exercise their statutory right to have a
receiver appointed at PREPA. The Oversight Board filed a motion to dismiss the receiver motion. The motions have been stayed until five business days following the ruling on the PREPA 9019 Settlement Motion. The PREPA 9019 Settlement Motion has been adjourned until further order of the Court.
Definitive Restructuring Support Agreement for PREPA
On May 3, 2019, PREPA, the Oversight Board, the Puerto Rico Fiscal Agency and Financial Advisory Authority (“AAFAF”), the Ad Hoc Group of PREPA bondholders (the “Ad Hoc Group”), and Assured Guaranty Corp. and Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. (“Assured”) (together, the “RSA Parties”) entered into the RSA. On September 9, 2019 National, Syncora Guarantee Inc. (“Syncora”), and the RSA Parties agreed on an amendment to the RSA pursuant to which National and Syncora joined the RSA. The RSA includes the agreement for resolving PREPA’s restructuring plan issues and arrangements.
Pursuant to the RSA, the Oversight Board filed a Rule 9019 motion with the Title III court in May of 2019 seeking approval of the RSA (the “Settlement Motion”). The RSA requires, upon entry of the order approving the Settlement Motion (the “9019 Order”), that Movants will withdraw the Receiver Motion, and the Ad Hoc Group will support such withdrawal. As contemplated by the RSA, on July 1, 2019, the Oversight Board and AAFAF also filed an adversary complaint against the Trustee for the PREPA Bonds, challenging the validity of the liens arising under the Trust Agreement that secure insured obligations of National. The adversary proceeding is stayed until the earlier of (a) 60 days after the Court denies the Settlement Motion, (b) consummation of a Plan, (c) 60 days after the filing by the Oversight Board and AAFAF of a Litigation Notice, or (d) further order of the Court. The hearing for the Settlement Motion has been adjourned until further order of the Court.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies (continued)
Cortland Capital Market Services LLC, et al. v. The Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico et al.,
Case
No. 19-00396
(D.P.R. July 9, 2019) (Swain, J.)
On July 9, 2019, the “Fuel Line Lenders,” parties who extended approximately $700 million to PREPA beginning in 2012 to fund fuel purchases, filed an adversary complaint against the Oversight Board, PREPA, AAFAF, and the Trustee for the PREPA Bonds, alleging that they are entitled to be paid in full before National and other bondholders have any lien on or recourse to PREPA’s assets, including pursuant to the RSA. On September 30, 2019, the Fuel Line Lenders filed an amended complaint which added National, Assured, Syncora, and the Ad Hoc Group as defendants. Defendants moved to dismiss the Fuel Line Lenders’ adversary complaint on November 11, 2019. The Fuel Line Lenders filed their opposition to the motion to dismiss on December 5, 2019. Defendants’ reply in support of the motion to dismiss was filed February 3, 2020. The hearing on the motion to dismiss was adjourned until the Court determines when the 9019 Settlement Motion and related litigation will recommence.
The Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, as Representative of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, et al. v. the Puerto Rico Public Buildings Authority
, Case
No. 18-00149
(D.P.R. December 21, 2018) (Swain, J.)
On December 21, 2018, the Oversight Board and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of all Debtors other than COFINA filed an adversary complaint against the PBA, seeking a declaration that leases purportedly entered into by PBA are in fact disguised financing transactions and that PBA therefore has no right under PROMESA or the Bankruptcy Code to receive post-petition payments from the Title III debtors or administrative claims against the debtors. On January 28, 2019, National filed a motion to intervene in the proceeding. On March 12, 2019, the Court granted National’s intervention motion. On March 19, 2019, National filed an answer to the complaint. On September 27, 2019, the Oversight Board filed a voluntary petition for relief for PBA pursuant to PROMESA, commencing a case under Title III. The complaint has been stayed indefinitely by order of the Court.
The Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, as Representative of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, et al. v. National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation, et al
., Case
No. 19-00291
(D.P.R. May 2, 2019) (Swain, J.)
On May 2, 2019, the Oversight Board and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of all Title III Debtors (other than COFINA) (the “Committee”) filed lien avoidance adversary complaints against several hundred defendants, including National, challenging the existence, extent, and enforceability of GO bondholders’ liens. After an approximately five-month stay of litigation entered by the Court on July 24, 2019, these adversary proceedings resumed pursuant to an interim schedule entered by the Court in December 2019. On February 5, 2020, National and Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. filed a motion to dismiss the adversary proceeding. The motion has been stayed indefinitely
by order of the Court.
National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation et al. v. UBS Financial Services, Inc. et al.,
No. SJ2019CV07932 (Superior Court San Juan)
On August 8, 2019, National and MBIA Corp. filed suit in the Court of First Instance in San Juan, Puerto Rico against UBS Financial Services, Inc., UBS Securities LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Merrill Lynch, Fenner & Smith Inc., RBC Capital Markets LLC, and Santander Securities LLC, bringing two claims under Puerto Rico law: doctrina de actos propios (the doctrine of one’s own acts) and unilateral declaration of will. These claims concern the insurance by National of bonds issued by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and its instrumentalities that were underwritten by these defendants. National alleges that, when the defendants solicited bond insurance, they represented through their acts that they would investigate certain information they provided to National and that they had a reasonable basis to believe that information was true and complete. National further alleges that the defendants did not perform such investigations and that key information was untrue or incomplete. National seeks damages to be proven at trial. On September 9, 2019, Defendants removed National’s claims to federal court in the District of Puerto Rico. National filed its motion to remand the case on October 9, 2019. The Court held a hearing on the remand motion on July 29, 2020, at the end of which it granted National’s motion and remanded the case to the Commonwealth Court of First Instance. On July 31, 2020, National filed an informative motion with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Court of First Instance, Superior Court of San Juan, advising that the case has been remanded and requesting the reopening of the case in the Superior Court for further proceedings. On August 2, 2020, the Superior Court recognized the order of Judge Swain remanding the case and acknowledged that proceedings would continue in Commonwealth Court. On September 16, 2020, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the complaint. National filed its objection to that motion on October 7, 2020, and briefing is scheduled to conclude on November 30, 2020.
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MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)
Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies (continued)
Complaint Objecting to Defendants’ Claims and Seeking Related Relief,
Case No.
17-03283-LTS
(D.P.R. January 16, 2020) (Swain J.)
On January 16, 2020, the Oversight Board filed an adversary complaint against National, Ambac, Assured Guaranty, Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp., Financial Guaranty Insurance Company, Peaje Investments LLC and the Bank of New York Mellon as fiscal agent. The Oversight Board challenges the claims and validity of the liens asserted against the Commonwealth by holders of HTA bonds. The complaint contains 201 counts against the bondholder parties objecting to proofs of claim and security interests asserted regarding the Commonwealth’s retention of certain revenues previously assigned to HTA. This matter is currently stayed but the Court permitted the Oversight Board to file certain limited cross motions on April 28, 2020. The cross motions for summary judgment were filed on July 16, 2020. On September 23, 2020, Judge Swain heard argument on the limited cross motions for summary judgement, which remain pending.
Complaint Objecting to Defendants’ Claims and Seeking Related Relief,
Case No.
20-00007-LTS
(January 16, 2020) (Swain J.)
On January 16, 2020, the Oversight Board and the Creditors Committee filed an adversary complaint against National and other defendants challenging the claims and validity of the liens asserted against HTA by holders and insurers of HTA bonds. The complaint contains 302 counts challenging the claims and liens asserted against HTA. This matter has been stayed indefinitely by order of the Court.
Motion of National Public Finance Guarantee Corp. Seeking an Order Directing an Independent Investigation
, Case No.17-03283-LTS (October 5, 2020) (Swain J.)
On October 5, 2020, National filed a motion seeking entry of an order directing an investigation into whether certain hedge funds violated the Court’s orders by trading in the debtors’ securities, including GO bonds and PBA bonds, during the Title III mediation process. National argued that the Court has authority under section 105 to order an investigation to ensure the Mediation Order and Confidentiality Order are enforced, that courts have ordered independent investigations concerning similar trading activity allegations, and that the Court should direct the U.S. Trustee or another sufficiently independent entity to conduct the investigation. On October 28, 2020, the Court heard argument and denied National’s motion.
For those aforementioned actions in which it is a defendant, the Company is defending against those actions and expects ultimately to prevail on the merits. There is no assurance, however, that the Company will prevail in these actions. Adverse rulings in these actions could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s ability to implement its strategy and on its business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. At this stage of the litigation, there has not been a determination as to the amount, if any, of damages. Accordingly, the Company is not able to estimate any amount of loss or range of loss. The Company similarly can provide no assurance that it will be successful in those actions in which it is a plaintiff.
There are no other material lawsuits pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened, to which the Company or any of its subsidiaries is a party.
Lease Commitments
The Company has a lease agreement for its headquarters in Purchase, New York as well an immaterial lease for an office in San Francisco, California, as well as office equipment. The Purchase, New York initial lease term expires in 2030 with the option to terminate the lease in 2025 upon the payment of a termination amount. This lease agreement included an incentive amount to fund certain leasehold improvements, renewal options, escalation clauses and a free rent period. This lease agreement has been classified as an operating lease, and operating rent expense is recognized on a straight-line basis. The following table provides information about the Company’s leases as of September 30, 2020:

$ in millions |  | As of September 30, 2020 |  |  | Balance Sheet Location |
Right-of-use asset |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  | Other assets |
Lease liability |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  | Other liabilities |
Weighted average remaining lease term (years) |  |  | 8.3 |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate used for operating leases |  |  | 7.5% |  |  |  |  |
Total future minimum lease payments |  | $ | 29 |  |  |  |  |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations of MBIA Inc. should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Form 10-Q. In addition, this discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations includes statements of the opinion of MBIA Inc.’s management which may be forward-looking statements made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical earnings and those presently anticipated or projected. Refer to “Risk Factors” in Part II, Item 1A and “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of MBIA Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 for a further discussion of risks and uncertainties.
INTRODUCTION
MBIA Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries, (collectively, “MBIA”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”) operates within the financial guarantee insurance industry. MBIA manages its business within three operating segments: 1) United States (“U.S.”) public finance insurance; 2) corporate; and 3) international and structured finance insurance. Our U.S. public finance insurance portfolio is managed through National Public Finance Guarantee Corporation (“National”), our corporate segment is managed through MBIA Inc. and several of its subsidiaries, including our service company, MBIA Services Corporation (“MBIA Services”) and our international and structured finance insurance business is primarily managed through MBIA Insurance Corporation and its subsidiary (“MBIA Corp.”).
National’s primary objectives are to maximize the performance of its existing insured portfolio through effective surveillance and remediation activity and effectively manage its investment portfolio. Our corporate segment consists of general corporate activities, including providing support services to MBIA’s operating subsidiaries and asset and capital management. MBIA Corp.’s primary objectives are to satisfy all claims by its policyholders and to maximize future recoveries, if any, for its senior lending and surplus note holders, and then its preferred stock holders. MBIA Corp. is executing this strategy by, among other things, pursuing various actions focused on maximizing the collection of recoveries and reducing and mitigating potential losses on its insurance exposures. We do not expect National or MBIA Corp. to write significant new business.
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
COVID-19
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 (“COVID-19”), a respiratory disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020 and has spread globally. The pandemic continues to affect a wide range of economic activities, domestic and global business and financial markets. The impact, scope and duration of the outbreak, and the availability of treatment or vaccine, remain largely unknown. The attendant governmental policy and social responses, and economic and financial consequences, continue to be the subject of considerable attention and development. The Company’s employees have continued to work remotely since early March when the Company successfully implemented its business continuity plans. We continue to perform all of our traditional operations, including surveilling and, as necessary, remediating, the credits in our insured portfolios.
Insured portfolios
The Company continues to regularly assess the financial impact of the pandemic on its operating insurance companies’ overall insured portfolios. It remains challenging to comprehensively quantify, or account for the impact of the outbreak on most of the specific credits within those portfolios, due to, in part, challenges in determining whether and to what extent the underlying credits will be able or willing to continue to meet their debt service obligations or avoid long term impairment in this environment. Adverse developments on macroeconomic factors resulting from the spread of COVID-19, including without limitation reduced economic activity and certainty, increased unemployment, increased loan defaults or delinquencies, and increased stress on municipal budgets, including due to reduced tax revenues and the ability to raise taxes or limit spending, could materially and adversely affect the performance of our insured portfolios. The impact of the pandemic on National’s financial guarantee credits is likely to vary based on the nature of the taxes, fees and revenues pledged to debt repayment and their sensitivity to the related slowdown in economic activity. Several of the credits within National’s insured portfolio have made public pronouncements that the pandemic has had an impact on their economic status, without yet providing any specific quantification of the impact. The duration of the pandemic, the availability of federal aid to state and local governments, and the breadth and speed of economic recovery may all contribute to the ultimate degree and length of the economic stress incurred by the credits in National’s and MBIA Corp.’s insured portfolios. Further, any national recession that may result from the pandemic and its aftermath could present additional but yet unknown credit risks to National’s and MBIA Corp.’s insured portfolios.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW (continued)
Federal legislation passed to combat the economic impact of the pandemic, principally the $2.7 trillion Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act, included significant aid to public sector issuers including states, territories, healthcare, higher education and transportation issuers. In addition, the Federal Reserve has announced several actions in furtherance of its mandate from Congress to promote the stability of the financial system that are directly supportive of the municipal market. It is premature to assess whether these or any subsequent federal responses will prevent or reduce financial distress in the municipal sector. If the issuers of the obligations in National’s insured portfolio, including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and its instrumentalities (“Puerto Rico”), are unable to raise taxes, reduce spending, or receive federal assistance, we may experience new or additional losses or impairments on those obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and financial results.
Certain of MBIA Corp.’s structured finance policies, including those in which the underlying principal obligations are comprised of residential or commercial mortgages and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”), could be negatively impacted by delays or failures of borrowers to make payments of principal and interest when due, or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures or enforcement actions with respect to delinquent or defaulted mortgages imposed by governmental authorities. MBIA Corp. has recorded significant loss reserves on its residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”) and collateralized debt obligations (“CDO”) exposures, and there can be no assurance that these reserves will be sufficient if the pandemic causes further deterioration to the economy. These transactions are also subject to servicer risks, which relate to problems with the transaction’s servicer that could adversely impact performance of the underlying assets. Additionally, several of our credits, particularly within our international public finance sector, feature large, near term debt-service payments, and there can be no assurance that the liquidity position of MBIA Corp. will enable it to satisfy any claims that arise if the issuers of such credits are unable or unwilling to refinance or repay their obligations. MBIA Corp. has recorded substantial expected recoveries on certain RMBS transactions, and the forbearance options that mortgage borrowers who were facing financial difficulties took advantage of under the CARES Act, may delay or impair collections on these recoveries.
Liquidity
The Company continues to monitor its cash and liquid asset resources using cash forecasting and stress-scenario testing. Members of the Company’s senior management meet regularly to review liquidity metrics, discuss contingency plans and establish target liquidity levels. It remains premature to predict the full impact the pandemic may have on our future liquidity position and needs. Declines in the market value or rating eligibility of assets pledged against the Company’s obligations as a result of credit market deterioration caused by COVID-19 require additional eligible assets to be pledged in order to meet minimum required collateral amounts against these obligations. This could require the Company to sell assets, potentially with substantial losses or use free cash or other assets to meet the collateral requirements, thus negatively impacting the Company’s liquidity position. Associated declines in the yields in our insurance companies’ fixed-income portfolios could materially impact investment income.
Financial Highlights
The following table presents our financial highlights. In the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” as of January 1, 2019. As a result of adopting ASU 2019-12, the Company revised its previously reported amounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Refer to “Note 3: Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about the impact of ASU 2019-12. A detailed discussion of our financial results is presented within the “Results of Operations” section included herein. Refer to the “Capital Resources—Insurance Statutory Capital” section for a discussion of National’s and MBIA Insurance Corporation’s capital position under statutory accounting principles (“U.S. STAT”).

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions except per share amounts |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58) |  |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497) |  |  | $ | (145) |
Net income (loss) per diluted share |  | $ | (1.11) |  |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97) |  |  | $ | (1.75) |
Adjusted net income (loss) (1) |  | $ | (18) |  |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (137) |  |  | $ | 78 |
Adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share (1) |  | $ | (0.34) |  |  | $ | 1.46 |  |  | $ | (2.20) |  |  | $ | 0.94 |
Cost of shares repurchased |  | $ | 62 |  |  | $ | 40 |  |  | $ | 198 |  |  | $ | 94 |

| (1) - | Adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share are non-GAAP measures. Refer to the following “Results of Operations” section for a discussion of adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share and a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to adjusted net income (loss) and GAAP net income (loss) per diluted share to adjusted net income (loss) per diluted share.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW (continued)
Economic and Financial Market Trends
The U.S. economy continued to face significant challenges during the third quarter of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic which has remained an ongoing public health crisis around the world. The persistent spread of the coronavirus and the governmental measures taken to contain it have remained a burden on the economy. Some financial conditions have improved due to measures taken by Congress and the Federal Reserve to support the economy and enhance access to credit for U.S. households and businesses, however, economic activity and employment remain well below pre-pandemic levels. The path toward economic recovery is still significantly dependent on the course of the virus throughout the country which will impact economic activity and employment in the short term and may continue to pose meaningful risks to these measures over the medium term. Inflation remained low due to overall weak consumer demand and low oil prices.
The Federal Open Market Committee maintained its target range for the federal funds rate at 0 to
1
/
4
percent at its November 2020 meeting. The Federal Reserve has committed to keeping interest rates at or near zero in order to lower borrowing costs until they are confident that the economy has stabilized and the health crisis has subsided. Furthermore, the Federal Reserve has remained committed to using all of its resources and tools to support the economy by assisting households, employers, and state and local governments during the coronavirus pandemic.
Economic and financial market trends could impact the Company’s financial results. As a result of the pandemic, many states and municipalities will experience financial distress through delayed tax collections, inability to reduce spending and not receiving timely financial assistance. Economic deterioration at the state and local level weakens the credit quality of the issuers of our insured municipal bonds, reduces the performance of our insured U.S. public finance portfolio and could increase the amount of National’s potential incurred losses. In addition, lower interest rates could result in decreased returns on our Company’s investment portfolios. Refer to the “COVID-19” section above for further information about the pandemic.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), which requires the use of estimates and assumptions. Management has discussed and reviewed the development, selection, and disclosure of critical accounting estimates with the Company’s Audit Committee. Our most critical accounting estimates include loss and loss adjustment expense (“LAE”) reserves and valuation of financial instruments, since these estimates require significant judgment. Any modifications in these estimates could materially impact our financial results.
For a discussion of the Company’s critical accounting estimates, refer to “Critical Accounting Estimates” in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. In addition, refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” and “Note 6: Fair Value of Financial Instruments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a current description of estimates used in our insurance loss reserving process and information about our financial assets and liabilities that are accounted for at fair value, including valuation techniques and significant inputs.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Refer to “Note 3: Recent Accounting Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of accounting guidance recently adopted by the Company.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Summary of Consolidated Results
The following table presents a summary of our consolidated financial results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions except for per share amounts |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Total revenues |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 172 |  |  | $ | 179 |  |  | $ | 252 |
Total expenses |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 676 |  |  |  | 389 |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  |  | (58 | ) |  |  | 89 |  |  |  | (497 | ) |  |  | (137 | )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  |  | - |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 8 |
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Net income (loss) per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | (1.11 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97 | ) |  | $ | (1.75 | )
Diluted |  | $ | (1.11 | ) |  | $ | 1.00 |  |  | $ | (7.97 | ) |  | $ | (1.75 | )
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  | 52.6 |  |  |  | 78.7 |  |  |  | 62.4 |  |  |  | 82.8 |
Diluted |  |  | 52.6 |  |  |  | 78.7 |  |  |  | 62.4 |  |  |  | 82.8 |

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020 vs. Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
The decrease in consolidated total revenues in the third quarter of 2020 was primarily due to unfavorable changes in revenues of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange. The unfavorable change in revenues of consolidated VIEs was primarily due to higher gains in 2019 from putback claims on ineligible mortgage loans within a second-lien RMBS VIE and gains from increases in the fair values of collateral since consolidating certain VIEs. This was partially offset by gains in the third quarter of 2020 resulting from a reversal of an allowance for credit losses. Refer to the following “Revenues of Consolidated VIEs” sections of National and MBIA Corp. for additional information on our consolidated VIE revenue. The unfavorable change in net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange was primarily due to realized gains on the sales of the uninsured Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (“PREPA”) bonds in 2019.
Consolidated total expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020 included net insurance loss and LAE of $48 million compared with a loss and LAE benefit of $13 million for the same period of 2019. The increase in loss and LAE was primarily due to an increase in losses on certain Puerto Rico credits, partially offset by a decline in losses incurred on expected salvage collections from insured CDOs when compared to the prior year. Refer to the following “Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses” sections of National and MBIA Corp. for additional information on our losses and LAE.
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 vs. Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
The decrease in consolidated total revenues was primarily due to unfavorable changes in net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange and net investment income, partially offset by favorable changes in credit losses on investments. The unfavorable change in net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange was primarily due to realized gains on the sales of uninsured PREPA bonds and Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation (“COFINA”) bonds in 2019. The unfavorable change in net investment income was primarily due to lower average asset balances in 2020. Credit losses on investments in 2019 primarily related to a security that was sold during the first quarter of 2019.
Consolidated total expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 included net insurance loss and LAE of $427 million and $89 million, respectively. The increase in loss and LAE was primarily due to a decrease in expected salvage collections from insured CDOs and an increase in losses on certain Puerto Rico credits. This increase in loss and LAE was partially offset by the impact of declines in the risk-free rates during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which increased the present value of recoveries on certain Puerto Rico credits. Refer to the following “Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses” sections of National and MBIA Corp. for additional information on our insurance losses and LAE.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
Non-GAAP Adjusted Net Income (Loss)
In addition to our results prepared in accordance with GAAP, we also analyze the operating performance of the Company using adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share, both non-GAAP measures. Since adjusted net income (loss) is used by management to assess performance and make business decisions, we consider adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share fundamental measures of periodic financial performance which are useful in understanding our results. Adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share are not substitutes for net income (loss) and net income (loss) per diluted common share determined in accordance with GAAP, and our definitions of adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share may differ from those used by other companies.
Adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share include the after-tax results of the Company and remove the after-tax results of our international and structured finance insurance segment, comprising the results of MBIA Corp. which given its capital structure and business prospects, we do not expect its financial performance to have a material economic impact on MBIA Inc., as well as the following:

| • |  | Mark-to-market gains (losses) on financial instruments – We remove the impact of mark-to-market gains (losses) on financial instruments that primarily include interest rate swaps and hybrid financial instruments. These amounts fluctuate based on market interest rates, credit spreads and other market factors.

| • |  | Foreign exchange gains (losses) – We remove foreign exchange gains (losses) on the remeasurement of certain assets and liabilities and transactions in non-functional currencies. Given the possibility of volatility in foreign exchange markets, we exclude the impact of foreign exchange gains (losses) to provide a measurement of comparability of adjusted net income (loss).

| • |  | Net gains (losses) on sales of investments and impaired securities – We remove gains (losses) on the sale of investments and net investment losses related to impairment of securities since the timing of these transactions are subject to management’s assessment of market opportunities and conditions and capital liquidity positions.

| • |  | Income taxes –The Company applies a zero effective tax rate for federal income tax purposes to its pre-tax adjustments, if applicable.

Management further adjusts non-GAAP adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share by removing the impact of our U.S. public finance insurance segment VIE consolidations. GAAP requires the Company to consolidate certain VIEs that have issued debt obligations insured by the Company. However, since the Company does not own such VIEs, management uses certain measures adjusted to remove the impact of VIE consolidations for our U.S. public finance insurance segment in order to reflect financial exposure limited to its financial guarantee contracts. Wherever appropriate, the Company has separately disclosed the effect of our U.S. public finance insurance segment VIE consolidations.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
The following table presents our adjusted net income (loss) and adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share and provides a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss) to adjusted net income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions except share and per share amounts |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 83 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (145 | )
Less: adjusted net income (loss) adjustments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes of our international and structured finance insurance segment and eliminations |  |  | (59 | ) |  |  | (94 | ) |  |  | (338 | ) |  |  | (257 | )
Adjustments to income before income taxes of our U.S. public finance insurance and corporate segments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Mark-to-market gains (losses) on financial instruments (1) |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | (31 | ) |  |  | (47 | ) |  |  | (69 | )
Foreign exchange gains (losses) (1) |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | (16 | ) |  |  | 18 |
Net gains (losses) on sales of investments (1) |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 125 |
Net investment losses related to impairments of securities |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | )
Net gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | )
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | )
Adjusted net income adjustment to the (provision) benefit for income tax (2) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Adjusted net income (loss) |  | $ | (18 | ) |  | $ | 115 |  |  | $ | (137 | ) |  | $ | 78 |
Adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share (3) |  | $ | (0.34 | ) |  | $ | 1.46 |  |  | $ | (2.20 | ) |  | $ | 0.94 |
Gain (loss) related to our U.S. public finance insurance segment VIE consolidations included in adjusted net income (loss) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 17 |
Gain (loss) related to our U.S. public finance insurance segment VIE consolidations per diluted common share included in adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.46 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 0.20 |

(1) - | Reported within “Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

(2) - | Reported within “Provision (benefit) for income taxes” on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

(3) - | Adjusted net income (loss) per diluted common share is calculated by taking adjusted net income (loss) divided by the GAAP weighted average number of diluted common shares outstanding.

Book Value Adjustments Per Share
In addition to GAAP book value per share, for internal purposes management also analyzes adjusted book value (“ABV”) per share, changes to which we view as an important indicator of financial performance. ABV is also used by management in certain components of management’s compensation. Since many of the Company’s investors and analysts continue to use ABV to evaluate MBIA’s share price and as the basis for their investment decisions, we present GAAP book value per share as well as the individual adjustments used by management to calculate its internal ABV metric.
Management adjusts GAAP book value to remove the book value of MBIA Corp. and for certain items which the Company believes will reverse from GAAP book value through GAAP earnings and comprehensive income, as well as add in the impact of certain items which the Company believes will be realized in GAAP book value in future periods. The Company has limited such adjustments to those items that it deems to be important to fundamental value and performance and for which the likelihood and amount can be reasonably estimated. The following provides a description of management’s adjustments to GAAP book value:

| • |  | Negative Book value of MBIA Corp. – We remove the negative book value of MBIA Corp. based on our view that given MBIA Corp.’s current financial condition, the regulatory regime in which it operates, the priority given to its policyholders, surplus note holders and preferred stock holders with respect to the distribution of assets, and its legal structure, it is not and will not likely be in a position to upstream any economic benefit to MBIA Inc. Further, MBIA Inc. does not face any material financial liability arising from MBIA Corp.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)

| • |  | Net unrealized (gains) losses on available-for-sale (“AFS”) securities excluding MBIA Corp. – We remove net unrealized gains and losses on AFS securities recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income since they will reverse from GAAP book value when such securities mature. Gains and losses from sales and impairments of AFS securities are recorded in book value through earnings.

| • |  | Net unearned premium revenue in excess of expected losses of National - We include net unearned premium revenue in excess of expected losses. Net unearned premium revenue in excess of expected losses consists of the financial guarantee unearned premium revenue of National in excess of expected insurance losses, net of reinsurance and deferred acquisition costs. In accordance with GAAP, a loss reserve on a financial guarantee policy is only recorded when expected losses exceed the amount of unearned premium revenue recorded for that policy. As a result, we only add to GAAP book value the amount of unearned premium revenue in excess of expected losses for each policy in order to reflect the full amount of our expected losses. The Company’s net unearned premium revenue will be recognized in GAAP book value in future periods, however, actual amounts could differ from estimated amounts due to such factors as credit defaults and policy terminations, among others.

Since the Company has a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax asset, the book value per share adjustments were adjusted by applying a zero effective tax rate.
The following table provides the Company’s GAAP book value per share and management’s adjustments to book value per share used in our internal analysis:

In millions except share and per share amounts |  | As of September 30, 2020 |  | As of December 31, 2019
Total shareholders’ equity of MBIA Inc. |  | $ | 230 |  |  | $ | 826 |
Common shares outstanding |  |  | 53,927,438 |  |  |  | 79,433,293 |
GAAP book value per share |  | $ | 4.25 |  |  | $ | 10.40 |
Management’s adjustments described above: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Remove negative book value per share of MBIA Corp. |  |  | (30.83 | ) |  |  | (16.81 | )
Remove net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities included in other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  | 3.07 |  |  |  | 1.29 |
Include net unearned premium revenue in excess of expected losses |  |  | 4.58 |  |  |  | 3.46 |

U.S. Public Finance Insurance
Our U.S. public finance insurance portfolio is managed through National. The financial guarantees issued by National provide unconditional and irrevocable guarantees of the payment of the principal of, and interest or other amounts owing on, insured obligations when due or, in the event National has exercised, at its discretion, the right to accelerate the payment under its policies upon the acceleration of the underlying insured obligations due to default or otherwise. National’s guarantees insure municipal bonds, including tax-exempt and taxable indebtedness of U.S. political subdivisions, as well as utility districts, airports, healthcare institutions, higher educational facilities, housing authorities and other similar agencies and obligations issued by private entities that finance projects that serve a substantial public purpose. Municipal bonds and privately issued bonds used for the financing of public purpose projects are generally supported by taxes, assessments, user fees or tariffs related to the use of these projects, lease payments or other similar types of revenue streams. As of September 30, 2020, National had total insured gross par outstanding of $43.9 billion.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
National continues to monitor and remediate its existing insured portfolio and may also pursue strategic alternatives that could enhance shareholder value. Some state and local governments and territory obligors that National insures are experiencing financial and budgetary stress which may be exacerbated by COVID-19. As a result of COVID-19, we have increased our monitoring of certain credits. Financial and budgetary stress could lead to an increase in defaults by such entities on the payment of their obligations and losses or impairments on a greater number of the Company’s insured transactions. In particular, Puerto Rico had been experiencing significant fiscal stress and constrained liquidity, and in response, Congress passed the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act (“PROMESA”), which established an independent Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico (“Oversight Board”) vested with the sole power to certify fiscal plans for Puerto Rico. On January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020, Puerto Rico defaulted on scheduled debt service for National insured bonds and National paid gross claims in the aggregate of $391 million. As of September 30, 2020, National had $2.9 billion of debt service outstanding related to Puerto Rico. Refer to the “U.S. Public Finance Insurance Puerto Rico Exposures” section for additional information on PROMESA and our Puerto Rico exposures. We continue to monitor and analyze these situations and other stressed credits closely, and the overall extent and duration of stress affecting our insured credits remains uncertain.
The following table presents our U.S. public finance insurance segment results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  | -14% |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 50 |  |  |  | -16% |
Net investment income |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | -35% |  |  |  | 55 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | -28% |
Fees and reimbursements |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | n/m |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | -% |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 78 |  |  |  | -71% |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | -78% |
Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary impairments |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (37 | ) |  |  | -100% |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | -100% |
Revenues of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | - |  |  |  | 32 |  |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 81 |  |  |  | -100% |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (43 | ) |  |  | -100% |
Total revenues |  |  | 51 |  |  |  | 147 |  |  |  | -65% |  |  |  | 129 |  |  |  | 265 |  |  |  | -51% |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (90 | ) |  |  | -116% |  |  |  | 134 |  |  |  | (34 | ) |  |  | n/m |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | -46% |
Operating |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | -14% |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | -3% |
Total expenses |  |  | 26 |  |  |  | (72 | ) |  |  | -136% |  |  |  | 176 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | n/m |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 25 |  |  | $ | 219 |  |  |  | -89% |  |  | $ | (47 | ) |  | $ | 250 |  |  |  | -119% |

n/m - Percent change not meaningful.
NET PREMIUMS EARNED Net premiums earned on financial guarantees represent gross premiums earned net of premiums ceded to reinsurers, and include scheduled premium earnings and premium earnings from refunded issues. The decrease in net premiums earned for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 resulted from a $1 million decrease in scheduled premiums earned and a $1 million decrease in refunded premiums earned. The decrease in net premiums earned for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 resulted from a $5 million decrease in scheduled premiums earned and a $3 million decrease in refunded premiums earned. Refunding activity over the past several years has accelerated premium earnings in prior years and reduced the amount of scheduled premiums that would have been earned in the current year. In addition, net premiums earned during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 includes the elimination of $14 million and $16 million, respectively, due to the Company consolidating VIEs related to the COFINA transaction.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
NET GAINS (LOSSES) ON FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange included gains from the sales of securities from the ongoing management of our U.S. public finance investment portfolio. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange primarily comprised realized gains from the sales of uninsured PREPA bonds. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange primarily comprised realized gains from the sales of uninsured PREPA bonds and from the COFINA bond exchange, as well as fair value gains on securities due to a decrease in interest rates during the first nine months of 2019.
NET INVESTMENT LOSSES RELATED TO OTHER-THAN-TEMPORARY IMPAIRMENTS Net investment losses related to other-than-temporary-investments (“OTTI”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily related to an impaired security for which a credit loss was recognized in earnings. This OTTI resulted from adverse financial conditions of the issuer. This impaired security was sold during the first quarter of 2020.
REVENUES OF CONSOLIDATED VIEs VIEs within our U.S. public finance insurance segment included the National Custodial Trusts (the “Trusts”) established in connection with the COFINA Plan of Adjustment. For the three months ended September 30, 2019, total revenues of consolidated VIEs were $32 million. This was primarily due to net gains from increases in the fair values of collateral since consolidating the VIEs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, total revenues of consolidated VIEs were $38 million. This was primarily due to net gains from increases in the fair values of collateral since consolidating the VIEs, partially offset by a loss on the initial consolidation of the VIEs in February of 2019. We elected to record at fair value certain instruments that are consolidated under accounting guidance for consolidation of VIEs and, as such, changes in fair values of these instruments, which included investments held and debt issued, were reflected in earnings. During 2019, all remaining investment assets of the Trusts were sold and National elected to make a voluntary additional payment with the effect of simultaneously reducing the Trust’s debt obligations to zero and satisfying in full the obligations under its original insurance policies.
LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES Our U.S. public finance insured portfolio management group is responsible for monitoring our U.S. public finance segment’s insured obligations. The level and frequency of monitoring of any insured obligation depends on the type, size, rating and our assessed performance of the insured issue. Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the Company’s loss reserves.
For the three months ended September 30, 2020, losses and LAE primarily related to certain Puerto Rico exposures. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, losses and LAE primarily related to certain Puerto Rico exposures as well as an investor owned utility exposure.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, losses and LAE primarily related to certain Puerto Rico exposures.
The following table presents information about our U.S. public finance insurance loss recoverable asset and loss and LAE reserves liabilities as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019:

In millions |  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019 |  | Percent Change
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance loss recoverable |  | $ | 1,233 |  |  | $ | 911 |  |  |  | 36% |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (1) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | -64% |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE reserves |  |  | 454 |  |  |  | 432 |  |  |  | 5% |
Insurance loss recoverable - ceded (2) |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | n/m |
Net reserve (salvage) |  | $ | (735 | ) |  | $ | (474 | ) |  |  | 55% |

(1) - | Reported within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.

(2) - | Reported within “Other liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets.

n/m  - Percent change not meaningful.

The insurance loss recoverable as of September 30, 2020 increased compared with December 31, 2019 primarily as a result of expected recoveries related to claims paid on certain Puerto Rico exposures and changes in discount rates used to present value those future expected recoveries. Loss and LAE reserves as of September 30, 2020 increased compared with December 31, 2019 primarily due to an increase in expected net payments on our Puerto Rico exposures. This was partially offset by actual payments made and the impact of changes in discount rates used to present value the net future expected payments related to certain Puerto Rico exposures.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS AND OPERATING EXPENSES U.S. public finance insurance segment expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are presented in the following table:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Change
Gross expenses |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 14 |  |  |  | -14% |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  | $ | 36 |  |  |  | -3% |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | -100% |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  | -46% |
Operating |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | -14% |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | -3% |
Total insurance operating expenses |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  |  | -33% |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  | $ | 49 |  |  |  | -14% |

Gross expenses represent total insurance expenses before the deferral of any policy acquisition costs.
The decreases in the amortization of deferred acquisition costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 when compared with the same periods of 2019 were due to decreases in refunding activity in the current year. When an insured obligation refunds, we accelerate any remaining deferred acquisition costs associated with the policy covering the refunded insured obligation. We did not defer a material amount of policy acquisition costs during the first nine months of 2020 or 2019.
INSURED PORTFOLIO EXPOSURE Financial guarantee insurance companies use a variety of approaches to assess the underlying credit risk profile of their insured portfolios. National uses both an internally developed credit rating system as well as third-party rating sources in the analysis of credit quality measures of its insured portfolio. In evaluating credit risk, we obtain, when available, the underlying rating(s) of the insured obligation before the benefit of National’s insurance policy from nationally recognized rating agencies, Moody’s Investor Services (“Moody’s”) and Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”). Other companies within the financial guarantee industry may report credit quality information based upon internal ratings that would not be comparable to our presentation. We maintain internal ratings on our entire portfolio, and our ratings may be higher or lower than the underlying ratings assigned by Moody’s or S&P.
The following table presents the credit quality distribution of National’s U.S. public finance outstanding gross par insured as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Capital appreciation bonds (“CABs”) are reported at the par amount at the time of issuance of the insurance policy. All ratings are as of the period presented and represent S&P underlying ratings, where available. If transactions are not rated by S&P, a Moody’s equivalent rating is used. If transactions are not rated by either S&P or Moody’s, an internal equivalent rating is used.

|  | Gross Par Outstanding
In millions |  | September 30, 2020 |  | December 31, 2019
Rating |  | Amount |  | % |  | Amount |  | %
AAA |  | $ | 2,206 |  |  |  | 5.0% |  |  | $ | 2,709 |  |  |  | 5.5% |
AA |  |  | 17,259 |  |  |  | 39.3% |  |  |  | 19,155 |  |  |  | 39.2% |
A |  |  | 13,355 |  |  |  | 30.4% |  |  |  | 15,022 |  |  |  | 30.7% |
BBB |  |  | 7,749 |  |  |  | 17.6% |  |  |  | 8,225 |  |  |  | 16.8% |
Below investment grade |  |  | 3,363 |  |  |  | 7.7% |  |  |  | 3,809 |  |  |  | 7.8% |
Total |  | $ | 43,932 |  |  |  | 100.0% |  |  | $ | 48,920 |  |  |  | 100.0% |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
U.S. Public Finance Insurance Puerto Rico Exposures
The following is a summary of exposures within the insured portfolio of our U.S. public finance insurance segment related to Puerto Rico as of September 30, 2020.

In millions |  | Gross Par Outstanding |  | Debt Service Outstanding |  | National Internal Rating
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) |  | $ | 903 |  |  | $ | 1,225 |  |  |  | d |
Puerto Rico Commonwealth GO |  |  | 290 |  |  |  | 378 |  |  |  | d |
Puerto Rico Public Buildings Authority (PBA) (1) |  |  | 170 |  |  |  | 223 |  |  |  | d |
Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority Transportation Revenue (PRHTA) |  |  | 523 |  |  |  | 882 |  |  |  | d |
Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority—Subordinated Transportation Revenue (PRHTA) |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 35 |  |  |  | d |
Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority Highway Revenue (PRHTA) |  |  | 41 | (2) |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | d |
University of Puerto Rico System Revenue |  |  | 73 |  |  |  | 98 |  |  |  | d |
Inter American University of Puerto Rico Inc. |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 25 |  |  |  | a3 |
Total |  | $ | 2,046 |  |  | $ | 2,927 |  |  |  |  |

(1) - Additionally | secured by the guarantee of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

(2) - Includes | CABs that reflect the gross par amount at the time of issuance of the insurance policy. As of September 30, 2020, gross par outstanding plus CABs accreted interest was $56 million.

On June 30, 2016, PROMESA was signed into law by the President of the United States. PROMESA provides for the creation of the Oversight Board with powers relating to the development and implementation of a fiscal plan for the Commonwealth and each of its instrumentalities as well as a court-supervised Title III process that allows Puerto Rico to restructure its debt if voluntary agreements cannot be reached with creditors through a collective action process. The President and Congress are in the process of changing the composition of the Oversight Board.
On May 3, 2017, the Oversight Board certified and filed a petition under Title III of PROMESA for Puerto Rico with the District Court of Puerto Rico thereby commencing a bankruptcy-like case for the Commonwealth. Under separate petitions, the Oversight Board subsequently commenced Title III proceedings for COFINA, PRHTA, PREPA and PBA on May 5, 2017, May 21, 2017, July 2, 2017 and September 27, 2019, respectively. One of the proceedings was resolved on February 4, 2019, when the District of Puerto Rico entered the order confirming the Third Amended Title III Plan of Adjustment for COFINA. The plan became effective on February 12, 2019, and as of December 31, 2019, we no longer have exposure to COFINA. There can be no assurance that the other Title III proceedings will be resolved with similar outcomes.
As a result of prior defaults, various stays and the Title III cases, Puerto Rico failed to make certain scheduled debt service payments for National insured bonds. As a consequence, National has paid gross claims in the aggregate amount of $1.6 billion relating to general obligation (“GO”) bonds, PBA bonds, PREPA bonds and PRHTA bonds through September 30, 2020, inclusive of the commutation payment and the additional payment in the amount of $66 million on December 17, 2019 related to COFINA.
On May 2, 2019, the Oversight Board and the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of all Title III Debtors (other than COFINA) (the “Committee”) filed lien avoidance adversary complaints against several hundred defendants, including National, challenging the existence, extent, and enforceability of GO bondholders’ liens. After an approximately five-month stay of litigation entered by the Court on July 24, 2019, these adversary proceedings resumed pursuant to an interim schedule entered by the Court in December 2019. On February 5, 2020, National and Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. filed a motion to dismiss the adversary proceeding. The adversary proceeding hearing was stayed indefinitely by further order of the Court.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
On June 17, 2019, the Oversight Board announced it had reached a plan support agreement (“PSA”) with certain Commonwealth GO bondholders and guaranteed PBA bondholders on a framework for a plan of adjustment to resolve $35.0 billion worth of debt and unsecured claims against the Commonwealth. On February 9, 2020, the Oversight Board posted an amended PSA. National is not a party to the amended PSA. The Commonwealth also does not support the revised PSA. The Oversight Board subsequently filed an amended Disclosure Statement and Plan of Adjustment on February 28, 2020. The motion to approve the Disclosure Statement was scheduled to be heard in mid-June of 2020. However, the Court adjourned the hearing until further notice due to the COVID-19 crisis. On September 9, 2020, the Oversight Board filed its court-mandated status report concerning the PSA. The Oversight Board stated that it was unprepared to propose a schedule for the plan of adjustment and disclosure statement processes to restart due to the uncertainty of the pandemic, fiscal and economic disruption, the severe drought conditions present in Puerto Rico as well as political and legislative hurdles. On October 25, 2020 the Oversight Board provided to the Court a written status update requesting that, due to the current status of the Oversight Board membership and COVID-19 caseload, active hurricane season, upcoming November elections and ongoing talks with AAFAF and the PSA parties, the next status update be scheduled for December 4, 2020. On October 28, 2020, the Court ruled that the Oversight Board must file by February 10, 2021 an informative motion including a term sheet outlining the terms of an amended plan of adjustment or attaching an amended plan and disclosure statement and including a timetable for remaining important dates leading to Commonwealth confirmation. The Court also set December 4, 2020 as the next required status update from the Oversight Board.
On October 5, 2020, National filed a motion seeking entry of an order directing an investigation into whether certain hedge funds violated the Court’s orders by trading in the debtors’ securities, including GO bonds and PBA bonds, during the Title III mediation process. National argues that the Court has authority under section 105 to order an investigation to ensure the Mediation Order and Confidentiality Order are enforced, that courts have ordered independent investigations concerning similar trading activity allegations, and that the Court should direct the U.S. Trustee or another sufficiently independent entity to conduct the investigation. On October 28, 2020, the Court heard argument and denied National’s motion.
On July 24, 2019, Judge Swain entered an order staying certain adversary proceedings and contested matters until December 31, 2019, and imposing mandatory mediation under Judge Houser. Among the matters stayed in which National is either a party in interest or intervenor are the (i) PBA adversary proceeding seeking to recharacterize the PBA bonds as financings and (ii) GO adversary and HTA adversary proceedings, both challenging bondholder liens. Pursuant to interim schedules entered by the Court in December 2019, the PBA adversary proceeding and the HTA adversary proceeding were to remain stayed until March 11, 2020, but the Court subsequently stayed all such adversary proceedings indefinitely subject to the progress of the GO confirmation process.
PBA
On December 21, 2018, the Oversight Board filed an adversary complaint seeking to disallow the PBA’s administrative rent claims against the Commonwealth. The PBA bonds are payable from the rent the Commonwealth pays under its lease agreements with the PBA. The Oversight Board alleges that the Commonwealth has no obligation to make rent payments under section 365(d)(3) of the Bankruptcy Code and that the PBA is not entitled to a priority administrative expense claim under the leases. On April 16, 2019, Judge Swain entered an order setting a discovery schedule. The proceeding is currently stayed.
On September 27, 2019, the Oversight Board filed a Title III petition for the PBA.
PREPA
National’s largest exposure to Puerto Rico, by gross par outstanding, is to PREPA.
On October 3, 2018, National, together with Assured Guaranty Corp., Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp., and Syncora Guarantee Inc. (collectively, “Movants”) filed a motion in the Title III case for PREPA for relief from the automatic stay to allow Movants to exercise their statutory right to have a receiver appointed at PREPA (the “Receiver Motion”). This motion is stayed pending a resolution of the 9019 Order, discussed below.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
On May 3, 2019, PREPA, the Oversight Board, the Puerto Rico Fiscal Agency and Financial Advisory Authority (“AAFAF”), the Ad Hoc Group of PREPA bondholders (the “Ad Hoc Group”), and Assured Guaranty Corp. and Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. (“Assured”) entered into the RSA which was amended on September 9, 2019 to include National and Syncora Guarantee, Inc. (“Syncora”) as supporting parties. Approximately 90% of PREPA’s bondholders have joined the RSA.
Among other things, the RSA contemplates a transaction pursuant to which, upon the effective date of a plan of adjustment, PREPA’s legacy bonds will be exchanged for new securitization bonds to be issued in two tranches. In addition, beginning on the last day of the month in which the order approving the RSA is entered, holders of bonds that are subject to the RSA will receive monthly settlement payments funded by a settlement charge to be included on customer bills (the “Settlement Payments”) until the effective date of a plan of adjustment for PREPA. The Settlement Payments are subject to increase if a plan of adjustment is not confirmed before March 31, 2021. The RSA provides that supporting parties will receive an administrative claim equal to interest accrued on certain of the securitization bonds, less the amount of any Settlement Payments made on account of such bonds, which administrative claim shall survive termination of the RSA. Additionally, pursuant to the RSA, supporting creditors will also receive certain fees and expense reimbursements, none of which have been received to date. The RSA initially contemplated the filing of a plan of adjustment for PREPA by March 31, 2020; the timing of that action is now uncertain.
Pursuant to the RSA, the Oversight Board filed a Rule 9019 motion with the Title III court in May 2019 seeking approval of the RSA (the “Settlement Motion”) and a Motion to Dismiss the Receiver Motion. The RSA requires, upon entry of the order approving the Settlement Motion (the “9019 Order”), that Movants will withdraw the Receiver Motion, and the Ad Hoc Group will support such withdrawal. The Receiver Motion and the Motion to Dismiss the Receiver Motion have been delayed several times, and most recently were adjourned due to the outbreak of COVID-19 until further notice. The Oversight Board and the Commonwealth submitted a status report to the Title III court on September 25, 2020, requesting additional time to negotiate with creditors and seeking to file a further update with the Court on December 9, 2020. The debt restructuring contemplated by the RSA will not be effective until (i) confirmation of a plan of adjustment under the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act (“PROMESA”), (ii) negotiation and consummation of definitive documentation and legal opinions, (iii) enactment and implementation of supportive Puerto Rico legislation and (iv) receipt of Puerto Rico regulatory approval, each of which outcome is uncertain and subject to varying degrees of risk.
As contemplated by the RSA, on July 1, 2019 the Oversight Board and AAFAF also filed an adversary complaint against the Trustee for the PREPA Bonds, challenging the validity of the liens arising under the Trust Agreement that secure insured obligations of National. The adversary proceeding is stayed until the earlier of (a) 60 days after the Court denies the 9019 Motion, (b) consummation of a Plan, (c) 60 days after the filing by the Oversight Board and AAFAF of a Litigation Notice, or (d) further order of the Court.
Certain objectors to the RSA have filed adversary proceedings challenging the payment priority arising under the PREPA Trust Agreement, alleging that they are entitled to be paid in full before National and other bondholders have any lien on or recourse to PREPA’s assets, including pursuant to the RSA. All litigation on this matter has been stayed until the Court places the 9019 Motion back on the calendar for hearing.
On September 26, 2019, National sold its entire holding of uninsured PREPA bonds purchased in 2016 with a par value of $139 million.
On June 22, 2020, the Oversight Board and the Puerto Rico P3 Authority announced an agreement and contract with LUMA Energy, LLC (“LUMA”) which calls for LUMA to take full responsibility for the operation and maintenance of PREPA’s transmission and distribution system; the contract runs for 15-years following a transition period expected to take 12 months. PREPA retains ownership of the system as well as responsibility for the power generation system.
On September 18, 2020, FEMA and the PR COR3 Authority announced the commitment by FEMA to provide approximately $11.6 billion (net of the required 10% cost share) to fund projects built by PREPA and the PR Department of Education; approximately $9.4 billion (net) of this amount is designated for PREPA. Detailed plans for the development and nature of these projects are not complete at this time.
PRHTA
On May 20, 2019, the Oversight Board and the Committee filed a lien avoidance adversary complaint against fiscal agents, holders, and insurers of certain PRHTA bonds, including National. The complaint challenges the extent and enforceability of certain security interests in PRHTA’s revenues. Pursuant to an interim schedule entered by the Court in December 2019, the Court has stayed the proceedings, with the understanding that the issues raised in these proceedings would be addressed in new adversary proceedings filed by the Oversight Board on January 16, 2020. Subsequent to those filings, these proceedings were stayed by order of the Court.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
On August 23, 2019, National and Assured (the “HTA Movants”) filed a motion in the Title III case for PRHTA for adequate protection or, in the alternative, relief from the automatic stay. The motion argues that the revenues securing the bonds insured by HTA Movants are being improperly diverted away from PRHTA, despite such revenues being the exclusive property of PRHTA and its bondholders. Pursuant to an interim schedule entered by the Court in December 2019, the HTA Movants, along with Ambac Assurance Corporation and FGIC, amended the motion on January 16, 2020. Following a preliminary hearing held on June 4, 2020, on July 2, 2020, Judge Swain held that the Movants had failed to satisfy its burden of presenting a colorable claim that they had a statutory, contractual or equitable lien on HTA Revenues, including Excise Taxes or Toll Revenues. On September 9, 2020, the Court entered a final order denying the HTA lift stay motion, finding a balancing of factors does not support stay relief. National filed a notice of appeal to the First Circuit on September 23, 2020.
Status of Puerto Rico’s Fiscal Plans
In January of 2020, the Oversight Board requested that the Puerto Rico government submit a proposed updated Fiscal Plan for the Commonwealth in light of recent and recurring earthquakes and considering Puerto Rico’s current state of emergency. The Commonwealth submitted a revised fiscal plan on May 3, 2020. On May 27, 2020, after deeming the Puerto Rico government’s fiscal plan as non-compliant, the Oversight Board certified its own revised fiscal plan for the Commonwealth. The revised fiscal plan reflects a significantly reduced the cumulative surplus of $4.4 billion over the six-year projection period (after measures and structural reforms, but before contractual debt service) due primarily to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The new surplus is about 65% lower than the previous plan, which reflected a surplus of approximately $13.7 billion. For the remaining component units, the Oversight Board certified fiscal plans for both the University of Puerto Rico (the “University”) and PRHTA on June 12, 2020 and June 26, 2020, while certifying a revised Fiscal Plan for PREPA on June 29, 2020. The Oversight Board also certified the fiscal year 2020 budgets for Commonwealth, PREPA, the University and PRHTA.
University of Puerto Rico
The University is not a debtor in Title III and continues to be current on its debt service payment. However, the University is subject to a standstill agreement with its senior bondholders. In March of 2020, the University gave notice that it would not make its monthly transfers for March 2020 and April 2020, due to the COVID-19 crisis. The parties agreed to amend the standstill agreement to delay the monthly transfer until May 2020. National is not a party to the standstill agreement. The standstill agreement, which requires monthly transfers to the trustee in the amount of approximately $3.7 million, originally scheduled to expire on July 15, 2020, has been extended to February 28, 2021.
The following table presents our scheduled gross debt service due on our Puerto Rico insured exposures for the three months ending December 31, 2020, for each of the subsequent four years ending December 31 and thereafter:

in millions |  | Three Months Ending December 31, 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2023 |  | 2024 |  | Thereafter |  | Total
Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA) |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 137 |  |  | $ | 671 |  |  | $ | 1,225 |
Puerto Rico Commonwealth GO |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 82 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 249 |  |  |  | 378 |
Puerto Rico Public Buildings Authority (PBA) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 24 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 120 |  |  |  | 223 |
Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority Transportation Revenue (PRHTA) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 36 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | 759 |  |  |  | 882 |
Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority—Subordinated Transportation Revenue (PRHTA) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | 35 |
Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority Highway Revenue (PRHTA) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 49 |  |  |  | 61 |
University of Puerto Rico System Revenue |  |  | - |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 61 |  |  |  | 98 |
Inter American University of Puerto Rico Inc. |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 11 |  |  |  | 25 |
Total |  | $ | 3 |  |  | $ | 288 |  |  | $ | 216 |  |  | $ | 234 |  |  | $ | 243 |  |  | $ | 1,943 |  |  | $ | 2,927 |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
Corporate
Our corporate segment consists of general corporate activities, including providing support services to MBIA Inc.’s subsidiaries and asset and capital management. Support services are provided by our service company, MBIA Services, and include, among others, management, legal, accounting, treasury, information technology, and insurance portfolio surveillance, on a fee-for-service basis. Capital management includes activities related to servicing obligations issued by MBIA Inc. and its subsidiaries, MBIA Global Funding, LLC (“GFL”) and MBIA Investment Management Corp. (“IMC”). MBIA Inc. issued debt to finance the operations of the MBIA group. GFL raised funds through the issuance of medium-term notes (“MTNs”) with varying maturities, which were in turn guaranteed by MBIA Corp. GFL lent the proceeds of these MTN issuances to MBIA Inc. IMC, along with MBIA Inc., provided customized investment agreements, guaranteed by MBIA Corp., for bond proceeds and other public funds for such purposes as construction, loan origination, escrow and debt service or other reserve fund requirements. The Company has ceased issuing new MTNs and investment agreements and the outstanding liability balances and corresponding asset balances have declined over time as liabilities matured, terminated or were called or repurchased. All of the debt within the corporate segment is managed collectively and is serviced by available liquidity.
The following table summarizes the consolidated results of our corporate segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net investment income |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 9 |  |  |  | -22% |  |  | $ | 23 |  |  | $ | 28 |  |  |  | -18% |
Fees |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 8% |  |  |  | 43 |  |  |  | 41 |  |  |  | 5% |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (6 | ) |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | -70% |  |  |  | (62 | ) |  |  | (71 | ) |  |  | -13% |
Net gains (losses) on extinguishment of debt |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | -100% |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (2 | ) |  |  | -100% |
Total revenues |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | (1 | ) |  |  | n/m |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | (5 | ) |  |  | n/m |
Operating |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | 6% |  |  |  | 52 |  |  |  | 56 |  |  |  | -7% |
Interest |  |  | 21 |  |  |  | 22 |  |  |  | -5% |  |  |  | 63 |  |  |  | 70 |  |  |  | -10% |
Total expenses |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | 115 |  |  |  | 126 |  |  |  | -9% |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | (24 | ) |  | $ | (39 | ) |  |  | -38% |  |  | $ | (111 | ) |  | $ | (131 | ) |  |  | -15% |

n/m—Percent change not meaningful.
NET GAINS (LOSSES) ON FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE The favorable changes in net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same periods of 2019 were primarily due to an increase in fair value losses in 2019 compared with the same periods of 2020 on interest rate swaps, primarily due to decreases in interest rates in 2019. A portion of the interest rate swaps were terminated in the third quarter of 2019 and the termination amount paid in cash reflected the fair values of the swaps at the termination date and all collateral held by the counterparty to the interest rate swaps was returned to the Company. These changes were partially offset by unfavorable changes in foreign exchange.
OPERATING EXPENSES Operating expenses increased for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 primarily due to an increase in compensation expense. Operating expenses decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 primarily due to a decrease in compensation expense.
International and Structured Finance Insurance
Our international and structured finance insurance portfolio is managed through MBIA Corp. The financial guarantees issued by MBIA Corp. generally provide unconditional and irrevocable guarantees of the payment of the principal of, and interest or other amounts owing on, non-U.S. public finance and global structured finance insured obligations when due or, in the event MBIA Corp. has the right, at its discretion, to accelerate insured obligations upon default or otherwise.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
MBIA Corp. has insured sovereign-related and sub-sovereign bonds, privately issued bonds used for the financing of utilities, toll roads, bridges, airports, public transportation facilities, and other types of infrastructure projects serving a substantial public purpose. Global structured finance and asset-backed obligations typically are securities repayable from cash flows generated by a specified pool of assets, such as residential and commercial mortgages, insurance policies, consumer loans, corporate loans and bonds, trade and export receivables, and leases for equipment, aircraft and real estate property. MBIA Insurance Corporation insures the investment agreements written by MBIA Inc., and if MBIA Inc. were to have insufficient assets to pay amounts due upon maturity or termination, MBIA Insurance Corporation would be required to make such payments under its insurance policies. MBIA Insurance Corporation also insured debt obligations of other affiliates, including GFL, IMC and MZ Funding LLC (“MZ Funding”). MBIA Corp. has also written insurance policies guaranteeing the obligations under credit default swap (“CDS”) contracts of an affiliate, LaCrosse Financial Products, LLC and certain other derivative contracts. Certain policies cover payments potentially due under CDS, including termination payments that may become due in certain circumstances, including the occurrence of certain insolvency or payment defaults under the CDS or derivative contracts by the insured counterparty or by the guarantor. We no longer insure new CDS contracts except for transactions related to the restructuring of existing exposures. MBIA Insurance Corporation provides 100% reinsurance to its subsidiary, MBIA Mexico S.A. de C.V. (“MBIA Mexico”).
MBIA Corp. has contributed to the Company’s net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforward, which is used in the calculation of our consolidated income taxes. If MBIA Corp. becomes profitable, it is not expected to make any tax payments under our tax sharing agreement. Based on MBIA Corp.’s current projected earnings and our expectation that it will not write significant new business, we believe it is unlikely that MBIA Corp. will generate significant income in the near future. As a result of MBIA Corp.’s capital structure and business prospects, we do not expect its financial performance to have a material economic impact on MBIA Inc.
The following table presents our international and structured finance insurance segment results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net premiums earned |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | -29% |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  | -10% |
Net investment income |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | -50% |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | -50% |
Fees and reimbursements |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | 8 |  |  |  | -75% |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | 17 |  |  |  | -47% |
Change in fair value of insured derivatives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | (9 | ) |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | (10 | ) |  |  | -100% |
Unrealized gains (losses) on insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | 9 |  |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | -100% |
Net change in fair value of insured derivatives |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 13 |  |  |  | -100% |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | (14 | ) |  |  | -71% |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | (24 | ) |  |  | -125% |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | - |  |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | -100% |  |  |  | - |  |  |  | 3 |  |  |  | -100% |
Revenues of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net investment income |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 10 |  |  |  | -50% |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  | 30 |  |  |  | -40% |
Net gains (losses) on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | 44 |  |  |  | -109% |  |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 31 |  |  |  | 10% |
Other net realized gains (losses) |  |  | 23 |  |  |  | (4 | ) |  |  | n/m |  |  |  | 37 |  |  |  | (20 | ) |  |  | n/m |
Total revenues |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 54 |  |  |  | -48% |  |  |  | 125 |  |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 64% |
Losses and loss adjustment |  |  | 34 |  |  |  | 77 |  |  |  | -56% |  |  |  | 293 |  |  |  | 123 |  |  |  | 138% |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | -43% |  |  |  | 12 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | -25% |
Operating |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 5% |
Interest |  |  | 27 |  |  |  | 33 |  |  |  | -18% |  |  |  | 88 |  |  |  | 100 |  |  |  | -12% |
Expenses of consolidated VIEs: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating |  |  | 1 |  |  |  | 2 |  |  |  | -50% |  |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | -33% |
Interest |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | -25% |  |  |  | 47 |  |  |  | 68 |  |  |  | -31% |
Total expenses |  |  | 87 |  |  |  | 145 |  |  |  | -40% |  |  |  | 464 |  |  |  | 332 |  |  |  | 40% |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | (59 | ) |  | $ | (91 | ) |  |  | -35% |  |  | $ | (339 | ) |  | $ | (256 | ) |  |  | 32% |

n/m - Percent change not meaningful.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Corp.’s total insured gross par outstanding was $9.0 billion. Subsequent to September 30, 2020, a corporate asset-backed transaction, which was consolidated as a VIE, with gross par outstanding of $575 million was terminated due to a refinancing of the insured exposure.
NET PREMIUMS EARNED Our international and structured finance insurance segment generates net premiums from insurance policies accounted for as financial guarantee contracts. Certain premiums may be eliminated in our consolidated financial statements as a result of the Company consolidating VIEs. In addition, we generate net premiums from insured credit derivatives that are included in “Realized gains (losses) and other settlements on insured derivatives” on our consolidated statements of operations. The following table provides net premiums earned from our financial guarantee contracts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Net premiums earned: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
U.S. |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | 1 |  |  |  | -% |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 4 |  |  |  | -% |
Non-U.S. |  |  | 4 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | -33% |  |  |  | 14 |  |  |  | 16 |  |  |  | -13% |
Total net premiums earned |  | $ | 5 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | -29% |  |  | $ | 18 |  |  | $ | 20 |  |  |  | -10% |
VIEs (eliminated in consolidation) |  | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | (3 | ) |  |  | -133% |  |  | $ | (2 | ) |  | $ | - |  |  |  | n/m |

n/m—Percent change not meaningful.
Net premiums earned represent gross premiums earned net of premiums ceded to reinsurers, and include scheduled premium earnings and premium earnings from refunded issues. Negative VIE net premiums (eliminated in consolidation) related to reversing previously eliminated net premiums primarily from a policy termination and premium receivable write-offs.
NET CHANGE IN FAIR VALUE OF INSURED DERIVATIVES Realized losses on insured derivatives include payments made net of premiums and fees earned and salvage received. Premiums earned related to insured credit derivatives will decrease over time as a result of settlements prior to maturity and amortization. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, realized losses on insured derivatives resulted from claim payments on commercial mortgage-backed securities exposure.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, unrealized gains on insured derivatives were principally due to the reversal of unrealized losses resulting from gross par amortization of transactions, partially offset by unfavorable changes in the estimated value of the remaining underlying collateral of such transactions.
NET GAINS (LOSSES) ON FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE AND FOREIGN EXCHANGE The net losses on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily related to losses from foreign currency revaluations of loss reserves denominated in Mexican peso as a result of the weakening of the U. S. dollar, partially offset by gains from foreign currency revaluations of premium receivables denominated in Chilean unidad de fomento as a result of the weakening of the U.S. dollar. The net gains on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were primarily related to gains from foreign currency revaluations of loss reserves denominated in Mexican peso as a result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar, partially offset by losses from foreign currency revaluations of premium receivables denominated in Chilean unidad de fomento as a result of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar. The net losses on financial instruments at fair value and foreign exchange for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 were primarily related to unfavorable mark-to-market fluctuations on derivatives.
REVENUES OF CONSOLIDATED VIEs For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, total revenues of consolidated VIEs were $24 million and $89 million, respectively, compared with $50 million and $41 million, respectively, for the same periods of 2019. The decrease in revenues of consolidated VIEs for the three months ended September 30, 2020 when compared with the same period of 2019 was primarily due to lower gains from putback claims on ineligible mortgage loans within a second-lien RMBS VIE, partially offset by a reversal of an allowance for credit losses on certain VIE financial assets. The increase in revenues of consolidated VIEs for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 when compared with the same period of 2019 was primarily due to a reversal of an allowance for credit losses in 2020 versus losses on the deconsolidation of VIEs in 2019, partially offset by lower net investment income due to the deconsolidation of a VIE in the first quarter of 2020.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES Our international and structured finance insured portfolio management group is responsible for monitoring international and structured finance insured obligations. The level and frequency of monitoring of any insured obligation depends on the type, size, rating and our assessed performance of the insured issue. As a result of COVID-19, we have increased our monitoring of certain credits. Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the Company’s loss reserving policy and additional information related to its loss reserves.
For the three months ended September 30, 2020, loss and LAE primarily related to a decrease in expected salvage collections from insured CDOs, as well as losses related to RMBS transactions. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, loss and LAE primarily related to a decrease in expected salvage collections from insured CDOs and declines in the risk-free rates during 2020, which increased the present value of loss reserves, primarily on our insured first-lien RMBS transactions. These increases in losses and LAE were partially offset by a benefit related to second-lien RMBS.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, loss and LAE primarily related to increases in losses incurred on insured first-lien RMBS and CDOs.
As a result of the consolidation of VIEs, loss and LAE includes the elimination of a losses and LAE benefit of $10 million and $75 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively and the elimination of losses and LAE benefit of $32 million and losses and LAE expense of $4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about our insurance loss recoverable and loss and LAE reserves. The following table presents information about our insurance loss recoverable and loss and LAE reserves as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

In millions |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | Percent Change |
Assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Insurance loss recoverable |  | $ | 565 |  |  | $ | 783 |  |  |  | -29% |
Reinsurance recoverable on paid and unpaid losses (1) |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | 5 |  |  |  | -% |
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loss and LAE reserves |  |  | 537 |  |  |  | 469 |  |  |  | 14% |
Net reserve (salvage) |  | $ | (33) |  |  | $ | (319) |  |  |  | -90% |

| (1) - Reported | within “Other assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.

Insurance loss recoverable primarily relates to reimbursement rights arising from the payment of claims on MBIA Corp.’s policies insuring certain CDOs. Such payments also entitle MBIA Corp. to exercise certain rights and remedies to seek recovery of its reimbursement entitlements. Refer to “Note 1: Business Developments and Risks and Uncertainties” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our estimates of recoveries.
Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about our loss reserving policy, loss reserves and recoverables.
POLICY ACQUISITION COSTS AND OPERATING EXPENSES International and structured finance insurance segment expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are presented in the following table:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  | Percent Change
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Gross expenses |  | $ | 7 |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  |  | 17% |  |  | $ | 21 |  |  | $ | 19 |  |  |  | 11% |
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs |  | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | 7 |  |  |  | -43% |  |  | $ | 12 |  |  | $ | 16 |  |  |  | -25% |
Operating |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | 20 |  |  |  | 19 |  |  |  | 5% |
Total insurance operating expenses |  | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  | -23% |  |  | $ | 32 |  |  | $ | 35 |  |  |  | -9% |

Gross expenses represent total insurance expenses before the deferral of any policy acquisition costs. We did not defer a material amount of policy acquisition costs during the first nine months of 2020 or 2019. Policy acquisition costs in these periods were primarily related to ceding commissions and premium taxes on installment policies written in prior periods.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
International and Structured Finance Insurance Portfolio Exposures
Credit Quality
The credit quality of our international and structured finance insured portfolio is assessed in the same manner as our U.S. public finance insured portfolio. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, 28% and 27%, respectively, of our international and structured finance insured portfolio was rated below investment grade, before giving effect to MBIA’s guarantees, based on MBIA’s internal ratings, which are generally more current than the underlying ratings provided by S&P and Moody’s for this subset of our insured portfolio.
Selected Portfolio Exposures
The following is a summary of selected significant exposures within our residential mortgage insured portfolio of our international and structured finance insurance segment. In addition, as of September 30, 2020, MBIA Corp. insured $302 million of CDOs and related instruments. We may experience considerable incurred losses in certain of these sectors. There can be no assurance that the loss reserves recorded in our financial statements will be sufficient or that we will not experience losses on transactions on which we currently have no loss reserves, in particular if the economy deteriorates. We may seek to purchase, directly or indirectly, obligations guaranteed by MBIA Corp. or seek to commute policies. The amount of insurance exposure reduced, if any, and the nature of any such actions will depend on market conditions, pricing levels from time to time, and other considerations. In some cases, these activities may result in a reduction of loss reserves, but in all cases they are intended to limit our ultimate losses and reduce the future volatility in loss development on the related policies. Our ability to purchase guaranteed obligations and to commute policies will depend on management’s assessment of available liquidity.
Residential Mortgage Exposure
MBIA Corp. insures RMBS backed by residential mortgage loans, including second-lien RMBS transactions (revolving home equity lines of credit (“HELOC”) loans and closed-end second (“CES”) mortgages). MBIA Corp. also insures MBS backed by first-lien alternative A-paper (“Alt-A”) and subprime mortgage loans directly through RMBS securitizations. The following table presents the gross par outstanding of MBIA Corp.’s total direct RMBS insured exposure as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. Amounts include the gross par outstanding related to transactions that the Company consolidates under accounting guidance for VIEs.

In millions |  | Gross Par Outstanding as of |  |  |  |
Collateral Type |  | September 30, 2020 |  |  | December 31, 2019 |  |  | Percent Change |
HELOC Second-lien |  | $ | 308 |  |  | $ | 381 |  |  |  | -19% |
CES Second-lien |  |  | 114 |  |  |  | 136 |  |  |  | -16% |
Alt-A First-lien (1) |  |  | 826 |  |  |  | 909 |  |  |  | -9% |
Subprime First-lien |  |  | 299 |  |  |  | 343 |  |  |  | -13% |
Prime First-lien |  |  | 6 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  | -14% |
Total |  | $ | 1,553 |  |  | $ | 1,776 |  |  |  | -13% |

| (1) - | Includes international exposure of $219 million and $248 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (continued)
U.S. Public Finance and International and Structured Finance Reinsurance
Reinsurance enables the Company to cede exposure for purposes of syndicating risk. The Company generally retains the right to reassume the business ceded to reinsurers under certain circumstances, including a reinsurer’s rating downgrade below specified thresholds. Currently, we do not intend to use reinsurance to decrease the insured exposure in our portfolio.
As of September 30, 2020, the aggregate amount of insured par outstanding ceded by MBIA to reinsurers under reinsurance agreements was $1.5 billion compared with $1.8 billion as of December 31, 2019. Under National’s reinsurance agreement with MBIA Corp., if a reinsurer of MBIA Corp. is unable to pay claims ceded by MBIA Corp. on U.S. public finance exposure, National will assume liability for such ceded claim payments. For a further discussion of the Company’s reinsurance, refer to “Note 13: Insurance in Force” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Taxes
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company’s income taxes and the related effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are presented in the following table:

|  | Three Months Ended September 30, |  | Nine Months Ended September 30,
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | 2020 |  | 2019
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | (58 | ) |  | $ | 89 |  |  | $ | (497 | ) |  | $ | (137 | )
Provision (benefit) for income taxes |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 8 |
Effective tax rate |  |  | -% |  |  |  | 6.7% |  |  |  | -% |  |  |  | -5.8% |

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, our effective tax rate applied to our loss before income taxes was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate of 21% due to the full valuation allowance on the changes in our net deferred tax asset.
As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company’s valuation allowance against its net deferred tax asset was $948 million and $873 million, respectively. Notwithstanding the full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax asset, the Company believes that it may be able to use some of its net deferred tax asset before the expirations associated with that asset based upon expected earnings at National and potential future sources of taxable income to be identified by the Company. Accordingly, the Company will continue to re-evaluate its net deferred tax asset on a quarterly basis. There is no assurance that the Company will reverse any of its valuation allowance on its net deferred tax asset in the future. Refer to “Note 9: Income Taxes” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a further discussion of income taxes, including the valuation allowance against the Company’s net deferred tax asset and its accounting for tax uncertainties.
The CARES Act established new tax provisions including, but not limited to: (1) five-year carryback of NOLs generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020; (2) accelerated refund of alternative minimum tax (“AMT”) credit carryforwards; and (3) retroactive changes to allow accelerated depreciation for certain depreciable property. The legislation does not have a material impact on the Company’s tax positions due to the lack of taxable income in the carryback periods. As of September 30, 2020, the Company had received a cash benefit for its remaining AMT credits as provided by the CARES Act.
CAPITAL RESOURCES
The Company manages its capital resources to minimize its cost of capital while maintaining appropriate claims-paying resources (“CPR”) for National and MBIA Corp. The Company’s capital resources consist of total shareholders’ equity, total debt issued by MBIA Inc. for general corporate purposes, surplus notes issued by MBIA Corp., and MBIA Corp.’s financing facility between MZ Funding and certain purchasers, pursuant to which the purchasers or their affiliates agreed to refinance the outstanding insured senior notes of MZ Funding (“Refinanced Facility”). Total capital resources were $1.9 billion and $2.4 billion as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.
In addition to scheduled debt maturities, from time to time, we reduce unsecured debt through calls or repurchases. Also, MBIA Inc. may repurchase or National may purchase outstanding MBIA Inc. common shares when we deem it beneficial to our shareholders. Purchases or repurchases of debt and common stock may be made from time to time in the open market or in private transactions as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements. We may also choose to redeem debt obligations where permitted by the relevant agreements. MBIA Inc. or National may acquire or redeem outstanding common shares of MBIA Inc. and outstanding debt obligations at prices when we deem it beneficial to our shareholders.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CAPITAL RESOURCES (continued)
MBIA Inc. supports the MTN and investment agreement obligations issued by the Company. We seek to maintain sufficient liquidity and capital resources to meet the Company’s general corporate needs and debt service. Based on MBIA Inc.’s debt service requirements and expected operating expenses, we expect that MBIA Inc. will have sufficient resources to satisfy its debt obligations and its general corporate needs over time from distributions from its operating subsidiaries; however, there can be no assurance that MBIA Inc. will have sufficient resources to do so. In addition, the Company may also consider raising third-party capital. Refer to “Capital, Liquidity and Market Related Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the “Liquidity—Corporate Liquidity” section included herein for additional information about MBIA Inc.’s liquidity.
Equity securities
On May 5, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the purchase or repurchase by the Company or National of up to $100 million of its outstanding shares under a new share repurchase authorization. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, this share repurchase authorization was exhausted. MBIA Inc.’s and National’s share purchases or repurchases that were authorized under our share repurchase program for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 are presented in the following table:

In millions except per share amounts |  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |
|  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Number of shares purchased or repurchased |  |  | 26.4 |  |  |  | 10.3 |
Average price paid per share |  | $ | 7.50 |  |  | $ | 9.11 |
Remaining authorization as of September 30 |  | $ | - |  |  | $ | 108 |

Insurance Statutory Capital
National and MBIA Insurance Corporation are incorporated and licensed in, and are subject to primary insurance regulation and supervision by New York State Department of Financial Services (“NYSDFS”). MBIA Mexico is regulated by the Comisión Nacional de Seguros y Fianzas in Mexico. MBIA Corp.’s Spanish Branch is subject to local regulation in Spain. National and MBIA Insurance Corporation each are required to file detailed annual financial statements, as well as interim financial statements, with the NYSDFS and similar supervisory agencies in each of the other jurisdictions in which it is licensed. These financial statements are prepared in accordance with New York State and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners’ statements of U.S. STAT and assist our regulators in evaluating minimum standards of solvency, including minimum capital requirements, and business conduct.
National
Capital and Surplus
National had statutory capital of $2.0 billion as of September 30, 2020 compared with $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2019. The decrease in National’s statutory capital was primarily driven by acquisitions of MBIA Inc. common shares, which the Company does not admit as assets supporting National’s statutory capital, and it’s statutory net loss of $123 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. As of September 30, 2020, National’s unassigned surplus was $963 million. Refer to the “Claims-Paying Resources (Statutory Basis)” section below for additional information on National’s statutory capital.
In order to maintain its New York State financial guarantee insurance license, National is required to maintain a minimum of $65 million of policyholders’ surplus. National is also required to maintain contingency reserves to provide protection to policyholders in the event of extreme losses in adverse economic events. As of September 30, 2020, National was in compliance with its aggregate risk limits under New York Insurance Law (“NYIL”), but was not in compliance with certain of its single risk limits.
NYIL regulates the payment of dividends by financial guarantee insurance companies and provides that such companies may not declare or distribute dividends except out of statutory earned surplus. Under NYIL, the sum of (i) the amount of dividends declared or distributed during the preceding 12-month period and (ii) the dividend to be declared may not exceed the lesser of (a) 10% of policyholders’ surplus, as reported in the latest statutory financial statements or (b) 100% of adjusted net investment income for such 12-month period (the net investment income for such 12-month period plus the excess, if any, of net investment income over dividends declared or distributed during the two-year period preceding such 12-month period), unless the Superintendent of the NYSDFS approves a greater dividend distribution based upon a finding that the insurer will retain sufficient surplus to support its obligations.
National had positive earned surplus as of September 30, 2020 from which it may pay dividends, subject to the limitations described above. We expect the as-of-right declared and paid dividend amounts from National to be limited to prior year adjusted net investment income for the foreseeable future.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CAPITAL RESOURCES (continued)
Claims-Paying Resources (Statutory Basis)
CPR is a key measure of the resources available to National to pay claims under its insurance policies. CPR consists of total financial resources and reserves calculated on a statutory basis. CPR has been a common measure used by financial guarantee insurance companies to report and compare resources and continues to be used by MBIA’s management to evaluate changes in such resources. We have provided CPR to allow investors and analysts to evaluate National using the same measure that MBIA’s management uses to evaluate National’s resources to pay claims under its insurance policies. There is no directly comparable GAAP measure. Our calculation of CPR may differ from the calculation of CPR reported by other companies.
National’s CPR and components thereto, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are presented in the following table:

|  | As of September 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
In millions |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Policyholders’ surplus |  | $ | 1,552 |  |  | $ | 1,891 |
Contingency reserves |  |  | 458 |  |  |  | 485 |
Statutory capital |  |  | 2,010 |  |  |  | 2,376 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | 371 |  |  |  | 411 |
Present value of installment premiums (1) |  |  | 135 |  |  |  | 139 |
Premium resources (2) |  |  | 506 |  |  |  | 550 |
Net loss and LAE reserves (1) |  |  | (272) |  |  |  | (169) |
Salvage reserves (1) |  |  | 937 |  |  |  | 789 |
Gross loss and LAE reserves |  |  | 665 |  |  |  | 620 |
Total claims-paying resources |  | $ | 3,181 |  |  | $ | 3,546 |

(1) - Calculated using a discount rate of 3.64% as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
(2) - Includes financial guarantee and insured derivative related premiums.
MBIA Insurance Corporation
Capital and Surplus
MBIA Insurance Corporation had statutory capital of $328 million as of September 30, 2020 compared with $476 million as of December 31, 2019. As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Insurance Corporation’s negative unassigned surplus was $1.9 billion. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, MBIA Insurance Corporation had a statutory net loss of $148 million. Refer to the “Claims-Paying Resources (Statutory Basis)” section below for additional information on MBIA Insurance Corporation’s statutory capital.
As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Insurance Corporation recognized estimated recoveries on a statutory basis related to put-back claims against Credit Suisse Securities (USA) and DLJ Mortgage Capital, Inc., excess spread recoveries on RMBS and recoveries related to CDOs. There can be no assurance that we will be successful or that we will not be delayed in realizing these recoveries. Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about these recoveries.
In order to maintain its New York State financial guarantee insurance license, MBIA Insurance Corporation is required to maintain a minimum of $65 million of policyholders’ surplus. As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Corp. met the required minimum requirement. Under NYIL, MBIA Insurance Corporation is required to invest its minimum surplus and contingency reserves and 50% of its loss reserves and unearned premium reserves in certain qualifying assets. As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Insurance Corporation maintained its minimum requirement of policyholders’ surplus but did not have enough qualifying assets to support its contingency reserves and 50% of its loss reserves and unearned premium reserves. As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Insurance Corporation was in compliance with its aggregate risk limits under the NYIL, but was not in compliance with certain of its single risk limits. If MBIA Insurance Corporation does not comply with the above mentioned requirements, the NYSDFS may prevent MBIA Insurance Corporation from transacting any new financial guarantee insurance business until it no longer exceeds the limitations.
Due to its significant earned surplus deficit, MBIA Insurance Corporation has not had the statutory capacity to pay dividends since December 31, 2009. Based on estimated future income, MBIA Insurance Corporation is not expected to have any statutory capacity to pay dividends.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
CAPITAL RESOURCES (continued)
The NYSDFS has not approved MBIA Insurance Corporation’s requests to make interest payments on MBIA Insurance Corporation’s 14% Fixed-to-Floating Rate Surplus Notes due January 15, 2033 (the “Surplus Notes”) since, and including, the January 15, 2013 interest payment. The NYSDFS has cited both MBIA Insurance Corporation’s liquidity and financial condition as well as the availability of “free and divisible surplus” as the basis for such non-approvals. As of October 15, 2020, the most recent scheduled interest payment date, there was $976 million of unpaid interest on the par amount outstanding of $953 million of the Surplus Notes. Under Section 1307 of the NYIL and the Fiscal Agency Agreement governing the surplus notes, Surplus Note payments may be made only with the prior approval by the NYSDFS and if MBIA Insurance Corporation has sufficient “Eligible Surplus”, or as we believe, “free and divisible surplus” as an appropriate calculation of “Eligible Surplus.” As of September 30, 2020, MBIA Insurance Corporation had “free and divisible surplus” of $122 million. There is no assurance the NYSDFS will approve Surplus Note payments, notwithstanding the sufficiency of MBIA Insurance Corporation’s liquidity and financial condition. The unpaid interest on the Surplus Notes will become due on the first business day on or after which MBIA Insurance Corporation obtains approval to pay some or all of such unpaid interest. No interest has been accrued or will accrue on the deferred interest.
Claims-Paying Resources (Statutory Basis)
CPR is a key measure of the resources available to MBIA Corp. to pay claims under its insurance policies. CPR consists of total financial resources and reserves calculated on a statutory basis. CPR has been a common measure used by financial guarantee insurance companies to report and compare resources, and continues to be used by MBIA’s management to evaluate changes in such resources. We have provided CPR to allow investors and analysts to evaluate MBIA Corp., using the same measure that MBIA’s management uses to evaluate MBIA Corp.’s resources to pay claims under its insurance policies. There is no directly comparable GAAP measure. Our calculation of CPR may differ from the calculation of CPR reported by other companies.
MBIA Corp.’s CPR and components thereto, as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 are presented in the following table:

|  | As of September 30, |  |  | As of December 31, |
In millions |  | 2020 |  |  | 2019 |
Policyholders’ surplus |  | $ | 140 |  |  | $ | 282 |
Contingency reserves |  |  | 188 |  |  |  | 194 |
Statutory capital |  |  | 328 |  |  |  | 476 |
Unearned premiums |  |  | 84 |  |  |  | 93 |
Present value of installment premiums (1) (4) |  |  | 76 |  |  |  | 92 |
Premium resources (2) |  |  | 160 |  |  |  | 185 |
Net loss and LAE reserves (1) |  |  | (534) |  |  |  | (669) |
Salvage reserves (1) (3) |  |  | 1,076 |  |  |  | 1,247 |
Gross loss and LAE reserves |  |  | 542 |  |  |  | 578 |
Total claims-paying resources |  | $ | 1,030 |  |  | $ | 1,239 |

(1) - Calculated using a discount rate of 5.21% as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.
(2) - Includes financial guarantee and insured credit derivative related premiums.
(3) - This amount primarily consists of expected recoveries related to the Company’s CDOs, excess spread and
put-backs.
(4) - Based on the Company’s estimate of the remaining life for its insured exposures.
LIQUIDITY
We use a liquidity risk management framework, the primary objective of which is to match liquidity resources to needs. We monitor our cash and liquid asset resources using cash forecasting and stress-scenario testing. Members of MBIA’s senior management meet regularly to review liquidity metrics, discuss contingency plans and establish target liquidity levels. We evaluate and manage liquidity on a legal-entity basis to take into account the legal, regulatory and other limitations on available liquidity resources within the enterprise. Additionally, we continue to monitor the current COVID-19 pandemic with respect to our cash and liquid asset positions and resources. It remains premature to predict the full impact the pandemic may have on our future liquidity position and needs. Refer to the “Executive Overview—COVID-19” section for additional information about liquidity and COVID-19. The following is a discussion of our liquidity resources and requirements for our holding company and our insurance subsidiaries.
National Liquidity
The primary sources of cash available to National are:

| • |  | principal and interest receipts on assets held in its investment portfolio, including proceeds from the sale of assets;

| • |  | recoveries associated with insurance loss payments; and

| • |  | installment premiums.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
LIQUIDITY (continued)
The primary uses of cash by National are:

| • |  | loss payments and LAE on insured transactions;

| • |  | payments of dividends; and

| • |  | payments of operating expenses, taxes and investment portfolio asset purchases.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, National held cash and investments of $2.2 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively, of which $347 million and $442 million, respectively, were cash and cash equivalents or short-term investments comprised of highly rated commercial paper, money market funds and municipal, U.S. agency and corporate bonds.
The insurance policies issued or reinsured by National provide unconditional and irrevocable guarantees of payments of the principal of, and interest or other amounts owing on, insured obligations when due. In the event of a default in payment of principal, interest or other insured amounts by an issuer, National generally promises to make funds available in the insured amount within one to three business days following notification. In some cases, the amount due can be substantial, particularly if the default occurs on a transaction to which National has a large notional exposure or on a transaction structured with large, bullet-type principal maturities. The U.S. public finance insurance segment’s financial guarantee contracts generally cannot be accelerated by a party other than the insurer which helps to mitigate liquidity risk in this segment.
Corporate Liquidity
The primary sources of cash available to MBIA Inc. are:

| • |  | dividends from National;

| • |  | available cash and liquid assets not subject to collateral posting requirements;

| • |  | principal and interest receipts on assets held in its investment portfolio, including proceeds from the sale of assets; and

| • |  | access to capital markets.

The primary uses of cash by MBIA Inc. are:

| • |  | servicing outstanding unsecured corporate debt obligations and MTNs;

| • |  | meeting collateral posting requirements under investment agreements and derivative arrangements;

| • |  | payments related to interest rate swaps;

| • |  | payments of operating expenses; and

| • |  | funding share repurchases and debt buybacks.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the liquidity positions of MBIA Inc. were $335 million and $375 million, respectively, and included cash and cash equivalents and other investments comprised of highly rated commercial paper and U.S. government and asset-backed bonds.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, $49 million was returned to National as a result of losses incurred in 2019, of which $9 million was in cash. The return was pursuant to the terms of the tax sharing agreement following the expiration of National’s two-year NOL carry-back period under U.S. tax rules. Under the CARES Act, National’s 2019 taxable loss is subject to a five-year NOL carry-back, which allows it to recover taxes paid in years in which the tax rate was 35%. Similarly, a taxable loss generated in 2020 will be subject to a five-year NOL carry-back under the CARES Act, after which the two-year NOL carry-back provision will again become effective. In addition to releases or returns following the expiration of National’s two-year NOL carry-back period, from time to time, MBIA Inc. is permitted to withdraw assets from the Tax Escrow Account if the aggregate market value of all assets held in the Tax Escrow Account exceeds the required minimum balance. There can be no assurance that any future payments under the Tax Escrow Account from subsidiaries will be released to MBIA Inc. due to deductible or creditable tax attributes of those subsidiaries and/or the market value performance of the assets supporting the Tax Escrow Account.
Based on our projections of National’s and MBIA Corp.’s future earnings and losses, we expect that for the foreseeable future National will be the primary source of payments to MBIA Inc. There can be no assurance as to the amount and timing of any such future dividends or payments from the tax escrow account under the tax sharing agreement. Also, absent a special dividend subject to the approval of the NYSDFS, we expect the declared and paid dividend amounts from National to be limited to the prior twelve months of adjusted net investment income as reported in its most recent statutory filings. Refer to the “Capital Resources – Insurance Statutory Capital” section for additional information on payments of dividends. We do not expect MBIA Inc. to receive distributions from MBIA Corp.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
LIQUIDITY (continued)
Currently, a significant portion of the cash and securities held by MBIA Inc. is pledged against investment agreement liabilities, the Asset Swap (simultaneous repurchase and reverse repurchase agreement) and derivatives, which limits its ability to raise liquidity through asset sales. As the market value or rating eligibility of the assets which are pledged against MBIA Inc.’s obligations declines, we are required to pledge additional eligible assets in order to meet minimum required collateral amounts against these liabilities. To mitigate these risks, we seek to maintain cash and liquidity resources that we believe will be sufficient to make all payments due on our obligations and to meet other financial requirements, such as posting collateral. Contingent liquidity resources include: (1) sales of invested assets exposed to credit spread stress risk, which may occur at losses; (2) termination and settlement of interest rate swap agreements; and (3) accessing the capital markets. These actions, if taken, are expected to result in either additional liquidity or reduced exposure to adverse credit spread movements. There can be no assurance that these actions will be sufficient to fully mitigate this risk.
MBIA Corp. Liquidity
The primary sources of cash available to MBIA Corp. are:

| • |  | recoveries associated with insurance loss payments;

| • |  | installment premiums and fees; and

| • |  | principal and interest receipts on assets held in its investment portfolio, including the proceeds from the sale of assets.

The primary uses of cash by MBIA Corp. are:

| • |  | loss and LAE or commutation payments on insured transactions;

| • |  | repayment of the Refinanced Facility; and

| • |  | payments of operating expenses.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, MBIA Corp. held cash and investments of $240 million and $230 million, respectively, of which $129 million and $124 million, respectively, were cash and cash equivalents or liquid investments comprised of money market funds and municipal, U.S. Treasury and corporate bonds that were immediately available to MBIA Insurance Corporation.
Insured transactions that require payment of scheduled debt service payments insured when due or payment in full of the principal insured at maturity could present liquidity risk for MBIA Corp., as any salvage recoveries from such payments could be recovered over an extended period of time after the payment is made. MBIA Corp. is generally required to satisfy claims within one to three business days, and as a result seeks to identify potential claims in advance through our monitoring process. In order to monitor liquidity risk and maintain appropriate liquidity resources, we use the same methodology as we use to monitor credit quality and losses within our insured portfolio, including stress scenarios. Refer to “Note 5: Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our loss process.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, MBIA Corp. requested and was denied permission by the NYSDFS to prepay approximately $26 million of the Refinanced Facility.
Consolidated Cash Flows
Information about our consolidated cash flows by category is presented on our consolidated statements of cash flows. The following table presents a summary of our consolidated cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:

|  | Nine Months Ended September 30, |  |
In millions |  | 2020 |  | 2019 |  | Percent Change
Statement of cash flow data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net cash provided (used) by: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating activities |  | $ | (388 | ) |  | $ | (415 | ) |  |  | -7% |
Investing activities |  |  | 968 |  |  |  | 1,204 |  |  |  | -20% |
Financing activities |  |  | (552 | ) |  |  | (988 | ) |  |  | -44% |
Cash and cash equivalents - beginning of period |  |  | 83 |  |  |  | 280 |  |  |  | -70% |
Cash and cash equivalents - end of period |  | $ | 111 |  |  | $ | 81 |  |  |  | 37% |

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
LIQUIDITY (continued)
Operating activities
Net cash used by operating activities decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 primarily due to a decrease in interest paid, net of interest converted to principal of $77 million. This was primarily due to the refinancing and partial paydowns of the MBIA Corp. Financing Facility in 2019 and an increase in paid in kind interest in 2020. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease in proceeds from insurance recoveries and reinsurance of $48 million.
Investing activities
Net cash provided by investing activities decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 primarily due to a decrease in net purchases, sales, paydowns and maturities of AFS investments of $263 million primarily due to ongoing management of our investment portfolios.
Financing activities
Net cash used by financing activities decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared with the same period of 2019 primarily due to decreases in principal repayments of VIE notes of $338 million and principal paydowns of long-term debt of $150 million, partially offset by an increase in purchases of treasury stock of $104 million.
Investments
The following discussion of investments, including references to consolidated investments, excludes investments reported under “Assets of consolidated variable interest entities” on our consolidated balance sheets. Investments of VIEs support the repayment of VIE obligations and are not available to settle obligations of MBIA. Our AFS investments comprise high-quality fixed-income securities and short-term investments.
Refer to “Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies,” and “Note 7: Investments” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information about our accounting policies and investments.
Credit Quality
The credit quality distribution of the Company’s AFS fixed-maturity investment portfolios, excluding short-term investments, are based on ratings from Moody’s and alternate ratings sources, such as S&P or the best estimate of the ratings assigned by the Company, have been used for a small percentage of securities that are not rated by Moody’s. As of September 30, 2020, the weighted average credit quality rating of the Company’s AFS fixed-maturity investment portfolio, excluding short-term investments, was Aa and 97% of the investments were investment grade.
Insured Investments
MBIA’s consolidated investment portfolio includes investments that are insured by various financial guarantee insurers (“Insured Investments”), including investments insured by National and MBIA Corp. (“Company-Insured Investments”). When purchasing Insured Investments, the Company’s third-party portfolio manager independently assesses the underlying credit quality, structure and liquidity of each investment, in addition to the creditworthiness of the insurer. Insured Investments are diverse by sector, issuer and size of holding. The third-party portfolio manager assigns underlying ratings to Insured Investments without giving effect to financial guarantees based on underlying ratings assigned by Moody’s or S&P, when a rating is not published by Moody’s. When a Moody’s or S&P underlying rating is not available, the underlying rating is based on the portfolio manager’s best estimate of the rating of such investment. If the Company determines that declines in the fair values of third-party Insured Investments are related to credit loss, the Company will establish an allowance for credit losses and recognize the credit component through earnings.
As of September 30, 2020, Insured Investments at fair value represented $203 million or 7% of consolidated investments, of which $177 million or 6% of consolidated investments were Company-Insured Investments. As of September 30, 2020, based on the actual or estimated underlying ratings of our consolidated investment portfolio, without giving effect to financial guarantees, the weighted average rating of only the Insured Investments in the investment portfolio would be in the below investment grade range. Without giving effect to the National and MBIA Corp. guarantees of the Company-Insured Investments in the consolidated investment portfolio, as of September 30, 2020, based on actual or estimated underlying ratings, the weighted average rating of the consolidated investment portfolio was in the Aa range. The weighted average rating of only the Company-Insured Investments was in the below investment grade range, and investments rated below investment grade in the Company-Insured Investments were 5% of the total consolidated investment portfolio.
Contractual Obligations
For a discussion of the Company’s contractual obligations, refer to “Liquidity-Contractual Obligations” in Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019. There were no material changes in contractual obligations since December 31, 2019.
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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
The Company’s market risk exposures relate to changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and credit spreads that affect the fair value of its financial instruments, primarily investment securities, MTNs and investment agreement liabilities. The Company’s investments are primarily U.S. dollar-denominated fixed-income securities including municipal bonds, U.S. government bonds, corporate bonds, MBS and asset-backed securities. In periods of rising and/or volatile interest rates, foreign exchange rates and credit spreads, profitability could be adversely affected should the Company have to liquidate these securities. The Company minimizes its exposure to interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and credit spread movement through active portfolio management to ensure a proper mix of the types of securities held and to stagger the maturities of its fixed-income securities. The following tables present updates in our market risk relating to interest rates and credit spreads. There were no material changes in market risk since December 31, 2019 related to foreign exchange rates. For a discussion of our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk related to foreign exchange rates, refer to Part II, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY
Interest rate sensitivity can be estimated by projecting a hypothetical instantaneous increase or decrease in interest rates. The following table presents the estimated pre-tax change in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments as of September 30, 2020 from instantaneous shifts in interest rates:

|  | Change in Interest Rates
In millions |  | 300 Basis Point Decrease |  | 200 Basis Point Decrease |  | 100 Basis Point Decrease |  | 100 Basis Point Increase |  | 200 Basis Point Increase |  | 300 Basis Point Increase
Estimated change in fair value |  | $ | 275 |  |  | $ | 153 |  |  | $ | 66 |  |  | $ | (53 | ) |  | $ | (98 | ) |  | $ | (135 | )

CREDIT SPREAD SENSITIVITY
Credit spread sensitivity can be estimated by projecting a hypothetical instantaneous increase or decrease in credit spreads. The following table presents the estimated pre-tax change in fair value of the Company’s financial instruments as of September 30, 2020 from instantaneous shifts in credit spread curves. It was assumed that all credit spreads move by the same amount. It is more likely that the actual changes in credit spreads will vary by security. The changes in fair value reflect partially offsetting effects as the value of the investment portfolios generally changes in an opposite direction from the liability portfolio:

|  | Change in Credit Spreads |
In millions |  | 50 Basis Point Decrease |  |  | 50 Basis Point Increase |  |  | 200 Basis Point Increase |
Estimated change in fair value |  | $ | 45 |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | (160) |

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) was performed under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s senior management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report. In addition, there have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
For a discussion of the Company’s litigation and related matters, see “Note 13: Commitments and Contingencies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of MBIA Inc. and Subsidiaries in Part I, Item 1. In the normal course of operating its businesses, MBIA Inc. may be involved in various legal proceedings. As a courtesy, the Company posts on its website under the section “Legal Proceedings,” selected information and documents in reference to selected legal proceedings in which the Company is the plaintiff or the defendant. The Company will not necessarily post all documents for each proceeding and undertakes no obligation to revise or update them to reflect changes in events or expectations. The complete official court docket can be publicly accessed by contacting the clerk’s office of the respective court where each litigation is pending.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
The following should be read in conjunction with and supplements the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
Insured Portfolio Loss Related Risk Factors
Some of the state, local and territorial governments and finance authorities and other providers of public services, located in the U.S. or abroad, that issue public finance obligations we insure are experiencing fiscal stress that could result in increased credit losses or impairments on those obligations
Certain issuers are reporting fiscal stress that has resulted in a significant increase in taxes and/or a reduction in spending or other measures in efforts to satisfy their financial obligations. In particular, certain jurisdictions have significantly underfunded pension liabilities which are placing additional stress on their finances and are particularly challenging to restructure either through negotiation or under Chapter 9 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. If the issuers of the obligations in our public finance portfolio are unable to raise taxes, or increase other revenues, cut spending, reduce liabilities, and/or receive state or federal assistance, we may experience losses or impairments on those obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The financial stress experienced by certain municipal issuers could result in the filing of Chapter 9 proceedings in states where municipal issuers are permitted to seek bankruptcy protection. In these proceedings, which remain rare, the resolution of bondholder claims (and by extension, those of bond insurers) may be subject to legal challenge by other creditors.
On June 30, 2016, after passage by the United States Congress, the President of the United States signed into law the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act (“PROMESA”). PROMESA provides a statutory framework for the creation of an independent oversight board (“the “Oversight Board”) with powers relating to, among other things, the development and implementation of fiscal plans for Puerto Rico, as well as collective action and judicial processes—separate from the Federal Bankruptcy Code—by which Puerto Rico may restructure its debt on a consensual or non-consensual basis.
On May 3, 2017, the Oversight Board certified and filed a bankruptcy-like petition under Title III of PROMESA for Puerto Rico with the District Court of Puerto Rico thereby commencing a bankruptcy-like case for Puerto Rico. Under a separate petition, the Oversight Board also commenced a Title III proceeding for Puerto Rico Sales Tax Financing Corporation (“COFINA”) on May 5, 2017. Subsequently, the Oversight Board also certified and filed voluntary petitions under Title III of PROMESA for several municipalities, including the Puerto Rico Highway and Transportation Authority (“PRHTA”), the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (“PREPA”) and Public Buildings Authority (“PBA”) on May 21, 2017, July 2, 2017 and September 27, 2019, respectively. On February 4, 2019, the District Court for the District of Puerto Rico entered the order confirming the Third Amended Title III Plan of Adjustment for COFINA. The plan became effective on February 12, 2019.
The extent and duration of any aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and other federal agencies that may be offered to Puerto Rico is inherently uncertain, and the necessary and greater involvement of the federal government, through its actions to deliver disaster relief and other support services, in addition to the role of the Oversight Board and the role of Puerto Rico in its own recovery, heightens political risk in connection with the restructuring of legacy debt. This risk could lead the Oversight Board, Puerto Rico or the federal government to seek to extract greater concessions from creditors based on the uncertainty of Puerto Rico’s long term recovery prospects. In this event, losses at National on select Puerto Rico exposures could increase materially.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors (continued)
As of September 30, 2020, National had $2.9 billion of debt service outstanding related to Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico may be unable or unwilling to pay their obligations as and when due, in which case National would be required to pay claims of unpaid principal and interest when due under its insurance policies, which could be material. On January 1, 2020 and July 1, 2020, Puerto Rico defaulted on scheduled debt service for certain National insured bonds and National paid gross claims in the aggregate of $391 million as a result. While National will seek to recover any claim payments it makes under its guarantees, there is no assurance that it will be able to recover such payments. To the extent that its claims payments are ultimately substantially greater than its claims recoveries, National would experience losses on those obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
On May 3, 2019, PREPA, the Oversight Board, the AAFAF, the Ad Hoc Group of PREPA bondholders (the “Ad Hoc Group”), and Assured Guaranty Corp. and Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. entered into a Definitive Restructuring Support Agreement which was amended on September 9, 2019 to include National and Syncora Guarantee, Inc. as supporting parties (as amended, the “RSA”). The Rule 9019 hearing to approve the RSA has been delayed several times, and most recently was adjourned due to the coronavirus crisis until further notice. The Oversight Board and the Commonwealth submitted a status report to the Title III court on July 31, 2020, requesting additional time to negotiate with creditors and seeking to file a further update with the Court on September 25, 2020. On September 25, 2020, the Oversight Board requested to provide a further update to the Court on December 9, 2020. The debt restructuring contemplated by the RSA will not be effective until (i) confirmation of a plan of adjustment under PROMESA, (ii) negotiation and consummation of definitive documentation and legal opinions, (iii) enactment and implementation of supportive Puerto Rico legislation and (iv) receipt of Puerto Rico regulatory approval, each of which outcome is uncertain and subject to varying degrees of risk. Refer to the “U.S. Public Finance Insurance Puerto Rico Exposures” section in Part I Financial Information, Item 2 of this Form 10-Q for additional information on our Puerto Rico exposures.
Legal, Regulatory and Other Risk Factors
The pandemic caused by the spread of COVID-19 could have an adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations and other aspects of our business.
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 (“COVID-19”), a respiratory disease caused by a new strain of coronavirus, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March of 2020 and has spread globally. The pandemic continues to cause significant economic turmoil in our country and abroad and affect a wide range of economic activities, as well as domestic and global business and financial markets. We are continuing to closely monitor developments related to the pandemic to assess its impact on our business. There is no assurance that global and domestic economic conditions will not continue to worsen, and we continue to regularly assess the financial impact of the pandemic on our insured portfolios. It remains challenging to comprehensively quantify, or account for the impact of the outbreak on most of the credits within those portfolios, investment portfolios, or general business operations. The extent of such impact will depend on future developments which are highly uncertain, including but not limited to the severity of the pandemic, and the effectiveness of financial and regulatory actions taken at the state and federal levels to contain or address its impact. While governmental and non-governmental organizations are engaging in efforts to combat the spread and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health issues, the effectiveness of such measures cannot be assured. We also cannot predict how political, legal and regulatory responses to the pandemic, such as the nature of and conditions to aid to states or municipalities, tax policy, or programs designed to assist impacted individuals, will impact our business.
Adverse developments on macroeconomic factors resulting from the spread of COVID-19, including without limitation reduced economic activity and certainty, increased unemployment, increased loan defaults or delinquencies, and increased stress on municipal budgets, including due to reduced tax revenues and the ability to raise taxes or limit spending, could materially and adversely affect the performance of our insured portfolio and our business, financial condition and results of operations. Specifically, such adverse effects could impact whether the individual municipal or structured finance credits we insure will be able to continue to meet their debt service obligations or avoid long term impairment, and could therefore result in an increase in defaults and on the amount of claims we will be obligated to pay on the related insurance policies. Such increases could cause us to revise our loss projections or other guidance we have previously provided. In particular, certain insured municipal credits, including those relating to the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and its instrumentalities, could come under stress depending in part on the nature of the taxes, fees and revenues pledged to debt repayment and their sensitivity to the related slowdown in economic activity. Further, those structured finance policies in which the underlying principal obligations are comprised of residential or commercial mortgages and mortgage-backed securities, could be negatively affected by delays or failures of borrowers to make payments of principal and interest when due, or delays or moratoriums on foreclosures or enforcement actions with respect to delinquent or defaulted mortgages imposed by governmental authorities. These transactions are also subject to servicer risks, which relate to problems with the transaction’s servicer that could adversely impact performance of the underlying assets. Additionally, several of our credits, particularly within our international public finance sector, feature large, near term debt-service payments, and there can be no assurance that the liquidity position of MBIA Insurance Corporation will enable it to satisfy any claims that arise if the issuers of such credits are unable or unwilling to refinance or repay their obligations. Further, any national recession that may result from the pandemic and its aftermath could present additional but yet unknown credit risks to all of our insured portfolios.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors (continued)
Additionally, our liquidity position and our investment portfolios (and, specifically, the valuations of investment assets we hold) have been, and may continue to be, adversely affected as a result of market developments from the COVID-19 pandemic and uncertainty regarding its outcome. Changes in interest rates, reduced market liquidity or a continued slowdown in U.S. or global economic conditions may also adversely affect the values and cash flows of these assets or the investment portfolio yield and income. Further, extreme market volatility may impact our ability to efficiently and effectively react to market events. Market dislocations, decreases in observable market activity or unavailability of information, in each case, arising from the spread of COVID-19, may restrict our access to key inputs used to derive certain estimates and assumptions made in connection with estimating the values of financial instruments within our financial reporting or otherwise, including estimates and changes in long term macro-economic assumptions relating to our estimate of current expected credit losses on our financial assets. Restricted access to such inputs may make our financial statement balances and estimates and assumptions used to run our business subject to greater variability and subjectivity.
Further, while we have implemented risk management and business continuity plans and taken preventive measures and other precautions that address the pandemic, there can be no assurance that such measures will prevent a material impact on our business operations. Currently, our employees are working remotely. An extended period of remote work arrangements could strain our business continuity plans, introduce operational risks including but not limited to cybersecurity risk, and impair our ability to manage our business. We also outsource certain business activities to third parties, and thus rely upon the successful implementation and execution of those third parties’ business continuity plans as well. If one or more of the third parties to whom we outsource certain business activities experience operational failures as a result of the impacts from the spread of COVID-19, it may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows.
MBIA Corp. Risk Factors
Continuing elevated loss payments and delay or failure in realizing expected recoveries on insured transactions may materially and adversely affect MBIA Insurance Corporation’s statutory capital and its ability to meet liquidity needs and could cause the NYSDFS to put MBIA Insurance Corporation into a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding if the NYSDFS concludes that MBIA Insurance Corporation will not be able to pay expected claims.
MBIA Insurance Corporation is particularly sensitive to the risk that it will not have sufficient capital or liquid resources to meet contractual payment obligations when due or to make settlement payments in order to terminate insured exposures to avoid losses. While management’s expected liquidity and capital forecasts for MBIA Insurance Corporation reflect adequate resources to pay expected claims, there are risks to the capital and liquidity forecasts as MBIA Insurance Corporation’s remaining insured exposures and its expected salvage recoveries are potentially volatile. Such volatility exists in the amount of putback recoverables, excess spread, and other salvage that MBIA Insurance Corporation may collect, including recoveries on the claims it paid in respect of the insured notes issued by Zohar CDO 2003-1, Limited and Zohar II 2005-1 CDO (collectively, the “Zohar Claims Payments”), and the exposure in its remaining insured portfolio, which could deteriorate and result in significant additional loss reserves and claim payments, including claims on insured exposures that in some cases may require large bullet payments.
In July of 2019, MBIA Insurance Corporation consummated a financing facility (the “Refinanced Facility”) between MZ Funding LLC (“MZ Funding”) and certain purchasers, pursuant to which the purchasers or their affiliates (collectively, the “Senior Lenders”), agreed to refinance the outstanding insured senior notes of MZ Funding, and MBIA Inc. received amended subordinated notes of MZ Funding. In connection with the Refinanced Facility, the Senior Lenders purchased new senior notes issued by MZ Funding with an aggregate principal amount of $278 million. In addition, MBIA Inc. received amended subordinated notes issued by MZ Funding with an aggregate principal amount of $54 million. The Refinanced Facility is described in more detail under the “Liquidity—MBIA Corp. Liquidity” section in Part II, Item 7 of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.
MBIA Insurance Corporation believes that the primary source of funds for the repayment of its obligations under the Refinanced Facility and for reimbursement for the Zohar Claims Payments will come from the monetization of the loans made to, and equity interests in, companies that, until late March of 2020, were purportedly controlled and managed by the sponsor and former collateral manager of the Zohar CDOs referenced above (collectively, the “Zohar Collateral”). In late March of 2020, the original sponsor resigned as director and manager of all but one portfolio company, and new directors and managers are currently in place at all but two portfolio companies.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors (continued)
While MBIA Insurance Corporation believes that it will receive substantial recoveries on the Zohar Collateral, there is significant uncertainty with respect to its realizable value. Notably, one of the portfolio companies, Dura Automotive Systems, LLC, and certain of its affiliates, filed for bankruptcy protection in the fall of 2019 and the Company no longer projects any recovery on Zohar debtors’ substantial debt and equity interests in the Dura debtors. Further, as the monetization process at the other portfolio companies unfolds in coordination with the new directors and managers in place, and new information concerning the financial condition of the portfolio companies is disclosed, we may revise our expectations for recoveries. For example, at a June 3, 2020 hearing, counsel for one of the portfolio companies announced that the monetization process for that company would be delayed as a consequence of having to investigate issues relating to the integrity of the company’s financial statements. There can be no assurance that the outcome of such an investigation would not lead to a material revision to our expectations for the recovery from that portfolio company.
If the amount of recoveries on the Zohar Collateral is not sufficient to repay amounts due under the Refinanced Facility on or before its maturity date and to reimburse MBIA Insurance Corporation for a substantial portion of the Zohar Claims Payments, MBIA Insurance Corporation would likely incur substantial additional losses, which could materially impair its statutory capital and liquidity. Further, MBIA Insurance Corporation believes that if the NYSDFS concludes at any time that MBIA Insurance Corporation will not be able to satisfy its obligations under the Facility and under its other issued policies, the NYSDFS would likely put MBIA Insurance Corporation into a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding under Article 74 of the NYIL and/or take such other actions as the NYSDFS may deem necessary to protect the interests of MBIA Insurance Corporation’s policyholders. The determination to commence such a proceeding or take other such actions is within the exclusive control of the NYSDFS. The NYSDFS enjoys broad discretion in this regard, and any determination they may make would not be limited to consideration of the matters described above. As noted, however, given the separation of MBIA Inc. and MBIA Corp. as distinct legal entities, the absence of any cross defaults between the entities, and the lack of reliance by MBIA Inc. on MBIA Corp. for the receipt of dividends, we do not believe that a rehabilitation or liquidation proceeding of MBIA Insurance Corporation by the NYSDFS would have any material economic long-term liquidity impact on MBIA Inc.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
On May 5, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized the purchase or repurchase by the Company or National of up to $100 million of its outstanding shares under a new share repurchase authorization. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we purchased 26.4 million common shares of MBIA Inc. at an average share price of $7.50 and exhausted this share repurchase authorization.
The table below presents purchases or repurchases made by the Company or National in each month during the third quarter of 2020:

|  |  |  |  |  | Total Number |  | Maximum
|  | Total |  | Average |  | of Shares |  | Amount That May
|  | Number |  | Price |  | Purchased as |  | Be Purchased
|  | of Shares |  | Paid Per |  | Part of Publicly |  | Under the Plan
Month |  | Purchased (1) |  | Share |  | Announced Plan |  | (in millions)
July |  |  | 4,907,868 |  |  | $ | 7.44 |  |  |  | 4,907,753 |  |  | $ | 26 |
August |  |  | 1,331,300 |  |  |  | 7.95 |  |  |  | 1,331,191 |  |  |  | 15 |
September |  |  | 2,343,879 |  |  |  | 6.37 |  |  |  | 2,343,742 |  |  |  | - |
|  |  | 8,583,047 |  |  | $ | 7.23 |  |  |  | 8,582,686 |  |  | $ | - |

| (1) - | 115 shares in July, 109 shares in August and 137 shares in September were repurchased in open market transactions as investments in the Company’s non-qualified deferred compensation plan.

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Item 6. Exhibits

*31.1. |  | Chief Executive Officer - Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*31.2. |  | Chief Financial Officer - Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32.1. |  | Chief Executive Officer - Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
**32.2. |  | Chief Financial Officer - Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
*101.INS. |  | XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because iXBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
*101.SCH. |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
*101.CAL. |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
*101.DEF. |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
*101.LAB. |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
*101.PRE. |  | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
*104. |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* | Filed herewith.

** | Furnished herewith.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | MBIA Inc. Registrant
Date: November 9, 2020 |  | /s/ Anthony McKiernan
|  | Anthony McKiernan
|  | Chief Financial Officer
Date: November 9, 2020 |  | /s/ Joseph R. Schachinger
|  | Joseph R. Schachinger
|  | Controller (Chief Accounting Officer)

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