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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands | 12 Months Ended
--- | ---
Dec. 31, 2018 | Dec. 31, 2017 | Dec. 31, 2016
Revenue: |  |  |
Total revenue | $ 687,660 | $ 646,069 | $ 632,965
Cost of sales: |  |  |
Total cost of sales | 363,266 | 341,230 | 323,214
Gross profit | 324,394 | 304,839 | 309,751
Operating expenses: |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative | 272,287 | 264,185 | 259,776
Research and development | 95,298 | 94,627 | 88,395
Total operating expenses | 367,585 | 358,812 | 348,171
Loss from operations | (43,191) | (53,973) | (38,420)
Interest and other expense, net | (37) | (3,548) | (1,392)
Loss before income taxes | (43,228) | (57,521) | (39,812)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes | 2,035 | 7,802 | (547)
Net loss | (45,263) | (65,323) | (39,265)
Less: net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests | 242 | 868 | (846)
Net loss attributable to 3D Systems Corporation | $ (45,505) | $ (66,191) | $ (38,419)
Net loss per share available to 3D Systems Corporation common stockholders — basic and diluted (in usd per share) | $ (0.41) | $ (0.59) | $ (0.35)
Products |  |  |
Revenue: |  |  |
Total revenue | $ 429,215 | $ 391,596 | $ 394,850
Cost of sales: |  |  |
Total cost of sales | 229,793 | 216,446 | 210,822
Services |  |  |
Revenue: |  |  |
Total revenue | 258,445 | 254,473 | 238,115
Cost of sales: |  |  |
Total cost of sales | $ 133,473 | $ 124,784 | $ 112,392

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