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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023
OR
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission File Number 001-15283
Dine Brands Global, Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  |  | 95-3038279
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
10 West Walnut Street, 5th Floor |  |  | 91103
Pasadena | CA |  |  |
(Address of principal executive offices) |  |  | (Zip Code)

(818) 240-6055
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

______________________________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | DIN | New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☒ |  | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐
No ☒
As of April 25, 2023, the Registrant had 15,663,733 shares of Common Stock outstanding.

Table of Contents
Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Index

|  | Page
PART I. | FINANCIAL INFORMATION | 3
| Item 1—Financial Statements | 3
| Consolidated Balance Sheets - March 31, 2023 (unaudited) and December 31, 2022 | 3
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (unaudited) - Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 4
| Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Deficit (unaudited) - Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 5
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) - Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 | 6
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) | 7
| Item 2—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 24
| Item 3—Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 38
| Item 4—Controls and Procedures | 38
PART II. | OTHER INFORMATION | 39
| Item 1—Legal Proceedings | 39
| Item 1A—Risk Factors | 39
| Item 2—Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 39
| Item 3—Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 39
| Item 4—Mine Safety Disclosures | 39
| Item 5—Other Information | 39
| Item 6—Exhibits | 40
| Signatures | 41

1

Table of Contents
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
Statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause actual results to be materially different from those expressed or implied in such statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by words such as “may,” “will,” “would,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal” and other similar expressions. You should consider our forward-looking statements in light of the risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors,” as well as our consolidated financial statements, related notes, and the other financial information appearing elsewhere in this report and our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. The forward-looking statements contained in this report are made as of the date hereof and Dine Brands Global, Inc. does not intend to, nor does it assume any obligation to, update or supplement any forward-looking statements after the date of this report to reflect actual results or future events or circumstances.
Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the projections, forecasts, estimates and expectations discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, among other things: uncertainty regarding the duration and severity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (including the emergence of variant strains) and its ultimate impact on our business; general economic conditions; our level of indebtedness; compliance with the terms of our securitized debt; our ability to refinance our current indebtedness or obtain additional financing; our dependence on information technology; potential cyber incidents; the implementation of restaurant development plans; our dependence on our franchisees; the concentration of our Applebee’s franchised restaurants in a limited number of franchisees; the financial health of our franchisees, including any insolvency or bankruptcy; credit risks from our IHOP franchisees operating under our previous IHOP business model in which we built and equipped IHOP restaurants and then franchised them to franchisees; insufficient insurance coverage to cover potential risks associated with the ownership and operation of restaurants; our franchisees’ and other licensees’ compliance with our quality standards and trademark usage; general risks associated with the restaurant industry; potential harm to our brands’ reputation; risks of food-borne illness or food tampering; possible future impairment charges; trading volatility and fluctuations in the price of our stock; our ability to achieve the financial guidance we provide to investors; successful implementation of our business strategy; the availability of suitable locations for new restaurants; shortages or interruptions in the supply or delivery of products from third parties or availability of utilities; the management and forecasting of appropriate inventory levels; development and implementation of innovative marketing and use of social media; changing health or dietary preference of consumers; risks associated with doing business in international markets; the results of litigation and other legal proceedings; third-party claims with respect to intellectual property assets; delivery initiatives and use of third-party delivery vendors; our allocation of human capital and our ability to attract and retain management and other key employees; compliance with federal, state and local governmental regulations; risks associated with our self-insurance; natural disasters or other serious incidents; our success with development initiatives outside of our core business; the adequacy of our internal controls over financial reporting and future changes in accounting standards; and other matters in the “Risk Factors” section of this report and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, many of which are beyond our control.
Fiscal Quarter End
The Company’s fiscal quarters end on the Sunday closest to the last day of each calendar quarter. For convenience, the fiscal quarters of each year are referred to as ending on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31. The first fiscal quarter of 2023 began on January 2, 2023 and ended on April 2, 2023. The first fiscal quarter of 2022 began on January 3, 2022 and ended on April 3, 2022.
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Table of Contents
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements.
Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

|  | March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets |  | (Unaudited) |  |
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 181,606 |  |  | $ | 269,655 |
Receivables, net of allowance of $4,587 (2023) and $4,806 (2022) |  | 93,119 |  |  | 119,981 |
Restricted cash |  | 37,098 |  |  | 38,929 |
Prepaid gift card costs |  | 23,717 |  |  | 30,235 |
Prepaid income taxes |  | — |  |  | 3,063 |
Other current assets |  | 12,831 |  |  | 17,901 |
Total current assets |  | 348,371 |  |  | 479,764 |
Non-current restricted cash |  | 16,400 |  |  | 16,400 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 158,715 |  |  | 145,277 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 290,859 |  |  | 289,123 |
Deferred rent receivable |  | 39,772 |  |  | 42,329 |
Long-term receivables, net of allowance of $5,908 (2023) and $5,529 (2022) |  | 37,831 |  |  | 39,697 |
Goodwill |  | 254,120 |  |  | 253,956 |
Other intangible assets, net |  | 594,333 |  |  | 597,028 |
Other non-current assets, net |  | 17,668 |  |  | 17,917 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,758,069 |  |  | $ | 1,881,491 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Deficit |  |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Current maturities of long-term debt |  | $ | 100,000 |  |  | $ | 100,000 |
Accounts payable |  | 39,085 |  |  | 52,067 |
Gift card liability |  | 140,769 |  |  | 171,966 |
Current maturities of operating lease obligations |  | 57,655 |  |  | 59,071 |
Current maturities of finance lease and financing obligations |  | 7,265 |  |  | 7,542 |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits |  | 13,862 |  |  | 23,456 |
Accrued advertising expenses |  | 18,665 |  |  | 24,157 |
Dividends payable |  | — |  |  | 8,017 |
Other accrued expenses |  | 27,871 |  |  | 24,446 |
Total current liabilities |  | 405,172 |  |  | 470,722 |
Long-term debt, net, less current maturities |  | 1,174,564 |  |  | 1,241,914 |
Operating lease obligations, less current maturities |  | 279,766 |  |  | 275,120 |
Finance lease obligations, less current maturities |  | 33,256 |  |  | 30,377 |
Financing obligations, less current maturities |  | 28,029 |  |  | 28,358 |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 67,351 |  |  | 74,651 |
Deferred franchise revenue, long-term |  | 41,204 |  |  | 42,343 |
Other non-current liabilities |  | 17,410 |  |  | 19,090 |
Total liabilities |  | 2,046,752 |  |  | 2,182,575 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ deficit: |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $1 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.01 par value; shares: 40,000,000 authorized; March 31, 2023 - 24,915,372 issued, 15,674,739 outstanding; December 31, 2022 - 24,959,972 issued, 15,599,239 outstanding |  | 249 |  |  | 250 |
Additional paid-in-capital |  | 248,187 |  |  | 259,339 |
Retained earnings |  | 103,931 |  |  | 84,538 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (64) |  |  | (65) |
Treasury stock, at cost; shares: March 31, 2023 - 9,240,633; December 31, 2022 - 9,360,733 |  | (640,986) |  |  | (645,146) |
Total stockholders’ deficit |  | (288,683) |  |  | (301,084) |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit |  | $ | 1,758,069 |  |  | $ | 1,881,491 |

See the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  |  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Royalties, franchise fees and other |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 102,925 |  |  | $ | 90,349 |
Advertising revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 77,037 |  |  | 70,883 |
Total franchise revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 179,962 |  |  | 161,232 |
Company restaurant sales |  |  |  |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 39,416 |
Rental revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 31,951 |  |  | 28,807 |
Financing revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 797 |  |  | 968 |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 213,767 |  |  | 230,423 |
Cost of revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advertising expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 77,037 |  |  | 70,883 |
Bad debt expense (credit) |  |  |  |  |  | 923 |  |  | (299) |
Other franchise expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 9,406 |  |  | 7,448 |
Total franchise expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 87,366 |  |  | 78,032 |
Company restaurant expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 1,079 |  |  | 37,408 |
Rental expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest expense from finance leases |  |  |  |  |  | 709 |  |  | 768 |
Other rental expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 20,899 |  |  | 21,355 |
Total rental expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 21,608 |  |  | 22,123 |
Financing expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 98 |  |  | 107 |
Total cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  | 110,151 |  |  | 137,670 |
Gross profit |  |  |  |  |  | 103,616 |  |  | 92,753 |
General and administrative expenses |  |  |  |  |  | 51,087 |  |  | 41,548 |
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  | 14,709 |  |  | 15,533 |
Closure and impairment charges |  |  |  |  |  | 467 |  |  | 146 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  | 2,774 |  |  | 2,665 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  | (1,661) |  |  | — |
Loss (gain) on disposition of assets |  |  |  |  |  | 71 |  |  | (1,296) |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | 36,169 |  |  | 34,157 |
Income tax provision |  |  |  |  |  | (8,759) |  |  | (9,307) |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | 27,410 |  |  | 24,850 |
Other comprehensive income net of tax: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustment |  |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | (1) |
Total comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,411 |  |  | $ | 24,849 |
Net income available to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,410 |  |  | $ | 24,850 |
Less: Net income allocated to unvested participating restricted stock |  |  |  |  |  | (679) |  |  | (598) |
Net income available to common stockholders |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,731 |  |  | $ | 24,252 |
Net income available to common stockholders per share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.74 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  |  | 15,304 |  |  | 16,722 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  | 15,339 |  |  | 16,758 |

See the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Deficit
(In thousands except shares)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months ended March 31, 2023
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares Outstanding |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Shares |  | Cost |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | 15,599,239 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 259,339 |  |  | $ | 84,538 |  |  | $ | (65) |  |  | 9,360,733 |  |  | $ | (645,146) |  |  | $ | (301,084) |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,410 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 27,410 |
Other comprehensive expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
Repurchase of restricted shares for taxes |  | (46,630) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,527) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,527) |
Net issuance of shares for stock plans |  | 2,030 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reissuance of treasury stock |  | 194,960 |  |  | (1) |  |  | (8,575) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (194,960) |  |  | 9,160 |  |  | 584 |
Purchase of Company common stock |  | (74,860) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 74,860 |  |  | (5,000) |  |  | (5,000) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,718 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,718 |
Dividends on common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 91 |  |  | (8,017) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,926) |
Tax payments for share settlement of restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (859) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (859) |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | 15,674,739 |  |  | 249 |  |  | 248,187 |  |  | 103,931 |  |  | (64) |  |  | 9,240,633 |  |  | (640,986) |  |  | (288,683) |

|  | Three Months ended March 31, 2022
|  | Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  | Treasury Stock |  |
|  | Shares Outstanding |  | Amount |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings |  | Shares |  | Cost |  | Total
Balance at December 31, 2021 |  | 17,163,946 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 256,189 |  |  | $ | 35,415 |  |  | $ | (59) |  |  | 7,828,329 |  |  | $ | (534,602) |  |  | $ | (242,807) |
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,850 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 24,850 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |
Repurchase of restricted shares for taxes |  | (22,972) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,745) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,745) |
Net issuance of shares for stock plans |  | 21,860 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Reissuance of treasury stock |  | 171,302 |  |  | — |  |  | (7,778) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (171,302) |  |  | 8,019 |  |  | 241 |
Purchase of Company common stock |  | (588,108) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 588,108 |  |  | (41,445) |  |  | (41,445) |
Stock-based compensation |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,341 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,341 |
Dividends on common stock |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |  |  | (7,749) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,653) |
Tax payments for share settlement of restricted stock units |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (953) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (953) |
Balance at March 31, 2022 |  | 16,746,028 |  |  | $ | 250 |  |  | $ | 250,150 |  |  | $ | 52,516 |  |  | $ | (60) |  |  | 8,245,135 |  |  | $ | (568,028) |  |  | $ | (265,172) |

See the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three Months Ended
|  | March 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 27,410 |  |  | $ | 24,850 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 9,222 |  |  | 9,938 |
Non-cash closure and impairment charges |  | 459 |  |  | 45 |
Non-cash stock-based compensation expense |  | 1,718 |  |  | 4,341 |
Non-cash interest expense |  | 1,171 |  |  | 714 |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  | (1,661) |  |  | — |
Deferred income taxes |  | (2,901) |  |  | (873) |
Deferred revenue |  | (1,193) |  |  | (1,177) |
Loss (gain) on disposition of assets |  | 71 |  |  | (1,296) |
Other |  | (308) |  |  | (1,766) |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable, net |  | (2,369) |  |  | (3,567) |
Deferred rent receivable |  | 2,557 |  |  | 1,977 |
Current income tax receivables and payables |  | 224 |  |  | 2,352 |
Gift card receivables and payables |  | (2,310) |  |  | (2,180) |
Other current assets |  | 5,024 |  |  | (3,365) |
Accounts payable |  | (7,579) |  |  | (11,683) |
Operating lease assets and liabilities |  | 340 |  |  | (2,909) |
Accrued employee compensation and benefits |  | (11,801) |  |  | (26,646) |
Accrued advertising |  | (5,067) |  |  | 6,929 |
Other current liabilities |  | 3,069 |  |  | (3,474) |
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities |  | 16,076 |  |  | (7,790) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Principal receipts from notes, equipment contracts and other long-term receivables |  | 3,345 |  |  | 4,848 |
Net additions to property and equipment |  | (16,030) |  |  | (5,298) |
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment |  | — |  |  | 2,862 |
Additions to long-term receivables |  | — |  |  | (669) |
Other |  | (54) |  |  | (30) |
Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities |  | (12,739) |  |  | 1,713 |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Repayment of long-term debt |  | (66,574) |  |  | — |
Dividends paid on common stock |  | (15,971) |  |  | (14,588) |
Repurchase of common stock |  | (5,000) |  |  | (41,585) |
Principal payments on finance lease obligations |  | (1,870) |  |  | (2,340) |
Proceeds from stock options exercised |  | 584 |  |  | 241 |
Repurchase of restricted stock for tax payments upon vesting |  | (3,527) |  |  | (1,745) |
Tax payments for share settlement of restricted stock units |  | (859) |  |  | (953) |
Cash flows used in financing activities |  | (93,217) |  |  | (60,970) |
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | (89,880) |  |  | (67,047) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 324,984 |  |  | 425,353 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 235,104 |  |  | $ | 358,306 |
Supplemental disclosures: |  |  |  |
Interest paid in cash |  | $ | 16,702 |  |  | $ | 15,869 |
Income taxes paid in cash |  | $ | 11,937 |  |  | $ | 7,945 |

See the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Unaudited)
1. General
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Dine Brands Global, Inc. (the “Company” or “Dine Brands Global”) have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. The operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the twelve months ending December 31, 2023.
The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date but does not include all of information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.
These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
2. Basis of Presentation
The Company’s fiscal quarters end on the Sunday closest to the last day of each calendar quarter. For convenience, the fiscal quarters of each year are referred to as ending on March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31. The first fiscal quarter of 2023 began on January 2, 2023 and ended on April 2, 2023. The first fiscal quarter of 2022 began on January 3, 2022 and ended on April 3, 2022.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries that are consolidated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company’s management to make assumptions and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities, if any, at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates may include the calculation and assessment of the following: impairment of goodwill, other intangible assets and tangible assets; income taxes; allowance for credit losses on accounts and notes receivables; lease accounting estimates; contingencies; and stock-based compensation. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates based on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. The Company adjusts such estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
3. Accounting Standards Adopted and Newly Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
Accounting Standards Adopted in the Current Fiscal Year
Additional new accounting guidance became effective for the Company as of the beginning of fiscal 2023 that the Company reviewed and concluded was either not applicable to its operations or had no material effect on its consolidated financial statements in the current or future fiscal years.
Newly Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted
The Company reviewed all other newly issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they either are not applicable to the Company's operations or that no material effect is expected on the Company's financial statements when adoption is required in the future.
4. Revenue
Franchise revenue and revenue from company-operated restaurants are recognized in accordance with current guidance for revenue recognition as codified in Accounting Standards Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised services or goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive for those services or goods.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
4. Revenue (Continued)
Franchise Revenues
The Company franchises the Applebee's Neighborhood Grill & Bar® (“Applebee's”) concept in the American full-service restaurant segment within the casual dining category of the restaurant industry, the International House of Pancakes® (“IHOP”) concept in the family dining mid-scale full-service category of the restaurant industry, and the Fuzzy's Taco Shop® (“Fuzzy's”) concept in the Mexican food segment within the fast-casual dining category of the restaurant industry. The franchise arrangement for the brands is documented in the form of a franchise agreement and, in most cases, a development agreement. The franchise arrangement between the Company as the franchisor and the franchisee as the customer requires the Company to perform various activities to support the brands that do not directly transfer goods and services to the franchisee, but instead represent a single performance obligation, which is the transfer of the franchise license. The intellectual property subject to the franchise license is symbolic intellectual property as it does not have significant standalone functionality, and substantially all the utility is derived from its association with the Company’s past or ongoing activities. The nature of the Company’s promise in granting the franchise license is to provide the franchisee with access to the respective brand’s symbolic intellectual property over the term of the license. The services provided by the Company are highly interrelated with the franchise license and as such are considered to represent a single performance obligation.
The transaction price in a standard franchise arrangement for the brands primarily consists of (a) initial franchise/development fees; (b) continuing franchise fees (royalties); and (c) advertising fees. Since the Company considers the licensing of the franchising right to be a single performance obligation, no allocation of the transaction price is required. Additionally, all domestic IHOP franchise agreements require franchisees to purchase proprietary pancake and waffle dry mix from the Company.
The Company recognizes the primary components of the transaction price as follows:
•Franchise and development fees are recognized as revenue ratably on a straight-line basis over the term of the franchise agreement commencing with the restaurant opening date. As these fees are typically received in cash at or near the beginning of the franchise term, the cash received is initially recorded as a contract liability until recognized as revenue over time;
•The Company is entitled to royalties and advertising fees based on a percentage of the franchisee's gross sales as defined in the franchise agreement. Royalty and advertising revenue are recognized when the franchisee's reported sales occur. Depending on timing within a fiscal period, the recognition of revenue results in either what is considered a contract asset (unbilled receivable) or once billed, accounts receivable, and are included in “receivables, net” on the balance sheet;
•Revenue from the sale of proprietary pancake and waffle dry mix and other proprietary products is recognized in the period in which distributors ship the franchisee's order; recognition of revenue results in an accounts receivable included in “receivables, net” on the balance sheet.
In determining the amount and timing of revenue from contracts with customers, the Company exercises significant judgment with respect to collectability of the amount; however, the timing of recognition does not require significant judgments as it is based on either the term of the franchise agreement, the month of reported sales by the franchisee or the date of product shipment, none of which require estimation.
The Company does not incur a significant amount of contract acquisition costs in conducting franchising activities. The Company believes its franchising arrangements do not contain a significant financing component.
Company Restaurant Revenues
Company restaurant revenues comprise retail sales at company-operated restaurants. Sales by company-operated restaurants are recognized when food and beverage items are sold. Company restaurant sales are reported net of sales taxes collected from guests that are remitted to the appropriate taxing authorities, with no significant judgements required.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
4. Revenue (Continued)
The following table disaggregates franchise revenue by major type for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  |  | Three Months Ended
|  |  | March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  |  | (In thousands)
Franchise Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Royalties |  |  |  |  | $ | 83,438 |  |  | $ | 75,242 |
Advertising fees |  |  |  |  | 77,037 |  |  | 70,883 |
Pancake and waffle dry mix sales and other |  |  |  |  | 17,262 |  |  | 12,931 |
Franchise and development fees |  |  |  |  | 2,225 |  |  | 2,176 |
Total franchise revenue |  |  |  |  | $ | 179,962 |  |  | $ | 161,232 |

Accounts and other receivables from franchisees as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 wer e $68.7 million (net of allowance of $2.8 million) and $69.0 million (net of allowance of $1.3 million), respectively, and were included in receivables, net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Changes in the Company's contract liability for deferred franchise and development fees during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

|  | Deferred Franchise Revenue (short- and long-term)
|  | (In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2022 |  | $ | 49,493 |
Recognized as revenue during the three months ended March 31, 2023 |  | (2,117) |
Fees deferred during the three months ended March 31, 2023 |  | 925 |
Balance at March 31, 2023 |  | $ | 48,301 |

The balance of deferred revenue as of March 31, 2023 is expected to be recognized as follows:

| (In thousands)
2023 (remaining nine months) | $ | 7,277 |
2024 | 6,572 |
2025 | 5,803 |
2026 | 4,952 |
2027 | 4,059 |
Thereafter | 19,638 |
Total | $ | 48,301 |

5. Current Expected Credit Losses (“CECL”)
The CECL reserve methodology requires companies to measure expected credit losses on financial instruments based on the total estimated amount to be collected over the lifetime of the instrument. Under the CECL model, reserves may be established against financial asset balances even if the risk of loss is remote or has not yet manifested itself. The Company records specific reserves against account balances of franchisees deemed at-risk when a potential loss is likely or imminent as a result of prolonged payment delinquency (greater than 90 days past due) and where notable credit deterioration has become evident. For financial assets that are not currently deemed at-risk, an allowance is recorded based on expected loss rates derived pursuant to the Company's CECL methodology that assesses four components - historical losses, current conditions, reasonable and supportable forecasts, and a reversion to history, if applicable.
The Company considers its portfolio segments to be the following:
Accounts Receivable (Franchise-Related)
Most of the Company’s short-term receivables due from franchisees are derived from royalty, advertising and other franchise-related fees.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
5. Current Expected Credit Losses (Continued)
Gift Card Receivables
Gift card receivables consist primarily of amounts due from third-party vendors. Receivables related to gift card sales are subject to seasonality and usually peak around year-end as a result of the December holiday season.
Notes Receivable
Notes receivable balances primarily relate to the conversion of certain past due Applebee's franchisee accounts receivable to notes receivable, cash loans to franchisees for working capital purposes, a note receivable in connection with the sale of IHOP company restaurants, and IHOP franchise fee and other notes. The notes are typically collateralized by the franchise. A significant portion of these notes have specific reserves recorded against them amounting to $7.4 million as of March 31, 2023.
Equipment Leases Receivable
Equipment leases receivable primarily relate to IHOP franchise development activity prior to 2003 when IHOP typically leased or purchased the restaurant site, built and equipped the restaurant, then franchised the restaurant to a franchisee. Equipment lease contracts are collateralized by the equipment in the restaurant. The estimated fair value of the equipment collateralizing these lease contracts are not deemed to be significant given the very seasoned and mature nature of this portfolio. The weighted average remaining life of the Company’s equipment leases is 3.7 years as of March 31, 2023.
Real Estate Leases Receivable
Real estate leases receivable relate to IHOP franchise development activity prior to 2003. IHOP provided the financing for leasing or subleasing the site. Real estate leases at March 31, 2023, comprised 40 leases with a weighted average remaining life of 10.6 years, and relate to locations that IHOP is leasing from third parties and subleasing to franchisees.
Distributor Receivables
Receivables due from distributors are related to the sale of IHOP’s proprietary pancake and waffle dry mix to franchisees through the Company’s network of suppliers and distributors and are included as part of Other receivables.

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions)
Accounts receivable | $ | 72.0 |  |  | $ | 67.5 |
Gift card receivables | 6.3 |  |  | 34.6 |
Notes receivable | 15.9 |  |  | 17.2 |
Financing receivables: |  |  |
Equipment leases receivable | 24.8 |  |  | 26.6 |
Real estate leases receivable | 17.2 |  |  | 18.5 |
Other | 5.2 |  |  | 5.6 |
| 141.4 |  |  | 170.0 |
Less: allowance for credit losses and notes receivable | (10.5) |  |  | (10.3) |
| 130.9 |  |  | 159.7 |
Less: current portion | (93.1) |  |  | (120.0) |
Long-term receivables | $ | 37.8 |  |  | $ | 39.7 |

The Company's primary credit quality indicator for all portfolio segments is delinquency.
Changes in the allowance for credit losses during the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

| Accounts Receivable |  | Notes receivable, short-term |  | Notes receivable, long-term |  | Lease Receivables |  | Equipment Notes |  | Other (1) |  | Total
| (In millions)
Balance, December 31, 2022 | $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 5.3 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 10.3 |
Bad debt (credit) expense | 1.0 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | (0.0) |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.9 |
Advertising provision adjustment | 0.6 |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.6 |
Write-offs | — |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1.3) |
Recoveries | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.0 |
Balance, March 31, 2023 | $ | 2.8 |  |  | $ | 1.7 |  |  | $ | 5.7 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |

(1) Primarily distributor receivables, gift card receivables and credit card receivables.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
5. Current Expected Credit Losses (Continued)
The delinquency status of receivables (other than accounts receivable, gift card receivables and distributor receivables) at March 31, 2023 was as follows:

| Notes receivable, short-term |  | Notes receivable, long-term |  | Lease Receivables |  | Equipment Notes |  | Other (1) |  | Total
| (In millions)
Current | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 24.8 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 58.0 |
30-59 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
60-89 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
90-119 days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
120+ days | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 4.4 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 24.8 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 58.0 |

(1) Primarily credit card receivables.
The year of origination of the Company's notes receivable and financing receivables is as follows:

| Notes receivable, short and long-term |  | Lease Receivables |  | Equipment Notes |  | Total
| (In millions)
2023 | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |
2022 | 1.5 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 9.8 |
2021 | 10.0 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.5 |
2020 | 0.4 |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |
2019 | — |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.7 |
Prior | 3.5 |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | 24.6 |  |  | 32.5 |
Total | $ | 15.9 |  |  | $ | 17.2 |  |  | $ | 24.8 |  |  | $ | 57.9 |

The Company does not place its financing receivables in non-accrual status.
6. Leases
The Company engages in leasing activity as both a lessee and a lessor. The Company currently leases from third parties the real property on which approximately 520 IHOP franchisee-operated restaurants and one Applebee's franchisee-operated restaurant are located; the Company (as lessor) subleases the property to the franchisees that operate those restaurants. The Company also leases property it owns to the franchisees that operate approximately 50 IHOP restaurants and one Applebee's restaurant. The Company leases from third parties the real property on which three Fuzzy's company-operated restaurants are located. The Company also leases office space for its principal corporate office in Pasadena, California and restaurant support centers in Leawood, Kansas, and Irving, Texas. The Company does not have a significant amount of non-real estate leases.
The Company's existing leases/subleases related to IHOP restaurants generally provide for an initial term of 20 to 25 years, with most having one or more five-year renewal options. Leases related to Applebee's restaurants generally have an initial term of 10 to 20 years, with renewal terms of five to 20 years. Option periods were not included in determining liabilities and right-of-use assets related to operating leases. Approximately 275 of the Company's leases met the sales levels that required variable rent payments to the Company (as lessor), based on a percentage of restaurant sales during the three months ended March 31, 2023. Approximately 40 of the leases met the sales levels that required variable rent payments by the Company (as lessee), based on a percentage of restaurant sales during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
6. Leases (Continued)
The Company's lease (income) cost for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Finance lease cost: |  |  |  |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets |  |  |  | $ | 0.6 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Interest on lease liabilities |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.3 |
Operating lease cost |  |  |  | 19.2 |  |  | 21.1 |
Variable lease cost |  |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.7 |
Short-term lease cost |  |  |  | 0.0 |  |  | 0.0 |
Sublease income |  |  |  | (29.5) |  |  | (26.4) |
Lease income |  |  |  | $ | (7.1) |  |  | $ | (1.2) |

Future minimum lease payments under noncancellable leases as lessee as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

| Finance Leases |  | Operating Leases
| (In millions)
2023 (remaining nine months) | $ | 6.3 |  |  | $ | 45.8 |
2024 | 7.8 |  |  | 76.8 |
2025 | 6.4 |  |  | 66.3 |
2026 | 6.0 |  |  | 58.3 |
2027 | 4.9 |  |  | 40.1 |
Thereafter | 20.3 |  |  | 122.2 |
Total minimum lease payments | 51.7 |  |  | 409.5 |
Less: interest/imputed interest | (12.2) |  |  | (72.0) |
Total obligations | 39.5 |  |  | 337.5 |
Less: current portion | (6.2) |  |  | (57.7) |
Long-term lease obligations | $ | 33.3 |  |  | $ | 279.8 |

The weighted average remaining lease term as of March 31, 2023 was 6.2 years for finance leases and 6.2 years for operating leases. The weighted average discount rate as of March 31, 2023 was 9.3% for finance leases and 5.6% for operating leases.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company made the following cash payments for leases:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Principal payments on finance lease obligations |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 2.3 |
Interest payments on finance lease obligations |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 1.3 |
Payments on operating leases |  |  |  |  | 20.8 |  |  | 23.0 |
Variable lease payments |  |  |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | 2.1 |

The Company's income from operating leases for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Minimum lease payments |  |  |  | $ | 27.2 |  |  | 24.4 |
Variable lease income |  |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 3.9 |
Total operating lease income |  |  |  | $ | 31.5 |  |  | $ | 28.3 |

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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
6. Leases (Continued)
Minimum payments to be received as lessor under noncancellable operating leases as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

| (In millions)
2023 (remaining nine months) | $ | 78.0 |
2024 | 95.9 |
2025 | 83.2 |
2026 | 69.0 |
2027 | 51.2 |
Thereafter | 131.0 |
Total minimum rents receivable | $ | 508.3 |

The Company's income from real estate leases for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Interest income |  |  |  | $ | 0.3 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |
Variable lease income |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Total real estate lease income |  |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |

Minimum payments to be received as lessor under noncancellable real estate leases as of March 31, 2023 were as follows:

| (In millions)
2023 (remaining nine months) | $ | 3.1 |
2024 | 2.6 |
2025 | 1.8 |
2026 | 1.8 |
2027 | 1.8 |
Thereafter | 12.4 |
Total minimum rents receivable | 23.5 |
Less: unearned income | (6.3) |
Total net investment in real estate leases | 17.2 |
Less: current portion | (3.0) |
Long-term investment in real estate leases | $ | 14.2 |

7. Long-Term Debt
At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, long-term debt consisted of the following components:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions)
Series 2019-1 4.194% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-I | $ | 585.1 |  |  | $ | 653.0 |
Series 2019-1 4.723% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-II | 594.0 |  |  | 594.0 |
Series 2022-1 Variable Funding Senior Secured Notes, Class A-1, variable interest rate of 7.37% and 7.29% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 100.0 |  |  | 100.0 |
Debt issuance costs | (4.5) |  |  | (5.1) |
Long-term debt, net of debt issuance costs | 1,274.6 |  |  | 1,341.9 |
Current portion of long-term debt | (100.0) |  |  | (100.0) |
Long-term debt | $ | 1,174.6 |  |  | $ | 1,241.9 |

On June 5, 2019, Applebee’s Funding LLC and IHOP Funding LLC (the “Co-Issuers”), each a special purpose, wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, issued two tranches of fixed rate senior secured notes, the Series 2019-1 4.194% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-I (“Class A-2-I Notes”) in an initial aggregate principal amount of $700 million and the Series 2019-1 4.723% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-II (“Class A-2-II Notes”) in an initial aggregate principal amount of $600 million (the “Class A-2-II Notes” and, together with the Class A-2-I Notes, the “2019 Class A-2
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
7. Long-Term Debt (Continued)
Notes”). The 2019 Class A-2 Notes were issued pursuant to an offering exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
On August 12, 2022, the Co-Issuers established a new revolving financing facility, the 2022-1 Variable Funding Senior Secured Notes, Class A-1 (the “Credit Facility”), that allows for drawings up to $325 million of variable funding notes on a revolving basis and the issuance of letters of credit. In connection with this transaction, the Co-Issuers terminated their $225 million revolving financing facility, the 2019-1 Variable Funding Senior Secured Notes, Class A-1 (the “Previous Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility and the 2019 Class A-2 Notes are referred to collectively herein as the “Notes.” The Notes were issued in securitization transactions pursuant to which substantially all the domestic revenue-generating assets and domestic intellectual property held by the Co-Issuers and certain other special-purpose, wholly-owned indirect subsidiaries of the Company (the “Guarantors”) were pledged as collateral to secure the Notes.
The Notes were issued under a Base Indenture, dated as of September 30, 2014, and amended and restated as of June 5, 2019 (the “Base Indenture”). In addition, the 2019 Class A-2 Notes were issued under the related Series 2019-1 Supplement to the Base Indenture, dated June 5, 2019 (the “Series 2019-1 Supplement”), among the Co-Issuers and Citibank, N.A., as the trustee (in such capacity, the “Trustee”) and securities intermediary and the Credit Facility was issued under the related Series 2022-1 Supplement to the Base Indenture, dated August 12, 2022 (“Series 2022-1 Supplement”), among the Co-Issuers and Citibank, N.A., as Trustee and securities intermediary. The Base Indenture, Series 2019-1 Supplement and Series 2022-1 Supplement (collectively, the “Indenture”) will allow the Co-Issuers to issue additional series of notes in the future subject to certain conditions set forth therein.
2019 Class A-2 Notes
The legal final maturity of the 2019 Class A-2 Notes is June 2049, but rapid amortization will apply if the Class A-2-I Notes are not repaid by June 2024 (the “Class A-2-I Anticipated Repayment Date”) and for the Class A-2-II Notes if not repaid by June 2026 (the “Class A-2-II Anticipated Repayment Date”). If the Co-Issuers have not repaid or refinanced the Class A-2-I Notes by the Class A-2-I Anticipated Repayment Date or the Class A-2-II Notes by the Class A-2-II Anticipated Repayment Date, then additional interest will accrue on the Class A-2-I Notes and the Class A-2-II Notes, as applicable, at the greater of: (A) 5.0% and (B) the amount, if any, by which the sum of the following exceeds the applicable Series 2019-1 Class A-2 Note interest rate: (x) the yield to maturity (adjusted to a quarterly bond-equivalent basis) on the applicable anticipated repayment date of the United States Treasury Security having a term closest to 10 years plus (y) 5.0%, plus (z) 2.15% for the Series 2019-1 Class A-2-I Notes and 2.64% for the Series 2019-1 Class A-2-II Notes.
While the 2019 Class A-2 Notes are outstanding, payment of principal and interest is required to be made on the 2019 Class A-2 Notes on a quarterly basis. The quarterly principal payment of $3.25 million on the 2019 Class A-2 Notes may be suspended when the leverage ratio for the Company and its subsidiaries is less than or equal to 5.25x. Exceeding the leverage ratio of 5.25x does not violate any covenant related to the Notes. In general, the leverage ratio is the Company's indebtedness (as defined in the Indenture) divided by adjusted EBITDA (as defined in the Indenture) for the four preceding quarterly periods. The complete definitions of all calculation elements of the leverage ratio are contained in the Indenture.
As of March 31, 2023, the Company's leverage ratio was approximately 4.5x. As a result, quarterly principal payments on the 2019 Class A-2 Notes of $3.25 million currently are not required.
The Company may voluntarily repay the 2019 Class A-2 Notes at any time; however, if the 2019 Class A-2 Notes are repaid prior to certain dates, the Company would be required to pay make-whole premiums. As of March 31, 2023, the make-whole premium associated with voluntary prepayment of the Class A-2-I Notes was zero and remained as such until the Class A-2-I Notes were refinanced in April 2023 (see Note 17 - Subsequent Event). As of March 31, 2023, the make-whole premium associated with voluntary prepayment of the Class A-2-II Notes was approximately $1.8 million; this amount declines progressively each quarter to zero in June 2024. The Company also would be subject to a make-whole premium in the event of a mandatory prepayment required following a Rapid Amortization Event or certain asset dispositions. The mandatory make-whole premium requirements are considered derivatives embedded in the Notes that must be bifurcated for separate valuation. The Company estimated the fair value of these derivatives to be immaterial as of March 31, 2023, based on the probability-weighted discounted cash flows associated with either event.
2019 Class A-1 Notes
The Previous Credit Facility allowed for drawings up to $225 million of variable funding notes on a revolving basis and the issuance of letters of credit. In March 2020, the Company borrowed $220.0 million against the Previous Credit Facility. The $220.0 million was repaid on March 5, 2021, and there were no outstanding borrowings since that date under the Previous Credit Facility until its termination in August 2022.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
7. Long-Term Debt (Continued)
The interest rate for borrowings under the Previous Credit Facility was the three-month LIBOR rate plus 2.15% for 60% of the advances and the commercial paper funding rate of our conduit investor plus 2.15% for 40% of the advances.
At March 31, 2022, $3.5 million was pledged against the Previous Credit Facility for outstanding letters of credit, leaving $221.5 million available for borrowing. The letters of credit are used primarily to satisfy insurance-related collateral requirements.
2022 Class A-1 Notes
In August 2022, the Co-Issuers entered into the Credit Facility that allows for drawings up to $325 million of variable funding notes on a revolving basis and the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable interest rate under the Credit Facility depends on the type of borrowing by the Co-Issuers. The applicable interest rate for advances is generally calculated at a per annum rate equal to the commercial paper funding rate or one-, two-, three- or six-month Term SOFR Rate, in either case, plus 2.50%. The applicable interest rate for swingline advances and unreimbursed draws on outstanding letters of credit is a per annum base rate equal to the sum of (a) the greatest of (i) the Prime Rate in effect from time to time; (ii) the Federal Funds Rate in effect from time to time plus 0.50%; and (iii) Term SOFR for a one-month tenor in effect at such time plus 0.50% plus (b) 2.00%.
The legal final maturity of the Credit Facility is June 2052, but amortization will apply if there are outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility after June 2027 (the “Class A-1 Renewal Date”). The Class A-1 Renewal Date may be extended at the Co-Issuers’ election for up to two successive one-year periods if certain conditions are met. If the Co-Issuers have not repaid or refinanced the Credit Facility by the Class A-1 Renewal Date (after giving effect to any extensions), then interest will accrue on the Credit Facility at a rate equal to 5.00% in addition to the regular interest rate applicable to the Credit Facility.
In August 2022, the Company borrowed $100 million against the Credit Facility, all of which was outstanding at March 31, 2023. The amount of $3.4 million was pledged against the Credit Facility for outstanding letters of credit, leaving $221.6 million of the Credit Facility available for borrowing at March 31, 2023. It is anticipated that any principal and interest on the Credit Facility outstanding will be repaid in full on or prior to the quarterly payment date in June 2027, subject to two additional one-year extensions at the option of the Company upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. The letters of credit are used primarily to satisfy insurance-related collateral requirements. The weighted average interest rate for the period outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 7.30%.
Covenants and Restrictions
The Notes are subject to a series of covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type, including: (i) that the Co-Issuers maintain specified reserve accounts to be used to make required payments in respect of the Notes, (ii) provisions relating to optional and mandatory prepayments, and the related payment of specified amounts, including specified call redemption premiums in the case of Class A-2 Notes under certain circumstances; (iii) certain indemnification payments in the event, among other things, the transfers of the assets pledged as collateral for the Notes are in stated ways defective or ineffective and (iv) covenants relating to recordkeeping, access to information and similar matters. The Notes are subject to customary rapid amortization events provided for in the Indenture, including events tied to failure of the Securitization Entities (as defined in the Indenture) to maintain the stated debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”), the sum of domestic retail sales for all restaurants being below certain levels on certain measurement dates, certain manager termination events, certain events of default and the failure to repay or refinance the Class A-2 Notes on the anticipated repayment dates. The Notes are also subject to certain customary events of default, including events relating to non-payment of required interest, principal or other amounts due on or with respect to the Notes, failure of the Securitization Entities to maintain the stated DSCR, failure to comply with covenants within certain time frames, certain bankruptcy events, breaches of specified representations and warranties and certain judgments.
In general, the DSCR ratio is Net Cash Flow (as defined in the Indenture) for the four quarters preceding the calculation date divided by the total debt service payments (as defined in the Indenture) of the preceding four quarters. The complete definitions of the DSCR and all calculation elements are contained in the Indenture. Failure to maintain a prescribed DSCR can trigger a Cash Flow Sweeping Event, A Rapid Amortization Event, a Manager Termination Event or a Default Event as described below. In a Cash Flow Sweeping Event, the Trustee is required to retain 50% of excess Cash Flow (as defined in the Indenture) in a restricted account. In a Rapid Amortization Event, all excess Cash Flow is retained and used to retire principal amounts of debt. In a Manager Termination Event, the Company may be replaced as manager of the assets securitized under the Indenture. In a Default Event, the outstanding principal amount and any accrued but unpaid interest can be called to become immediately due and payable. Key DSCRs are as follows:
•DSCR less than 1.75x - Cash Flow Sweeping Event
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
7. Long-Term Debt (Continued)
•DSCR less than 1.20x - Rapid Amortization Event
•Interest-only DSCR less than 1.20x - Manager Termination Event
•Interest-only DSCR less than 1.10x - Default Event
The Company's DSCR for the reporting period ended March 31, 2023 was approximately 4.0x.
Debt Issuance Costs
2022 Class A-1 Notes
In August 2022, the Company incurred costs of approximately $6.3 million in connection with the issuance of the Credit Facility. These debt issuance costs are being amortized over the estimated life of the Credit Facility. Amortization of $0.3 million of these costs was included in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, unamortized debt issuance costs of $5.6 million related to the Credit Facility are classified as other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
2019 Class A-2 Notes
The Company incurred costs of approximately $12.9 million in connection with the issuance of the 2019 Class A-2 Notes. These debt issuance costs are being amortized using the effective interest method over estimated life of each tranche of the 2019 Class A-2 Notes. Amortization costs of $0.9 million and $0.5 million was included in interest expense for three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. As of March 31, 2023, unamortized debt issuance costs of $4.5 million are reported as a direct reduction of the Class A-2 Notes in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
2019 Class A-1 Notes
Amortization costs incurred in connection with the Previous Credit Facility of $0.2 million were included in interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2022, unamortized debt issuance costs of $1.4 million related to the Previous Credit Facility were classified as other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. In connection with the termination of the Previous Credit Facility in August 2022, the Company recognized as a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.2 million, representing the remaining unamortized debt issuance costs associated with the Previous Credit Facility.
Gain on Extinguishment of Debt
The Company purchased $67.9 million of its 2019 Class A-2 Notes under par and recognized a $1.7 million gain on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Maturities of Long-term Debt
•The legal final maturity of the Class A-2 Notes is in June 2049, but it is anticipated that, unless repaid earlier, the Class A-2-II Notes will be repaid in June 2026 (see Note 17 - Subsequent Event).
•The renewal date of the Credit Facility is June 2027, subject to two additional one-year extensions at the option of the Company upon the satisfaction of certain conditions.
•Quarterly principal payments on the Class A-2-I and Class A-2-II Notes totaling $3.25 million ($13.0 million per annum) are required if the Company's leverage ratio is greater than 5.25x.
8. Stockholders' Deficit
Dividends
Dividends declared and paid per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Dividends declared per common share |  |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |
Dividends paid per common share |  |  |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |

On February 17, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a first quarter 2022 cash dividend of $0.46 per share of common stock, paid on April 1, 2022 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 21, 2022.
On December 2, 2022, the Board of Directors declared a fourth quarter 2022 cash dividend of $0.51 per share of common stock, paid on January 6, 2023 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on December 17, 2022.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
8. Stockholders' Deficit (Continued)
On February 21, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a first quarter 2023 cash dividend of $0.51 per share of common stock, paid on March 31, 2023 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 20, 2023.
Stock Repurchase Program
In February 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $200 million of the Company’s common stock (the “2019 Repurchase Program”) on an opportunistic basis from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions based on business, market, applicable legal requirements and other considerations. The 2019 Repurchase Program, as approved by the Board of Directors, does not require the repurchase of a specific number of shares and can be terminated at any time.
On February 17, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program, effective April 1, 2022, of up to $250 million (the “2022 Repurchase Program”). In connection with the approval of the 2022 Repurchase Program, the 2019 Repurchase Program terminated effective April 1, 2022.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 74,860 shares of common stock at a cost of $5.0 million. Cumulatively, the Company repurchased 1,224,449 shares at a cost of $83.7 million under the 2022 Repurchase Program.
Treasury Stock
Repurchases of the Company's common stock are included in treasury stock at the cost of shares repurchased plus any transaction costs. Treasury stock may be re-issued when stock options are exercised, when restricted stock awards are granted and when restricted stock units settle in stock upon vesting. The cost of treasury stock re-issued is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company re-issued 194,960 shares of treasury stock at a total FIFO cost of $9.2 million.
9. Income Taxes
The Company's effective tax rate was 24.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2023, as compared to 27.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was different than the rate of the prior comparable period primarily due to the recognition of higher excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and lower non-deductible executive compensation.
The total gross unrecognized tax benefit as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was $2.6 million and $2.1 million, respectively, excluding interest, penalties and related tax benefits. The Company estimates the unrecognized tax benefit as of March 31, 2023 may decrease over the upcoming 12 months by an amount up to $0.5 million related to settlements with taxing authorities and expiring statutes of limitations. For the remaining liability, due to the uncertainties related to these tax matters, the Company is unable to make a reasonable estimate as to when cash settlement with a taxing authority will occur.
As of March 31, 2023, accrued interest was $0.7 million and accrued penalties were less than $0.1 million, excluding any related income tax benefits. As of December 31, 2022, accrued interest was $0.7 million and accrued penalties were less than $0.1 million, excluding any related income tax benefits. The Company recognizes interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits and penalties as a component of the income tax provision recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss).
The Company files federal income tax returns and the Company or one of its subsidiaries file income tax returns in various state and international jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to federal tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2019 and state or non-United States tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2011. The Company believes that adequate reserves have been provided related to all matters contained in the tax periods open to examination.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
10. Stock-Based Compensation
The following table summarizes the components of stock-based compensation expense included in general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  | (In millions)
Equity classified awards expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.8 |  |  | $ | 4.4 |
Liability classified awards expense |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.4 |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 4.8 |

As of March 31, 2023, total unrecognized compensation expense of $25.6 million related to restricted stock and restricted stock units and $4.1 million related to stock options are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.6 years for restricted stock and restricted stock units and 1.6 years for stock options.
Fair Value Assumptions
The following table summarizes the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes model for stock options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Risk-free interest rate | 4.4 | %
Historical volatility | 70.9 | %
Dividend yield | 2.7 | %
Expected years until exercise | 4.5
Fair value of options granted | $37.35

Equity Classified Awards - Stock Options
Stock option balances at March 31, 2023, and activity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

|  | Number of Shares Under Option |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in Years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in Millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 539,575 |  |  | $ | 75.65 |  |  |  |  |
Granted |  | 72,291 |  |  | 74.94 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised |  | (10,568) |  |  | 55.36 |  |  |  |  |
Expired |  | (472) |  |  | 72.28 |  |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  | (19,621) |  |  | 79.38 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 581,205 |  |  | 75.80 |  |  | 5.3 |  | $ | 1.8 |
Vested at March 31, 2023 and Expected to Vest |  | 561,092 |  |  | 75.88 |  |  | 5.1 |  | $ | 1.8 |
Exercisable at March 31, 2023 |  | 437,962 |  |  | $ | 76.59 |  |  | 4.0 |  | $ | 1.7 |

The aggregate intrinsic value in the table above represents the total pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the last trading day of the first quarter of 2023 and the exercise price, multiplied by the number of in-the-money options) that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on March 31, 2023. The aggregate intrinsic value will change based on the fair market value of the Company’s common stock and the number of in-the-money options.
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
10. Stock-Based Compensation (Continued)
Equity Classified Awards - Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units
Outstanding balances as of March 31, 2023, and activity related to restricted stock and restricted stock units for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

|  | Shares of Restricted Stock |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Stock-Settled Restricted Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2022 |  | 355,900 |  |  | $ | 73.57 |  |  | 123,895 |  |  | $ | 62.11 |
Granted |  | 184,392 |  |  | 75.05 |  |  | 18,856 |  |  | 74.94 |
Released |  | (121,935) |  |  | 77.11 |  |  | (46,228) |  |  | 63.66 |
Forfeited |  | (31,735) |  |  | 73.54 |  |  | (39,294) |  |  | 77.23 |
Outstanding at March 31, 2023 |  | 386,622 |  |  | $ | 73.16 |  |  | 57,229 |  |  | $ | 54.49 |

Liability Classified Awards - Cash-settled Restricted Stock Units
The Company has granted cash-settled restricted stock units to certain employees. These instruments are recorded as liabilities at fair value as of the respective period end.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, an expense of zero and $0.2 million, res pectively, was included as stock-based compensation expense related to cash-settled restricted stock units. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there was no liabilities related to cash-settled restricted stock units.
Liability Classified Awards - Long-Term Incentive Awards
The Company has granted cash long-term incentive awards (“LTIP awards”) to certain employees. Annual LTIP awards vest over a three-year period and are determined using multipliers from 0% to 200% of the target award based on the total stockholder return of Dine Brands Global common stock compared to the total stockholder returns of a peer group of companies. The awards are considered stock-based compensation and are classified as liabilities measured at fair value as of the respective period end. For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, an expense of $0.7 million and $0.2 million, respectively, was included in total stock-based compensation expense related to LTIP awards. At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, liabilities of $2.8 million and $2.1 million, respectively, related to LTIP awards was included as part of accrued employee compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
11. Net Income per Share
The computation of the Company's basic and diluted net income per share is as follows:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  |  | (In thousands, except per share data)
Numerator for basic and diluted income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  |  |  |  | $ | 27,410 |  |  | $ | 24,850 |
Less: Net income allocated to unvested participating restricted stock |  |  |  |  | (679) |  |  | (598) |
Net income available to common stockholders - basic |  |  |  |  | 26,731 |  |  | 24,252 |
Effect of unvested participating restricted stock in two-class calculation |  |  |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Net income available to common stockholders - diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | 26,732 |  |  | $ | 24,253 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock - basic |  |  |  |  | 15,304 |  |  | 16,722 |
Dilutive effect of stock options |  |  |  |  | 35 |  |  | 36 |
Weighted average outstanding shares of common stock - diluted |  |  |  |  | 15,339 |  |  | 16,758 |
Net income per common share: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.75 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |
Diluted |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.74 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |

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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
12. Segments
The Company identifies its reporting segments based on the organizational units used by management to monitor performance and make operating decisions. The Company currently has six operating segments: Applebee's franchise operations, IHOP franchise operations, Fuzzy's franchise operations, rental operations, financing operations, and company-operated restaurant operations. The Company has four reporting segments: franchise operations (an aggregation of each restaurant concept's franchise operations), company-operated restaurant operations, rental operations and financing operations. The Company considers these to be its reportable segments, regardless of whether any segment exceeds 10% of consolidated revenues, income before income tax provision or total assets.
As of March 31, 2023, the franchise operations segment consisted of 1,673 restaurants operated by Applebee’s franchisees in the United States, two U.S. territories and 12 countries outside the United States; 1,790 restaurants operated by IHOP franchisees and area licensees in the United States, two U.S. territories and 11 countries outside the United States; and 134 restaurants operated by Fuzzy's franchisees in the United States. Franchise operations revenue consists primarily of franchise royalty revenues, franchise advertising revenue, sales of proprietary products to franchisees (primarily pancake and waffle dry mixes for the IHOP restaurants), and other franchise fees. Franchise operations expenses include advertising expense, the cost of proprietary products, pre-opening training expenses and other franchise-related costs.
Rental operations revenue includes revenue from operating leases and interest income from real estate leases. Rental operations expenses are costs of operating leases and interest expense from finance leases on which the Company is the lessee.
Financing operations revenue primarily consists of interest income from the financing of IHOP equipment leases and franchise fees and interest income on Applebee's notes receivable from franchisees. Financing operations expenses primarily are the cost of taxes related to IHOP equipment leases.
As of March 31, 2023, the company operations segment consisted of three Fuzzy's restaurants that were acquired in December 2022. During three months ended March 31, 2022, the Company operated 69 Applebee's restaurants that were sold in October 2022. All company-operated restaurants are located in the United States. Company-operated restaurant operation revenue consists of retail sales at company operated restaurants. Company-operated restaurant operation expenses are operating expenses such as food, beverage, labor, benefits, utilities, rent and other operating costs.
Information on segments is as follows:
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Dine Brand Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
12. Segments (Continued)

|  |  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Revenues from external customers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 180.0 |  |  | $ | 161.2 |
Rental operations |  |  |  |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 28.8 |
Company restaurants |  |  |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 39.4 |
Financing operations |  |  |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.0 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 213.8 |  |  | $ | 230.4 |
Interest expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rental operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |
Company restaurants |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 0.8 |
Corporate |  |  |  |  |  | 14.7 |  |  | 15.5 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 15.7 |  |  | $ | 17.4 |
Depreciation and amortization: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2.5 |  |  | $ | 2.5 |
Rental operations |  |  |  |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 2.6 |
Company restaurants |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1.9 |
Corporate |  |  |  |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | 2.9 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 9.2 |  |  | $ | 9.9 |
Gross profit by segment: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise operations |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 92.6 |  |  | $ | 83.2 |
Rental operations |  |  |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 6.7 |
Company restaurants |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |
Financing operations |  |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.9 |
Total gross profit |  |  |  |  |  | 103.7 |  |  | 92.8 |
Corporate and unallocated expenses, net |  |  |  |  |  | (67.5) |  |  | (58.6) |
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 36.2 |  |  | $ | 34.2 |

13. Closure and Impairment Charges
Closure and impairment charges for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
|  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Closure charges |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |
Long-lived tangible asset impairment |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |
Total closure and impairment charges |  |  |  |  | $ | 0.5 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |

The closure charges for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to revisions to existing closure reserves, including accretion, primarily for 28 IHOP restaurants closed prior to December 31, 2022.
The closure charges of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 related to the establishment of or revisions to existing closure reserves for approximately 35 IHOP restaurants.
The long-lived asset impairment of $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023 related to certain Fuzzy's company restaurant equipment for which the carrying value exceeded its fair value.
14. Fair Value Measurements
The Company does not have a material amount of financial assets or liabilities that are required under U.S. GAAP to be measured on a recurring basis at fair value. The Company is not a party to any material derivative financial instruments. The Company does not have a material amount of non-financial assets or non-financial liabilities that are required under U.S. GAAP
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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
14. Fair Value Measurements (Continued)
to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company has not elected to use the fair value measurement option, as permitted under U.S. GAAP, for any assets or liabilities for which fair value measurement is not presently required.
The Company believes the fair values of cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate their carrying amounts due to their short duration.
The fair values of the Company's 2019 Class A-2 Notes at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

|  | March 31, 2023 | December 31, 2022
|  | (In millions)
Face Value of Class A-2 Notes |  | $ | 1,179.1 |  |  | $ | 1,247.0 |  |
Fair Value of Class A-2 Notes |  | $ | 1,152.3 |  |  | $ | 1,167.0 |  |

The fair values were determined based on Level 2 inputs, including information gathered from brokers who trade in the Company’s 2019 Class A-2 Notes, as well as information on notes that are similar to those of the Company.
15. Commitments and Contingencies
Litigation, Claims and Disputes
The Company is subject to various lawsuits, administrative proceedings, audits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Some of these lawsuits purport to be class actions and/or seek substantial damages. The Company is required under U.S. GAAP to record an accrual for litigation loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. Legal fees and expenses associated with the defense of all of the Company's litigation are expensed as such fees and expenses are incurred. Management regularly assesses the Company's insurance coverage, analyzes litigation information with the Company's attorneys and evaluates the Company's loss experience in connection with pending legal proceedings. While the Company does not presently believe that any of the legal proceedings to which it is currently a party will ultimately have a material adverse impact on the Company, there can be no assurance that the Company will prevail in all the proceedings the Company is party to, or that the Company will not incur material losses from them.
Lease Guarantees
In connection with the refranchising of Applebee’s restaurants to franchisees, the Company has, in certain cases, guaranteed or has potential continuing liability for lease payments totaling $433.4 million as of March 31, 2023. This amount represents the maximum potential liability for future payments under these leases. These leases have been assigned to the buyers and expire at the end of the respective lease terms, which range from 2023 through 2058. Excluding unexercised option periods, the Company's potential liability for future payments under these leases is $99.0 million. In the event of default, the indemnity and default clauses in the sale or assignment agreements govern the Company's ability to pursue and recover damages incurred.
16. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investment securities with remaining maturities at the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. These cash equivalents are stated at cost which approximates market value. Cash held related to IHOP advertising funds and the Company's gift card programs is not considered to be restricted cash as there are no restrictions on the use of these funds.
The components of cash and cash equivalents were as follows:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions)
Money market funds | $ | 25.0 |  |  | $ | 75.0 |
IHOP advertising funds and gift card programs | 89.3 |  |  | 96.7 |
Other depository accounts | 67.3 |  |  | 98.0 |
Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 181.6 |  |  | $ | 269.7 |

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Dine Brands Global, Inc. and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)
16. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash (Continued)
Current Restricted Cash
Current restricted cash primarily consisted of funds required to be held in trust in connection with the Company's securitized debt and funds from Applebee's franchisees pursuant to franchise agreements, usage of which was restricted to advertising activities.
The components of current restricted cash were as follows:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions)
Securitized debt reserves | $ | 31.9 |  |  | $ | 32.4 |
Applebee's advertising funds | 3.8 |  |  | 5.4 |
Other | 1.4 |  |  | 1.1 |
Total current restricted cash | $ | 37.1 |  |  | $ | 38.9 |

Non-current Restricted Cash
Non-current restricted cash was $16.4 million and $16.4 million at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and represents interest reserves required to be set aside for the duration of the Company's securitized debt.
17. Subsequent Events
On April 17, 2023, Applebee’s Funding LLC and IHOP Funding LLC (the “Co-Issuers”), each a special purpose, wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the Company, issued the Series 2023-1 7.824% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2 (the “New Notes”) in an initial aggregate principal amount of $500 million. The New Notes were issued pursuant to an offering exempt from registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Payment of principal and interest is required to be made on the New Notes on a quarterly basis. The payment of principal on the New Notes may be suspended when the leverage ratio for the Corporation and its subsidiaries is less than or equal to 5.25x. The legal final maturity of the New Notes is in March 2053, but it is anticipated that, unless earlier prepaid to the extent permitted under the Indenture, the New Notes will be repaid in June 2029.
The New Notes were issued in a securitization transaction pursuant to which substantially all of the domestic revenue- generating assets and domestic intellectual property held by the Co-Issuers and certain other special-purpose, wholly-owned indirect subsidiaries of the Company were pledged as collateral to secure the New Notes.
The Company used the net proceeds of the offering along with cash on hand to repay the entire outstanding balance of approximately $585 million of the Class A-2-I Notes and to pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the issuance of the New Notes.
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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
You should read the following Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this report. Statements contained in this report may constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Please refer to the section of this report under the heading “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for more information.
Overview
The following discussion and analysis provides information which we believe is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Item 1 of Part I of this Quarterly Report and the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto and the MD&A contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Except where the context indicates otherwise, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” “Dine Brands Global” and the “Company” refer to Dine Brands Global, Inc., together with its subsidiaries that are consolidated in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”).
Through various subsidiaries, we own and franchise the Applebee's Neighborhood Grill & Bar® (“Applebee's”) concept in the American full-service segment within the casual dining category of the restaurant industry, the International House of Pancakes® (“IHOP”) concept in the mid-scale full-service restaurant segment within the family dining category of the restaurant industry, and the Fuzzy's Taco Shop® (“Fuzzy's”) concept in the Mexican limited-service restaurant segment within the fast-casual dining category of the restaurant industry. References herein to Applebee's®, IHOP® and Fuzzy's Taco Shop® restaurants are to these three restaurant concepts, whether operated by franchisees, area licensees and their sub-licensees (collectively, “area licensees”) or by us. With 3,600 franchised and company-operated restaurants combined, we believe we are one of the largest full-service restaurant companies in the world.
We identify our business segments based on the organizational units used by management to monitor performance and make operating decisions. We currently have six operating segments: Applebee's franchise operations, IHOP franchise operations, Fuzzy's franchise operations, rental operations, financing operations, and company-operated restaurant operations. We have four reportable segments: franchise operations (an aggregation of each restaurant concept's franchise operations), rental operations, financing operations, and company-operated restaurant operations. We consider these to be our reportable segments, regardless of whether any segment exceeds 10% of consolidated revenues, income before income tax provision or total assets.
Fuzzy's was acquired in December 2022 and therefore the results of its operations are included herein. However, the key performance indicators in the following sections only include the results of operations of Applebee's and IHOP, unless otherwise noted, as prior period data is not available for Fuzzy’s.
Key Financial Results
The financial tables appearing in MD&A present amounts in millions of dollars that are rounded from our consolidated financial statements presented in thousands of dollars. As a result, the tables may not foot or crossfoot due to rounding.

|  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions, except per share data)
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 36.2 |  |  | $ | 34.2 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |
Income tax (provision) benefit |  |  |  |  |  |  | (8.8) |  |  | (9.3) |  |  | 0.5 |
Net income |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 27.4 |  |  | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | 2.5 |
Effective tax rate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | 27.2 | % |  | 3.0 | %
Net income per diluted share |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1.74 |  |  | $ | 1.45 |  |  | $ | 0.29 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | % increase
Weighted average diluted shares |  |  |  |  |  |  | 15.3 |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | (8.9) | %

The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was different than the rate of the prior comparable period primarily due to the recognition of higher excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and lower non-deductible executive compensation.
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Table of Contents
The following table highlights the primary components of the increase in our income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to our income before income taxes for the three ended March 31, 2022 (in millions):

|  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  | Three months ended March 31, 2023
Increase in gross profit: |  |
Applebee's franchise operations |  | $ | 0.8 |
IHOP franchise operations |  | 5.2 |
Fuzzy's franchise operations |  | 3.4 |
Company restaurant operations |  | (2.0) |
Rental and financing operations |  | 3.5 |
Total increase in gross profit |  | 10.9 |
Decrease in closure and impairment charges |  | (0.3) |
Increase in general and administrative ("G&A") expenses |  | (9.5) |
Other |  | 0.9 |
Increase in income before income taxes |  | $ | 2.0 |

Total gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased compared with the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the increased revenue from franchise and rental operations, partially offset by the decrease in company operations resulting from the refranchising of our 69 Applebee's company-operated restaurants in October 2022. Additionally, the increase in income before income taxes included an increase in G&A expenses.
Increases in commodity, labor and other restaurant operating costs experienced at restaurants owned and operated by our franchisees could impact us to the extent our franchisees are adversely impacted by a sustained decline in their operating margins. At company operated restaurants, increases in commodity, labor and other restaurant operating costs impact us directly.
See “Consolidated Results of Operations - Comparison of the Three Months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022” for additional discussion of the changes shown above.
Key Performance Indicators
In evaluating the performance of each restaurant concept, we consider the key performance indicators to be the system-wide sales percentage change, the percentage change in domestic system-wide same-restaurant sales (“domestic same-restaurant sales”), net franchise restaurant development and the change in effective restaurants. Changes in both domestic same-restaurant sales and in the number of Applebee's and IHOP restaurants will impact our system-wide retail sales that drive franchise royalty revenues. Restaurant development also impacts franchise revenues in the form of initial franchise fees and, in the case of IHOP restaurants, sales of proprietary pancake and waffle dry mix.
Our key performance indicators for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31, 2023
|  |  |  | Applebee's |  | IHOP
Sales percentage increase in reported retail sales - 2023 vs. 2022 |  |  |  | 5.6% |  | 11.4%
% increase in domestic system-wide same-restaurant sales - 2023 vs. 2022 |  |  |  | 6.1% |  | 8.7%
Net franchise restaurant (reduction) increase (1) |  |  |  | (5) |  | 9
Net (decrease) increase in total effective restaurants (2) |  |  |  | (3) |  | 32

__________________________________________
(1) Franchise and area license restaurant closings, net of openings, during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.
(2) Change in the weighted average number of franchise, area license and company-operated restaurants open during the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to the weighted average number of those open during the same period of 2022.
The change in total effective restaurants for each brand reflects both permanent closures, net of openings, over the past 12 months as well as the weighted effect of restaurants temporarily closed during each period.
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Domestic Same-Restaurant Sales
Applebee’s system-wide domestic same-restaurant sales increased 6.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period of 2022. The growth in same-restaurant sales was primarily due to an increase in average check as well as a slight increase in traffic. The increase in average check was primarily due to successful promotional food offerings and our continued resurgence of our dine-in channel, and menu price increases by franchisees. The slight increase in traffic was primarily due to a favorable recovery from the COVID-19 Omicron variant's impact in the prior year's first quarter partially offset by a decrease in traffic towards the end of the first quarter 2023.

Applebee's Off-premise Sales Data |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Off-premise sales (in millions) (1) |  |  |  | $ | 263.4 |  |  | $ | 297.0 |
% sales mix |  |  |  | 23.1 | % |  | 27.6 | %

(1) Primarily to-go, delivery and catering sales for comparable 2023 and 2022 restaurants.
Based on data from Black Box Intelligence, a restaurant sales reporting firm (“Black Box”), Applebee's increase in same-restaurant sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 underperformed the casual dining segment of the restaurant industry (excluding Applebee's) during the same period of 2023.
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IHOP's system-wide domestic same-restaurant sales increased 8.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022. The improvement was due to an increase in average check. The increase in average check was primarily due to an increase in menu prices as well as a general increase in consumer spending due to larger party sizes and greater spending per person. Traffic was impacted by a favorable recovery from the COVID-19 Omicron variant's impact in the prior year's first quarter partially offset by a decrease in traffic towards the end of the first quarter 2023.

IHOP Off-premise Sales Data |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Off-premise sales (in millions) (1) |  |  |  | $ | 161.2 |  |  | $ | 161.7 |
% sales mix |  |  |  | 21.7 | % |  | 24.6 | %

(1) Primarily to-go, delivery and catering sales for comparable 2023 and 2022 restaurants.
Based on data from Black Box, IHOP's increase in same-restaurant sales for the three months ended March 31, 2023 underperformed the family dining segment of the restaurant industry (excluding IHOP) during that same period of 2022.
Restaurant Data
The following table sets forth the number of “Effective Restaurants” in the Applebee’s and IHOP systems and information regarding the percentage change in sales at those restaurants compared to the same period of the prior year. Sales at restaurants that are owned by franchisees and area licensees are not attributable to the Company and, as such, the percentage change in sales at Effective Restaurants is based on non-GAAP sales data. However, we believe that presentation of this information is useful in analyzing our revenues because franchisees and area licensees pay us royalties and advertising fees that are based on a percentage of their sales, and, where applicable, rental payments under leases that partially may be based on a percentage of their sales. Management also uses this information to make decisions about plans for future development of additional restaurants as well as evaluation of current operations.

|  |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Applebee's Restaurant Data |  |  |  |  | (Unaudited)
Global Effective Restaurants(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise |  |  |  |  | 1,673 |  |  | 1,607 |
Company |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Total |  |  |  |  | 1,673 |  |  | 1,676 |
System-wide(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic sales percentage change(c) |  |  |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 13.9 | %
Domestic same-restaurant sales percentage change(d) |  |  |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 14.3 | %
Franchise(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic sales percentage change(c) |  |  |  |  | 9.6 | % |  | 14.1 | %
Domestic same-restaurant sales percentage change(d) |  |  |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 14.5 | %
Average weekly domestic unit sales (in thousands) |  |  |  |  | $ | 56.8 |  |  | $ | 53.9 |
IHOP Restaurant Data |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Global Effective Restaurants(a) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise |  |  |  |  | 1,617 |  |  | 1,586 |
Area license |  |  |  |  | 156 |  |  | 155 |
Total |  |  |  |  | 1,773 |  |  | 1,741 |
System-wide(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales percentage change(c) |  |  |  |  | 11.4 | % |  | 19.9 | %
Domestic same-restaurant sales percentage change, including area license restaurants(d) |  |  |  |  | 8.7 | % |  | 18.1 | %
Franchise(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales percentage change(c) |  |  |  |  | 11.5 | % |  | 20.5 | %
Domestic same-restaurant sales percentage change(d) |  |  |  |  | 8.8 | % |  | 18.6 | %
Average weekly unit sales (in thousands) |  |  |  |  | $ | 38.2 |  |  | $ | 34.9 |
Area License(b) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Sales percentage change(c) |  |  |  |  | 10.3 | % |  | 14.4 | %

_________________________________
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(a) “Effective Restaurants” are the weighted average number of restaurants open in each fiscal period, adjusted to account for restaurants open for only a portion of the period. Information is presented for all Effective Restaurants in the Applebee’s and IHOP systems, which consist of restaurants owned by franchisees and area licensees as well as those owned by the Company. Effective Restaurants do not include units operated as ghost kitchens (small kitchens with no store-front presence, used to fill off-premise orders).
(b) “System-wide sales” are retail sales at Applebee’s restaurants operated by franchisees and IHOP restaurants operated by franchisees and area licensees, as reported to the Company, in addition to retail sales at company-operated Applebee's restaurants. System-wide sales do not include retail sales of ghost kitchens. Sales at restaurants that are owned by franchisees and area licensees are not attributable to the Company. An increase in franchisees' reported sales will result in a corresponding increase in our royalty revenue, while a decrease in franchisees' reported sales will result in a corresponding decrease in our royalty revenue. Unaudited reported sales for Applebee's domestic franchise restaurants, Applebee's company-operated restaurants, IHOP franchise restaurants and IHOP area license restaurants were as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Reported sales (in millions) |  |  |  | (Unaudited)
Applebee's domestic franchise restaurant sales |  |  |  | $ | 1,156.1 |  |  | $ | 1,055.0 |
Applebee's company-operated restaurants |  |  |  | — |  |  | 39.4 |
IHOP franchise restaurant sales |  |  |  | 802.2 |  |  | 719.6 |
IHOP area license restaurant sales |  |  |  | 77.8 |  |  | 70.5 |
Total |  |  |  | $ | 2,036.1 |  |  | $ | 1,884.5 |

(c) “Sales percentage change” reflects, for each category of restaurants, the percentage change in sales in any given fiscal period compared to the prior fiscal period for all restaurants in that category.
(d) “Domestic same-restaurant sales percentage change” reflects the percentage change in sales in any given fiscal period, compared to the same weeks in the prior fiscal period, for domestic restaurants that have been operated during both fiscal periods that are being compared and have been open for at least 18 months. Because of new restaurant openings and restaurant closures, the domestic restaurants open throughout both fiscal periods being compared may be different from period to period.

Restaurant Development Activity |  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Applebee's |  |  |  | (Unaudited)
Summary - beginning of period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise |  |  |  | 1,678 |  |  | 1,611 |
Company |  |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Beginning of period |  |  |  | 1,678 |  |  | 1,680 |
Franchise restaurants opened: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |
International |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |
Total franchise restaurants opened |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
Franchise restaurants permanently closed: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic |  |  |  | (6) |  |  | (4) |
International |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (2) |
Total franchise restaurants permanently closed |  |  |  | (7) |  |  | (6) |
Net franchise restaurant reduction |  |  |  | (5) |  |  | (5) |
Summary - end of period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise |  |  |  | 1,673 |  |  | 1,606 |
Company |  |  |  | — |  |  | 69 |
Total Applebee's restaurants, end of period |  |  |  | 1,673 |  |  | 1,675 |
Domestic |  |  |  | 1,563 |  |  | 1,575 |
International |  |  |  | 110 |  |  | 100 |

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IHOP |  |  |  |  |  |
Summary - beginning of period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise |  |  |  | 1,625 |  |  | 1,595 |
Area license |  |  |  | 156 |  |  | 156 |
Company |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total IHOP restaurants, beginning of period |  |  |  | 1,781 |  |  | 1,751 |
Franchise/area license restaurants opened: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic franchise |  |  |  | 13 |  |  | 7 |
Domestic area license |  |  |  | 2 |  |  | 1 |
International franchise |  |  |  | 4 |  |  | 2 |
Total franchise/area license restaurants opened |  |  |  | 19 |  |  | 10 |
Franchise/area license restaurants permanently closed: |  |  |  |  |  |
Domestic franchise |  |  |  | (8) |  |  | (3) |
Domestic area license |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
International franchise |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (1) |
Total franchise/area license restaurants permanently closed |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (5) |
Net franchise/area license restaurant additions |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5 |
Net increase in franchise/area license restaurants |  |  |  | 9 |  |  | 5 |
Summary - end of period: |  |  |  |  |  |
Franchise |  |  |  | 1,633 |  |  | 1,600 |
Area license |  |  |  | 157 |  |  | 156 |
Total IHOP restaurants, end of period |  |  |  | 1,790 |  |  | 1,756 |
Domestic |  |  |  | 1,683 |  |  | 1,661 |
International |  |  |  | 107 |  |  | 95 |

The restaurant counts and activity presented above do not include two domestic Applebee's ghost kitchens (small kitchens with no store-front presence, used to fill off-premise orders), 12 international Applebee's ghost kitchens and 42 international IHOP ghost kitchens. As of March 31, 2023, 49 franchise groups operated 134 Fuzzy's restaurants in 18 states within the United States and we had three company-owned restaurants in Texas.
The closures presented in the tables above represent permanent closures of restaurants. Temporary closures, which can occur for a variety of reasons, are not reflected as reductions in this table and are included in the summary counts at the beginning and end of each period shown. Temporary closures are reflected in the weighted calculation of Effective Restaurants presented in the preceding Restaurant Data table.
Closures of Applebee's and IHOP restaurants adversely impact our system-wide retail sales that drive our franchise royalty revenues as well as, in the case of IHOP restaurants, sales of proprietary pancake and waffle dry mix. Further, with certain restaurants, we own or lease the underlying property and sublease it to the applicable franchisee. Thus, our rental income also could be adversely affected due to the loss of such income, as well as our obligation to make rental or other payments for such properties.
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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Comparison of the Three Months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022
Financial Results

Revenue |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Franchise operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 180.0 |  |  | $ | 161.2 |  |  | $ | 18.8 |
Rental operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32.0 |  |  | 28.8 |  |  | 3.2 |
Company restaurant operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | 39.4 |  |  | (38.4) |
Financing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (0.2) |
Total revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 213.8 |  |  | $ | 230.4 |  |  | $ | (16.6) |
Change vs. prior period |  |  |  |  |  |  | (7.2) | % |  |  |  |

Total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased compared with the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the refranchising of Applebee's company-operated restaurants partially offset by the increase in Applebee's and IHOP franchise operations revenue and the inclusion of the first full quarter of Fuzzy's franchise operations revenue. Smaller changes in rental and financing revenues are discussed in the sections that follow.

Gross Profit |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Franchise operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 92.6 |  |  | $ | 83.2 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |
Rental operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 10.4 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 3.7 |
Company restaurant operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | (2.0) |
Financing operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (0.2) |
Total gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 103.7 |  |  | $ | 92.8 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |
Change vs. prior period |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.7 | % |  |  |  |

Total gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased compared with the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the increased revenue from franchise and rental operations, partially offset by the refranchising of Applebee's company-operated restaurants.
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|  |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
Franchise Operations |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions, except number of restaurants)
Effective Franchise Restaurants:(1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Applebee’s |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,673 |  |  | 1,607 |  |  | 66 |
IHOP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1,773 |  |  | 1,741 |  |  | 32 |
Franchise Revenues: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Applebee’s franchise fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 45.6 |  |  | $ | 44.1 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |
IHOP franchise fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 53.7 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | 7.5 |
Advertising fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77.0 |  |  | 70.9 |  |  | 6.1 |
Fuzzy's franchise fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |
Total franchise revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 179.9 |  |  | 161.2 |  |  | 18.7 |
Franchise Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Applebee’s |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (0.7) |
IHOP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 6.2 |  |  | (2.4) |
Advertising expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 77.0 |  |  | 70.9 |  |  | (6.1) |
Fuzzy's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |
Total franchise expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 87.4 |  |  | 78.0 |  |  | (9.4) |
Franchise Gross Profit: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Applebee’s |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 44.0 |  |  | 43.2 |  |  | 0.8 |
IHOP |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 45.2 |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | 5.2 |
Fuzzy's |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 3.4 |
Total franchise gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 92.6 |  |  | $ | 83.2 |  |  | $ | 9.4 |
Gross profit as % of franchise revenue (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 51.5 | % |  | 51.6 | % |  |
Gross profit as % of franchise fees (2)(3) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 90.0 | % |  | 92.1 | % |  |

_____________________________________________________
(1) Effective Franchise Restaurants are the weighted average number of franchise and area license restaurants open in each fiscal period, adjusted to account for restaurants open for only a portion of the period.
(2) Percentages calculated on actual amounts, not rounded amounts presented above.
(3) From time to time, advertising fee revenue may be different from advertising expenses in a given accounting period. Over the long term, advertising activity should not generate gross profit or loss.
Applebee's franchise fee revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased 3.4% as compared with the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the favorable impact on royalties of a 6.1% increase in domestic same-restaurant sales and a $0.3 million decrease in Applebee's international revenue.
Applebee's franchise expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $0.7 million compared with the same period of the prior year primarily due to an increase in bad debt expense.
IHOP's franchise fee revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased 16.2% as compared with the same period of the prior year, primarily due to the favorable impact on royalties and pancake and waffle dry mix revenue of an 8.7% increase in domestic same-restaurant sales and a $0.3 million increase in virtual brand revenue.
IHOP franchise expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased $2.4 million as compared with same period of the prior year, primarily due to an increase in cost of proprietary products (primarily pancake and waffle dry mix) and an increase in bad debt expense.
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Advertising revenue and expense by brand for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Increase
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Advertising Revenues and Expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Applebee’s |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 47.1 |  |  | $ | 44.4 |  |  | $ | 2.7 |
IHOP |  |  |  |  |  |  | 28.9 |  |  | 26.4 |  |  | 2.5 |
Fuzzy's |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |
Total advertising revenues and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 77.0 |  |  | $ | 70.8 |  |  | $ | 6.2 |

Applebee's and IHOP's advertising revenue and expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased 6.0% and 8.8%, respectively, compared to the same period of the prior year primarily due to the impact of refranchising 69 Applebee's Company's owned restaurant and increases in average check for both brands as noted above.
It is our accounting policy to recognize any deficiency in advertising fee revenue compared to advertising expenditure or any recovery of a previously recognized deficiency in advertising fee revenue compared to advertising expenditure in the fourth quarter of our fiscal year.

Rental Operations |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Rental revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32.0 |  |  | $ | 28.8 |  |  | $ | 3.2 |
Rental expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | 22.1 |  |  | 0.5 |
Rental operations gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 10.4 |  |  | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 3.7 |
Gross profit as % of revenue (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 32.4 | % |  | 23.2 | % |  |

___________________________________________________
(1) Percentages calculated on actual amounts, not rounded amounts presented above.
Rental operations relate primarily to IHOP franchise restaurants. Rental income includes sublease revenue from operating leases and interest income from real estate leases. Rental expenses are costs of prime operating leases and interest expense on prime finance leases. Rental operations gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased as compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily due to lease buyouts and operating lease renewals and extensions.
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Company Restaurant Operations

|  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
Effective Restaurants |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3 |  |  | 69 |  |  | (66) |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Applebee's company restaurant sales (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 39.4 |  |  | $ | (39.4) |
Applebee's company restaurant expenses (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 37.4 |  |  | 37.3 |
Fuzzy's company restaurant sales (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.1 |
Fuzzy's company restaurant expenses (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | (1.0) |
Company restaurant gross profit |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  | $ | (2.0) |
Gross profit as % of revenue (3) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (2.1) | % |  | 5.1 | % |  |

_____________________________________________________
(1) Related to 69 Applebee's company-operated restaurants that were still operating through October 2022.
(2) Related to three Fuzzy's company-operated restaurants that were acquired in December 2022.
(3) Percentages calculated on actual amounts, not rounded amounts presented above.
Applebee's company restaurant gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 decreased 100% compared to the same period of 2022, due to the refranchising of the company-operated restaurants in October 2022.
For the three months ended March 31, 2023, company restaurant operations included the first full quarter of Fuzzy's acquired last December.
Company segment restaurant expenses may include costs associated with reacquired restaurants in the process of being refranchised. There were no reacquired restaurants expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Financing Operations
Financing revenues primarily consist of interest income from the financing of IHOP equipment leases and franchise fees as well as interest income on Applebee's notes receivable from franchisees. Financing expenses are the cost of taxes related to IHOP equipment leases.
Financing revenue and gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2023 declined compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily because of progressive decline in interest income as note balances are repaid.

G&A Expenses |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Total G&A expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 51.1 |  |  | $ | 41.5 |  |  | $ | (9.6) |

G&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 increased 23.0% compared to the same period of the prior year, primarily due to increases in personnel-related costs, professional services, occupancy costs and software maintenance costs. Included in total G&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was $1.9 million of expense related to Fuzzy's, which was acquired in December 2022.

Other Income and Expense Items |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Interest expense, net |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 14.7 |  |  | $ | 15.5 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |
Closure and impairment charges |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.1 |
Amortization of intangible assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.8 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | (0.1) |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  |  | (1.7) |  |  | — |  |  | 1.7 |
Loss (gain) on disposition of assets |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (1.4) |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 16.0 |  |  | $ | 17.1 |  |  | $ | 1.1 |

Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 declined compared to the same period of the prior year due to an increase in interest income from improved yields partially offset by an increase in interest expense on our Credit Facility. We had $100 million outstanding under our Credit Facility during the three months ended March 31, 2023, whereas we
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had no borrowings outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2022. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” for additional discussion related to our Credit Facility.
Gain on extinguishment of debt
The Company purchased $67.9 million of its 2019 Class A-2 Notes under par and recognized a $1.7 million gain on extinguishment of debt during the three months ended March 31, 2023.
Loss (gain) on disposition of assets
There were no individually significant gains or losses on disposition of assets during the three months ended March 31, 2023. The gain on disposition of assets for the three months ended March 31, 2022 primarily related to sale of land and buildings for two IHOP restaurants located on sites owned by us.

Income Taxes |  |  |  |  | Three months ended March 31, |  | Favorable (Unfavorable) Variance
|  |  |  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | (In millions)
Income before income taxes |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 36.2 |  |  | $ | 34.2 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |
Income tax provision (benefit) |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 8.8 |  |  | $ | 9.3 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |
Effective tax rate |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24.2 | % |  | 27.2 | % |  | 3.0 | %

Our income tax provision or benefit will vary from period to period in our normal course of business for two reasons: a change in income before income taxes and a change in the effective tax rate. Changes in our income before income taxes were addressed in the preceding sections of “Consolidated Results of Operations - Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.”
Our effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was different than the rate of the prior comparable period primarily due to the recognition of higher excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation and lower non-deductible executive compensation.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Key provisions of our long-term debt potentially impacting liquidity are summarized below. See Note 7 - Long-Term Debt, of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, for additional detail on long-term debt, including the balances outstanding at March 31, 2023 and 2022.
Instruments
Our long-term debt consists of two tranches of fixed rate senior secured notes, the Series 2019-1 4.194% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes, Class A-2-I (“Class A-2-I Notes”) in an initial aggregate principal amount of $700 million and the Series 2019-1 4.723% Fixed Rate Senior Secured Notes in an initial aggregate principal amount of $600 million (the “Class A-2-II Notes” and, together with the Class A-2-I Notes, the “2019 Class A-2 Notes”). In August 2022, Applebee's Funding LLC and IHOP Funding LLC (the “Co-Issuers”) entered into the Credit Facility that allows for drawings up to $325 million of variable funding notes on a revolving basis and the issuance of letters of credit.
Maturity
The legal final maturity of the 2019 Class A-2 Notes is in June 2049, but it is anticipated that, unless repaid earlier, the Class A-2-II Notes will be repaid in June 2026.
The renewal date of the Credit Facility is June 2027, subject to two additional one-year extensions at the option of the Company upon the satisfaction of certain conditions.
Payment of Principal and Interest
While the 2019 Class A-2 Notes are outstanding, payment of principal and interest is required to be made on the Class A-2 Notes on a quarterly basis. The payment of principal on the 2019 Class A-2 Notes may be suspended when the leverage ratio for the Company and its subsidiaries is less than or equal to 5.25x. Exceeding the leverage ratio of 5.25x does not violate any covenant related to the Class A-2 Notes. On February 16, 2023, our Company's Board of Directors authorized a debt repurchase program of up to $100 million.
As of March 31, 2023, our leverage ratio was approximately 4.5x. Therefore, quarterly principal payments are not required.
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Make-whole Premiums
We may voluntarily repay the Class A-2 Notes at any time; however, if repaid prior to certain dates we would be required to pay make-whole premiums. As of March 31, 2023, the make-whole premium associated with voluntary prepayment of the Class A-2-I Notes was zero and remained as such until refinanced in April 2023. As of March 31, 2023, the make-whole premium associated with voluntary prepayment of the Class A-2-II Notes was approximately $1.8 million; this amount increased compared to prior quarter due to rising interest rates. We would also be subject to a make-whole premium in the event of a mandatory prepayment required following certain rapid amortization events or certain asset dispositions. The mandatory make-whole premium requirements are considered derivatives embedded that must be bifurcated for separate valuation. We estimated the fair value of these derivatives to be immaterial as of March 31, 2023, based on the probability-weighted discounted cash flows associated with either event.
Covenants and Restrictions
Our long-term debt is subject to a series of covenants and restrictions customary for transactions of this type, including maintenance of a DSCR. In general, the DSCR ratio is net cash flow for the four quarters preceding the calculation date divided by the total debt service payments of the preceding four quarters. The complete definitions of the DSCR and all calculation elements are contained in the indenture, and subsequent amendments thereto, under which the Class A-2 Notes were issued.
Failure to maintain a prescribed DSCR can trigger the following events:
•DSCR less than 1.75x - Cash Flow Sweeping Event
•DSCR less than 1.20x - Rapid Amortization Event
•Interest-only DSCR less than 1.20x - Manager Termination Event
•Interest-only DSCR less than 1.10x - Default Event
Our DSCR for the reporting period ended March 31, 2023 was approximately 4.0x.
Credit Facility
In August 2022, the Co-Issuers entered into the Credit Facility that allows for drawings up to $325 million of variable funding notes on a revolving basis and the issuance of letters of credit. The applicable interest rate under the Credit Facility depends on the type of borrowing by the Co-Issuers. The applicable interest rate for advances is generally calculated at a per annum rate equal to the commercial paper funding rate or one-, two-, three- or six-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), in either case, plus 2.50%. The applicable interest rate for swingline advances and unreimbursed draws on outstanding letters of credit is a per annum base rate equal to the sum of (a) the greatest of (i) the prime rate in effect from time to time; (ii) the federal funds rate in effect from time to time plus 0.50%; and (iii) SOFR for a one-month tenor in effect at such time plus 0.50% plus (b) 2.00%.
In August 2022, the Company borrowed $100 million against the Credit Facility, all of which was outstanding at March 31, 2023. The amount of $3.4 million was pledged against the Credit Facility for outstanding letters of credit, leaving $221.6 million of the Credit Facility available for borrowing at March 31, 2023. It is anticipated that any principal and interest on the Credit Facility outstanding will be repaid in full on or prior to the quarterly payment date in June 2027, subject to two additional one-year extensions at the option of the Company upon the satisfaction of certain conditions. The letters of credit are used primarily to satisfy insurance-related collateral requirements. The weighted average interest rate on Credit Facility borrowings for the period outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 7.30%.
Capital Allocation
Dividends
Dividends declared and paid per share for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:

|  | Three months ended March 31,
|  |  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Dividends declared per common share |  |  |  | $ | 0.51 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |
Dividends paid per common share |  |  |  | $ | 1.02 |  |  | $ | 0.86 |

On February 17, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors declared a first quarter 2022 cash dividend of $0.51 per share of common stock, paid on April 1, 2022 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 21, 2022.
On December 2, 2022, the Board of Directors declared a fourth quarter 2022 cash dividend of $0.51 per share of common stock, paid on January 6, 2023 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on December 17, 2022.
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On February 21, 2023, the Board of Directors declared a first quarter 2023 cash dividend of $0.51 per share of common stock, paid on March 31, 2023 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 20, 2023.
Stock Repurchases
On February 17, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a new share repurchase program, effective April 1, 2022, of up to $250 million (the “2022 Repurchase Program”). In connection with the approval of the 2022 Repurchase Program, the 2019 Share Repurchase Program terminated effective April 1, 2022.
During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 74,860 shares of common stock at a cost of $5.0 million. Cumulatively, the Company repurchased 1,224,449 shares at a cost of $83.7 million under the 2022 Repurchase Program.
From time to time, we also repurchase shares owned and tendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations on the vesting of restricted stock awards. Shares are deemed purchased at the closing price of our common stock on the vesting date. See Part II, Item 2 for detail on this stock repurchase activity during the first quarter of 2023.
Cash Flows
In summary, our cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022 were as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Variance
| (In millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 16.1 |  |  | $ | (7.8) |  |  | $ | 23.9 |
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (12.7) |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | (14.4) |
Net cash used in financing activities | (93.2) |  |  | (61.0) |  |  | (32.2) |
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (89.8) |  |  | $ | (67.1) |  |  | $ | (22.7) |

Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities increased $23.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period of the prior year. Our net income plus the non-cash reconciling items shown in our statements of cash flows (primarily depreciation, impairment and closure charges, stock-based compensation and deferred taxes) increased $0.8 million from 2022. This was primarily due to an increase in gross profit, partially offset by an increase in G&A expenses. Net changes in working capital used cash of $17.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to using cash of $42.6 million during the same period of the prior year, a favorable change of $24.7 million. The favorable change in working capital was primarily due to a decrease in payments for corporate bonuses and other employee compensation and the timing of disbursements.
Investing Activities
Investing activities used net cash of $12.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Capital expenditures of $16 million was partially offset by principal receipts from notes, equipment contracts and other long-term receivables of $3.3 million.
Financing Activities
Financing activities used net cash of $93.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The increase in cash used by financing activities was due to a $66.6 million repayment of Credit Facility in 2023 that did not recur in 2022. Additionally, we repurchased common stock in the amount of $5.0 million, repurchased of surrendered shares of $3.5 million, and paid dividends of $16.0 million.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
Our total cash balances, net of revolving credit facility borrowings, as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

| March 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| (In millions)
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 181.6 |  |  | $ | 269.7 |
Restricted cash, current | 37.1 |  |  | 38.9 |
Restricted cash, non-current | 16.4 |  |  | 16.4 |
Total | $ | 235.1 |  |  | $ | 325.0 |
Less: Revolving credit facility borrowing | (100.0) |  |  | (100.0) |
Total cash, restricted cash and cash equivalents, net | $ | 135.1 |  |  | $ | 225.0 |

Cash and cash equivalents include $89.3 million and $96.7 million of cash held for gift card programs and advertising funds as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The decrease in cash and cash equivalents between March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 was primarily due to payments to repurchase common stock, dividend payments and other payments including employee bonuses and advertising.
We believe that our unrestricted cash and cash equivalents on hand, cash flow from operations and the borrowing capacity available under our Credit Facility will provide us with adequate liquidity for at least the next twelve months.
Adjusted Free Cash Flow
We define “adjusted free cash flow” for a given period as cash provided by operating activities, plus receipts from notes and equipment contract receivables, less additions to property and equipment. Management uses this liquidity measure in its periodic assessment of, among other things, payment of cash dividends on common stock and repurchases of common stock and we believe it is important for investors to have the same measure used by management for that purpose. Adjusted free cash flow does not represent residual cash flow available for discretionary purposes.
Adjusted free cash flow is a non-U.S. GAAP measure. This non-U.S. GAAP measure is not defined in the same manner by all companies and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies. Non-U.S. GAAP measures should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, the U.S. GAAP information contained within our financial statements. Reconciliation of the cash provided by operating activities to adjusted (negative) free cash flow is as follows:

| Three months ended March 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | Variance
| (In millions)
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities | $ | 16.1 |  |  | $ | (7.8) |  |  | $ | 23.9 |
Receipts from notes and equipment contracts receivable | 2.2 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | (0.8) |
Net additions to property and equipment | (16.0) |  |  | (5.3) |  |  | (10.7) |
Adjusted (negative) free cash flow | $ | 2.3 |  |  | $ | (10.1) |  |  | $ | 12.4 |

Adjusted free cash flow for the three months ended March 31, 2023 improved compared to the same period of the prior year due to the increase in cash flows provided by operating activities, partially offset by the increase in capital expenditures and a decrease in receipts from notes and equipment contracts receivable, each of which was discussed in preceding sections of this MD&A.
Contractual Obligations and Commitments
There were no material changes to the contractual obligations as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions affecting the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net revenues and expenses in the reporting period. We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. We continually review the estimates and underlying assumptions to ensure they are appropriate for
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the circumstances. Accounting assumptions and estimates are inherently uncertain and actual results may differ materially from our estimates.
A summary of our critical accounting estimates is included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the three months ended March 31, 2023, there were no significant changes in our critical accounting policies or in our critical accounting estimates.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
There were no material changes from the information contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures.
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting.
There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter to which this report relates that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Part II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
We are subject to various lawsuits, administrative proceedings, audits and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Some of these lawsuits purport to be class actions and/or seek substantial damages. We are required to record an accrual for litigation loss contingencies that are both probable and reasonably estimable. Legal fees and expenses associated with the defense of all of our litigation are expensed as such fees and expenses are incurred. Management regularly assesses our insurance deductibles, analyzes litigation information with our attorneys and evaluates our loss experience in connection with pending legal proceedings. While we do not presently believe that any of the legal proceedings to which we are currently a party will ultimately have a material adverse impact on us, there can be no assurance that we will prevail in all the proceedings we are party to, or that we will not incur material losses from them.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
There are no material changes from the risk factors set forth under Item 1A of Part I of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Company
Period |  | Total number of shares purchased (a) |  | Average price paid per share |  | Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs (b) |  | Approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs (b)
January 2, 2023 - January 29, 2023 |  | 866 |  |  | $ | 75.66 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 171,282,000 |
January 30, 2023 - February 26, 2023 |  | 89 |  |  | 81.46 |  |  | — |  |  | $ | 171,282,000 |
February 27, 2023 - April 2, 2023 |  | 120,535 |  |  | 70.14 |  |  | 74,860 |  |  | $ | 166,282,000 |
|  | 121,490 |  |  | $ | 70.19 |  |  | 74,860 |  |  | $ | 166,282,000 |

(a) These amounts represent shares owned and tendered by employees to satisfy tax withholding obligations arising upon vesting of restricted stock awards. Shares so surrendered by the participants are repurchased by us pursuant to the terms of the plan and the applicable individual award agreements under which the shares were issued and not pursuant to publicly announced repurchase authorizations.
(b) On February 17, 2022, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program, effective April 1, 2022, of up to $250 million (the “2022 Repurchase Program”). In connection with the approval of the 2022 Repurchase Program, the 2019 Share Repurchase Program terminated effective April 1, 2022. The 2022 Repurchase Program, as approved by the Board of Directors, does not require the repurchase of a specific number of shares and can be terminated at any time.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not Applicable.
Item 5. Other Information.
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits.

*31.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
*31.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
*32.1 |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
*32.2 |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.**
101.INS |  | XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH |  | Inline XBRL Schema Document.***
101.CAL |  | Inline XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document.***
101.DEF |  | Inline XBRL Definition Linkbase Document.***
101.LAB |  | Inline XBRL Label Linkbase Document.***
101.PRE |  | Inline XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document.***
104 |  |  | Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.
** The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 accompany this Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and shall not, except to the extent required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, be deemed filed by the Company for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
*** Pursuant to Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the interactive data files on Exhibit 101 and 104 hereto are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Section 11 or 12 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and otherwise are not subject to liability under those sections.
† A contract, compensatory plan or arrangement in which directors or executive officers are eligible to participate.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | Dine Brands Global, Inc. (Registrant)
Dated: | 3rd day of May, 2023 | By: | /s/ John W. Peyton
|  |  | John W. Peyton Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Dated: | 3rd day of May, 2023 | By: | /s/ Vance Y. Chang
|  |  | Vance Y. Chang Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
Dated: | 3rd day of May, 2023 | By: | /s/ Allison Hall
|  |  | Allison Hall Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)

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