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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policy) | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation | Basis of Presentation and Consolidation Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP, as set forth in the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pacific Biosciences and our wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. Translation adjustments resulting from translating foreign subsidiaries’ results of operations and assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars are immaterial for all periods presented.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes to the financial statements. Our estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of inventory, revenue recognition, the valuation of a financing derivative and long-term notes, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation, the useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, and the computation provisions for income taxes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates. During 2017, we recorded a charge to cost of service and other revenue of $1.6 million relating to leased RS II instruments primarily due to a change in the estimated useful life of these instruments. The charge of $1.6 million increased loss per share by $0.01 for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments The carrying amount of our accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, current, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. The carrying value of our other liabilities, non-current, approximates fair value due to the time to maturity and prevailing market rates. The fair value hierarchy established under U.S. GAAP requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:
| · |  | Level 1: quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;
| · |  | Level 2: inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and
| · |  | Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.
We consider an active market as one in which transactions for the asset or liability occurs with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Conversely, we view an inactive market as one in which there are few transactions for the asset or liability, the prices are not current, or price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers. Where appropriate, our non-performance risk, or that of our counterparty, is considered in determining the fair values of liabilities and assets, respectively. We classify our cash deposits and money market funds within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using bank balances or quoted market prices. We classify our investments as Level 2 instruments based on market pricing and other observable inputs. We did not classify any of our investments within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the entire fair value measurement requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis The following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities that were measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 respectively (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |
﻿(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |
﻿Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Cash and money market funds | $ | 18,844 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 18,844 |  | $ | 14,858 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 14,858 |
﻿Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,649 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,649 |
﻿Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 18,844 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18,844 |  |  | 14,858 |  |  | 1,649 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,507 |
﻿Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 53,469 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,469 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,394 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,394 |
﻿Corporate debt securities |  | — |  |  | 10,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 10,214 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,034 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,034 |
﻿US government & agency securities |  | — |  |  | 19,827 |  |  | — |  |  | 19,827 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,937 |  |  | — |  |  | 16,937 |
﻿Total investments |  | — |  |  | 83,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 83,510 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,365 |  |  | — |  |  | 46,365 |
﻿Long-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Cash |  | 4,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | 4,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,500 |
﻿Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 23,344 |  | $ | 83,510 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 106,854 |  | $ | 19,358 |  | $ | 48,014 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 67,372 |
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﻿Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Financing derivative | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 183 |  | $ | 183 |
﻿Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | 16 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 183 |  | $ | 183 |
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﻿ The estimated fair value of the Financing Derivative liability (as defined in “Note 6. Notes Payable’) was determined using Level 3 inputs, or significant unobservable inputs. Refer to “Note 6. Notes Payable” for a detailed description and valuation approach. Changes to the estimated fair value of the Financing Derivative are recorded in “Other income (expense), net” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The following table provides the changes in the fair value of the Financing Derivative for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands), respectively: ﻿
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﻿ |  |  |
﻿Financing Derivative |  | Amount
﻿Balance as of December 31, 2016 |  | $ | 356
﻿Loss on change in fair value of Financing Derivative |  |  | 653
﻿Change in fair value due to partial exercise of derivative associated with $4.5 million principal payoff |  |  | (826)
﻿Balance as of December 31, 2017 |  |  | 183
﻿Gain on change in fair value of Financing Derivative |  |  | (167)
﻿Balance as of December 31, 2018 |  | $ | 16
﻿ |  |  |
For the year ended December 31, 2018, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and our valuation techniques did not change compared to the prior year. Financial Assets and Liabilities Not Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis We determined the fair value of the Notes (as defined in “Note 6. Notes Payable”) from the debt facility we entered into during the first quarter of 2013 using Level 3 inputs, or significant unobservable inputs. The value of the Notes was determined by comparing the difference between the fair value of the Notes with and without the Financing Derivative by calculating the respective present values from future cash flows using a 9.6% and 10.3% weighted average market yield at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Refer to “Note 6. Notes Payable” for additional details regarding the Notes. The estimated fair value and carrying value of the Notes are as follows (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ | December 31, 2018 |  | December 31, 2017 |
﻿ | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |
﻿Long-term notes payable | $ | 15,915 |  | $ | 14,659 |  | $ | 15,664 |  | $ | 13,635 |
﻿
Cash And Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Investments | Investments We have designated all investments as available-for-sale and therefore, such investments are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) in stockholders’ equity. The cost of marketable securities is adjusted for the amortization of premiums and discounts to expected maturity. Premium and discount amortization is included in other income, net. Realized gains and losses, as well as interest income, on available-for-sale securities are also included in other income, net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. We include all of our available-for-sale securities in current assets. All of our investments are subject to a periodic impairment review. We recognize an impairment charge when a decline in the fair value of our investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the length of time and extent to which an investment’s fair value has been less than its cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, extent of the loss related to credit of the issuer, the expected cash flows from the security, our intent to sell the security and whether or not we will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, we did not recognize any impairment charges on our investments as it is more likely than not that we will recover their amortized cost basis upon sale or maturity.
Concentration and Other Risks | Concentration and Other Risks The counterparties to the agreements relating to our investment securities consist of various major corporations, financial institutions, municipalities and government agencies of high credit standing. Our accounts receivable are derived from net revenue to customers and distributors located in the United States and other countries. We perform credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition and, generally, require no collateral from our customers. We regularly review our accounts receivable including consideration of factors such as historical experience, credit quality, the age of the accounts receivable balances and current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay. We have not experienced any significant credit losses to date. Excluding contractual revenue from the Roche agreement, which has now been terminated, for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, one customer, Gene Company Limited, accounted for approximately 26% and 31% of our total revenue, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2016, no customer accounted for more than 10% of our total revenue. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, 50% and 84% of our accounts receivable were from domestic customers, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, one customer, Gene Company Limited, represented approximately 14% and 20% of our net accounts receivable, respectively. We currently purchase several key parts and components used in the manufacture of our products from a limited number of suppliers. Generally we have been able to obtain an adequate supply of such parts and components. However, an extended interruption in the supply of parts and components currently obtained from our suppliers could adversely affect our business and consolidated financial statements.
Inventory | Inventory Inventories are stated at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Adjustments to reduce the cost of inventory to its net realizable value, if required, are made for estimated excess or obsolete balances.
Property And Equipment, Net | Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and any impairment charges. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, generally two to three years for computer equipment, three to five years for software, three to seven years for furniture and fixtures and three to five years for lab equipment. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Major improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred.
Long-Term Restricted Cash | Long-term Restricted Cash As required under the lease agreement for our corporate offices (the “O’Brien lease”), we were required to establish a letter of credit for the benefits of the landlord and to submit $4.5 million as a deposit for the letter of credit in October 2015; and, as such, $4.5 million was recorded in “Long-term restricted cash” in the consolidated balance sheet as of such year and continued to be so recorded as of both December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets | Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We periodically review property and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset is impaired or the estimated useful lives are no longer appropriate. Fair value is estimated based on discounted future cash flows. If indicators of impairment exist and the undiscounted projected cash flows associated with such assets are less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment loss is recorded to write the asset down to its estimated fair value. To date, we have not recorded any impairment charges.
Going Concern | Going concern We may raise additional capital in the future. To the extent we raise additional funds through the sale of equity or convertible debt, the issuance of such securities will result in dilution to our stockholders. There can be no assurance that such funds will be available on favorable terms, or at all, particularly in light of restrictions under our debt agreement and the Merger Agreement. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to obtain funds by entering into collaboration, licensing or debt agreements on unfavorable terms. If we are unable to raise funds on favorable terms, or at all, we may have to reduce our cash burn rate and may not be able to support our commercialization efforts, or to increase or maintain the level of our research and development activities. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or to raise adequate funds to finance our forecasted expenditures, we may have to make significant changes to our operations, including delaying or reducing the scope of or eliminating some or all of our development programs. We also may have to reduce sales, marketing, engineering, customer support or other resources devoted to our existing or new products or cease operations. If our cash, cash equivalents and investments are insufficient to fund our projected operating requirements, and we are unable to raise capital, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition Our revenue is generated primarily from the sale of products and services. Product revenue primarily consists of sales of our instruments and related consumables; Service and other revenue consist primarily of revenue earned from product maintenance agreements with some additional revenue from instrument lease agreements and grant revenue. We account for a contract with a customer when there is a legally enforceable contract between us and the customer, the rights of the parties are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and collectability of the contract consideration is probable. Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers or services are performed, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Taxes we collect concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue. Our instrument sales are generally sold in a bundled arrangement and commonly include the instrument, instrument accessories, installation, training, and consumables. Additionally, our instrument sale arrangements generally include a one-year period of service. For such bundled arrangements, we account for individual products and services separately if they are distinct, that is, if a product or service is separately identifiable from other items in the bundled package and if a customer can benefit from it on its own or with other resources that are readily available to the customer. Our customers cannot benefit from our instrument systems without installation, and installation can only be performed by us or qualified distributors. As a result, the system and installation are considered to be a single performance obligation recognized after installation is completed except for sales to qualified distributors, in which case the system is distinct and recognized when control has transferred to the distributor which typically occurs upon shipment. The consideration for bundled arrangements is allocated between separate performance obligations based on their individual standalone selling price (“SSP”). The SSP is determined based on observable prices at which we separately sell the products and services. If an SSP is not directly observable, then we will estimate the SSP by considering multiple factors including, but not limited to, overall market conditions, including geographic or regional specific factors, internal costs, profit objectives, pricing practices and other observable inputs. We recognize revenues as performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the product or service to the customer or over the term of a product maintenance agreement with a customer. Our revenue arrangements generally do not provide a right of return. Contract liabilities and contract assets - Contract liabilities primarily consist of deferred revenue. We record deferred service revenues when cash payments are received or due in advance of our performance for product maintenance agreements. Deferred service revenue is recognized over the related performance period, generally one to three years, on a straight-line basis as we are standing ready to provide services and a time-based measure of progress best reflects the satisfaction of the performance obligation. As of December 31, 2018, we had a total of $7.4 million of deferred service revenue from our service contracts, $6.5 million of which was recorded as “deferred service revenue, current” to be recognized over the next year and the remaining $0.9 million was recorded as “deferred service revenue, non-current” to be recognized in the next 2 to 5 years. Revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2018 includes $6.3 million of previously deferred revenue that was included in “deferred service revenue, current” as of December 31, 2017. Contract assets as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2018 were not material. Instrument lease agreements - Instrument leases are generally classified as operating-type leases and revenue from these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective lease term, once the lessee takes (or has the right to take) control/possession of the property under the lease. Effectively, this occurs once the installation is complete and control of the instrument is transferred to our customers. Other practical expedients and exemptions - Customers generally are invoiced upon acceptance of the system, which is also the start of the one-year service period. As such, there is typically not more than a one-year difference between the receipt of cash and the provision of services. Therefore, we apply the practical expedient and do not account for any potential significant financing benefit. However, it is noted that some customers will pre-order extended service periods at the time of the initial system sale. These customers may choose to make quarterly or annual payments or prepay multiple years of service upfront but there is no pricing difference between these different payment options. As such, no significant financing component is believed to exist with any of our existing arrangements.
Cost of Revenue | Cost of Revenue Cost of revenue reflects the direct cost of product components, third-party manufacturing services and our internal manufacturing overhead and customer service infrastructure costs incurred to produce, deliver, maintain and support our instruments, consumables, and services. There are no incremental costs associated with our contractual revenue; all product development costs are reflected in research and development expense. Manufacturing overhead is predominantly comprised of labor and facility costs. We determine and capitalize manufacturing overhead into inventory based on a standard cost model that approximates actual costs. Service costs include the direct costs of components used in support, repair and maintenance of customer instruments as well as the cost of personnel, materials, shipping and support infrastructure necessary to support our installed customer base.
Research and Development | Research and Development Research and development expense consists primarily of expenses for personnel engaged in the development of our SMRT Sequencing technology, the design and development of our future products and current product enhancements. These expenses also include prototype-related expenditures, development equipment and supplies, facilities costs and other related overhead. We expense research and development costs during the period in which the costs are incurred. However, we defer and capitalize non-refundable advance payments made for research and development activities until the related goods are received or the related services are rendered.
Operating Leases | Operating Leases We lease administrative, manufacturing and laboratory facilities under operating leases. Lease agreements may include rent holidays, rent escalation clauses and tenant improvement allowances. We recognize scheduled rent increases on a straight-line basis over the lease term beginning with the date we take possession of the leased space. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and depreciated over the shorter of their expected useful life or the life of the lease. We record tenant improvement allowances as deferred rent liabilities and amortize the deferred rent over the term of the lease to rent expense on the statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires, among other things, that deferred income taxes be provided for temporary differences between the tax bases of our assets and liabilities and the amounts reported in the financial statements. In addition, deferred tax assets are recorded for the future benefit of utilizing net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards. A full valuation allowance is provided against our net deferred tax assets as it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be fully realized. We review our positions taken relative to income taxes. To the extent our tax positions are more likely than not going to result in additional taxes, we would accrue the estimated amount of tax related to such uncertain positions.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-based Compensation Stock-based compensation expense for all stock-based compensation awards, including stock options and also including shares issued under 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), is based on the grant date fair value estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Expected Term. Starting January 1, 2018, we determined the expected term using historical option experience. We determined expected term based on historical exercise patterns and an expectation of the time it will take for employees to exercise options still outstanding. Prior to 2018, we did not believe that we were able to rely on our historical employee exercise behavior to provide accurate data for estimating our expected term for use in determining the fair value of these options due to limited trading history. Therefore, for the period prior to 2018, the period the expected term of options is estimated based on the simplified method. Expected Volatility. Starting January 1, 2018, we estimate the volatility of our common stock at the date of grant based on the historical volatility of our common stock. Prior to 2018, we did not have sufficient trading history to solely rely on the volatility of our own common stock for establishing expected volatility. Therefore, we based our expected volatility on the historical stock volatilities of our common stock as well as several comparable publicly listed companies over a period equal to the expected term of the options. Risk-Free Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant for the expected term of the stock option. Dividends. We have never paid any cash dividends on our common stock and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, we use an expected dividend yield of zero in the Black-Scholes option valuation model. Expected Forfeiture Rate. We estimate our forfeiture rate based on an analysis of our actual forfeitures and will continue to evaluate the adequacy of the forfeiture rate based on actual forfeiture experience, analysis of employee turnover behavior and other factors. The impact from a forfeiture rate adjustment will be recognized in full in the period of adjustment, and if the actual number of future forfeitures differs from that which was estimated, we may be required to record adjustments to stock-based compensation expense in future periods. We recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. We elected to use the simplified method to calculate the beginning pool of excess tax benefits.
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Other Comprehensive Income (loss) Other comprehensive income (loss) is comprised of unrealized gains (losses) on our investment securities.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements | Recent Accounting Pronouncements Recently Issued Accounting Standards In June 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, to simplify the accounting for nonemployee share-based payment transactions by expanding the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. Under the new standard, most of the guidance on stock compensation payments to nonemployees would be aligned with the requirements for share-based payments granted to employees. This standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. We expect to adopt this standard beginning in 2019. While we continue to assess the potential impact of this standard, we do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, that allows for an entity to elect to reclassify the income tax effects on items within accumulated other comprehensive income resulting from U.S. tax reform to retained earnings. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted, including interim periods within those years. We expect to adopt this standard beginning in 2019. While we continue to assess the potential impact of this standard, we do not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. The guidance in ASU 2016-02 supersedes the lease recognition requirements in ASC Topic 840, Leases. ASU 2016-02 requires an entity to recognize assets and liabilities arising from a lease for both financing and operating leases, along with additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures. ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, “Targeted Improvements - Leases (Topic 842)”. This update provides an optional transition method that allows entities to elect to apply the standard prospectively at its effective date, versus recasting the prior periods presented. If elected, an entity would recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. We intend to adopt the optional transition method and we expect to adopt this standard beginning in 2019. We have performed a preliminary assessment of the impact of the adoption of the amendments in these updates on our consolidated financial position and results of operations for our leases, which primarily consist of our O’Brien lease. Based on that assessment, we have estimated that the adoption of Topic 842 will result in the significant recognition of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as of January 1, 2019. Also, the impact from the adoption of Topic 842 to our accumulated deficit as of January 1, 2019 and to our consolidated results of operations for the year ending December 31, 2019 are not expected to be material. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires restricted cash to be presented with cash and cash equivalents on the statement of cash flows and disclosure of how the statement of cash flows reconciles to the balance sheet if restricted cash is shown separately from cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-18 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. We adopted this standard effective January 1, 2018 using the retrospective transition method by restating our consolidated statements of cash flows to include restricted cash of $4.5 million in the beginning and ending cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances for all periods presented. As a result of adoption, n et cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018 did not change as a result of including restricted cash with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period amounts presented on the statements of cash flows. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” as modified by subsequently issued ASUs 2015-14, 2016-08, 2016-10, 2016-12 and 2016-20 (collectively ASC 606). ASC 606 superseded existing revenue recognition standards with a single model unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. The revenue recognition principle in ASC 606 is that an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method with the cumulative effect of adoption recognized as an adjustment to our accumulated deficit on January 1, 2018. Prior period financial statements and disclosures have not been restated and continue to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. The adoption of ASC 606 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, equity or cash flows as of the adoption date or for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. Upon adopting ASC 606, the incremental direct costs of obtaining a contract are now deferred and amortized over the period of contract performance or a longer period if renewals are expected and the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission. We classify deferred commissions as “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” in our consolidated balance sheets. The cumulative effect of the changes made to our consolidated January 1, 2018 balance sheet for the adoption of ASC 606 was as follows (in thousands): ﻿
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﻿Balance Sheet | Balance at December 31, 2017 |  | Adjustments Due to ASC606 |  | Balance at January 1, 2018
﻿Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 2,249 |  | $ | 189 |  | $ | 2,438
﻿Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Accumulated deficit |  | (879,733) |  |  | 189 |  |  | (879,544)
﻿ In accordance with ASC 606, the disclosure of the impact of adoption on our consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, consolidated balance sheets, and consolidated statements of cash flows is as follows (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
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﻿ | Year Ended December 31, 2018
﻿Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC606 |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
﻿Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Sales, general and administrative | $ | 63,489 |  | $ | 63,547 |  | $ | (58)
﻿ ﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | As of December 31, 2018
﻿Balance Sheet | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC606 |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
﻿Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 2,832 |  | $ | 2,585 |  | $ | 247
﻿Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Accumulated deficit | $ | (982,106) |  | $ | (981,859) |  | $ | 247
﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31, 2018
﻿Statement of Cash Flows | As Reported |  | Balances Without Adoption of ASC606 |  | Effect of Change Higher/(Lower)
﻿Cash Flows from Operating Activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Net loss | $ | (102,562) |  | $ | (102,620) |  | $ | 58
﻿Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | (290) |  | $ | (348) |  | $ | 58
﻿ ﻿ At December 31, 2018, we had $0.2 million of deferred commissions included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” which will be recognized as the related revenue is recognized. Additionally, as a practical expedient, we expense costs to obtain a contract as incurred if the amortization period would have been a year or less. A summary of our revenue by category for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows (in thousands): ﻿ ﻿
﻿ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
﻿ | Year Ended December 31,
﻿(in thousands) | 2018 |  | 2017 (1) |  | 2016 (1)
﻿Instrument revenue | $ | 28,492 |  | $ | 38,626 |  | $ | 40,956
﻿Consumable revenue |  | 37,863 |  |  | 41,404 |  |  | 23,653
﻿Product revenue |  | 66,355 |  |  | 80,030 |  |  | 64,609
﻿Service and other revenue |  | 12,271 |  |  | 13,438 |  |  | 13,971
﻿Collaboration revenue |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 12,134
﻿Total revenue | $ | 78,626 |  | $ | 93,468 |  | $ | 90,714
﻿ ﻿
| (1) |  | As noted above, prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of ASC 606.

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