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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2021

Or

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-34899

Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware | 16-1590339
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1305 O’Brien Drive Menlo Park, CA | 94025
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code)

(650) 521-8000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | PACB | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes T No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes T No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | o | Accelerated filer | o
Non-accelerated filer | T | Smaller reporting company | T
Emerging growth company | o |  |

Table of Contents

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No T

Number of shares outstanding of the issuer’s common stock as of April 30, 2021: 198,372,941.

‎

2

Table of Contents

TABLE O F CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION | PAGE No
Item 1. Financial Statements (unaudited): |
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of M arch 31, 2021 and December 31, 202 0 | 4
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive I ncome (L oss) for the Three Months Ended Ma rch 31, 2021 and 202 0 | 5
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the T hree Months Ended Ma rch 31, 202 1 and 202 0 | 6
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Thr ee Months Ended M arch 31, 2021 and 202 0 | 7
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 8
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 23
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 30
Item 4. Controls and Procedures | 31
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. Legal Proceedings | 32
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 32
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 59
Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities | 59
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 59
Item 5. Other Information | 59
Item 6. Exhibits | 60

3

Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements

PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES OF CALIFORNIA, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

| March 31, |  | December 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2021 |  | 2020
Assets |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 932,398 |  | $ | 81,611
Investments |  | 227,921 |  |  | 237,203
Accounts receivable |  | 12,906 |  |  | 16,837
Inventory |  | 16,268 |  |  | 14,230
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 5,623 |  |  | 4,870
Short-term restricted cash |  | 836 |  |  | 836
Total current assets |  | 1,195,952 |  |  | 355,587
Property and equipment, net |  | 24,207 |  |  | 24,899
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net |  | 29,162 |  |  | 29,951
Long-term restricted cash |  | 3,500 |  |  | 3,500
Other long-term assets |  | 67 |  |  | 43
Total assets | $ | 1,252,888 |  | $ | 413,980
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable | $ | 3,471 |  | $ | 3,579
Accrued expenses |  | 14,672 |  |  | 17,350
Deferred revenue, current |  | 9,607 |  |  | 8,722
Operating lease liabilities, current |  | 4,448 |  |  | 4,332
Other liabilities, current |  | 1,539 |  |  | 4,519
Total current liabilities |  | 33,737 |  |  | 38,502
Deferred revenue, non-current |  | 5,687 |  |  | 1,568
Operating lease liabilities, non-current |  | 36,485 |  |  | 37,667
Convertible senior notes, net |  | 895,674 |  |  | —
Other liabilities, non-current |  | 752 |  |  | 752
Total liabilities |  | 972,335 |  |  | 78,489
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 50,000 shares; No shares issued or outstanding |  | — |  |  | —
Common stock, $0.001 par value: |  |  |  |  |
Authorized 1,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 198,340 shares and 192,294 shares at March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively |  | 198 |  |  | 192
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,404,585 |  |  | 1,372,083
Accumulated other comprehensive income |  | 74 |  |  | 85
Accumulated deficit |  | (1,124,304) |  |  | (1,036,869)
Total stockholders’ equity |  | 280,553 |  |  | 335,491
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 1,252,888 |  | $ | 413,980

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

Table of Contents

PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES OF CALIFORNIA, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands, except per share amounts) | 2021 |  | 2020
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Product revenue | $ | 25,303 |  | $ | 12,293
Service and other revenue |  | 3,694 |  |  | 3,305
Total revenue |  | 28,997 |  |  | 15,598
Cost of revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Cost of product revenue |  | 12,697 |  |  | 5,421
Cost of service and other revenue |  | 3,323 |  |  | 2,689
Total cost of revenue |  | 16,020 |  |  | 8,110
Gross profit |  | 12,977 |  |  | 7,488
Operating expense: |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 20,548 |  |  | 15,250
Sales, general and administrative |  | 26,139 |  |  | 24,947
Total operating expense |  | 46,687 |  |  | 40,197
Operating loss |  | (33,710) |  |  | (32,709)
Gain (loss) from Continuation Advances |  | (52,000) |  |  | 34,000
Interest expense |  | (1,789) |  |  | (267)
Other income, net |  | 64 |  |  | 238
Net income (loss) |  | (87,435) |  |  | 1,262
Other comprehensive income: |  |  |  |  |
Unrealized income (loss) on investments |  | (11) |  |  | 25
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (87,446) |  | $ | 1,287
Net income (loss) per share: |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (0.45) |  | $ | 0.01
Diluted | $ | (0.45) |  | $ | 0.01
Weighted average shares outstanding used in computing net income (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 194,790 |  |  | 153,453
Diluted |  | 194,790 |  |  | 155,855

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

‎

5

Table of Contents

PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES OF CALIFORNIA, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Unaudited)

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Accumulated |  |  |  |  |
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Additional |  | Other |  |  |  |  | Total
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Paid-in |  | Comprehensive |  | Accumulated |  | Stockholders'
(in thousands) |  | Common Stock |  | Capital |  | Income (Loss) |  | Deficit |  | Equity
For the three months ended March 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2020 |  | 192,294 |  | $ | 192 |  | $ | 1,372,083 |  | $ | 85 |  | $ | (1,036,869) |  | $ | 335,491
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (87,435) |  |  | (87,435)
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (11) |  |  | — |  |  | (11)
Issuance of common stock in conjunction with equity plans |  | 6,046 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 22,337 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 22,343
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,165 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10,165
Balance at March 31, 2021 |  | 198,340 |  | $ | 198 |  | $ | 1,404,585 |  | $ | 74 |  | $ | (1,124,304) |  | $ | 280,553
For the three months ended March 31, 2020 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance at December 31, 2019 |  | 153,119 |  | $ | 153 |  | $ | 1,120,999 |  | $ | 5 |  | $ | (1,066,240) |  | $ | 54,917
Net income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,262 |  |  | 1,262
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | — |  |  | 25
Adoption effect of Topic 326 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (32) |  |  | (32)
Issuance of common stock in conjunction with equity plans |  | 834 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 198 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 199
Stock-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,032 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,032
Balance at March 31, 2020 |  | 153,953 |  | $ | 154 |  | $ | 1,125,229 |  | $ | 30 |  | $ | (1,065,010) |  | $ | 60,403

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements

6

Table of Contents

PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES OF CALIFORNIA, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (87,435) |  | $ | 1,262
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Loss (gain) from Continuation Advances |  | 52,000 |  |  | (34,000)
Depreciation |  | 1,606 |  |  | 1,657
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 790 |  |  | 709
Amortization of debt discount and financing costs |  | 74 |  |  | 129
Stock-based compensation |  | 10,165 |  |  | 4,032
Amortization (accretion) from investment premium (discount) |  | 565 |  |  | (83)
Changes in assets and liabilities |  |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | 3,931 |  |  | 7,909
Inventory |  | (2,556) |  |  | (3,374)
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | (675) |  |  | (58)
Accounts payable |  | 153 |  |  | (4,129)
Accrued expenses |  | (2,680) |  |  | 4,721
Deferred revenue |  | 5,004 |  |  | (970)
Operating lease liabilities |  | (1,066) |  |  | (931)
Other liabilities |  | (2,980) |  |  | 489
Deferred gain from Reverse Termination Fee |  | — |  |  | 98,000
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  | (23,104) |  |  | 75,363
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Purchase of property and equipment |  | (401) |  |  | (117)
Purchase of investments |  | (64,426) |  |  | (72,960)
Sales of investments |  | 4,597 |  |  | —
Maturities of investments |  | 68,400 |  |  | 18,750
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities |  | 8,170 |  |  | (54,327)
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Continuation Advances |  | (52,000) |  |  | 34,000
Notes payable principal payoff |  | — |  |  | (16,000)
Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Senior Notes, net of issuance costs |  | 895,624 |  |  | —
Issuance costs paid for underwritten public equity offering |  | (246) |  |  | —
Proceeds from issuance of common stock from equity plans |  | 22,343 |  |  | 199
Net cash provided by financing activities |  | 865,721 |  |  | 18,199
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | 850,787 |  |  | 39,235
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 85,947 |  |  | 33,627
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 936,734 |  | $ | 72,862
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 932,398 |  | $ | 68,862
Restricted cash at end of period |  | 4,336 |  |  | 4,000
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 936,734 |  | $ | 72,862

See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

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PACIFIC BIOSCIENCES OF CALIFORNIA, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

NOTE 1. OVERVIEW

We design, develop and manufacture sequencing systems to help scientists resolve genetically complex problems. Based on our novel Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT®) sequencing technology, our products enable: de novo genome assembly to finish genomes in order to more fully identify, annotate and decipher genomic structures; full-length transcript analysis to improve annotations in reference genomes, characterize alternatively spliced isoforms in important gene families, and find novel genes; targeted sequencing to more comprehensively characterize genetic variations; and real-time kinetic information for epigenome characterization. Our technology provides high accuracy, ultra-long reads, uniform coverage and the ability to simultaneously detect epigenetic changes. PacBio® sequencing systems, including consumables and software, provide a simple and fast end-to-end workflow for SMRT sequencing.

Our current products include the Sequel II and Sequel IIe instruments and SMRT Cell 8M, which together are capable of sequencing up to approximately eight million DNA molecules simultaneously, and the previous generation Sequel instrument and Sequel SMRT Cell 1M, which together are capable of sequencing up to approximately one million DNA molecules simultaneously. In October 2020, we launched the Sequel IIe System, which has increased computational capacity, and is designed to enable customers to generate PacBio HiFi reads more efficiently.

Our research and development efforts are focused on developing new products and further improving our existing products including continuing chemistry and sample preparation improvements to increase throughput and expand our supported applications. By providing access to genetic information that was previously inaccessible, we enable scientists to confidently increase their understanding of biological systems.

The names “Pacific Biosciences,” “PacBio,” “SMRT,” “SMRTbell,” “Sequel” and our logo are our trademarks.

NOTE 2. INVITAE COLLABORATION

On January 12, 2021 we entered into a multi-year Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Development Agreement”) with Invitae Corporation (“Invitae”). Pursuant to the Development Agreement, Invitae is providing certain funding to PacBio to enable PacBio to develop products relating to production-scale high-throughput sequencing (“Program Products”). If and when Program Products become commercially available for sale, Invitae may purchase the Program Products. In addition to selling the Program Products to Invitae, we will have the right to broadly commercialize Program Products for sale to other customers.

The funding Invitae will provide to PacBio will equal certain development costs incurred by PacBio in connection with the Program Products (“Program Development Costs”). Under the Development Agreement, we will be responsible for conducting a program to develop the Program Products, and subsequently for manufacturing the Program Products. We will make general decisions regarding the development program jointly with Invitae but PacBio is responsible for all research and development activities. The entire development program is expected to last approximately sixty months, but may be shorter or longer.

As the primary benefit of its contribution, Invitae will be entitled to preferred pricing on the Program Products if and when they are available for commercial sale. Each Program Product will have a preferential pricing period, which will not exceed four years from the date of the first delivery of that Program Product (“Preferential Pricing Period”). During the Preferential Pricing Period for each Program Product, Invitae may purchase the Program Product at a substantially reduced margin until it has recouped a multiple of its contribution as defined in the Development Agreement. For a specified period after the end of the Preferential Pricing Period, Invitae has the right to purchase the Program Product at a higher price, determined by a formula, than the price during the Preferential Pricing Period (“Extended Pricing Period”). The Extended Pricing Periods will terminate early if Invitae does not meet certain volume minimums.

We and Invitae may terminate the Development Agreement if the other party remains in material breach of the Development Agreement following a cure period to remedy the material breach. In addition, the Development Agreement includes certain other circumstances for termination by each party, including circumstances where Invitae may terminate for delays, IP concerns, PacBio’s change in control, or without cause.

In certain termination circumstances, (i) we will be obligated to refund all or a portion of the development costs advanced by Invitae and/or (ii) we will owe Invitae a share of the revenue that may be generated from the sale of the Program Products to third parties if and when they are commercialized, until such time as Invitae has recouped the amounts reimbursed to us, and in certain circumstances, a mutually agreed return.

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We expect to incur significant development costs over the duration of the Development Agreement. There can be no assurances that the development program will be successful or that the Program Products will become ready for commercial sale.

We determined that the primary benefit from the arrangement to Invitae is the ability to procure the Program Products during the Preferential Pricing Period at substantial discounts. As we expect the Program Products to be available for Invitae to purchase in the future, we concluded the arrangement is within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In addition, Invitae is not expected to substantially benefit from the intellectual property developed under the arrangement, or benefit from other goods or services during the development period. It is also not a collaboration in the scope of ASC Topic 808 Collaborative Arrangements, as PacBio is responsible for performing the research and development activities.

Accordingly, the amounts received by the Company from Invitae during the development period represent significant discounts toward future supplies of the Program Products during the Preferential Pricing Period, and will be accounted as material rights in accordance with ASC Topic 606. Proportionate amounts of t hese material rights will be recognized in revenue when Invitae places purchase orders for Program Products and the associated goods or services are delivered to Invitae. To the extent the discounts are not expected to be used, they will be recognized consistent with the guidance in Topic 606 relating to breakage, in proportion to the expected purchases by Invitae. Any remaining unused discounts will be recognized when they expire.

All amounts received from Invitae will be initially deferred and accumulated in non-current deferred revenue.

We determined that a significant financing component exists in relation to the amounts received by Invitae during the development period and until the development is complete. The resulting financing costs will be recognized by the Company over that period, with corresponding increases in deferred revenues. As a result, future revenue attributable to the material rights will be increased by the same amount.

Costs incurred to develop the Program Products are considered research and development and are expensed as incurred. There are no origination or fulfilment costs related to the arrangement with Invitae that are eligible to be capitalized.

As of March 31, 2021, cumulative payments received from Invitae amounted to $4.1 million, and are included in “Deferred revenue, non-current” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

NOTE 3. TERMINATION OF MERGER WITH ILLUMINA

On November 1, 2018, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”) with Illumina, Inc. (“Illumina”) and FC Ops Corp., a wholly owned subsidiary of Illumina (“Merger Subsidiary”). On January 2, 2020, we, Illumina and Merger Subsidiary, entered into an agreement to terminate the Merger Agreement (the “Termination Agreement”).

Continuation Advances from Illumina

As part of the Termination Agreement, Illumina paid us cash payments (“Continuation Advances”) of $18.0 million during the fourth quarter of 2019 and $34.0 million during the first quarter of 2020. We recorded the $34.0 million as part of other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Up to the full $52.0 million of Continuation Advances paid to us were repayable without interest to Illumina if, within two years of March 31, 2020, we entered into, or consummated a Change of Control Transaction or raised at least $100 million in a single equity or debt financing (that may have multiple closings), with the amount repayable dependent on the amount raised by us.

Resulting from the issuance and sale of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028, $52.0 million of Continuation Advances were paid without interest to Illumina in February 2021 and recorded as other expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Please refer to Note 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for the accounting treatment of the Continuation Advances.

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Reverse Termination Fee from Illumina

As part of the Termination Agreement, Illumina paid us a $98.0 million termination fee (the “Reverse Termination Fee”), from which we paid our financial advisor associated fees of $6.0 million in April 2020.

Pursuant to the Termination Agreement, in the event that, on or prior to September 30, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement providing for, or consummated, a Change of Control Transaction, then we may have been required to repay the Reverse Termination Fee (without interest) to Illumina in connection with the consummation of such Change of Control Transaction. As indicated in ASC 450, Contingencies, a gain contingency usually is not recognized in the financial statements until the period in which all contingencies are resolved and the gain is realizable. As such, we deferred the gain from the Reverse Termination Fee from Illumina until the date when the associated contingency lapsed. On October 1, 2020, the contingency clauses lapsed and we recorded the $98.0 million as a part of other income in the fourth quarter of 2020.

NOTE 4. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

In the opinion of management, our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”) have been prepared on a consistent basis with our December 31, 2020 audited consolidated financial statements and include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to fairly state the information set forth herein. The Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and, as permitted by such rules and regulations, omit certain information and footnote disclosures necessary to present the statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). These Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year or any future periods.

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pacific Biosciences and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

COVID-19

We are subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the novel coronavirus pandemic (“COVID-19”). The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business is highly uncertain as responses to the pandemic can change quickly and information is rapidly evolving. We considered the impact of COVID-19 on the assumptions and estimates used to determine the results reported and asset valuations as of March 31, 2021.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes to the financial statements. Our estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of inventory, the determination of stand-alone selling prices for revenue recognition, the probability of repaying the Continuation Advances and Reverse Termination Fee to Illumina, the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation, the expected renewal period for service contracts to derive the amortization period for capitalized commissions, the useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, the computation of provisions for income taxes, the borrowing rate used in calculating the operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities, the borrowing rate used in calculating the financing component of the Invitae collaboration and valuations related to our convertible senior notes. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying amount of our accounts receivable, prepaid expenses, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities, current, approximate fair value due to their short maturities.

The fair value hierarchy established under U.S. GAAP requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1: quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

Level 2: inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and

Level 3: unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

We consider an active market as one in which transactions for the asset or liability occurs with sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis. Conversely, we view an inactive market as one in which there are few transactions for the asset or liability, the prices are not current, or price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers. Where appropriate, our non-performance risk, or that of our counterparty, is considered in determining the fair values of liabilities and assets, respectively.

We classify our cash deposits and money market funds within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using bank balances or quoted market prices. We classify our investments as Level 2 instruments based on market pricing and other observable inputs. We did not classify any of our investments within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the entire fair value measurement requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities that were measured on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 respectively:

| March 31, 2021 |  | December 31, 2020
(in thousands) | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and money market funds | $ | 906,453 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 906,453 |  | $ | 43,040 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 43,040
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 25,945 |  |  | — |  |  | 25,945 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,537 |  |  | — |  |  | 32,537
U.S. government & agency securities |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | 170
U.S. Treasury security |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,864 |  |  | — |  |  | 5,864
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 906,453 |  |  | 25,945 |  |  | — |  |  | 932,398 |  |  | 43,040 |  |  | 38,571 |  |  | — |  |  | 81,611
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper |  | — |  |  | 75,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 75,465 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,644 |  |  | — |  |  | 112,644
Corporate debt securities |  | — |  |  | 15,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 15,548 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,456 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,456
U.S. government & agency securities |  | — |  |  | 136,908 |  |  | — |  |  | 136,908 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,103 |  |  | — |  |  | 107,103
Total investments |  | — |  |  | 227,921 |  |  | — |  |  | 227,921 |  |  | — |  |  | 237,203 |  |  | — |  |  | 237,203
Short-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | 836 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 836 |  |  | 836 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 836
Long-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash |  | 3,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | 3,500 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,500
Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 910,789 |  | $ | 253,866 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 1,164,655 |  | $ | 47,376 |  | $ | 275,774 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 323,150
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Continuation Advances | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —
Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | —

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Estimated fair value of the Continuation Advances liability

In accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement, we received financing from Illumina in the form of Continuation Advances of $18.0 million and $34.0 million from Illumina during the fourth quarter of 2019 and the first quarter of 2020, respectively. The Continuation Advances were provided to the Company to support the Company’s working capital needs in light of the continued negative cash flows incurred by the Company during the extended regulatory approval period for the merger and the Company’s need for additional capital to meet its debt repayment obligations and to fund its operations. As discussed in Note 3. Termination of Merger with Illumina, the Merger Agreement was entered into in November 2018 and was ultimately terminated in January 2020.

We determined that the Continuation Advances, which are subject to repayment under certain circumstances as discussed below, constitute a financial liability.

The fair value option was elected for the financial liability because management believes that among all measurement methods allowed by Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 825, Financial Instruments, the fair value option would most fairly represent the value of such a financial liability. Management applied the income approach to estimate the fair value of this financial liability. The estimated fair value of the liability related to the Continuation Advances was determined using Level 3 inputs, or significant unobservable inputs. Management estimated that the fair value of this financial instrument was immaterial because of the low probability of either of the following events occurring and requiring repayment to Illumina as of December 31, 2020:

we enter into a Change of Control Transaction within two years following March 31, 2020; or

we raise $100 million or more in a single equity or debt financing (that may have multiple closings) within two years following March 31, 2020, with the amount repayable dependent on the amount raised by us.

As a result, the estimated fair value of the liability associated with the contingent repayment of the Continuation Advances was assessed to be zero as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2020, with a resulting non-operating gain of $34.0 million recorded as “Gain from Continuation Advances from Illumina” for the quarter ended March 31, 2020. We recorded a similar gain of $18.0 million in 2019 for the Continuation Advances received during the fourth quarter of 2019.

The Company was first approached by SB Northstar LP during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 regarding a potential convertible debt transaction. As discussed further below in Note 7. Convertible Senior Notes, in February 2021, the Company entered into an investment agreement with SB Northstar LP for the issuance and sale of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028. As a result, $52.0 million of Continuation Advances were repaid without interest to Illumina in February 2021 and recorded as other expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the quarter ended March 31, 2021. There was no further liability exposure for Continuation Advances as of March 31, 2021.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2021, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 assets or liabilities reported at fair value on a recurring basis and our valuation techniques did not change compared to the prior year.

Net Income (Loss) per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and potential shares assuming the dilutive effect of the convertible senior notes, using the if-converted method, and outstanding stock options, restricted stock units and common stock issuable pursuant to our employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, using the treasury stock method.

The following table presents the calculation of weighted average shares of common stock used in the computations of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share amounts presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands, except per share amounts):

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|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
|  | 2021 |  | 2020
Net income (loss) |  | $ | (87,435) |  | $ | 1,262
Basic |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used in computing basic net income (loss) per share |  |  | 194,790 |  |  | 153,453
Basic net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.45) |  | $ | 0.01
Diluted |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares used in computing basic net income (loss) per share |  |  | 194,790 |  |  | 153,453
Add: weighted average stock options |  |  | — |  |  | 1,926
Add: weighted average restricted stock units |  |  | — |  |  | 476
Weighted average shares used in computing diluted net income (loss) per share |  |  | 194,790 |  |  | 155,855
Diluted net income (loss) per share |  | $ | (0.45) |  | $ | 0.01

The following outstanding shares issuable upon conversion of the convertible senior notes, common stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), with time-based vesting and RSUs with performance-based vesting, were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect. See Note 9. Stockholders’ Equity for detailed information on RSUs with time-based vesting and RSUs with performance-based vesting.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2021 |  | 2020
Shares issuable upon conversion of convertible senior notes |  | 20,690 |  | —
Options to purchase common stock |  | 12,332 |  | 14,265
RSUs with time-based vesting |  | 6,527 |  | 2,208
RSUs with performance-based vesting |  | — |  | 138
ESPP shares |  | — |  | 1,346

Concentration and Other Risks

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, Gene Company Limited accounted for approximately 12% of our total revenue during the period with no other customer exceeding 10% during the period. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, TOMY Digital Biology Co. accounted for approximately 11% of our total revenue with no other customer exceeding 10% during the period. Gene Company Limited is our primary distributor in China and TOMY Digital Biology Co. is our distributor in Japan.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. This guidance simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments primarily by eliminating the existing cash conversion and beneficial conversion models within Subtopic 470-20, which will result in fewer embedded conversion options being accounted for separately from the debt host. The guidance also amends and simplifies the calculation of earnings per share relating to convertible instruments. This guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within that reporting period, excluding smaller reporting companies. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within that reporting period, using either a full or modified retrospective approach. We adopted ASU 2020-06 on January 1, 2021. Because we had no convertible instruments within the scope of ASU 2020-06 at the time of adoption, there was no impact of adoption on our condensed consolidated financial statements. However, in February 2021 we issued $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028, as described in Note 7. Convertible Senior Notes, which are accounted for under ASU 2020-06.

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In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. This ASU simplifies the accounting for income taxes by clarifying and amending existing guidance related to the recognition of franchise tax, the evaluation of a step up in the tax basis of goodwill, and the effects of enacted changes in tax laws or rates in the effective tax rate computation, among other clarifications. The standard is effective for our annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim reporting periods within those fiscal years. We adopted ASU 2019-12 on January 1, 2021, and the adoption did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Significant Accounting Policies

Except for the adoption of ASU 2020-06 as discussed above and in Note 7. Convertible Senior Notes, there have been no new or material changes to the significant accounting policies discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

NOTE 5. CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS AND INVESTMENTS

The following tables summarize our cash, cash equivalents and investments as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (in thousands):

| As of March 31, 2021
|  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |
| Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  | Fair
| Cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | Value
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and money market funds | $ | 906,453 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 906,453
Commercial paper |  | 25,947 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 25,945
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 932,400 |  |  | — |  |  | (2) |  |  | 932,398
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper |  | 75,470 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 75,465
Corporate debt securities |  | 15,492 |  |  | 63 |  |  | (7) |  |  | 15,548
U.S. government & agency securities |  | 136,883 |  |  | 29 |  |  | (4) |  |  | 136,908
Total investments |  | 227,845 |  |  | 94 |  |  | (18) |  |  | 227,921
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments | $ | 1,160,245 |  | $ | 94 |  | $ | (20) |  | $ | 1,160,319
Short-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 836 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 836
Long-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,500
| As of December 31, 2020
|  |  | Gross |  | Gross |  |
| Amortized |  | unrealized |  | unrealized |  | Fair
| Cost |  | gains |  | losses |  | Value
Cash and cash equivalents: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash and money market funds | $ | 43,040 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 43,040
Commercial paper |  | 32,538 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 32,537
U.S. government & agency securities |  | 170 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 170
U.S. Treasury security |  | 5,864 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,864
Total cash and cash equivalents |  | 81,612 |  |  | — |  |  | (1) |  |  | 81,611
Investments: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Commercial paper |  | 112,648 |  |  | 4 |  |  | (8) |  |  | 112,644
Corporate debt securities |  | 17,360 |  |  | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 17,456
U.S. government & agency securities |  | 107,109 |  |  | 6 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 107,103
Total investments |  | 237,117 |  |  | 106 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 237,203
Total cash, cash equivalents and investments | $ | 318,729 |  | $ | 106 |  | $ | (21) |  | $ | 318,814
Short-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 836 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 836
Long-term restricted cash: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash | $ | 3,500 |  | $ | — |  | $ | — |  | $ | 3,500

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The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of our cash equivalents and available-for-sale investments, excluding money market funds, as of March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

| Fair Value
Due in one year or less | $ | 236,278
Due after one year through 5 years |  | 17,588
Total investments | $ | 253,866

Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without call or prepayment penalties.

NOTE 6. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS

Short-term restricted cash

As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the short-term restricted cash balance of $0.8 million was comprised of $0.5 million of a customer deposit and $0.3 million of the security deposit for the credit cards for employees.

Inventory

As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, our inventory consisted of the following components:

| March 31, |  | December 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020
Purchased materials | $ | 4,458 |  | $ | 3,531
Work in process |  | 6,862 |  |  | 6,651
Finished goods |  | 4,948 |  |  | 4,048
Inventory | $ | 16,268 |  | $ | 14,230

Long-term restricted cash

For our facility located at 1305 O’Brien Drive, Menlo Park, California (the “O’Brien Lease”), we were required to establish a letter of credit for the benefit of the landlord and to submit $4.5 million as a deposit for the letter of credit in October 2015. Subsequently, pursuant to the terms of the O’Brien Lease, on May 1, 2019, the amount of the letter of credit was reduced from $4.5 million to $4.0 million and in May 2020 was reduced to $3.5 million. As such, $3.5 million was recorded in “Long-term restricted cash” in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

Deferred revenue

As of March 31, 2021, we had a total of $15.3 million of deferred revenue, $9.6 million of which was recorded as “Deferred revenue, current” and primarily relates to our service contracts to be recognized over the next year and the remaining $5.7 million was recorded as “Deferred revenue, non-current.” Of the “Deferred revenue, non-current” balance, $1.6 million primarily relates to our service contracts and is scheduled to be recognized in the next 5 years, while $4.1 million relates to payments received under the Invitae collaboration described in Note 2. Revenue recorded in the three months ended March 31, 2021 includes $3.1 million of previously deferred revenue that was included in “Deferred revenue, current” as of December 31, 2020. Contract assets as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were not material.

As of March 31, 2021, we had a total of $0.7 million of deferred commissions included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” which is recognized as the related revenue is recognized. Additionally, as a practical expedient, we expense costs to obtain a contract as incurred if the amortization period would have been a year or less.

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NOTE 7. CONVERTIBLE SENIOR NOTES

On February 9, 2021, we entered into an investment agreement (the “Investment Agreement”) with SB Northstar LP (the “Purchaser”), a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp., relating to the issuance and sale to the Purchaser of $900 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued on February 16, 2021.

The Notes are governed by an indenture (the “Indenture”) between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.50% per annum. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 commencing on August 15, 2021. The Notes will mature on February 15, 2028, subject to earlier conversion, redemption or repurchase.

The Notes are convertible at the option of the holder at any time until the second scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date, including in connection with a redemption by the Company. The Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock based on an initial conversion rate of 22.9885 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of $43.50 per share), in each case subject to customary anti-dilution and other adjustments as a result of certain extraordinary transactions. Upon conversion of the Notes, we may elect to settle such conversion obligation in shares, cash or a combination of shares and cash.

On or after February 20, 2026, the Notes will be redeemable by the Company in the event that the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 150% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides the redemption notice at a redemption price of 100% of the principal amount of such Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

With certain exceptions, upon a change of control of the Company or the failure of the Company’s common stock to be listed on certain stock exchanges (a “Fundamental Change”), the holders of the Notes may require that the Company repurchase all or part of the principal amount of the Notes at a purchase price of par plus unpaid interest to, but excluding, the maturity date.

The Indenture includes customary “events of default,” which may result in the acceleration of the maturity of the Notes under the Indenture. The Indenture also includes customary covenants for convertible notes of this type.

To the extent the Company elects, the sole remedy for an event of default relating to the Company’s failure to comply with certain of its reporting obligations shall, for the first 360 calendar days after the occurrence of such an event of default, consist exclusively of the right to receive additional interest on the Notes at a rate equal to (i) 0.25% per annum of the principal amount of the Notes outstanding for each day during the first 180 calendar days of the 360-day period after the occurrence of such an event of default during which such event of default is continuing (or, if earlier, the date on which such event of default is cured or waived) and (ii) 0.50% per annum of the principal amount of the Notes outstanding for each day from, and including, the 181st calendar day to, and including, the 360th calendar day after the occurrence of such an event of default during which such event of default is continuing (or, if earlier, the date on which such event of default is cured or waived as provided for in the Indenture). On the 361st day after such event of default (if the event of default relating to the Company’s failure to comply with its obligations is not cured or waived prior to such 361st day), the Notes shall be subject to acceleration as provided for in the Indenture.

Accounting Treatment

Under ASU 2020-06, a debt with an embedded conversion feature is accounted for in its entirety as a liability and no portion of the proceeds from the issuance of the convertible debt instrument is accounted for as attributable to the conversion feature unless the conversion feature is required to be accounted for separately as an embedded derivative or the conversion feature results in a substantial premium. The conversion feature of the Notes is not required to be accounted for as an embedded derivative because it is considered to be indexed to the Company’s stock, and the Notes were not issued at a premium; therefore, the Notes are accounted for in their entirety as a liability. Because we may elect to settle any conversions entirely in shares, and because settlement in shares is the default settlement method, the liability is classified as non-current.

The requirement to repurchase the Notes including unpaid interest to the maturity date in the event of a Fundamental Change is considered a put option for certain periods requiring bifurcation under ASC 815 – Derivatives and Hedging. However, given the low probability of a Fundamental Change occurring during the applicable periods, the value of the embedded derivative is immaterial.

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The additional interest feature in the event of the Company’s failure to comply with certain reporting obligations is also considered an embedded derivative requiring bifurcation under ASC 815. However, due to the nature and terms of the reporting obligations, the value of the embedded derivative is immaterial.

We incurred issuance costs related to the Notes of approximately $4.4 million, which were recorded as debt issuance cost and are presented as a reduction to the Notes on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet and are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Notes, resulting in an effective interest rate of 1.6%. As of March 31, 2021, the net carrying amount of the liability for the Notes is classified as a long-term liability in the “Convertible senior notes, net” line item in the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows (in thousands):

Principal amount | $ | 900,000
Unamortized debt issuance costs |  | (4,326)
Net carrying amount | $ | 895,674

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, interest expense for the Notes was as follows (in thousands):

Contractual interest expense | $ | 1,688
Amortization of debt issuance costs |  | 74
Total interest expense | $ | 1,762

As of March 31, 2021, the estimated fair value (Level 2) of the Notes was $975.6 million. The fair value of the Notes is estimated using a pricing model that is primarily affected by the trading price of the Company’s common stock and market interest rates.

NOTE 8. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Leases

On July 22, 2015, we entered into a lease agreement with respect to our facility located at 1305 O’Brien Drive, Menlo Park, California. The term of the O’Brien Lease is one hundred thirty-two (132) months. In December 2016, we entered into an amendment to the O’Brien Lease which defined the commencement date of the lease to be October 25, 2016, notwithstanding that such substantial completion did not occur until the first quarter of 2017. Base monthly rent was abated for the first six (6) months of the lease term and thereafter was $540,000 per month during the first year of the lease term, with specified annual increases thereafter until reaching $711,000 per month during the last twelve (12) months of the lease term. If the rent is not received within five days of the due date, there will be an additional sum equal to 5% of the amount overdue as a late charge. Any amount not paid within 10 days after receipt of the landlord’s written notice will bear interest from the date due until paid, at the lesser rate of (1) the prime rate of interest as published in the Wall Street Journal, plus 2% or (2) the maximum rate allowed by law, in addition to the late payment charge. We were required to establish a letter of credit for the benefit of the landlord and to submit $4.5 million as a deposit for the letter of credit in October 2015. Subsequently, pursuant to the terms of the O’Brien Lease, on May 1, 2019 the $4.5 million in restricted cash was reduced to $4.0 million and on May 1, 2020 the $4.0 million in restricted cash was reduced to $3.5 million.

All of our leases are operating leases. Operating lease assets and liabilities are reflected within “Operating lease right-of-use assets, net”, “Operating lease liabilities, current” and “Operating lease liabilities, non-current” on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. These assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of remaining minimum lease payments over the lease term using our estimated secured incremental borrowing rates. Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise the base rent per the term of the Lease. Lease expense for these leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, with variable lease payments, such as common area maintenance fees, recognized in the period those payments are incurred.

We often have options to renew lease terms for buildings. For the O’Brien Lease, the renewal option is 5 years and the rent will be based on fair market value at the time of renewal and was not included in the lease term. In addition, certain lease arrangements may be terminated prior to their original expiration date at our discretion. We evaluate renewal and termination options at the lease commencement date to determine if we are reasonably certain to exercise the option on the basis of economic factors. The weighted average remaining lease term for our operating leases as of March 31, 2021 was 6.6 years.

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The discount rate implicit within our leases is generally not determinable and therefore we determine the discount rate based on our incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate for our leases is determined based on lease term and currency in which lease payments are made, adjusted for impacts of collateral. The weighted average discount rate used to measure our operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2021 was 7.9%.

The following table presents information as to the amount and timing of cash flows arising from our operating leases as of March 31, 2021:

Maturity of Lease Liabilities | Amount
Years ending December 31, | (in thousands)
Remainder of 2021 | $ | 5,494
2022 |  | 7,502
2023 |  | 7,704
2024 |  | 7,920
2025 |  | 8,136
Thereafter |  | 15,462
Total undiscounted operating lease payments |  | 52,218
Less: imputed interest |  | (11,285)
Present value of operating lease liabilities | $ | 40,933
Balance Sheet Classification |  |
Operating lease liabilities, current | $ | 4,448
Operating lease liabilities, non-current |  | 36,485
Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 40,933

Cash Flows

Cash paid for amounts included in the present value of operating lease liabilities was $1.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and included in operating cash flow.

Operating Lease Costs

Operating lease costs were $1.6 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, primarily related to our operating leases, but also included immaterial amounts for variable leases.

Contingencies

We may become involved in legal proceedings, claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. We accrue liabilities for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.

Legal

U.S. District Court Proceedings

On March 15, 2017, we filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against ONT Inc. for patent infringement (C.A. No. 17-cv-275) (the “275 Action”). The complaint is based on our U.S. Patent No. 9,546,400 (the “’400 Patent”) which covers novel methods for nanopore sequencing of nucleic acid molecules using the signals from multiple monomeric units. We are seeking remedies including injunctive relief, damages and costs. On August 23, 2018, we filed an amended complaint, adding allegations of willful infringement and adding ONT Ltd. as a defendant in the 275 Action, which was granted on August 15, 2019.

On September 25, 2017, we filed a second complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against ONT Inc. for patent infringement (C.A. No. 17-cv-1353) (the “1353 Action”). The complaint is based on our U.S. Patent No. 9,678,056 (the “’056 Patent”) and U.S. Patent No. 9,738,929. We are seeking remedies including injunctive relief, damages and costs. On March 28, 2018, we added a claim for infringement of our U.S. Patent No. 9,772,323 (the “’323 Patent”). On August 23, 2018 we filed an amended complaint, adding allegations of willful infringement and adding ONT Ltd. as a defendant in the 1353 Action, which was granted on August 15, 2019.

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A trial for the U.S. District Court matters was held from March 9 through March 18, 2020. The jury determined that ONT Inc. and ONT Ltd. infringed the ‘056 Patent, the ‘400 Patent, and the ‘323 Patent, but the jury declined to find these patents valid based on enablement and, in the case of the ’056 Patent, written description and indefiniteness. The jury declined to find valid or infringed U.S. Patent No. 9,738,929. We are pursuing an appeal of the decision at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Unrelated to the preceding matters, on September 26, 2019, Personal Genomics of Taiwan, Inc. (“PGI”) filed a complaint in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against us for patent infringement (C.A. No. 19-cv-1810) (the “PGI District Court matter”). The matter from this complaint is based on PGI’s U.S. Patent No. 7,767,441 (the “‘441 Patent”). We plan to vigorously defend in this matter. On November 20, 2019, we filed our answer to the complaint, denying infringement and seeking a declaratory judgement of invalidity of the ‘441 Patent.

On June 22, 2020, we filed a petition requesting institution of an inter-partes review (IPR) to the Patent Trial and Appeals Board (the “Board”) at the United States Patent Office requesting the Board to find a set of claims in the ‘441 invalid. On June 27, 2020, we filed a second petition requesting institution of an IPR requesting the Board to find another set of claims in the ‘441 invalid. The two petitions (the “PacBio IPR Petitions”) requesting IPRs assert that all of the claims relevant to the PGI complaint are invalid. On January 19, 2021, the Board ordered that both PacBio IPR Petitions are instituted on all grounds presented.

On August 19, 2020, the court ordered a stay of the PGI District Court matter based on a joint stipulation by the parties. With the institution of the PacBio IPR Petitions described above, pursuant to the joint stipulation, the matter is now stayed pending a final written decision on the IPRs.

Proceedings in China

On May 12, 2020, PGI filed a complaint in the Wuhan Intermediate People’s Court in China alleging infringement of one or more claims of China patent No. CN101743321B (the “CN321 Patent”), which is related to the ‘441 Patent. We were served on January 20, 2021 and plan to vigorously defend in this matter. On November 23, 2020 we filed an Invalidation Petition at the China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) demonstrating the invalidity of the claims in the CN321 Patent on grounds of insufficient disclosure, and the lack of support, essential technical features, clarity, novelty, and inventiveness. A hearing in the invalidation proceeding at the CNIPA was held on April 29, 2021.

Other Proceedings

From time to time, we may also be involved in a variety of other claims, lawsuits, investigations and proceedings relating to securities laws, product liability, patent infringement, contract disputes, employment and other matters that arise in the normal course of our business. In addition, third parties may, from time to time, assert claims against us in the form of letters and other communications. We record a provision for contingent losses when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. We currently do not believe that the ultimate outcome of any of the matters described above is probable or reasonably estimable, or that these matters will have a material adverse effect on our business; however, the results of litigation and claims are inherently unpredictable. Regardless of the outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of litigation and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Indemnification

Pursuant to Delaware law and agreements entered into with each of our directors and officers, we may have obligations, under certain circumstances, to hold harmless and indemnify each of our directors and officers against losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with their service to us, and judgements, fines, settlements and expenses related to claims arising against such directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted under Delaware law, our bylaws and our certificate of incorporation. We also enter and have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may require us to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law. In addition, we may have obligations to hold harmless and indemnify third parties involved with our fundraising efforts and their respective affiliates, directors, officers, employees, agents or other representatives against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities related to claims arising against such parties pursuant to the terms of agreements entered into between such third parties and us in connection with such fundraising efforts. To the extent that any such indemnification obligations apply to the lawsuits described above, any associated expenses incurred are included within the related accrued litigation expense amounts. No additional liability associated with such indemnification obligations has been recorded as of March 31, 2021.

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NOTE 9. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Equity Plans

At March 31, 2020, in total, we had three active equity compensation plans: the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“2010 Plan”), the 2010 Outside Director Equity Incentive Plan (“2010 Director Plan”) and the 2010 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”). Our 2010 Plan and 2010 Director Plan expired on July 29, 2020.

On August 4, 2020, stockholders approved our new 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan”) and reserved 11,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the 2020 Plan.

On December 2, 2020, the Board of Directors (the “Board”) adopted the 2020 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan (the “Inducement Plan”) and reserved 2,500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the Inducement Plan. On April 18, 2021, the Board amended the Inducement Plan to reserve an additional 750,000 shares of the Company’s common stock for issuance pursuant to equity awards granted under the Inducement Plan.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for all our stock option plans for the three months ended March 31, 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  | Stock Options Outstanding
|  |  |  |  |  |  | Weighted
|  | Number |  |  |  |  | average
|  | of shares |  | Exercise price |  | exercise price
Balances, December 31, 2020 |  | 14,638 |  | $ | 1.16 – 20.90 |  | $ | 5.53
Options granted |  | 1,697 |  |  | 31.18 – 46.37 |  |  | 37.37
Options exercised |  | (3,558) |  |  | 1.16 – 15.98 |  |  | 5.43
Options canceled |  | (445) |  |  | 2.54 – 5.27 |  |  | 3.79
Balances, March 31, 2021 |  | 12,332 |  | $ | 1.16 – 46.37 |  | $ | 10.00

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $2.5 million related to options.

RSUs

Time-based RSUs

The following table summarizes the time-based RSUs activity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  |  | Weighted average
| Number |  | grant date
| of shares |  | fair value
RSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 5,919 |  | $ | 5.25
RSUs granted | 2,123 |  |  | 42.39
RSUs released | (1,412) |  |  | 4.45
RSUs forfeited | (103) |  |  | 12.10
Unvested RSUs outstanding at March 31, 2021 | 6,527 |  | $ | 17.40

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $5.0 million related to time-based RSUs.

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Performance-based RSUs

The following table summarizes the performance-based RSUs (“PSUs”) activity for the three months ended March 31, 2021 (in thousands, except per share amounts):

|  |  | Weighted average
| Number |  | grant date
| of shares |  | fair value
PSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 94 |  | $ | 2.63
PSUs granted | — |  |  | —
PSUs released | — |  |  | —
PSUs forfeited | (94) |  |  | 2.63
Unvested PSUs outstanding at March 31, 2021 | — |  | $ | —

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $0 related to the performance-based RSUs.

As of March 31, 2021, we had a total of 6.7 million shares of common stock available for future issuance under the 2020 Plan and the Inducement Plan.

ESPP shares

Shares issued under our ESPP were 983,180 and none during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. In January 2021, an additional 3.8 million shares were reserved under the ESPP. As of March 31, 2021, 8,741,461 shares of our common stock remain available for issuance under our ESPP.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, we recognized stock-based compensation expense of $2.5 million related to the ESPP shares.

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the stock-based compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
Cost of revenue | $ | 992 |  | $ | 527
Research and development |  | 3,048 |  |  | 1,759
Sales, general and administrative |  | 6,125 |  |  | 1,746
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 10,165 |  | $ | 4,032

W e estimated the fair value of employee stock options on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The estimated fair value of employee stock options is amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards.

The fair value of shares to be purchased under our stock options was estimated using the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
Stock Option | 2021 |  | 2020
Expected term in years | 4.6 |  | 5.1
Expected volatility | 68% |  | 57%
Risk-free interest rate | 0.50% |  | 1.20%
Dividend yield | — |  | —

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We estimate the value of employee stock purchase rights on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of shares to be purchased under our ESPP was estimated using the following assumptions:

| Three Months Ended March 31,
ESPP | 2021 |  | 2020
Expected term in years | 0.5 - 2.0 |  | 0.5 - 2.0
Expected volatility | 68% |  | 57%
Risk-free interest rate | 0.07% - 0.13% |  | 0.8% - 1.0%
Dividend yield | — |  | —

NOTE 10. REVENUE

A summary of our revenue by geographic location for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
| 2021 |  | 2020
North America | $ | 12,157 |  | $ | 7,761
Europe (including the Middle East and Africa) |  | 8,325 |  |  | 3,395
Asia Pacific |  | 8,515 |  |  | 4,442
Total | $ | 28,997 |  | $ | 15,598

A summary of our revenue by category for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (in thousands):

| Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands) | 2021 |  | 2020
Instrument revenue | $ | 14,939 |  | $ | 4,024
Consumable revenue |  | 10,364 |  |  | 8,269
Product revenue |  | 25,303 |  |  | 12,293
Service and other revenue |  | 3,694 |  |  | 3,305
Total revenue | $ | 28,997 |  | $ | 15,598

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this report, including statements related to our expectations regarding the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, and information with respect to our products, plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including statements regarding our expected financial results in future periods. The words “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. You should read the “Risk Factors” section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

Business Overview

We design, develop and manufacture sequencing systems to help scientists resolve genetically complex problems. Based on our novel Single Molecule, Real-Time (SMRT®) sequencing technology, our products enable: de novo genome assembly to finish genomes in order to more fully identify, annotate and decipher genomic structures; full-length transcript analysis to improve annotations in reference genomes, characterize alternatively spliced isoforms in important gene families, and find novel genes; targeted sequencing to more comprehensively characterize genetic variations; and real-time kinetic information for epigenome characterization. Our technology provides high accuracy, ultra-long reads, uniform coverage and the ability to simultaneously detect epigenetic changes. PacBio® sequencing systems, including consumables and software, provide a simple and fast end-to-end workflow for SMRT sequencing.

Our current products include the Sequel II and Sequel IIe instruments and SMRT Cell 8M, which together are capable of sequencing up to approximately eight million DNA molecules simultaneously, and the previous generation Sequel instrument and Sequel SMRT Cell 1M, which together are capable of sequencing up to approximately one million DNA molecules simultaneously. In October 2020, we launched the Sequel IIe System, which has increased computational capacity, and is designed to enable customers to generate PacBio HiFi reads more efficiently.

Our customers and our scientific collaborators have published numerous peer-reviewed articles in journals including Nature, Science, Cell, PNAS and The New England Journal of Medicine highlighting the power and applications of SMRT sequencing in projects such as finishing genomes, structural variation discovery, isoform transcriptome characterization, rare mutation discovery and the identification of chemical modifications of DNA related to virulence and pathogenicity. Our research and development efforts are focused on developing new products and further improving our existing products including continuing chemistry and sample preparation improvements to increase throughput and expand our supported applications. By providing access to genetic information that was previously inaccessible, we enable scientists to confidently increase their understanding of biological systems.

Senior Management

Our President and Chief Executive Officer Christian O. Henry was appointed effective September 14, 2020, succeeding Dr. Michael Hunkapiller who announced his retirement, which was effective at the end of 2020. Our Chief Financial Officer Susan G. Kim was appointed effective September 28, 2020, succeeding Susan K. Barnes who retired on August 7, 2020. Our Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer Eric E. Schaefer was appointed effective May 26, 2020, and our Chairman of the Board Dr. John F. Milligan was appointed effective September 14, 2020. On December 31, 2020, the Board of Directors appointed Mark Van Oene to the role of Chief Operating Officer and designated him as the Company’s principal operating officer, and appointed Peter Fromen to the role of Chief Commercial Officer, effective in each case upon his commencement of employment with the Company on January 8, 2021.

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2021 Strategic Objectives

For 2021, we have outlined three strategic objectives:

Expand our commercial reach;

Accelerate our product development pipeline; and

Drive market leadership in whole-genome clinical sequencing.

Expanding our commercial reach includes hiring senior level team members with extensive commercial experience. By the end of 2021, we expect to more than double our number of quota-carrying field sales personnel from the 22 that we employed at the end of 2020. In addition, we plan to expand our commercial support activities and invest in more sales tools. We also intend to invest more heavily in marketing programs to increase the awareness of our products to a broader number of potential customers. As a result of these commercial expansion activities, we expect our sales, general, and administrative expense to increase significantly in 2021 as compared to 2020.

Accelerating our product development pipeline includes significantly expanding our research and development team in an effort to accelerate the development of multiple new products. In association with the collaboration we entered into with Invitae Corporation (“Invitae”) in January 2021, as described below, we plan to develop a new platform with production-scale high-throughput capability, which will be in addition to other new products we already have in development. In order to develop these multiple products in parallel, we significantly increasing our Research and Development headcount. In addition, we expect to increase our spending on outside development costs. As a result, we expect our research and development expense to increase significantly in 2021 as compared to 2020.

We believe that with the capabilities of our SMRT technology, we can be a market leader in whole-genome clinical sequencing. Leading institutions such as Children’s Mercy Kansas City, Invitae, the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology and Stanford University have adopted our products to study rare and inherited disease. We believe the market opportunity for clinical sequencing is very large, and could drive significant revenue growth for the company. To accelerate this growth, we entered into the collaboration with Invitae, who is a market leader in medical genetic testing, and has the desire to sequence hundreds of thousands of genomes annually with our technology. We will continue to pursue additional partnerships to further drive the adoption of whole-genome clinical sequencing.

Invitae Collaboration

On January 12, 2021 we entered into a multi-year Development and Commercialization Agreement (the “Development Agreement”) with Invitae Corporation (“Invitae”). Pursuant to the Development Agreement, Invitae is providing certain funding to PacBio to enable PacBio to develop products relating to production-scale high-throughput sequencing (“Program Products”). If and when Program Products become commercially available for sale, Invitae may purchase the Program Products, which are expected to provide it with the ability to leverage the power of PacBio’s highly accurate HiFi sequencing to expand its whole genome testing capabilities. In addition to selling the Program Products to Invitae, we will have the right to broadly commercialize Program Products for sale to other customers.

The funding Invitae will provide to PacBio will equal certain development costs incurred by PacBio in connection with the Program Products (“Program Development Costs”). Under the Development Agreement, we will be responsible for conducting a program to develop the Program Products, and subsequently for manufacturing the Program Products. We will make general decisions regarding the development program jointly with Invitae but PacBio is responsible for all research and development activities. The entire development program is expected to last approximately sixty months, but may be shorter or longer.

As the primary benefit of its contribution, Invitae will be entitled to preferred pricing on the Program Products if and when they are available for commercial sale. Each Program Product will have a preferential pricing period, which will not exceed four years from the date of the first delivery of that Program Product (“Preferential Pricing Period”). During the Preferential Pricing Period for each Program Product, Invitae may purchase the Program Product at a substantially reduced margin until it has recouped a multiple of its contribution as defined in the Development Agreement. For a specified period after the end of the Preferential Pricing Period, Invitae has the right to purchase the Program Product at a higher price, determined by a formula, than the price during the Preferential Pricing Period (“Extended Pricing Period”). The Extended Pricing Periods will terminate early if Invitae does not meet certain volume minimums.

We and Invitae may terminate the Development Agreement if the other party remains in material breach of the Development Agreement following a cure period to remedy the material breach. In addition, the Development Agreement includes certain other circumstances for termination by each party, including circumstances where Invitae may terminate for delays, IP concerns, PacBio’s change in control, or without cause.

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In certain termination circumstances, (i) we will be obligated to refund all or a portion of the development costs advanced by Invitae and/or (ii) we will owe Invitae a share of the revenue that may be generated from the sale of the Program Products to third parties if and when they are commercialized, until such time as Invitae has recouped the amounts reimbursed to us, and in certain circumstances, a mutually agreed return.

We expect to incur significant development costs over the duration of the Development Agreement. There can be no assurances that the development program will be successful or that the Program Products will become ready for commercial sale.

We determined that the primary benefit from the arrangement to Invitae is the ability to procure the Program Products during the Preferential Pricing Period at substantial discounts. As we expect the Program Products to be available for Invitae to purchase in the future, we concluded the arrangement is within the scope of ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In addition, Invitae is not expected to substantially benefit from the intellectual property developed under the arrangement, or benefit from other goods or services during the development period. It is also not a collaboration in the scope of ASC Topic 808 Collaborative Arrangements, as PacBio is responsible for performing the research and development activities.

Accordingly, the amounts received by the Company from Invitae during the development period represent significant discounts toward future supplies of the Program Products during the Preferential Pricing Period, and will be accounted as material rights in accordance with ASC Topic 606. Proportionate amounts of t hese material rights will be recognized in revenue when Invitae places purchase orders for Program Products and the associated goods or services are delivered to Invitae. To the extent the discounts are not expected to be used, they will be recognized consistent with the guidance in Topic 606 relating to breakage, in proportion to the expected purchases by Invitae. Any remaining unused discounts will be recognized when they expire.

All amounts received from Invitae will be initially deferred and accumulated in non-current deferred revenue.

We determined that a significant financing component exists in relation to the amounts received by Invitae during the development period and until the development is complete. The resulting financing costs will be recognized by the Company over that period, with corresponding increases in deferred revenues. As a result, future revenue attributable to the material rights will be increased by the same amount.

Costs incurred to develop the Program Products are considered research and development and are expensed as incurred. There are no origination or fulfilment costs related to the arrangement with Invitae that are eligible to be capitalized. We expect to incur significant development costs over the duration of the Development Agreement including $20-25 million expected to be incurred during fiscal 2021. There can be no assurances that the development program will be successful or that the Program Products will become ready for commercial sale.

As of March 31, 2021, cumulative payments received from Invitae amounted to $4.1 million, and are included in “Deferred revenue, non-current” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

COVID-19 Update

The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread have significantly curtailed the movement of people, goods, and services worldwide, including in the regions in which we sell our products and services and conduct our business operations. A significant number of our customer sites that had shut down due to COVID-19 have now re-opened. A significant number of customers had to delay purchases or had difficulties obtaining funding for capital expenditures due to the negative impact of the pandemic on their businesses. Due to the uncertain scope and duration of the pandemic, we cannot reasonably estimate the future impact to our operations and financial results.

In response to local stay-at-home orders and in alignment with CDC recommendations, we have limited our manufacturing and commercial operations based in Menlo Park, California. We will, however, continue to provide consumables, instruments and support to scientists at government, academic, and commercial labs that remain open. To aid in containing the spread of COVID-19, we have implemented remote-work options and are limiting employee travel as much as possible. We are monitoring this rapidly evolving situation.

Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience an adverse impact to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. Specifically, difficult macroeconomic conditions, decreases in discretionary capital spending, increased and prolonged unemployment or a decline in consumer confidence as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic could have a continuing adverse effect on the demand for some of our products. Such economic disruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and liquidity. The degree of impact of COVID-19 on our business will depend on several factors, such as the duration and the extent of the pandemic, as well as actions taken by governments, businesses and consumers in response to the pandemic, all of which continue to evolve and remain uncertain at this time. See the Risk Factors section for further discussion of the possible impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Except for the adoption of ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, as discussed in Note 4. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Note 7. Convertible Senior Notes, there have been no material changes to our significant accounting policies as discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020

| Three Months Ended March 31, |  | $ Change |  | % Change
(in thousands, except percentages) | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |  |  |  |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |  |
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product revenue | $ | 25,303 |  | $ | 12,293 |  | $ | 13,010 |  | 106%
Service and other revenue |  | 3,694 |  |  | 3,305 |  |  | 389 |  | 12%
Total revenue |  | 28,997 |  |  | 15,598 |  |  | 13,399 |  | 86%
Cost of Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of product revenue |  | 12,697 |  |  | 5,421 |  |  | 7,276 |  | 134%
Cost of service and other revenue |  | 3,323 |  |  | 2,689 |  |  | 634 |  | 24%
Total cost of revenue |  | 16,020 |  |  | 8,110 |  |  | 7,910 |  | 98%
Gross profit |  | 12,977 |  |  | 7,488 |  |  | 5,489 |  | 73%
Operating Expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 20,548 |  |  | 15,250 |  |  | 5,298 |  | 35%
Sales, general and administrative |  | 26,139 |  |  | 24,947 |  |  | 1,192 |  | 5%
Total operating expense |  | 46,687 |  |  | 40,197 |  |  | 6,490 |  | 16%
Operating loss |  | (33,710) |  |  | (32,709) |  |  | (1,001) |  | (3%)
Gain (loss) from Continuation Advances |  | (52,000) |  |  | 34,000 |  |  | (86,000) |  | (253%)
Interest expense |  | (1,789) |  |  | (267) |  |  | (1,522) |  | (570%)
Other income, net |  | 64 |  |  | 238 |  |  | (174) |  | (73%)
Net income (loss) | $ | (87,435) |  | $ | 1,262 |  | $ | (88,697) |  | (7028%)

Revenue

Total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $29.0 million compared to $15.6 million for the same period during 2020.

Product revenue of $25.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 consisted primarily of $14.9 million from instrument revenue and $10.4 million from consumables revenue, compared to total product revenue of $12.3 million for the same period during 2020, consisting of $4.0 million from instrument revenue and $8.3 million of consumables revenue. The increase in instrument sales was primarily attributable to a higher number of instrument shipments and installations. The increase in consumable sales was primarily attributable to higher Sequel II consumables sales as the installed base of Sequel II systems has grown.

Service and other revenue of $3.7 million and $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, was primarily derived from product maintenance agreements sold on our installed instruments.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $13.0 million, resulting in a gross margin of 44.8%, compared to gross profit of $7.5 million for the same period during 2020, resulting in a gross margin of 48.0%. From time to time, we may experience lower manufacturing yields and potential supply constraints which could have a material impact on our gross margins.

Cost of product revenue was $12.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to cost of product revenue of $5.4 million for the same period during 2020. The increase of $7.3 million in cost of product revenue was primarily due to increased product shipments as described above.

Cost of service and other revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased to $3.3 million, compared to $2.7 million for the same period during 2020, due primarily to higher service volumes and increased stock-based compensation expense.

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Research and Development Expense

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, research and development expense increased by $5.3 million, or 35%, compared to the same period during 2020. The increase in research and development expense was primarily driven by an increase of $3.3 million in compensation expenses and an increase of $1.6 million in product development costs. Research and development expense included stock-based compensation expense of $3.0 million and $1.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Sales, General and Administrative Expense

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, sales, general and administrative expense increased by $1.2 million, or 5%, compared to the same period during 2020. The increase in sales, general and administrative expense was primarily attributable to an $11.5 million increase in compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020, partially offset by a $6.0 million financial advisory fee during the three months ended March 31, 2020 related to the terminated merger with Illumina and $4.1 million in lower legal and other professional expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to the same period of 2020. The increase in compensation expense is primarily attributable to executive hiring related to our senior management transitions during the second half of 2020 and early 2021, as well as higher payroll tax expenses associated with stock option exercises and restricted stock units vesting during the three months ended March 31, 2021. Sa les, general and administrative expense included stock-based compensation expense of $6.1 million and $1.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Gain (loss) from Continuation Advances from Illumina

As part of the Termination Agreement, Illumina paid us Continuation Advances of $18.0 million during the fourth quarter of 2019 and $34.0 million during the first quarter of 2020. We recorded the $34.0 million as part of other income in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Up to the full $52.0 million of Continuation Advances paid to us were repayable without interest to Illumina if, within two years of March 31, 2020, we entered into, or consummated a Change of Control Transaction or raised at least $100 million in a single equity or debt financing (that may have multiple closings), with the amount repayable dependent on the amount raised by us.

Resulting from the issuance and sale of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028, $52.0 million of Continuation Advances were paid without interest to Illumina in February 2021 and recorded as other expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2021.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 increased $1.5 million compared to the same period in 2020, primarily due to interest incurred on the $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes that were issued February 16, 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

Cash, cash equivalents and investments at March 31, 2021 totaled $1.16 billion, compared to $318.8 million at December 31, 2020. The increase was attributable to the net proceeds from our issuance of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes on February 16, 2021, partially offset by the repayment of $52 million of Continuation Advances to Illumina in the first quarter of 2021. We have historically incurred, and expect to continue to incur, operating losses and generate negative cash flows from operations on an annual basis due to the investments we intend to make as described above, and as a result, we may require additional capital resources to execute on our strategic initiatives to grow our business. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021.

Factors that may affect our capital needs include, but are not limited to, the pace of adoption of our products which affects the sales of our products and services; our ability to obtain new collaboration and customer arrangements; the progress of our research and development programs; initiation or expansion of research programs and collaborations; the purchase of patent licenses; future acquisitions; manufacturing costs, service costs, the impact of product quality, litigation costs, including the costs involved in preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing intellectual property rights; costs of developing new and enhanced products; and other factors. There can be no assurance that funds will be available on favorable terms, or at all.

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Operating Activities

Our primary uses of cash in operating activities are for the development of ongoing product enhancements and future products, manufacturing, and support functions related to our sales, general and administrative activities.

We had $23.1 million of cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to cash provided by operating activities of $75.4 million for the same period in 2020.

Cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due primarily to $87.4 million net loss, partially offset by a loss of $52.0 million from Continuation Advances repaid to Illumina that is considered a financing activity and non-cash items such as stock-based compensation of $10.2 million and depreciation of $1.6 million. The change in net operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to decreases of $3.0 million in other liabilities and $2.7 million in accrued expenses and an increase of $2.6 million in inventory, partially offset by a decrease of $3.9 million in accounts receivable and an increase of $5.0 million in deferred revenue.

Cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due to the $98.0 million Reverse Termination Fee received from Illumina and a net income of $1.3 million plus changes in net operating assets and liabilities, offset by a gain from Continuation Advances from Illumina of $34.0 million that is considered to be a financing activity, and non-cash items such as stock-based compensation of $4.0 million and depreciation of $1.7 million. The change in net operating assets and liabilities was primarily attributable to a decrease of $7.9 million in accounts receivable and an increase of accrued liabilities of $4.7 million, partially offset by a decrease of $4.1 million in accounts payable and an increase of $3.3 million in inventory.

Investing Activities

Our investing activities consist primarily of capital expenditures and investment purchases, sales and maturities. We received $8.2 million of cash from investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to using cash of $54.3 million for investing activities for the same period in 2020.

Cash provided by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was due primarily to net sales and maturities of investments of $8.6 million, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment of $0.4 million.

Cash used in investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due primarily to net purchases of investments of $54.2 million and purchases of property and equipment of $0.1 million.

Financing Activities

Cash provided from financing activities was $865.7 million and $18.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Cash provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2021 resulted from the net proceeds of $895.6 million from our February 2021 issuance of $900 million of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes after deducting debt issuance costs and proceeds of $22.3 million from the issuance of common stock through our equity compensation plans, partially offset by $52.0 million of Continuation Advances repaid to Illumina.

Cash provided by financing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2020 was due to $34.0 million of Continuation Advances from Illumina and proceeds of $0.2 million from the issuance of common stock through our equity compensation plans, partially offset by $16.0 million we repaid for the remaining outstanding principal upon the maturity of a credit facility agreement.

Issuance and Sale of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028

On February 9, 2021, we entered into an investment agreement with SB Northstar LP (the “Purchaser”), a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp., relating to the issuance and sale to the Purchaser of $900 million in aggregate principal amount of the Company’s 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due February 15, 2028 (the “Notes”). The Notes were issued on February 16, 2021.

The Notes are governed by an indenture (the “Indenture”) between the Company and U.S. Bank National Association, as trustee. The Notes bear interest at a rate of 1.50% per annum. Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on February 15 and August 15 commencing on August 15, 2021. The Notes will mature on February 15, 2028, subject to earlier conversion, redemption or repurchase.

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The Notes are convertible at the option of the holder at any time until the second scheduled trading day prior to the maturity date, including in connection with a redemption by the Company. The Notes are convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock based on an initial conversion rate of 22.9885 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of $43.50 per share), in each case subject to customary anti-dilution and other adjustments as a result of certain extraordinary transactions. Upon conversion of the Notes, we may elect to settle such conversion obligation in shares, cash or a combination of shares and cash.

On or after February 20, 2026 and prior to the 31 st scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date of the Notes, the Notes will be redeemable by the Company in the event that the closing sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 150% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during any 30 consecutive trading day period (including the last trading day of such period) ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides the redemption notice at a redemption price of 100% of the principal amount of such Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

With certain exceptions, upon a change of control of the Company or the failure of the Company’s common stock to be listed on certain stock exchanges, the holders of the Notes may require that the Company repurchase all or part of the principal amount of the Notes at a purchase price of par plus unpaid interest to, but excluding, the maturity date.

The Indenture includes customary “events of default,” which may result in the acceleration of the maturity of the Notes under the Indenture. The Indenture also includes customary covenants for convertible notes of this type.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2021, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into standard indemnification arrangements. Pursuant to these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology, or from claims relating to our performance or non-performance under a contract, any defective products supplied by us, or any acts or omissions, or willful misconduct, committed by us or any of our employees, agents or representatives. The term of these indemnification agreements is generally perpetual after the execution of the agreement. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against us in future periods but have not yet been made. To date, we have not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements.

We also enter and have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may require us to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law. In addition, we may have obligations to hold harmless and indemnify third parties involved with our fundraising efforts and their respective affiliates, directors, officers, employees, agents or other representatives against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities related to claims arising against such parties pursuant to the terms of agreements entered into between us and such third parties in connection with such fundraising efforts. To the extent that such indemnification obligations apply to the lawsuits described in “Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies” in Part I, Item 1 of this Form 10-Q, any associated expenses incurred are included within the related accrued litigation expense amounts. No additional liability associated with such indemnification agreements has been recorded as of March 31, 2021.

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are designed at a reasonable assurance level and are effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended March 31, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

Please see Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies of Item 1. of Financial Statements under Part I – Financial Information.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in our public filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the impact of COVID-19 and any worsening of the economic environment may exacerbate the risks described below, any of which could have a material impact on us. This situation is changing rapidly and additional impacts may arise that we are not aware of currently.

Summary Risk Factors

The following is a summary of the principal risks that could adversely affect our business, operations and financial results. Such risks are discussed more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks related to:

The potential adverse impact of health epidemics, including the recent coronavirus outbreak;

Our ability to successfully market, commercialize, and sell current and future products and related maintenance services;

Our ability to achieve profitability for our business;

Our ability to successfully research, develop and timely manufacture our current and future products;

Management of new product introductions and transitions, resultant costs, and ability of new products to generate promised performance;

Recent significant changes to our leadership team and resultant disruptions to our business;

Retention, recruitment, and training of senior management, key personnel, scientists and engineers;

Our ability to further penetrate nucleic acid sequencing applications, as well as grow product demand;

Our reliance on outsourcing to other companies for manufacturing certain components and sub-assemblies, some of which are sole sourced;

Our ability to consistently manufacture our instruments and consumables to meet customers’ specifications, quantity, cost, or performance requirements;

The high amount of competition we face in our industry;

Our ability to attract customers and increase sales of current and future products;

Reliance on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues, including academic, research and government institutions;

The complexity of our products giving rise to defects or errors;

Our unpredictable and lengthy sales cycle;

Securing and maintaining patent or other intellectual property protection for our products and related improvements;

Current and future legal proceedings filed against us claiming intellectual property infringement;

Governmental regulations that burden operations or narrow the market for our products;

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Evolving ethical, legal, privacy, social, and regulatory concerns regarding genetic testing;

Volatility of the price of our common stock; and

Our stock price falling as a result of future offerings or sales.

Risks Related to Our Business

Our business may be adversely affected by health epidemics, including the recent coronavirus outbreak.

Our business could be adversely impacted by the effects of COVID-19 or other epidemics or pandemics. As a result of COVID-19, our 2020 financial results were impacted negatively as our customers in multiple regions around the world suspended their normal operations in efforts to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a significant number of our customer sites that had shut down due to COVID-19 have re-opened. In addition, a significant number of customers have delayed purchases of capital due to the negative impact of the pandemic on their businesses. This dynamic continues to negatively impact the recognition of revenue related to the sale of our Sequel and Sequel II/IIe instruments and the associated consumables and software. The inability to receive or accept shipments of orders for our products on a timely basis, or at all, the delay or possible cancellation of orders for our products or related maintenance and support services, and the reduced utilization of our products has negatively affected and may negatively affect in the future our operations and revenues. In response to local stay-at-home orders and in alignment with CDC recommendations, we have limited our manufacturing and commercial operations based in Menlo Park, California. We will, however, continue to provide consumables and support to scientists at government, academic, and commercial labs that remain open. To aid in containing the spread of COVID-19, we have implemented remote-work options and are limiting employee travel. We are monitoring this rapidly evolving situation.

Our manufacturing partners and suppliers could also be disrupted by conditions related to COVID-19 or other epidemics or pandemics, possibly resulting in disruption to the production of our products. If our manufacturing partners or suppliers are unable or fail to fulfill their obligations to us for any reason, we may not be able to manufacture our products and satisfy customer demand or our obligations under sales agreements in a timely manner, and our business could be harmed as a result. At this point in time, there is significant uncertainty relating to the potential effect of COVID-19 on our business. Infections may resurge or become more widespread and the limitation on our ability to travel and timely sell and distribute our products, as well as any closures or supply disruptions, may be extended for longer periods of time, which could have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and operating results.

Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may continue to experience an adverse impact to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. Specifically, difficult macroeconomic conditions, such as decreases in discretionary capital expenditure spending, increased and prolonged unemployment or a decline in consumer confidence as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as limited or significantly reduced points of access of our products, could have a continuing adverse effect on the demand for some of our products and, consequently, related maintenance and support services. The degree of impact of COVID-19 on our business will depend on several factors, such as the duration and the extent of the pandemic, as well as actions taken by governments, businesses and consumers in response to the pandemic, all of which continue to evolve and remain uncertain at this time.

We have limited commercial sales to date and the commercialization and sales of our current or future products may be unsuccessful or less successful than anticipated.

Our first commercial product launched in 2011 and we have had limited sales to date. As such, we have limited historical financial data upon which to base our projected revenue and planned operating expenses or upon which to evaluate our company and our commercial prospects. Furthermore, in September 2015, we launched the PacBio Sequel® System, and concurrently began phasing out production of PacBio RS II instruments, and, in April 2019 we announced the commercial launch of the Sequel II System. In October 2020, we launched the Sequel IIe System, which has increased computational capacity, and is designed to enable customers to generate PacBio HiFi reads more efficiently. Based on our limited experience in developing and marketing our existing products and launching new products, we may not be able to effectively:

manage the timeliness of our new product introductions and the rate at which sales of our new products may cannibalize sales of our older products;

drive adoption of our current and future products, including the Sequel II/IIe Systems;

attract and retain customers for our products;

provide appropriate levels of customer training and support for our products;

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implement an effective marketing strategy to promote awareness of our products;

develop and implement an effective sales and distribution strategy for our current and future products;

develop, manufacture and commercialize new products or achieve an acceptable return on our manufacturing or research and development efforts and expenses;

comply with regulatory requirements applicable to our products;

anticipate and adapt to changes in our market;

accommodate customer expectations and demands with respect to our products, increase product adoption by our existing customers or develop new customer relationships;

grow our share by marketing and selling our products for new and additional applications;

maintain and develop strategic relationships with vendors, manufacturers and other industry partners to acquire necessary materials for the production of, and to develop, manufacture and commercialize, our existing or future products;

adapt or scale our manufacturing activities to meet performance specifications and potential demand at a reasonable cost;

avoid infringement and misappropriation of third-party intellectual property;

obtain and maintain any necessary licenses to third-party intellectual property on commercially reasonable terms;

obtain valid and enforceable patents that give us a competitive advantage or enforce existing patents;

protect our proprietary technology; and

attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

The risks noted above, especially with respect to the marketing, sales, and commercialization of our products, may be heightened by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, a high percentage of our expenses is and will continue to be fixed. Accordingly, if we do not generate revenue as and when anticipated, we could suffer a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects.

We have incurred losses to date, and we expect to continue to incur significant losses as we develop our business and may never achieve profitability.

Except for the quarters ended September 30, 2015 (as a result of a one-time gain on lease amendments), March 31, 2020 (as a result of the recognition of a gain relating to the Continuation Advances), and December 31, 2020 (as a result of recognition of gain relating to the Reverse Termination Fee), and the year ended December 31, 2020 (as a result of recognition of gain relating to the Reverse Termination Fee and gain relating to the Continuation Advances), we have incurred net losses since inception and we cannot be certain if or when we will produce sufficient revenue from our operations to support our costs. While we achieved profitability for the quarter ended March 31, 2020, this result was largely due to income recognition of the Continuation Advances. Even if profitability is achieved in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability on a consistent basis. Excluding the recognition in October 2020 of gain relating to the Reverse Termination Fee and the recognition in the first quarter of 2020 of gain relating to the Continuation Advances, we expect to continue to incur substantial losses and negative cash flow from operations for the foreseeable future.

Our net losses since inception and our expectation of incurring substantial losses and negative cash flow for the foreseeable future could:

make it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations;

increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

limit our ability to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, research and development and other business opportunities;

increase the volatility of the price of our common stock;

limit our flexibility to react to changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;

place us at a disadvantage to other companies that offer nucleic acid sequencing equipment or consumables; and

limit our ability to borrow additional funds.

Any or all of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and prospects.

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We are not cash flow positive and may not have sufficient cash to fund our long-term planned operations.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect to continue to incur substantial losses and negative cash flow from operations for the foreseeable future. We believe that our growth will depend, in part, on our ability to fund our commercialization efforts and our efforts to develop new products, including any improvements to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems. Our existing resources may require us to delay, or even not allow us to conduct any or all of these activities that we believe would be beneficial for our future growth. We may need to raise additional funds through public or private debt or equity financing or alternative financing arrangements, which may include collaborations or licensing arrangements. If we are unable to raise funds on favorable terms, or at all, we may have to reduce our cash burn rate and may not be able to support our commercialization efforts and launching of new products, operations or to increase or maintain the level of our research and development activities.

Additional funds may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. We have incurred and may further incur additional debt, including the debt recently incurred through issuance of $900.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028. We may not have sufficient cash to make required payments under the terms of this debt, and should this occur, debt holders have rights senior to common stockholders to make claims on our assets. We may not be able to issue equity securities due to unacceptable terms and conditions to us in the capital markets. To the extent that we intend to raise additional funds through the sale of our common stock, downward fluctuations in our stock price could adversely affect such fundraising efforts. Furthermore, equity financings normally involve shares sold at a discount to the current market price, and fundraising through sales of additional shares of common stock or other equity securities will have a dilutive effect on our existing investors. The shares may also be sold at a time when the market price for our common stock is low because we are in need of the funds, which will further dilute existing holders more than if the market price for our common stock was higher.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or to raise adequate funds to finance our forecasted expenditures, we may have to make significant changes to our operations, including delaying or reducing the scope of, or eliminating some or all of, our development programs. We also may have to reduce sales, marketing, engineering, customer support or other resources devoted to our existing or new products, or we may need to cease operations. Any of these actions could materially impede our ability to achieve our business objectives and could materially harm our operating results. If our cash, cash equivalents and investments are insufficient to fund our projected operating requirements and we are unable to raise capital, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and prospects.

If we are unable to successfully develop and timely manufacture our current and future products, including with respect to the Sequel System, the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems and related products, our business may be adversely affected.

In light of the highly complex technologies involved in our products, there can be no assurance that we will be able to manufacture and commercialize our current and future products on a timely basis or continue providing adequate support for our existing products. The commercial success of our products, including the Sequel and Sequel II/IIe Systems, depends on a number of factors, including performance and reliability of the system, our anticipating and effectively addressing customer preferences and demands, the success of our sales and marketing efforts, effective forecasting and management of product demand, purchase commitments and inventory levels, effective management of manufacturing and supply costs, and the quality of our products, including consumables such as SMRT Cells and reagents. Should we face delays in or discover unexpected defects during the further development or manufacturing process of instruments or consumables related to our products, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M, reagents and Sequel II/IIe Systems, and including any delays or defects in software development or product functionality, the timing and success of the continued rollout and scaling of our products may be significantly impacted, which may materially and negatively impact our revenue and gross margin. The ability of our customers to successfully utilize our products will also depend on our ability to deliver high quality SMRT Cells and reagents, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M. We have designed SMRT Cells and other consumables specifically for the Sequel System, and may need to develop in the future, other customized SMRT Cells and consumables for our future products, including the SMRT Cell 8M for the Sequel II/IIe Systems. Our production of the SMRT Cells for the Sequel System has been and may in the future be below desired levels and yields, and we have experienced and may experience in the future manufacturing delays, product or quality defects, SMRT Cell variability, and other issues. For example, the COVID–19 pandemic has impacted and could result in more pronounced impacts to our manufacturing and our ability to supply products. The performance of our consumables is critical to our customers’ successful utilization of our products, and any defects or performance issues with our consumables would adversely affect our business. All of the foregoing could materially negatively impact our ability to sell our products or result in other material adverse effects on our business, operations, financial condition, operations and prospects.

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The development of our products is complex and costly. Problems in the design or quality of our products may have a material and adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition, and operating results, and could result in us losing our certifications from the International Organization for Standardization (“ISO”). If we were to lose ISO certification, then our customers might choose not to purchase products from us and this could adversely impact our ability to develop products approved for clinical uses. Unanticipated problems with our products could divert substantial resources, which may impair our ability to support our new and existing products, and could substantially increase our costs. If we encounter development challenges or discover errors in our products late in our development cycle, we may be forced to delay product shipments or the scaling of manufacturing or supply. In particular, if the continued rollout of our current and future products, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, is delayed or is not successful or less successful than anticipated, then we may not be able to achieve an acceptable return, if any, on our substantial research and development efforts, and our business may be materially and adversely affected. The expenses or losses associated with delayed or unsuccessful product development or lack of market acceptance of our existing and new products, including the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and prospects.

Our research and development efforts may not result in the benefits that we anticipate, and our failure to successfully market, sell, and commercialize our current and future products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have dedicated significant resources to developing our current products, including sequencing systems and consumables based on our proprietary SMRT sequencing technology and our Sequel and Sequel II/IIe Systems. We are also engaged in substantial and complex research and development efforts, which, if successful, may result in the introduction of new products in the future, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and the Sequel II/IIe Systems. Our research and development efforts are complex and require us to incur substantial expenses. We may not be able to develop, manufacture and commercialize new products, obtain regulatory approval if necessary, or achieve an acceptable return, if any, on our research and development efforts and expenses or joint research and development efforts with partners. Our joint research and development efforts with partners require significant management attention and operational resources. If we are unable to successfully manage such joint research and development efforts, our future results may be adversely impacted. In January 2021, we entered into a multi-year collaboration with Invitae Corporation to begin development of a production-scale high-throughput sequencing platform; in certain termination circumstances of this collaboration, we may be obligated to refund all or a portion of the development funds advanced by Invitae and/or we may owe Invitae a share of the revenue generated from the sale of the program products. Furthermore, we need to continue to expand our internal capabilities or seek new partnerships or collaborations, or both, in order to successfully develop, market, sell and commercialize our products for and in the markets we seek to reach. If we are unable to do so or are delayed, then this could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition and prospects.

We must successfully manage new product introductions and transitions, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, we may incur significant costs during these transitions, and they may not result in the benefits we anticipate.

If our products and services fail to deliver the performance, scalability or results expected by our current and future customers, or are not delivered on a timely basis, our reputation and credibility may suffer, our current and future sales and revenue may be materially harmed and our business may not succeed. For instance, if we are not able to realize the benefits we anticipate from the development and commercialization of the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems and also any future products that may be developed for medical and clinical uses, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the introduction of future products, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, has and may in the future lead to our limiting or ceasing development of further enhancements to our existing products as we focus our resources on new products, and has resulted and could in the future result in reduced marketplace acceptance and loss of sales of our existing products, materially adversely affecting our revenue and operating results. The introduction of new products has had and may in the future also have a negative impact on our revenue in the near-term as our current and future customers have delayed or cancelled and may in the future delay or cancel orders of existing products in anticipation of new products and we may also be pressured to decrease prices for our existing products. Further, we have experienced, and may in the future experience, difficulty in managing or forecasting customer reactions, purchasing decisions or transition requirements with respect to newly launched products. We have incurred and may continue to incur significant costs in completing these transitions, including costs of write-downs of our products, as current or future customers’ transition to new products. If we do not successfully manage these product transitions, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe System, our business, operations, financial condition, and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

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Recent significant changes to our leadership team and the resulting management transitions might harm our future operating results.

We have recently experienced significant changes to our leadership team. Our President and Chief Executive Officer Christian O. Henry was appointed effective September 14, 2020, succeeding Dr. Michael Hunkapiller who retired on December 31, 2020. Our Chief Financial Officer Susan G. Kim was appointed effective September 28, 2020, succeeding Susan K. Barnes who retired on August 7, 2020. Our Chief Operating Officer, Mark Van Oene, and our Chief Commercial Officer, Peter Fromen, were each appointed effective January 8, 2021. Also, our Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer Eric E. Schaefer was appointed effective May 26, 2020, and our Chairman of the Board Dr. John F. Milligan was appointed effective September 14, 2020.

Although we believe these leadership transitions are in the best interest of our stakeholders, these transitions may result in the loss of personnel with deep institutional or technical knowledge. Further, the transition could potentially disrupt our operations and relationships with employees, suppliers, partners and customers due to added costs, operational inefficiencies, decreased employee morale and productivity and increased turnover. We must successfully recruit and integrate our new leadership team members within our organization to achieve our operating objectives; as such, the leadership transition may temporarily affect our business performance and results of operations while the new members of our leadership team become familiar with our business. In addition, our competitors may seek to use this transition and the related potential disruptions to gain a competitive advantage over us. Furthermore, these changes increase our dependency on the other members of our leadership team that remain with us, who are not contractually obligated to remain employed with us and may leave at any time. Any such departure could be particularly disruptive given that we are already experiencing leadership transitions and, to the extent we experience additional management turnover, competition for top management is high such that it may take some time to find a candidate that meets our requirements. Our future operating results depend substantially upon the continued service of our key personnel and in significant part upon our ability to attract and retain qualified management personnel. If we are unable to mitigate these or other similar risks, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

We depend on the continuing efforts of our senior management team and other key personnel. If we lose members of our senior management team or other key personnel or are unable to successfully retain, recruit and train qualified scientists, engineers, sales personnel and other employees, our ability to maintain, develop and commercialize our products could be harmed and we may be unable to achieve our goals.

Our success depends upon the continuing services of members of our senior management team and scientific and engineering personnel. In particular, our scientists and engineers are critical to our technological and product innovations and we will need to hire additional qualified personnel. Our industry, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, is characterized by high demand and intense competition for talent, and the turnover rate can be high. We compete for qualified management and scientific personnel with other life science companies, academic institutions and research institutions, particularly those focusing on genomics. In addition, we will need to continue to recruit, hire and retain sales personnel to support the commercialization of our products. Our employees could leave our company with little or no prior notice and would be free to work for a competitor. In addition, changes to U.S. immigration policies, particularly to H-1B and other visa programs, could restrain the flow of technical and professional talent into the U.S. and may inhibit our ability to hire qualified personnel. If one or more of our senior executives or other key personnel were unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them easily or at all, and other senior management may be required to divert attention from other aspects of the business. In addition, we do not have “key person” life insurance policies covering any member of our management team or other key personnel. The loss of any of these individuals or any inability to attract or retain qualified personnel, including scientists, engineers, sales personnel and others, could prevent us from pursuing collaborations and materially and adversely affect our support of existing products, product development and introductions, business growth prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

Our success is highly dependent on our ability to further penetrate nucleic acid sequencing applications as well as on the growth and expansion of the demand for our products. If our products fail to achieve and sustain sufficient market acceptance, we will not generate expected revenue and our business may not succeed.

Although nucleic acid sequencing technology is well-established, our SMRT Sequencing technology is relatively new and evolving. We cannot be sure that our current or future products will gain acceptance in the marketplace at levels sufficient to support our costs. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to expand overall demand for nucleic acid sequencing to include new applications that are not practicable with other current technologies and to introduce new products that capture a larger share of growing overall demand for sequencing. To accomplish this, we must successfully commercialize, and continue development of, our proprietary SMRT Sequencing technology for use in a variety of life science and other applications, including uses by academic, government and clinical laboratories, as well as pharmaceutical, diagnostic, biotechnology and agriculture companies, among others. However, we may be unsuccessful in these efforts and

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the sale and commercialization of the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, and related products may not grow sufficiently to cover our costs.

There can be no assurance that we will be successful in adding new products or securing additional customers for our current and future products, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems. Our ability to further penetrate existing applications and any new applications depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our products, as well as customers’ willingness to adopt a different approach to nucleic acid sequencing. Potential customers may have already made significant investments in other sequencing technologies and may be unwilling to invest in new technologies. We are experiencing pricing pressures caused by industry competition and increased demand for lower-priced instruments and lower operational costs. We have limited experience commercializing and selling products outside of the academic and research settings, thus cannot guarantee success in acquiring additional customers. Furthermore, we cannot guarantee that our products will be satisfactory to potential customers or that our products will perform in accordance with customer expectations.

These applications are new and dynamic, and there can be no assurance that they will develop as quickly as we anticipate, that they will reach their full potential or that they will be receptive to any of our products. As a result, we may be required to refocus our marketing efforts, and we may have to make changes to the specifications of our products to enhance our ability to enter particular applications more quickly. We may also need to delay full-scale commercial deployment of new products as we develop them in order to perform quality control and early access user testing, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems. Even if we are able to implement our technology successfully, we and/or our sales and distribution partners may fail to achieve or sustain market acceptance of our current or future products across the full range of our intended life science and other applications. We need to continue to expand and update our internal capabilities or to collaborate with other partners, or both, in order to successfully expand sales of our products in the applications that we seek to reach, which we may be unable to do at the scale required to support our business.

If the demand for our products grows more slowly than anticipated, if we are unable to successfully scale or otherwise ensure sufficient manufacturing capacity for new products to meet demand, if we are not able to successfully market and sell our products, if competitors develop better or more cost-effective products, if our product launches and commercialization are not successful, or if we are unable to further grow our customer base or do not realize the growth with existing customers that we are expecting, our current and future sales and revenue may be materially and adversely harmed and our business may not succeed.

We rely on other companies for the manufacture of certain components and sub-assemblies and intend to outsource additional sub-assemblies in the future, some of which are sole sources. We may not be able to successfully scale the manufacturing process necessary to build and test multiple products on a full commercial basis, which could materially harm our business.

Our products are complex and involve a large number of unique components, many of which require precise manufacturing. The nature of our products requires customized components that are currently available only from a limited number of sources, and in some cases, single sources. We have chosen to source certain critical components from a single source, including suppliers for our SMRT Cells, reagents and instruments. We cannot assure you that product supplies will not be limited or interrupted, especially with respect to our sole source third-party manufacturing and supply collaborators, or will be of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. In particular, any replacement of our manufacturers could require significant effort and expertise because there may be a limited number of qualified replacements. We may be unable to negotiate binding agreements with our current and future sole source third-party manufacturing and supply collaborators or, in the event that such collaborators’ services become interrupted for any reason, find replacement manufacturers to support our development and commercial activities at commercially reasonable terms. We do not always have arrangements in place for a redundant or second-source supply for our sole source vendors in the event they cease to provide their products or services to us or fail to provide sufficient quantities in a timely manner. If we are required to purchase these components from alternative sources, it could take several months or longer to qualify the alternative sources. If we are unable to secure a sufficient supply of these product components on a timely basis, or if these components do not meet our expectations or specifications for quality and functionality, our operations and manufacturing would be materially and adversely affected, we could be unable to meet customer demand and our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The operations of our third-party manufacturing partners and suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations or that are beyond our control, including but not limited to international trade restrictions and conditions related to COVID-19 or other epidemics. If our manufacturing partners or suppliers are unable or fail to fulfill their obligations to us for any reason, we may not be able to manufacture our products and satisfy customer demand or our obligations under sales agreements in a timely manner, and our business could be harmed as a result. For example, a global

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shortage of semiconductors, which has been reported since early 2021, has caused challenges in our supply chain. Our current manufacturing process is characterized by long lead times between the placement of orders for and delivery of our products. If we have received insufficient components to manufacture our products on a timely basis to meet customer demand, our sales and our gross margin may be adversely affected and our business could be materially harmed. If we are unable to reduce our manufacturing costs and establish and maintain reliable, high-volume manufacturing suppliers as we scale our operations, our business, operations, financial condition, and prospects could be materially and adversely harmed.

We may be unable to consistently manufacture our instruments and consumables, including SMRT Cells and reagents, to the necessary specifications or in quantities necessary to meet demand at an acceptable cost or at an acceptable performance level.

In order to successfully generate revenue from our products, we need to supply our customers with products that meet their expectations for quality and functionality in accordance with established specifications. Our customers have experienced variability in the performance of our products. We have experienced and may continue to experience delays, quality issues or other difficulties leading to customer dissatisfaction with our products. Our production of SMRT Cells and reagents involves a long and complex manufacturing process, and has been and may in the future be below desired yields and resulting output levels. We have experienced and may experience in the future manufacturing delays, product defects, variability in the performance of SMRT Cells and other products, inadequate reserves for inventory, or other issues.

There is no assurance that we will be able to manufacture our products so that they consistently achieve the product specifications and quality that our customers expect, including any products developed for clinical uses. Problems in the design or quality of our products, including low manufacturing yields of SMRT Cells, or sub-performing reagent lots may have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, financial condition, and operating results, and could result in us losing our ISO certifications. If we were to lose our ISO certifications, then our customers might choose not to purchase products from us. There is also no assurance that we will be able to increase manufacturing yields and decrease costs, or that we will be successful in forecasting customer demand or manufacturing and supply costs, or that product supplies, including reagents or integrated chips, will not be limited or interrupted, or will be of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices. Furthermore, we may not be able to increase manufacturing to meet anticipated demand or may experience downtime in our manufacturing facilities. An inability to manufacture products and components that consistently meet specifications, in necessary quantities and at commercially acceptable costs, will have a negative impact, and may have a material adverse effect on our business, product development timelines, financial condition and results of operations.

Rapidly changing technology in life sciences and diagnostics could make our products obsolete unless we continue to develop, manufacture and commercialize new and improved products and pursue new opportunities.

Our industry is characterized by rapid and significant technological changes, frequent new product introductions and enhancements and evolving industry standards. Our future success depends on our ability to continually improve our products, to develop and introduce new products that address the evolving needs of our customers on a timely and cost-effective basis and to pursue new opportunities. These new opportunities may be outside the scope of our proven expertise or in areas where demand is unproven, and new products and services developed by us may not gain market acceptance or may not adequately perform in order to capture market share. Our inability to develop and introduce new products and to gain market acceptance of our existing and new products could harm our future operating results. Unanticipated difficulties or delays in replacing existing products with new products or in commercializing our existing or new products in sufficient quantities and of acceptable quality to meet customer demand, including with respect to the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, could diminish future demand for our products and may materially and adversely harm our future operating results.

Increased market adoption of our products by customers may depend on the availability of sample preparation and informatics tools, some of which may be developed by third parties.

Our commercial success may depend in part upon the development of sample preparation and software and informatics tools by third parties for use with our products. We cannot guarantee that product supplies, including reagents, will not be limited or interrupted, or will be of satisfactory quality or continue to be available at acceptable prices, or that third parties will develop tools that our current and future customers will find useful with our products, or that customers will adopt such third-party tools on a timely basis or at all. A lack of complementary sample preparation and informatics tools, or delayed updates of such tools, may impede the adoption of our products and may materially and adversely impact our business.

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We operate in a highly competitive industry and if we are not able to compete effectively, our business and operating results will likely be harmed.

There are a significant number of companies offering nucleic acid sequencing products and/or services, including Illumina, BGI Genomics, Thermo, ONT Ltd., Roche, and Qiagen. Many of these companies currently have greater name recognition, more substantial intellectual property portfolios, longer operating histories, significantly greater financial, technical, research and/or other resources, more experience in new product development, larger and more established manufacturing capabilities and marketing, sales and support functions, and/or more established distribution channels to deliver products to customers than we do. These companies may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements.

There are also several companies that are in the process of developing or have already developed and commercialized new, competing or potentially competing technologies, products and/or services, including ONT Ltd. and its subsidiaries, against whom we have filed complaints for patent infringement in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware and, previously, with the U.S. International Trade Commission, in the High Court of England and Wales and in the District Court of Mannheim, Germany. ONT Ltd. previously filed claims against us in the High Court of England and Wales and the District Court of Mannheim, Germany, also for patent infringement, and its subsidiary, Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Inc. (“ONT Inc.”), filed counterclaims against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking declaratory judgements of non-infringement, invalidity and unenforceability of the asserted patents, as well as antitrust, false advertising and unfair competition counterclaims that were subsequently dismissed by that court. Roche is developing potentially competing sequencing products. Increased competition may result in pricing pressures, which could harm our sales, profitability or market share. Our failure to further enhance our existing products and to introduce new products to compete effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may be unable to successfully increase sales of our current products or market and sell our future products.

Our ability to achieve profitability depends on our ability to attract customers for our current and future products, and we may be unable to effectively market or sell our products, or find appropriate partners to do so. To perform sales, marketing, distribution and customer support functions successfully, we face a number of risks, including:

our ability to attract, retain and manage qualified sales, marketing and service personnel necessary to expand market acceptance for our technologies;

the performance and commercial availability expectations of our existing and potential customers with respect to new and existing products;

availability of potential sales and distribution partners to sell our technologies, and our ability to attract and retain such sales and distribution partners;

the time and cost of maintaining and growing a specialized sales, marketing and service force for a particular application, which may be difficult to justify in light of the revenue generated; and

our sales, marketing and service force may be unable to execute successful commercial activities.

We have enlisted and may continue to enlist third parties to assist with sales, distribution and customer support. There is no guarantee that we will be successful in attracting desirable sales and distribution partners, that we will be able to enter into arrangements with such partners on terms favorable to us or that we will be able to retain such partners on a going-forward basis. If our sales and marketing efforts, or those of any of our third-party sales and distribution partners, are not successful, or our products do not perform in accordance with customer expectations, our technologies and products may not gain market acceptance, which could materially and adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition and prospects.

Large purchases by a limited number of customers represent a significant portion of our revenue, and any loss or delay of expected purchases has resulted, and in the future could result, in material quarter-to-quarter fluctuations of our revenue or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations.

We receive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of customers. For example, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, one of our customers, Gene Company Limited, accounted for approximately 14%, 17% and 26% of our total revenue, respectively. Gene Company Limited is our primary distributor in China. Many of these customers make large purchases on a purchase-order basis rather than pursuant to long-term contracts. As a consequence of the concentrated nature of our customer base and their purchasing behavior, our quarterly revenue and results of operations have fluctuated, and may fluctuate in the future, from quarter to quarter and are difficult to forecast. For example, the cancellation of orders or acceleration or delay in anticipated product purchases or the acceptance of shipped

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products by our larger customers has materially affected, and in the future could materially affect, our revenue and results of operations in any quarterly period. We have been, and may be in the future be, unable to sustain or increase our revenue from our larger customers, or offset any discontinuation or decrease of purchases by our larger customers with purchases by new or other existing customers. To the extent one or more of our larger customers experience significant financial difficulty, bankruptcy or insolvency, this could have a material adverse effect on our sales and our ability to collect on receivables, which could materially and adversely harm our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, many of our customers, including some of our larger customers, have negotiated, or may in the future negotiate, volume-based discounts or other more favorable terms from us or our sales and distribution partners, which can and have had a negative effect on our gross margins or revenue.

We expect that such concentrated purchases will continue to contribute materially to our revenue for the foreseeable future and that our results of operations may fluctuate materially as a result of such larger customers’ buying patterns. In addition, we may see consolidation of our customer base. The loss of one of our larger customers, a significant delay or reduction in its purchases, or any volume-based discount or other more favorable terms that we or our sales and distribution partner(s) may agree to provide in light of the aggregated purchase volume or buying power resulting from such consolidation, has harmed, and in the future could harm, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our products are highly complex, have recurring support requirements and could have unknown defects or errors, which may give rise to claims against us or divert application of our resources from other purposes.

Products using our SMRT sequencing technology are highly complex and may develop or contain undetected defects or errors. Our customers have experienced and may continue to experience reliability issues with our existing and future products, including the Sequel System and the Sequel II/IIe Systems. Despite testing, defects or errors may arise in our products, which could result in a failure to obtain, maintain or increase market acceptance of our products, diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation and increased warranty, service and maintenance costs. New products, including the SMRT Cell 8M and Sequel II/IIe Systems, or enhancements to our existing products in particular may contain undetected errors or performance problems that are discovered only after delivery to customers. If our products have reliability or other quality issues or require unexpected levels of support in the future, the market acceptance and utilization of our products may not grow to levels sufficient to support our costs and our reputation and business could be harmed. Low utilization rates of our products could cause our revenue and gross margins to be adversely affected. We generally ship our sequencing instruments with one year of service included in the purchase price with an option to purchase one or more additional years of service. We also provide a warranty for our consumables, which is generally limited to replacing, or at our option, giving credit for any consumable with defects in material or workmanship. Defects or errors in our products may also discourage customers from purchasing our products. The costs incurred in correcting any defects or errors may be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our operating margins. If our service and support costs increase, our business and operations may be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, such defects or errors could lead to the filing of product liability claims against us or against third parties who we may have an obligation to indemnify against such claims, which could be costly and time-consuming to defend and result in substantial damages. Although we have product liability insurance, any product liability insurance that we have or procure in the future may not protect our business from the financial impact of a product liability claim. Moreover, we may not be able to obtain adequate insurance coverage on acceptable terms. Any insurance that we have or obtain will be subject to deductibles and coverage limits. A product liability claim could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant portion of our sales depends on customers’ spending budgets that may be subject to significant and unexpected variation which could have a negative effect on the demand for our products.

Our instruments represent significant capital expenditures for our customers. Current and potential customers for our current or future products include academic and government institutions, genome centers, medical research institutions, clinical laboratories, pharmaceutical, agricultural, biotechnology, diagnostic and chemical companies. Their spending budgets can have a significant effect on the demand for our products. Spending budgets are based on a wide variety of factors, including the allocation of available resources to make purchases, funding from government sources which is highly uncertain and subject to change, the spending priorities among various types of research equipment, policies regarding capital expenditures during economically uncertain periods and the impact of COVID-19. Any decrease in capital spending or change in spending priorities of our current and potential customers could significantly reduce the demand for our products. Any delay or reduction in purchases by current or potential customers or our inability to forecast fluctuations in demand could materially and adversely harm our future operating results.

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We may not be able to convert our orders in backlog into revenue.

Our backlog represents product orders from our customers that we have confirmed but have not been able to fulfill, and, accordingly, for which we have not yet recognized revenue. We may not receive revenue from these orders, and any order backlog we report may not be indicative of our future revenue.

Many events can cause an order to be delayed or not completed at all, some of which may be out of our control, including the potential impacts from COVID-19 and our suppliers, especially our sole source suppliers, not being able to provide us with products or components. If we delay fulfilling customer orders or if customers reconsider their orders, those customers may seek to cancel or modify their orders with us. Customers may otherwise seek to cancel or delay their orders even if we are prepared to fulfill them. If our orders in backlog do not result in sales, our operating results may suffer.

Our sales cycle is unpredictable and lengthy, which makes it difficult to forecast revenue and may increase the magnitude of quarterly or annual fluctuations in our operating results.

The sales cycle for our sequencing instruments is lengthy because they represent a major capital expenditure and generally require the approval of our customers’ senior management. This may contribute to substantial fluctuations in our quarterly or annual operating results, particularly during the periods in which our sales volume is low. Factors that may cause fluctuations in our quarterly or operating results include, without limitation, market acceptance for our products; our ability to attract new customers; publications of studies by us, competitors or third parties; the timing and success of new product introductions by us or our competitors or other changes in the competitive dynamics of our industry, such as consolidation; the amount and timing of our costs and expenses; changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors; general economic, industry and market conditions; the effects of seasonality; the regulatory environment; expenses associated with warranty costs or unforeseen product quality issues; the hiring, training and retention of key employees, including our ability to grow our sales organization; litigation or other claims against us for intellectual property infringement or otherwise; our ability to obtain additional financing as necessary; changes or trends in new technologies and industry standards; and the impact of COVID-19. Because of these fluctuations, it is likely that in some future quarters our operating results will fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If that happens, the market price of our stock would likely decrease. Past fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results have resulted in decreases in our stock price. Such fluctuations also mean that investors may not be able to rely on our operating results in any particular period as an indication of future performance. Sales to existing customers and the establishment of a business relationship with other potential customers is a lengthy process, generally taking several months and sometimes longer. Following the establishment of the relationship, the negotiation of purchase terms can be time-consuming, and a potential customer may require an extended evaluation and testing period. In anticipation of product orders, we may incur substantial costs before the sales cycle is complete and before we receive any customer payments. As a result, in the event that a sale is not completed or is canceled or delayed, we may have incurred substantial expenses, making it more difficult for us to become profitable or otherwise negatively impacting our financial results. Furthermore, because of our lengthy sales cycle, the realization of revenue from our selling efforts may be substantially delayed, our ability to forecast our future revenue may be more limited and our revenue may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter.

Seasonality may cause fluctuations in our revenue and results of operations.

We operate on a December 31st year-end and believe that there are significant seasonal factors which may cause sales of our products, and particularly our sequencing instruments, to vary on a quarterly or yearly basis, contribute to the lengthy sales cycle for our sequencing instruments, and increase the magnitude of quarterly or annual fluctuations in our operating results. We believe that this seasonality results from a number of factors, including the procurement and budgeting cycles of many of our customers, especially government-funded customers, which often coincide with government fiscal year ends. For example, the U.S. government’s fiscal year-end occurs in our third quarter and may result in increased sales of our products during this quarter if government-funded customers have unused funds that may be forfeited, or future budgets that may be reduced if funds remain unspent at fiscal year-end. Furthermore, Lunar New Year celebrations, which occur during our first quarter and may last for a week or longer, resulting in closure of many of our customers’ offices in China and across the Asia-Pacific region, have caused, and may in the future cause, decreased sales of our consumables during our first quarter. These factors have contributed, and may contribute in the future, to substantial fluctuations in our quarterly operating results. Because of these fluctuations, it is possible that in some quarters our operating results will fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If that happens, the market price of our stock would likely decrease. These fluctuations, among other factors, also mean that our operating results in any particular period may not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Seasonal or cyclical variations in our sales have in the past, and may in the future, become more or less pronounced over time, and have in the past materially affected, and may in the future materially affect, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

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Our ability to use net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to substantial limitations, and changes to U.S. tax laws may cause us to make adjustments to our financial statements.

Under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, a corporation that undergoes an “ownership change” is subject to limitations on its ability to utilize its pre-change net operating losses (“NOLs”) to offset future taxable income. We believe that we have had one or more ownership changes, as a result of which our existing NOLs are currently subject to limitation. Future changes in our stock ownership could result in additional ownership changes under Section 382. We may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOLs even if we attain profitability. Furthermore, the changes to deductions, credits and expense recognition resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2018 enacted on December 22, 2017 have materially impacted the value of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and could adversely affect our future taxable income and effective tax rate.

Our facilities in California are located near earthquake faults, and the occurrence of an earthquake or other catastrophic disaster could cause damage to our facilities and equipment, which could require us to cease or curtail operations.

Our facilities in the San Francisco Bay Area are located near earthquake fault zones and are vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including fire, floods, power loss, communications failures and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business at our facilities would be seriously, or potentially completely, impaired. In addition, the nature of our activities could cause significant delays in our research programs and commercial activities and make it difficult for us to recover from a disaster. The insurance we maintain may not be adequate to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other business interruptions. Accordingly, an earthquake or other disaster could materially and adversely harm our ability to conduct business.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Failure to secure patent or other intellectual property protection for our products and improvements to our products may reduce our ability to maintain any technological or competitive advantage over our current and potential competitors.

Our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights is uncertain and depends on complex legal and factual questions. Our ability to establish or maintain a technological or competitive advantage over our competitors may be diminished because of these uncertainties. For example:

we or our licensors might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications or issued patents;

we or our licensors might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

it is possible that neither our pending patent applications nor the pending patent applications of our licensors will result in issued patents;

the scope of the patent protection we or our licensors obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies, developing competing products, designing around our patented technologies or independently developing similar or alternative technologies;

our and our licensors’ patent applications or patents have been, are and may in the future be, subject to interference, opposition or similar administrative proceedings, which could result in those patent applications failing to issue as patents, those patents being held invalid or the scope of those patents being substantially reduced;

our enforcement of patents and proprietary rights in other countries may be problematic or unpredictable;

we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions;

we or our partners may not adequately protect our trade secrets;

we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; or

the patents of others may limit our freedom to operate and prevent us from commercializing our technology in accordance with our plans.

The occurrence of any of these events could impair our ability to operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others or prevent us from establishing or maintaining a competitive advantage over our competitors.

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Variability in intellectual property laws may adversely affect our intellectual property position.

Intellectual property laws, and patent laws and regulations in particular, have been subject to significant variability either through administrative or legislative changes to such laws or regulations or changes or differences in judicial interpretation, and it is expected that such variability will continue to occur. Additionally, intellectual property laws and regulations differ by country. Variations in the patent laws and regulations or in interpretations of patent laws and regulations in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property and may change the impact of third-party intellectual property on us. Accordingly, we cannot predict the scope of the patents that may be granted to us with certainty, the extent to which we will be able to enforce our patents against third parties or the extent to which third parties may be able to enforce their patents against us.

Some of the intellectual property that is important to our business is owned by other companies or institutions and licensed to us, and changes to the rights we have licensed may adversely impact our business.

We license from third parties some of the intellectual property that is important to our business. If the third parties who license intellectual property to us fail to maintain the intellectual property that we have licensed, or lose rights to that intellectual property, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated, which would eliminate barriers against our competition. Termination of these licenses or reduction or elimination of our licensed rights may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated licenses with less favorable terms, or could subject us to claims of intellectual property infringement or contract breach in litigation or other administrative proceedings that could result in damage awards against us and injunctions that could prohibit us from selling our products. In addition, some of our licenses from third parties limit the field in which we can use the licensed technology. Therefore, in order for us to use such licensed technology in potential future applications that are outside the licensed field of use, we may be required to negotiate new licenses with our licensors or expand our rights under our existing licenses. We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain such licenses or expanded rights on reasonable terms or at all. In the event a dispute with our licensors were to occur, our licensors may seek to renegotiate the terms of our licenses, increase the royalty rates that we pay to obtain and maintain those licenses, limit the field or scope of the licenses, or terminate the license agreements. In addition, we have limited rights to participate in the prosecution and enforcement of the patents and patent applications that we have licensed. If we fail to meet our obligations under these licenses, or if we have a dispute regarding the terms of the licenses, these third parties could terminate the licenses, which could subject us to claims of intellectual property infringement. As a result, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications will be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. Further, because of the rapid pace of technological change in our industry, we may need to rely on key technologies developed or licensed by third parties, and we may not be able to obtain licenses and technologies from these third parties at all or on reasonable terms. The occurrence of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The measures that we use to protect the security of and enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights may not be adequate, which could result in the loss of legal protection for, and thereby diminish the value of, such intellectual property and other rights.

In addition to patents, we also rely upon trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and unfair competition laws, as well as license agreements and other contractual provisions, to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or misappropriated. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property and proprietary information by requiring our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality and assignment of inventions agreements, and by entering into confidentiality agreements with our third-party development, manufacturing, sales and distribution partners, who may also acquire, develop and/or commercialize alternative or competing products or provide services to our competitors. For example, Roche had certain access to our trade secrets and other proprietary information pursuant to our agreement with them, subject to the confidentiality provisions thereof (certain of which provisions survive the termination of the agreement); however, Roche is developing potentially competing sequencing products. There can be no assurance that our measures have provided or will provide adequate protection for our intellectual property and proprietary information. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. In addition, our trade secrets and other proprietary information may be disclosed to others, or others may gain access to or disclose our trade secrets and other proprietary information. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Additionally, others may independently develop proprietary information and techniques that are substantially equivalent to ours. The occurrence of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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Our intellectual property may be subject to challenges in the United States or foreign jurisdictions that could adversely affect our intellectual property position.

Our pending, issued and granted U.S. and foreign patents and patent applications have been, are and may in the future be, subject to challenges by ONT Ltd., ONT Inc. and Metrichor, Ltd. (“Metrichor” and, together with ONT Ltd. and ONT Inc., “ONT”) and other parties asserting prior invention by others or invalidity on various grounds, through proceedings, such as interferences, reexaminations or opposition proceedings. Addressing these challenges to our intellectual property has been, and any future challenges can be, costly and distract management’s attention and resources. For example, we previously incurred significant legal expenses to litigate and settle a complaint seeking review of a patent interference decision of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Additionally, ONT previously requested that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office institute inter partes reviews of certain patents that we have asserted against ONT Inc. and ONT Ltd. in litigation proceedings for patent infringement. While none of the inter partes reviews requested by ONT were instituted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, challenges of this nature in the future could result in determinations that our patents or pending patent applications are unpatentable to us, invalidated or unenforceable in whole or in part and could require us to expend significant time, funds, and other resources in litigating such challenges. Accordingly, adverse rulings in such proceedings could negatively impact the scope of our intellectual property protection for our products and technology, and could materially and adversely affect our business.

Some of our technology is subject to “march-in” rights by the U.S. government.

Some of our patented technology was developed with U.S. federal government funding. When new technologies are developed with U.S. government funding, the government obtains certain rights in any resulting patents, including a nonexclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention for non-commercial purposes. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise “march-in” rights to use or allow third parties to use our patented technology. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that such action is necessary to (i) achieve practical application of the U.S. government-funded technology, (ii) alleviate health or safety needs, (iii) meet requirements of federal regulations, or (iv) give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, U.S. government-funded inventions must be reported to the government and such government funding must be disclosed in any resulting patent applications. Furthermore, our rights in such inventions are subject to government license rights and foreign manufacturing restrictions. The U.S. government has generally denied requests to exercise its march-in rights, even to provide access to potentially life-saving medications; however, if the U.S. government were to exercise its march-in rights to our patent technologies funded by the U.S. government, particularly for the benefit of one of more of our competitors, that may have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are involved in legal proceedings to enforce our intellectual property rights.

Our intellectual property rights involve complex factual, scientific and legal questions. We operate in an industry characterized by significant intellectual property litigation. Even though we may believe that we have a valid patent on a particular technology, other companies have from time to time taken, and may in the future take, actions that we believe violate our patent rights. For example, we are involved in legal proceedings for patent infringement and related matters in the United States with ONT and with PGI, and we were previously involved in other legal proceedings with ONT and Harvard University in several United States and European jurisdictions. We have in the past received adverse rulings against us with respect to our complaint with the United States International Trade Commission for one of these proceedings. Legal actions to enforce our patent rights have been, and will continue to be, expensive, and may divert significant management time and resources. Adverse parties from previous legal actions have brought, and they and others may in the future bring, claims against us and/or our intellectual property. Litigation is a significant ongoing expense, recognized in sales, general and administrative expense, with an uncertain outcome, and has been, and may in the future be, a material expense for us. Our enforcement actions may not be successful, have given rise to legal claims against us and could result in some of our intellectual property rights being determined to be invalid or not enforceable. Furthermore, an adverse determination or judgement could lead to an award of damages against us, or the issuance of an injunction against us or our products that could prevent us from selling any products found to be infringing the intellectual property rights of another party.

We have been, are currently, and could in the future be, subject to legal proceedings with third parties who may claim that our products infringe or misappropriate their intellectual property rights.

Our products are based on complex, rapidly developing technologies. We may not be aware of issued or previously filed patent applications that belong to third parties that mature into issued patents that cover some aspect of our products or their use. In addition, because patent litigation is complex and the outcome inherently uncertain, our belief that our products do not infringe third-party patents of which we are aware or that such third-party patents are invalid and unenforceable may be determined to be incorrect. As a result, third parties have claimed, and may in the future claim, that we infringe their

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patent rights and have filed, and may in the future file, lawsuits or engage in other proceedings against us to enforce their patent rights. For example, ONT Ltd. and Harvard University have, in the past, filed claims against us in the High Court of England and Wales and the District Court of Mannheim, Germany for patent infringement, and PGI has filed claims against us in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware and in the Wuhan People’s Court in China. We are aware of other issued patents and patent applications owned by third parties that could be construed to read on our products, and related maintenance and support services. Although we do not believe that our products or services infringe any valid issued patents, the third-party owners of these patents and applications may in the future claim that we infringe their patent rights and file lawsuits against us. In addition, as we enter new markets, our competitors and other third parties may claim that our products infringe their intellectual property rights as part of a business strategy to impede our successful entry into those markets. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other relief, which effectively could block our ability to further develop or commercialize products or services, and could result in the award of substantial damages against us. Patent litigation between competitors in our industry is common. Additionally, we have certain obligations to many of our customers and suppliers to indemnify and defend them against claims by third parties that our products or their use infringe any intellectual property of these third parties. In defending ourselves against any of these claims, we have in the past incurred, and could in the future incur, to defend ourselves or our customers, substantial costs, and the attention of our management and technical personnel could be diverted. For example, we previously incurred significant legal expenses to litigate and settle a complaint alleging patent infringement. Even if we have an agreement that indemnifies us against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. To avoid or settle legal claims, it may be necessary or desirable in the future to obtain licenses relating to one or more products or relating to current or future technologies, which could negatively affect our gross margins. We may not be able to obtain these licenses on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We may be unable to modify our products so that they do not infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties. In some situations, the results of litigation or settlement of claims may require us to cease allegedly infringing activities which could prevent us from selling some or all of our products. The occurrence of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

In addition, in the course of our business, we may from time to time have access or be alleged to have access to confidential or proprietary information of others, which, though not patented, may be protected as trade secrets. Others could bring claims against us asserting that we improperly used their confidential or proprietary information, or that we misappropriated their technologies and incorporated those technologies into our products, even when we hope not. A determination that we illegally used the confidential or proprietary information or misappropriated technologies of others in our products could result in us paying substantial damage awards or being prevented from further developing or selling some or all of our products, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

We have not yet registered some of our trademarks in all of our potential markets, and failure to secure those registrations could adversely affect our business.

Some of our trademark applications may not be allowed for registration, and our registered trademarks may not be maintained or enforced. In addition, in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and in comparable agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark applications and to seek to cancel registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be filed against our trademarks, and our trademarks may not survive such proceedings.

Our use of “open source” software could adversely affect our ability to sell our products and subject us to possible litigation.

A portion of the products or technologies developed and/or distributed by us incorporate “open source” software, and we may incorporate open source software into other products or technologies in the future. Some open source software licenses require that we disclose the source code for any modifications to such open source software that we make and distribute to one or more third parties, and that we license the source code for such modifications to third parties, including our competitors, at no cost. We monitor the use of open source software in our products to avoid uses in a manner that would require us to disclose or grant licenses under our source code that we wish to maintain as proprietary; however, there can be no assurance that such efforts have been or will be successful. In some circumstances, distribution of our software that includes or is linked with open source software could require that we disclose and license some or all of our proprietary source code in that software, which could include permitting the use of such software and source code at no cost to the user. Open source license terms are often ambiguous and there is little legal precedent governing the interpretation of these licenses. Successful claims made by the licensors of open source software that we have violated the terms of these licenses could result in unanticipated obligations, including being subject to significant damages, being enjoined from distributing products that incorporate open source software and being required to make available our proprietary source code pursuant to an open source license, which could substantially help our competitors develop products that are similar to or better than ours or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business.

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Risks Related to Regulation

We are, and may become, subject to governmental regulations that may impose burdens on our operations, and the markets for our products may be narrowed.

We are subject, both directly and indirectly, to the adverse impact of government regulation of our operations and markets. For example, export of our instruments may be subject to strict regulatory control in a number of jurisdictions. We have expanded and are continuing to expand the international jurisdictions into which we supply products, which increase the risks surrounding governmental regulations relating to our business. The failure to satisfy export control criteria or to obtain necessary clearances could delay or prevent shipment of products, which could materially and adversely affect our revenue and profitability. Moreover, the life sciences industry, which is expected to continue to be one of the primary markets for our technology, has historically been heavily regulated. There are, for example, laws in several jurisdictions restricting research in genetic engineering, which may narrow our markets. Given the evolving nature of this industry, legislative bodies or regulatory authorities may adopt additional regulations that may adversely affect our market opportunities. Additionally, if ethical and other concerns surrounding the use of genetic information, diagnostics or therapies become widespread, there may be less demand for our products.

Our business is also directly affected by a wide variety of government regulations applicable to business enterprises generally and to companies operating in the life science industry in particular. Failure to comply with government regulations or obtain or maintain necessary permits and licenses could result in a variety of fines or other censures or an interruption in our business operations which may have a negative impact on our ability to generate revenue and the cost of operating our business. In addition, changes to laws and government regulations could cause a material adverse effect on our business as we will need to adapt our business to comply with such changes. For example, a governmental prohibition on the use of human in vitro diagnostics would adversely impact our commercialization of products on which we have expended significant research and development resources, which would in turn have a material adverse impact on our business and prospects.

Our products could become subject to government regulation as medical devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or other domestic and international regulatory agencies even if we do not elect to seek regulatory clearance or approval to market our products for diagnostic purposes, which could increase our costs and impede or delay our commercialization efforts, thereby materially and adversely affecting our business and results of operations.

Our products are not currently subject to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) clearance or approval since they are not intended or labeled for use in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of any disease, and are labeled and promoted as research use only (“RUO”) products. However, in the future, certain of our products or related applications, such as those that may be developed for clinical uses, could be subject to FDA regulation, or the FDA’s regulatory jurisdiction could be expanded to include our products. Also, even if our products are labeled, promoted, and intended as RUO, the FDA or comparable agencies of other countries could disagree with our conclusion that our products are intended for research use only or deem our sales, marketing and promotional efforts as being inconsistent with RUO products. For example, our customers may independently elect to use our RUO labeled products in their own laboratory developed tests (“LDTs”) for clinical diagnostic use, which could subject our products to government regulation, and the regulatory clearance or approval and maintenance process for such products may be uncertain, expensive, and time-consuming. Regulatory requirements related to marketing, selling, and distribution of RUO products could change or be uncertain, even if clinical uses of our RUO products by our customers were done without our consent. If the FDA or other regulatory authorities assert that any of our RUO products are subject to regulatory clearance or approval, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be adversely affected. In the event that we fail to obtain and maintain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals for products that we develop for clinical uses, or if clearances or approvals for future products and indications are delayed or not issued, our commercial operations may be materially harmed. Furthermore, even if we are granted regulatory clearances or approvals, they may include significant limitations on the indicated uses for the product, which may limit the market for the product. We do not have experience in obtaining FDA approvals and no assurance can be given that we will be able to obtain or to maintain such approvals. Furthermore, any approvals that we may obtain can be revoked if safety or efficacy problems develop.

The FDA has historically exercised enforcement discretion in not enforcing the medical device regulations against laboratories developing and offering LDTs. However, on October 3, 2014, the FDA issued two draft guidance documents that set forth the FDA’s proposed risk-based framework for regulating LDTs, which are designed, manufactured, and used within a single laboratory. The draft guidance documents provide the anticipated details through which the FDA would propose to establish an LDT oversight framework, including premarket review for higher-risk LDTs, such as those that have the same intended use as FDA-approved or cleared companion diagnostic tests currently on the market. In January 2017, the FDA announced that it would not issue final guidance on the oversight of LDTs and manufacturers of products used for

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LDTs, but would seek further public discussion on an appropriate oversight approach, and give Congress an opportunity to develop a legislative solution. More recently, the FDA has issued warning letters to certain genomics labs for illegally marketing genetic tests that claim to predict patients’ responses to specific medications, noting that the FDA has not created a legal “carve-out” for LDTs and retains discretion to take action when appropriate, such as when certain genomic tests raise significant public health concerns.

As manufacturers develop more complex diagnostic tests and diagnostic software, the FDA may increase its regulation of LDTs. Any future legislative or administrative rule making or oversight of LDTs, if and when finalized, may impact the sales of our products and how customers use our products, and may require us to change our business model in order to maintain compliance with these laws. We cannot predict how these various efforts will be resolved, how Congress or the FDA will regulate LDTs in the future, or how that regulatory system will impact our business. Changes to the current regulatory framework, including the imposition of additional or new regulations, including regulation of our products, could arise at any time during the development or marketing of our products, which may negatively affect our ability to obtain or maintain FDA or comparable regulatory approval of our products, if required. Further, sales of devices for diagnostic purposes may subject us to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the applicable government agencies. Such laws include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback or anti-referral laws, healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, privacy and security laws, Physician Payments Sunshine Act and related transparency and manufacturer reporting laws, and other laws and regulations applicable to medical device manufacturers.

Additionally, on November 25, 2013, the FDA issued Final Guidance “Distribution of In Vitro Diagnostic Products Labeled for Research Use Only.” The guidance emphasizes that the FDA will review the totality of the circumstances when it comes to evaluating whether equipment and testing components are properly labeled as RUO. The final guidance states that merely including a labeling statement that the product is for research purposes only will not necessarily render the device exempt from the FDA’s clearance, approval, and other regulatory requirements if the circumstances surrounding the distribution, marketing and promotional practices indicate that the manufacturer knows its products are, or intends for its products to be, used for clinical diagnostic purposes. These circumstances may include written or verbal sales and marketing claims or links to articles regarding a product’s performance in clinical applications and a manufacturer’s provision of technical support for clinical applications.

Recently, as part of the Trump Administration’s efforts to combat COVID-19 and consistent with the President's direction in Executive Orders 13771 and 13924, the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) announced rescission of guidance and other informal issuances of the FDA regarding premarket review of LDT absent notice-and-comment rulemaking, stating that, absent notice-and-comment rulemaking, those seeking approval or clearance of, or an emergency use authorization, for an LDT may nonetheless voluntarily submit a premarket approval application, premarket notification or an Emergency Use Authorization request, respectively, but are not required to do so. However, laboratories opting to use LDTs without FDA premarket review or authorization would not be eligible for liability protection under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act. While this action by HHS is expected to reduce the regulatory burden on clinical laboratories certified under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 that develop LDTs, it is unclear how this action as well as future legislation by federal and state governments and the FDA will impact the industry, including our business and that of our customers. Such HHS measure may compel the FDA to formalize earlier enforcement discretionary policies and informal guidance through notice-and-comment rulemaking and/or impose further restrictions on LDTs. HHS’ rescission policy may change over time. Congress could also enact legislation restricting LDTs. Any restrictions on LDTs by the FDA, HHS, Congress, or state regulatory authorities may decrease the demand for our products. The adoption of new restrictions on RUO products, whether by the FDA or Congress, could adversely affect demand for our specialized reagents and instruments. Further, we could be required to obtain premarket clearance or approval before we can sell our products to certain customers.

If we elect to label and market our products for use as, or in the performance of, clinical diagnostics in the United States, thereby subjecting them to FDA regulation as medical devices, we would be required to obtain premarket 510(k) clearance or premarket approval from the FDA, unless an exception applies. It is possible, in the event we elect to submit 510(k) applications for certain of our products, that the FDA would take the position that a more burdensome premarket application, such as a premarket approval application (“PMA”) or a de novo application is required for some of our products. If such applications were required, greater time and investment would be required to obtain FDA approval. Even if the FDA agreed that a 510(k) was appropriate, FDA clearance can be expensive and time consuming. It generally takes a significant amount of time to prepare a 510(k), including conducting appropriate testing on our products, and several months to years for the FDA to review a submission. Notwithstanding the effort and expense, FDA clearance or approval could be denied for some or all of our products for which we choose to market as a medical device or a clinical diagnostic device. Even if we were to seek and obtain regulatory approval or clearance, it may not be for the intended uses we request or that we believe are important or commercially attractive. There can be no assurance that future products for which we may seek premarket clearance or approval will be approved or cleared by FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority on a

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timely basis, if at all, nor can there be assurance that labeling claims will be consistent with our anticipated claims or adequate to support continued adoption of such products. Compliance with FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority regulations will require substantial costs, and subject us to heightened scrutiny by regulators and substantial penalties for failure to comply with such requirements or the inability to market our products. The lengthy and unpredictable premarket clearance or approval process, as well as the unpredictability of the results of any required clinical studies, may result in our failing to obtain regulatory clearance or approval to market such products, which would significantly harm our business, results of operations, reputation, and prospects.

If we sought and received regulatory clearance or approval for certain of our products, we would be subject to ongoing FDA obligations and continued regulatory oversight and review, including the general controls listed above and the FDA’s QSRs for our development and manufacturing operations. In addition, we would be required to obtain a new 510(k) clearance before we could introduce subsequent material modifications or improvements to such products. We could also be subject to additional FDA post-marketing obligations for such products, any or all of which would increase our costs and divert resources away from other projects. If we sought and received regulatory clearance or approval and are not able to maintain regulatory compliance with applicable laws, we could be prohibited from marketing our products for use as, or in the performance of, clinical diagnostics and/or could be subject to enforcement actions, including warning letters and adverse publicity, fines, injunctions, and civil penalties; recall or seizure of products; operating restrictions; and criminal prosecution.

Further, if we decide to seek regulatory clearance or approval for certain of our products in countries outside of the United States or if a foreign regulatory authority determines that our products are regulated as medical devices, we would be subject to extensive medical device laws and regulations outside of the United States. Sales of such products outside the United States will likely be subject to foreign regulatory requirements, which can vary greatly from country to country. As a result, the time required to obtain clearances or approvals outside the United States may differ from that required to obtain FDA clearance or approval and we may not be able to obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis or at all. In Europe, we would need to comply with the new Medical Device Regulation 2017/745 and In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation 2017/746, which became effective May 26, 2017, with application dates of May 26, 2021 (postponed from 2020) and May 26, 2022 respectively. This will increase the difficulty of regulatory approvals in Europe in the future. In addition, the FDA regulates exports of medical devices. The number and scope of these requirements are increasing. Unlike many of the other companies offering nucleic acid sequencing equipment or consumables, this is an area where we do not have expertise. We, or our other third-party sales and distribution partners, may not be able to obtain regulatory approvals in such countries or may incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining our foreign regulatory approvals. In addition, the export by us of certain of our products, which have not yet been cleared for domestic commercial distribution, may be subject to FDA or other export restrictions. Failure to comply with these regulatory requirements or obtain and maintain required approvals, clearances and certifications could impair our ability to commercialize our products for diagnostic use outside of the United States. Any action brought against us for violations of these laws or regulations, even if successfully defended, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business.

Enhanced trade tariffs, import restrictions, export restrictions, Chinese regulations or other trade barriers may materially harm our business.

We are continuing to expand our international operations as part of our growth strategy and have experienced an increasing concentration of sales in certain regions outside the U.S., especially the Asia-Pacific region. There is currently significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and various other countries, most significantly China, with respect to trade policies, treaties, government regulations and tariffs. In September 2018, the U.S. Trade Representative (the “USTR”) enacted various tariffs of 7.5%, 10%, 15% and 25% on the import of Chinese products, including non-U.S. components and materials that may be used in our products. Additionally, China also has imposed tariffs on imports into China from the United States. These tariffs could raise our costs. Furthermore, tariffs, trade restrictions, or trade barriers that have been, and may in the future be, placed on products such as ours by foreign governments, especially China, have raised, and could further raise, amounts paid for some or all of our products, which may result in the loss of customers and our business, and our financial condition and results of operations may be harmed. F urther tariffs may be imposed that could cover imports of components and materials used in our products, or our business may be adversely impacted by retaliatory trade measures taken by China or other countries, including restricted access to components or materials used in our products or increased amounts that must be paid for our products, which could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, the continued threats of tariffs, trade restrictions and trade barriers could have a generally disruptive impact on the global economy and, therefore, negatively impact our sales. Given the relatively fluid regulatory environment in China and the United States and uncertainty how the U.S. or foreign governments will act with respect to tariffs, international trade agreements and policies, there could be additional tax or other regulatory changes in the future. Any such changes could directly and adversely impact our financial results and results of operations.

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Additionally, in November 2018, the U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) released an advance notice of proposed rulemaking to control the export of emerging technologies. This notice included “[b]iotechnology, including nanobiology; synthetic biology; genomic and genetic engineering; or neurotech” as possible areas of increased export controls. Therefore, it is possible that our ability to export our products may be restricted in the future, most notably China.

If we commercialize any of our products outside of the United States, our international business could expose us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial, and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the United States.

Engaging in international business inherently involves a number of difficulties and risks, including:

required compliance with existing and changing foreign regulatory requirements and laws that are or may be applicable to our business in the future, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and other data privacy requirements, labor and employment regulations, anti-competition regulations, the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 and other anti-corruption laws, regulations relating to the use of certain hazardous substances or chemicals in commercial products, and require the collection, reuse, and recycling of waste from products we manufacture;

required compliance with U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, and other U.S. federal laws and regulations established by the office of Foreign Asset Control;

export requirements and import or trade restrictions;

laws and business practices favoring local companies;

foreign currency exchange, longer payment cycles and difficulties in enforcing agreements and collecting receivables through certain foreign legal systems;

changes in social, economic, and political conditions or in laws, regulations and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, research and development, and investment both domestically as well as in the other countries and jurisdictions in which we operate and into which we may sell our products including as a result of the separation of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Brexit);

potentially adverse tax consequences, tariffs, customs charges, bureaucratic requirements, and other trade barriers;

difficulties and costs of staffing and managing foreign operations; and

difficulties protecting, maintaining, enforcing or procuring intellectual property rights.

If one or more of these risks occurs, it could require us to dedicate significant resources to remedy such occurrence, and if we are unsuccessful in finding a solution, our financial results will suffer.

Our operations involve the use of hazardous materials, and we must comply with environmental, health and safety laws, which can be expensive and may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our research and development and manufacturing activities involve the use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials, and some of our products include hazardous materials. Accordingly, we are subject to federal, state, local and foreign laws, regulations and permits relating to environmental, health and safety matters, including, among others, those governing the use, storage, handling, exposure to and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes, the health and safety of our employees, and the shipment, labeling, collection, recycling, treatment and disposal of products containing hazardous materials. Liability under environmental laws and regulations can be joint and several and without regard to fault or negligence. For example, under certain circumstances and under certain environmental laws, we could be held liable for costs relating to contamination at our or our predecessors’ past or present facilities and at third-party waste disposal sites. We could also be held liable for damages arising out of human exposure to hazardous materials. There can be no assurance that violations of environmental, health and safety laws will not occur as a result of human error, accident, equipment failure or other causes. The failure to comply with past, present or future laws could result in the imposition of substantial fines and penalties, remediation costs, property damage and personal injury claims, investigations, the suspension of production or product sales, loss of permits or a cessation of operations. Any of these events could harm our business, operating results and financial condition. We also expect that our operations will be affected by new environmental, health and safety laws and regulations on an ongoing basis, or more stringent enforcement of existing laws and regulations. New laws or changes to existing laws may result in additional costs and may increase penalties associated with violations or require us to change the content of our products or how we manufacture them, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

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Ethical, legal, privacy, data protection and social concerns or governmental restrictions surrounding the use of genetic information could reduce demand for our technology.

Our products may be used to provide genetic information about humans, agricultural crops and other living organisms. The information obtained from our products could be used in a variety of applications which may have underlying ethical, legal, privacy, data protection and social concerns, including the genetic engineering or modification of agricultural products or testing for genetic predisposition for certain medical conditions. Governmental authorities could, for safety, social or other purposes, call for limits on or regulation of the use of genetic testing, and may consider or adopt such regulations or other restrictions. Such concerns or governmental restrictions could limit the use of our products or be costly and burdensome to comply with, and actual or perceived violations of any such restrictions may lead to the imposition of substantial fines and penalties, remediation costs, claims and litigation, regulatory investigations and proceedings, and other liability, and of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Regulations related to conflict minerals has caused us to incur, and will continue to cause us to incur, additional expenses and could limit the supply and increase the costs of certain materials used in the manufacture of our products.

We are subject to requirements under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 that require us to conduct diligence, and report whether or not our products contain conflict minerals. The implementation of these requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of the materials used in the manufacture of components used in our products. Furthermore, the complex nature of our products requires components and materials that may be available only from a limited number of sources and, in some cases, from only a single source. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to conducting diligence procedures to determine the sources of conflict minerals that may be used or necessary to the production of our products and, if applicable, potential changes to components, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. We may face reputational harm if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals that are not determined to be conflict free or if we are unable to alter our processes or sources of supply to avoid using such materials. In such circumstances, the reputational harm could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

﻿Risks Related to Owning Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock has been, is, and may continue to be, highly volatile, and you may be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid to acquire them.

The market price of our common stock is highly volatile, and we expect it to continue to be volatile for the foreseeable future in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;

announcements of new products, technological innovations or strategic partnerships by us or our competitors;

announcements by us, our customers, partners or suppliers relating directly or indirectly to our products, services or technologies;

overall conditions in our industry and market;

addition or loss of significant customers;

changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products;

actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures, capital commitments or achievement of significant milestones;

additions or departures of key personnel;

competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;

fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters or our ability to obtain intellectual property protection for our technologies;

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announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

stock price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

reports, guidance and ratings issued by securities or industry analysts;

operating results below the expectations of securities analysts or investors; and

general economic and market conditions, which could be impacted by various events including COVID-19.

If any of the forgoing occurs, it would cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. Stock markets in general and the market for companies in our industry in particular have experienced price and volume fluctuations, which have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies. These fluctuations often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and market conditions such as recessions, interest rate changes or international currency fluctuations, may negatively impact the market price of our common stock. You may not realize any return on your investment in us and may lose some or all of your investment. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We have been a party to this type of litigation in the past and may be the target of this type of litigation again in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could reduce the market price that our common stock might otherwise attain and may dilute your voting power and your ownership interest in us.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and may make it more difficult for existing stockholders to sell their common stock at a time and price that they deem appropriate and may dilute their voting power and ownership interest in us.

In addition, if our existing stockholders sell, or indicate an intent to sell, a large number of shares of our common stock in the public market, it could cause our stock price to fall. We may also issue shares of common stock or securities convertible into our common stock in connection with a financing, acquisition, our equity incentive plans, or otherwise. Any such issuances would result in dilution to our existing stockholders and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

Concentration of ownership by our principal stockholders may result in control by such stockholders of the composition of our board of directors.

Our existing principal stockholders, executive officers, directors and their affiliates beneficially own a significant number of our outstanding shares of common stock. In addition, such parties may acquire additional control by purchasing stock that we issue in connection with our future fundraising efforts. Also, SB Northstar LP, a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp., purchased $900 million in aggregate principal amount of our 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028, convertible at the option of the holders at any time into shares of our common stock based on an initial conversion rate of 22.9885 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of the Notes (which is equal to an initial conversion price of $43.50 per share). As a result, these current and future stockholders may now and in the future be able to exercise a significant level of control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended and restated, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

authorize our board of directors to issue, without further action by the stockholders, up to 50,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock and up to approximately 1,000,000,000 shares of authorized but unissued shares of common stock;

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require that any action to be taken by our stockholders be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting and not by written consent;

specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors, the Chairman of the Board, the Chief Executive Officer or the President;

establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;

establish that our board of directors is divided into three classes, Class I, Class II and Class III, with each class serving staggered terms;

provide that our directors may be removed only for cause; and

provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum.

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. Furthermore, our amended and restated bylaws provide that unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law; (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or (v) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, subject to the court having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. This provision is not intended to apply to actions arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, or any claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This exclusive-forum provision may discourage lawsuits against us or our directors, officers, and employees. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which limits the ability of stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock to merge or combine with us.

Our large number of authorized but unissued shares of common stock may potentially dilute existing stockholders’ stockholdings.

We have a significant number of authorized but unissued shares of common stock. Our board of directors may issue shares of common stock from this authorized but unissued pool from time to time without stockholder approval, resulting in the dilution of our existing stockholders.

We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the operation of our business and for general corporate purposes. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

Risks Related to Our Notes

We may not have the ability to raise the funds necessary to settle conversions of the Notes in cash or to repurchase the Notes upon a fundamental change, and our future debt may contain limitations on our ability to pay cash upon conversion or repurchase of the Notes.

In February 2021, we issued $900.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028, which we refer to as the Notes. The Notes will mature on February 15, 2028, subject to earlier conversion, redemption or repurchase, including upon a fundamental change. Holders of the Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change before the maturity date at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus unpaid interest to, but excluding, the maturity date. In addition, upon conversion of the Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our common stock to settle such conversion (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we will be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash in respect of the Notes being converted. Moreover, we will be required to repay the Notes

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in cash at their maturity unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make repurchases of Notes surrendered therefor or pay cash with respect to Notes being converted or at their maturity.

In addition, our ability to repurchase Notes or to pay cash upon conversions of Notes or at their maturity may be limited by law, regulatory authority or agreements governing our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture or to pay cash upon conversions of Notes or at their maturity as required by the indenture would constitute a default under the indenture. A default under the indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our future indebtedness. Moreover, the occurrence of a fundamental change under the indenture could constitute an event of default under any such agreement. If the payment of the related indebtedness were to be accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not have sufficient funds to repay the indebtedness or to pay cash amounts due upon conversion, upon required repurchase or at maturity of the Notes.

If the Notes are converted, it may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

Holders of the Notes are entitled to convert their Notes at any time at their option. If one or more holders elect to convert their Notes, unless we elect to satisfy our conversion obligation by delivering solely shares of our common stock (other than paying cash in lieu of delivering any fractional share), we would be required to settle a portion or all of our conversion obligation in cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity.

General Risk Factors

Unfavorable global economic or political conditions could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

General conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets could adversely affect our results of operations, including the potential effects from the COVID-19 pandemic as discussed above, the overall demand for nucleic acid sequencing products may be particularly vulnerable to unfavorable economic conditions. A global financial crisis or a global or regional political disruption could cause extreme volatility in the capital and credit markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn or political disruption could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our products and our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy or political disruption could also strain our manufacturers or suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption, or cause our customers to delay making payments for our product and services. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the political or economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Delivery of our products could be delayed or disrupted by factors beyond our control, and we could lose customers as a result.

We rely on third-party carriers for the timely delivery of our products. As a result, we are subject to carrier disruptions and increased costs that are beyond our control. Any failure to deliver products to our customers in a safe and timely manner may damage our reputation and brand and could cause us to lose customers. If our relationship with any of these third-party carriers is terminated or impaired or if any of these carriers are unable to deliver our products, the delivery and acceptance of our products by our customers may be delayed, which could harm our business and financial results. The failure to deliver our products in a safe and timely manner may harm our relationship with our customers, increase our costs and otherwise disrupt our operations.

Doing business internationally creates operational and financial risks for our business.

We currently conduct operations in various countries and jurisdictions, and continue to expand to new international jurisdictions as part of our growth strategy and have experienced an increasing concentration of sales in certain regions outside the U.S. We sell directly and through distribution partners throughout Europe, the Asia-Pacific region, Mexico, Brazil, and South Africa and have a significant portion of our sales and customer support personnel in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, we or our distribution partners may be subject to additional regulations and increased diversion of management time and efforts. Conducting and launching operations on an international scale requires close coordination of activities across multiple jurisdictions and time zones and consumes significant management resources. If we fail to coordinate and manage these activities effectively, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected and failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to business operations in

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foreign jurisdictions may also subject us to significant liabilities and other penalties. International operations entail a variety of other risks, including, without limitation:

limits to travel as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;

challenges in staffing and managing foreign operations;

potentially longer sales cycles and more time required to engage and educate customers on the benefits of our platform outside of the United States;

the potential need for localized software and documentation;

reduced protection for intellectual property rights in some countries and practical difficulties of enforcing intellectual property and contract rights abroad;

restriction on cross-border investment, including enhanced oversight by the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) and substantial restrictions on investment from China;

U.S. and foreign government trade restrictions, including those which may impose restrictions on the importation, exportation, re-exportation, sale, shipment or other transfer of programming, technology, components, and/or services to foreign persons;

changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including new tariffs, trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements, trade embargoes and other trade barriers;

tariffs imposed by the U.S. on goods from other countries and tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods, including the tariffs by the U.S. government on various imports from China, Canada, Mexico and the EU and by the governments of these jurisdictions on certain U.S. goods, and any other possible tariffs that may be imposed on products such as ours, the scope and duration of which, if implemented, remains uncertain;

deterioration of political relations between the U.S. and China, Canada, the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and the European Union (“EU”), which could have a material adverse effect on our sales and operations in these countries;

changes in social, political and economic conditions or in laws, regulations and policies governing foreign trade, manufacturing, development and investment both domestically as well as in the other countries and jurisdictions into which we sell our products, including as a result of the withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU;

difficulties in obtaining export licenses or in overcoming other trade barriers and restrictions resulting in delivery delays;

fluctuations in currency exchange rates and the related effect on our results of operations;

increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;

disruptions to global trade due to disease outbreaks;

potential increases on tariffs or restrictions on trade generally; and

significant taxes or other burdens of complying with a variety of foreign laws and regulations, including laws and regulations relating to privacy and data protection such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation which took effect in the EU in 2018.

In conducting our international operations, we are subject to U.S. laws relating to our international activities, such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as well as foreign laws relating to our activities in other countries, such as the United Kingdom Bribery Act of 2010. Additionally, the inclusion of one of our foreign customers on any U.S. Government sanctioned persons list, including but not limited to the U.S. Department of Commerce’s List of Denied Persons and the U.S. Department of Treasury’s List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List, could be material to our earnings. Failure to comply with these laws may subject us to claims or financial and/or other penalties in the United States and/or foreign countries that could materially and adversely impact our operations or financial condition. These risks have become increasingly prevalent as we have expanded our sales into countries that are generally recognized as having a higher risk of corruption.

We face risks related to the current global economic environment, which could delay or prevent our customers from purchasing our products, which could in turn harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The state of the global economy continues to be uncertain. The current global economic conditions and uncertain credit markets and concerns regarding the availability of credit pose a risk that could impact customer demand for our products, as well as our

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ability to manage normal commercial relationships with our customers, suppliers and creditors, including financial institutions. If the current global economic environment deteriorates, our business could be negatively affected.

Moreover, changes in the value of the relevant currencies may affect the cost of certain items required in our operations. Changes in currency exchange rates may also affect the relative prices at which we are able sell products in the same market. Our revenue from international customers may be negatively impacted as increases in the U.S. dollar relative to our international customers’ local currencies could make our products more expensive, impacting our ability to compete or as a result of financial or other instability in such locations which could result in decreased sales of our products. Our costs of materials from international suppliers may also increase as the value of the U.S. dollar decreases relative to their local currency. Foreign policies and actions regarding currency valuation could result in actions by the United States and other countries to offset the effects of such fluctuations. Such actions may materially and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Violations of complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations could result in fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business and on our ability to offer our products and services in one or more countries, and could also materially affect our brand, our international growth efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business, and our operating results. Even if we implement policies or procedures designed to ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that our distribution partners, our employees, contractors, or agents will not violate our policies and subject us to potential claims or penalties.

If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, which would adversely affect our business and our stock price.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be evaluated frequently. We may in the future discover areas of our internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that need improvement. Operating as a public company requires sufficient resources within the accounting and finance functions in order to produce timely financial information, ensure the level of segregation of duties, and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting customary for a U.S. public company.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our management does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company will have been detected.

Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we perform periodic evaluations of our internal control over financial reporting. While we have in the past performed this evaluation and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was operating effectively, there can be no assurance that in the future material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not exist or otherwise be discovered. In addition, if we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and make it more difficult for us to finance our operations and growth.

Our business could be negatively impacted by changes in the United States political environment.

There is significant ongoing uncertainty with respect to potential legislation, regulation and government policy at the federal level, as well as the state and local levels, such as during this presidential election year. Any such changes could significantly impact our business as well as the markets in which we compete. Specific legislative and regulatory proposals discussed during election campaigns and more recently that might materially impact us include, but are not limited to, changes to spending priorities and potential reductions in research funding. Uncertainty about U.S. government funding has posed, and may continue to pose, a risk as customers may choose to postpone or reduce spending in response to actual or anticipated restraints on funding. To the extent changes in the political environment have a negative impact on us or on our markets, our business, results of operation and financial condition could be materially and adversely impacted in the future

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Disruption of critical information technology systems or material breaches in the security of our systems could harm our business, customer relations and financial condition.

Information technology (“IT”) helps us to operate efficiently, interface with customers, maintain financial accuracy and efficiently and accurately produce our financial statements. IT systems are used extensively in virtually all aspects of our business, including sales forecast, order fulfillment and billing, customer service, logistics, and management of data from running samples on our products. Our success depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our IT systems. IT systems may be vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, power loss, natural disasters, human acts, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, unauthorized access to customer or employee data or company trade secrets, and other attempts to harm our systems. Certain of our systems are not redundant, and our disaster recovery planning is not sufficient for every eventuality. Despite any precautions we may take, such problems could result in, among other consequences, disruption of our operations, which could harm our reputation and financial results.

If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper IT infrastructure, we could be subject to transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, loss of customers, business disruptions or loss of or damage to intellectual property through security breach. If our data management systems do not effectively collect, store, process and report relevant data for the operation of our business, whether due to equipment malfunction or constraints, software deficiencies or human error, our ability to effectively plan, forecast and execute our business plan and comply with applicable laws and regulations will be impaired, perhaps materially. Any such impairment could materially and adversely affect our reputation, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the timeliness with which we report our internal and external operating results.

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations. Despite our security measures, our IT infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers, computer viruses, malicious codes, unauthorized access attempts, and cyber- or phishing-attacks, or breached or otherwise disrupted due to employee error, malfeasance, faulty password management or other disruptions. Third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or other persons into disclosing usernames, passwords or other sensitive information, which may in turn be used to access our IT systems, commit identity theft or carry out other unauthorized or illegal activities. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. We engage third-party vendors and service providers to store and otherwise process some of our data, including sensitive and personal information. Our vendors and service providers may also be the targets of the risks described above, including cyberattacks, malicious software, phishing schemes, and fraud. Our ability to monitor our vendors and service providers’ data security is limited, and, in any event, third parties may be able to circumvent those security measures, resulting in the unauthorized access to, misuse, disclosure, loss or destruction of our data, including sensitive and personal information, and disruption of our or third-party service providers’ systems. We and our third-party service providers may face difficulties in identifying, or promptly responding to, potential security breaches and other instances of unauthorized access to, or disclosure or other loss of, information. Any hacking or other attack on our or our third-party service providers’ or vendors’ systems, and any unauthorized access to, or disclosure or other loss of, information suffered by us or our third-party service providers or vendors, or the perception that any of these have occurred, could result in legal claims or proceedings, loss of intellectual property, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, negative publicity, disruption of our operations and damage to our reputation, which could divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business and materially and adversely affect our business, revenues and competitive position. Moreover, we may need to increase our efforts to train our personnel to detect and defend against cyber- or phishing-attacks, which are becoming more sophisticated and frequent, and we may need to implement additional protective measures to reduce the risk of potential security breaches, which could cause us to incur significant additional expenses.

In addition, our insurance may be insufficient to cover our losses resulting from cyber-attacks, breaches, or other interruptions, and any incidents may result in loss of, or increased costs of, such insurance. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed available insurance coverage, the occurrence of changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, or denials of coverage, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

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We are currently subject to, and may in the future become subject to additional, U.S. federal and state laws and regulations imposing obligations on how we collect, store and process personal information. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could harm our business. Ensuring compliance with such laws could also impair our efforts to maintain and expand our future customer base, and thereby decrease our revenue.

In the ordinary course of our business, we currently, and in the future will, collect, store, transfer, use or process sensitive data, including personally identifiable information of employees, and intellectual property and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves and other parties. The secure processing, storage, maintenance, and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy. We are, and may increasingly become, subject to various laws and regulations, as well as contractual obligations, relating to data privacy and security in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The regulatory environment related to data privacy and security is increasingly rigorous, with new and constantly changing requirements applicable to our business, and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. These laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied differently over time and from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and it is possible that they will be interpreted and applied in ways that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

In the United States, various federal and state regulators, including governmental agencies like the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission, have adopted, or are considering adopting, laws and regulations concerning personal information and data security. Certain state laws may be more stringent or broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights, with respect to personal information than federal, international or other state laws, and such laws may differ from each other, all of which may complicate compliance efforts. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which increases privacy rights for California residents and imposes obligations on companies that process their personal information, came into effect on January 1, 2020. Among other things, the CCPA requires covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers and provide such consumers new data protection and privacy rights, including the ability to opt-out of certain sales of personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for certain data breaches that result in the loss of personal information. This private right of action may increase the likelihood of, and risks associated with, data breach litigation. In November 2020, California also passed the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which significantly expands the CCPA, including by introducing additional obligations such as data minimization and storage limitations and granting additional rights to consumers, among others. In addition, laws in all 50 U.S. states require businesses to provide notice to consumers whose personal information has been disclosed as a result of a data breach. State laws are changing rapidly and there is discussion in the U.S. Congress of a new comprehensive federal data privacy law to which we would become subject if it is enacted. These and future laws and regulations may increase our compliance costs and potential liability.

Furthermore, regulations promulgated pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), establish privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information (known as “protected health information”) and require the implementation of administrative, physical and technological safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information. Determining whether protected health information has been handled in compliance with applicable privacy standards and our contractual obligations can require complex factual and statistical analyses and may be subject to changing interpretation. Although we take measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. Any such breach or interruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed by unauthorized parties, manipulated, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, breach or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, and liability under federal or state laws that protect the privacy of personal information, such as the HIPAA, the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), and regulatory penalties. Notice of breaches must be made to affected individuals, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, and for extensive breaches, notice may need to be made to the media or State Attorneys General. Such a notice could harm our reputation and our ability to compete.

We are in the process of evaluating compliance needs, but do not currently have in place formal policies and procedures related to the storage, collection and processing of information, and have not conducted any internal or external data privacy audits, to ensure our compliance with all applicable data protection laws and regulations. Additionally, we do not currently have policies and procedures in place for assessing our third-party vendors’ compliance with applicable data protection laws and regulations. All of these evolving compliance and operational requirements impose significant costs, such as costs related to organizational changes, implementing additional protection technologies, training employees and engaging consultants, which are likely to increase over time. In addition, such requirements may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies, distract management or divert resources from other initiatives and projects, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Any failure or perceived failure by us or our third-party vendors, collaborators, contractors and consultants to comply with any

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applicable federal, state or similar foreign laws and regulations relating to data privacy and security, or could result in damage to our reputation, as well as proceedings or litigation by governmental agencies or other third parties, including class action privacy litigation in certain jurisdictions, which would subject us to significant fines, sanctions, awards, penalties or judgments, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3.Default Upon Senior Securities

Not applicable.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5.Other Information

Not applicable.

‎

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Item 6.Exhibits

|  | Incorporated by reference herein
Exhibit ‎Number | Description | Form | Exhibit No. | Filing Date
4.1 | Indenture, dated February 16, 2021, between Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. and U.S. Bank National Association, as Trustee | 8-K | 4.1 | February 17, 2021
4.2 | Form of 1.50% Convertible Senior Notes due 2028 (included in Exhibit 4.1) | 8-K | 4.1 | February 17, 2021
10.1 | Investment Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2021, between Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. and SB Northstar LP | 8-K | 10.1 | February 10, 2021
10.2+ | Form of Change in Control and Severance Agreement for executive officers | 10-K | 10.14 | February 26, 2021
10.3+ | Amended Change in Control and Severance Agreement by and between the Registrant and Christian O. Henry dated February 3, 2021 | 10-K | 10.17 | February 26, 2021
10.4+ | Letter Relating to Employment Terms by and between the Registrant and Mark Van Oene effective January 8, 2021 | 10-K | 10.18 | February 26, 2021
10.5+ | Letter Relating to Employment Terms by and between the Registrant and Peter Fromen effective January 8, 2021 | 10-K | 10.19 | February 26, 2021
10.6+ | Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. 2020 Inducement Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, and forms of agreement thereunder | 8-K | 10.1 | April 19, 2021
10.7† | Development and Commercialization Agreement by and between the Registrant and Invitae Corporation dated January 12, 2021 | 10-K | 10.23 | February 26, 2021
31.1 | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  | Filed herewith
31.2 | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  | Filed herewith
32.1* | Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  | Furnished herewith
32.2* | Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |  |  | Furnished herewith
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document) |  |  |
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document |  |  |
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document |  |  |
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document |  |  |
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document |  |  |
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document |  |  |
104 | Cover Page Interactive File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) |  |  |

+Indicates management contract or compensatory plan

†Certain confidential information contained in this Exhibit was omitted by means of marking such portions with brackets because the identified confidential information (i) is not material and (ii) would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.

*The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

|  | P ACIFIC B IOSCIENCES OF C ALIFORNIA, I NC.
Date: May 6, 2021 |  | By: | /s/ S USAN G. Kim
|  |  |  | Susan G. Kim
|  |  |  | Chief Financial Officer

Date: May 6, 2021 |  | By: | /s/ Eric E. Schaefer
|  |  |  | Eric E. Schaefer
|  |  |  | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

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