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Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits Pensions and Other Postretirement Benefits
Defined Benefit Plans
Employees of the Company participate in various defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans.
U.S. Pension Plan
The Vishay Precision Group Non-Qualified Retirement Plan, like all nonqualified plans, is considered to be unfunded. The Company maintains a nonqualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund benefits under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets within the consolidated balance sheets. The assets held in the rabbi trust are invested in money market funds and company-owned life insurance policies. The consolidated balance sheets include assets held in trust related to the nonqualified pension plan of $1.6 million at December 31, 2023 and $1.5 million at December 31, 2022, and the related liabilities of $2.1 million and $2.1 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
The Vishay Precision Group Non-Qualified Retirement Plan is frozen. Accordingly, no new employees may participate in the plan, no further participant contributions are permitted, and no further benefits accrue. Benefits accumulated prior to the freezing of the U.S. pension plan will be paid to employees upon retirement, and the Company will likely need to make additional cash contributions to the rabbi trust to fund this accumulated benefit obligation.
Non-U.S. Pension Plans
The Company provides pension and similar benefits to employees of certain non-U.S. subsidiaries consistent with local practices. Pension benefits earned are generally based on years of service and compensation during active employment.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status related to pension plans (in thousands):
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$2,050 $15,853 $2,626 $26,157 
Service cost (adjusted for actual employee contributions)— 265 — 308 
Interest cost97 675 65 395 
Actuarial loss/(gains)59 6 (533)(7,125)
Benefits paid(108)(573)(108)(652)
Curtailments and settlements— (310)— (567)
Currency translation— 551 — (2,663)
Benefit obligation at end of year$2,098 $16,467 $2,050 $15,853 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$— $16,248 $— $19,717 
Actual return on plan assets— 855 — (1,773)
Company contributions— 875 108 1,064 
Benefits paid— (573)(108)(652)
Currency translation— 914 — (2,047)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$— $18,319 $— $16,248 
Funded status at end of year$(2,098)$1,852 $(2,050)$395 
Actuarial losses incurred in 2023 related to our U.S. and non-U.S. plans are primarily the result of the decrease discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. Actuarial gains incurred in 2022 related to our U.S. and non-U.S. plans are primarily the result of an increase in the discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021.
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of the following pre-tax amounts (in thousands):
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Other assets$— $4,573 $— $3,301 
Other accrued expenses$(140)$(85)$(137)$(179)
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs$(1,958)$(2,636)$(1,913)$(2,727)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss$196 $492 $137 $577 
$(1,902)$2,344 $(1,913)$972 
Unrecognized actuarial gains and losses arise from several factors, including experience and assumption changes with respect to the obligations and from the difference between expected returns and actual returns on plan assets.  Actuarial items consist of the following (in thousands):
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Unrecognized net actuarial loss$196 $448 $137 $532 
Unrecognized prior service cost— 44 — 45 
$196 $492 $137 $577 
The following table sets forth additional information regarding the projected and accumulated benefit obligations for the pension plans (in thousands):
December 31, 2023
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Accumulated benefit obligation, all plans
$2,098 $14,992 
Plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation
$2,098 $2,842 
Accumulated benefit obligation
$2,098 $2,203 

December 31, 2022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Accumulated benefit obligation, all plans
$2,050 $14,489 
Plans for which the accumulated benefit obligation exceeds plan assets:
Projected benefit obligation
$2,050 $3,008 
Accumulated benefit obligation
$2,050 $2,448 

Unrecognized gains and losses are amortized into future net periodic pension cost using the 10% corridor method over the expected remaining service life of the employee group.  The following table sets forth the components of net periodic cost of pension (in thousands):
Years ended December 31,
202320222021
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Annual service cost
$— $265 $— $308 $— $379 
Interest cost
97 675 65 395 57 353 
Expected return on plan assets
— (879)— (454)— (393)
Amortization of actuarial losses
— 39 22 736 27 459 
Amortization of prior service cost— (10)— — — — 
Amortization of transition obligation
— — — (40)— (8)
Curtailment and settlement losses
— 50 — (512)— (108)
Net periodic benefit cost
$97 $140 $87 $433 $84 $682 
See Note 8 for the pre-tax, tax effect, and after tax amounts included in other comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 of the respective years:
20232022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Discount rate4.71 %4.19 %4.91 %4.23 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/A4.00 %N/A2.49 %
Expected return on plan assetsN/A5.13 %N/A3.96 %
The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine the net periodic pension costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
20232022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Discount rate4.91 %4.23 %2.53 %1.66 %
Rate of compensation increaseN/A2.49 %N/A2.97 %
Expected return on plan assetsN/A3.96 %N/A2.10 %
The plans’ expected return on assets is based on management’s expectation of long-term average rates of return to be achieved by the underlying investment portfolios. In establishing this assumption, management considers historical and expected returns for the asset classes in which the plans are invested, advice from pension consultants and investment advisors, and current economic and capital market conditions.
The investment mix between equity securities and fixed income securities is based upon achieving a desired return, balancing higher return, more volatile equity securities, and lower return, less volatile fixed income securities. The target allocation of plan assets approximates the actual allocation of plan assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Plan assets are comprised of:
December 31, 2023December 31, 2022
U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans		U.S.
Plans		Non-U.S.
Plans
Equity securities— — %— 48 %
Fixed income securities— 84 %— 42 %
Cash and cash equivalents— 16 %— 10 %
Total— 100 %— 100 %
The Company maintains defined benefit retirement plans in certain of its subsidiaries. The assets of the plans are measured at fair value.
Equity securities held by the defined benefit retirement plans consist of equity securities that are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the equity securities is considered a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
Fixed income securities held by the defined benefit retirement plans consist of government bonds and corporate notes that are valued based on quoted market prices on the last business day of the year. The fair value measurement of the fixed income securities is considered a Level 2 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.
Cash held by the defined benefit retirement plans consists of deposits on account in various financial institutions. The carrying amount of the cash approximates its fair value. A summary of the Company’s pension plan assets for each fair value hierarchy level are as follows for the periods presented (see Note 16 for further description of the levels within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands)):
As of December 31, 2023Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
Total Fair ValueLevel 1 InputsLevel 2 InputsLevel 3 Inputs
Defined benefit pension plan assets
Equity securities$— $— $— $— 
Fixed income securities15,417 — 15,417 — 
Cash and cash equivalents2,902 1,637 1,265 — 
$18,319 $1,637 $16,682 $— 

As of December 31, 2022Fair value measurements at reporting date using:
Total Fair ValueLevel 1 InputsLevel 2 InputsLevel 3 Inputs
Defined benefit pension plan assets
Equity securities$7,736 $— $7,736 $— 
Fixed income securities6,813 — 6,813 — 
Cash and cash equivalents1,699 1,511 188 — 
$16,248 $1,511 $14,737 $— 

Estimated future benefit payments are as follows (in thousands):
US Pension
Plans		Non-US
Plans
2024$140 $747 
2025142 832 
2026142 703 
2027142 885 
2028172 758 
2029-2033812 6,342 

The Company anticipates making contributions to its funded and unfunded pension of approximately $1.2 million during 2024.

Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
In the U.S., the Company maintains two unfunded non-pension other postretirement benefit plans (“OPEB”) which are funded as costs are incurred. These plans provide medical and death benefits to retirees.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the benefit obligation, plan assets, and funded status related to other postretirement benefit plans (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20232022
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation at beginning of year$2,386 $2,885 
Service cost (adjusted for actual employee contributions)17 29 
Interest cost111 67 
Contributions by participants— — 
Actuarial losses/(gains)95 (453)
Benefits paid(119)(142)
Plan amendments and other— — 
Benefit obligation at end of year$2,490 $2,386 
Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year$— $— 
Company contributions119 142 
Contributions by participants— — 
Benefits paid(119)(142)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year$— $— 
Funded status at end of year$(2,490)$(2,386)
Actuarial losses incurred in 2023 related to our post-retirement plans are primarily the result of the decrease discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligation as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022. Actuarial gains incurred in 2022 related to our post-retirement plans are primarily the result of an increase in the discount rate assumptions used to estimate the benefit obligations as of December 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021.

Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of the following pre-tax amounts (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20232022
Other accrued expenses$(286)$(189)
Accrued pension and other postretirement costs$(2,204)$(2,197)
Accumulated other comprehensive gain$(367)$(484)
$(2,857)$(2,870)
Actuarial items consist of the following (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20232022
Unrecognized net actuarial gain$(367)$(484)
$(367)$(484)
Unrecognized gains and losses are amortized into future net periodic benefit cost using the 10% corridor method over the expected remaining service life of the employee group.  The following table sets forth the components of net periodic benefit costs (in thousands):
OPEB Plans
Years ended December 31,
202320222021
OPEB
Plans		OPEB
Plans		OPEB
Plans
Net service cost
17 29 36 
Interest cost
111 67 68 
Amortization of actuarial (gains)/ losses(22)3 20 
Net periodic benefit cost
$106 $99 $124 
See Note 8 for the pre-tax, tax effect, and after tax amounts included in other comprehensive income during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021.

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 of the respective years:
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20232022
Discount rate4.69 %4.88 %

The following weighted-average assumptions were used to determine the net periodic benefit costs for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
OPEB Plans
December 31,
20232022
Discount rate4.88 %2.46 %
Health care trend rate6.50 %6.50 %
The health care trend ultimate rate is 4.04% per the terms of the plan. The impact of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the net periodic benefit cost and postretirement benefit obligation is not material.
Estimated future benefit payments are as follows (in thousands):
OPEB
Plans
2024$286 
2025220 
2026236 
2027245 
2028234 
2029-2033773 
As the plans are unfunded, the Company's anticipated contributions for 2024 are equal to the estimated benefit payment.
Other Retirement Obligations
The Company participates in various other defined contribution plans based on local law or custom. The Company periodically makes contributions to these plans. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the consolidated balance sheets include $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, within accrued pension and other postretirement costs related to these plans.
Most of the Company’s U.S. employees are eligible to participate in 401(k) savings plans which provide company matching under various formulas. The Company’s matching expense for the plans was $1.2 million, $1.1 million, and $1.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. No material amounts are included in the consolidated balance sheets related to unfunded 401(k) contributions.
Certain key employees participate in a nonqualified deferred compensation plan, which allows these employees to defer a portion of their compensation until retirement, or elect shorter deferral periods. The accompanying consolidated balance sheets include a liability within other noncurrent liabilities related to these deferrals. The Company maintains a nonqualified trust, referred to as a “rabbi” trust, to fund payments under this plan. Rabbi trust assets are subject to creditor claims under certain conditions and are not the property of employees. Therefore, they are accounted for as other noncurrent assets within the consolidated balance sheets. The assets held in the rabbi trust are invested in money market funds and company-owned life insurance policies. The consolidated balance sheets include assets held in trust related to the nonqualified deferred compensation plan of $4.3 million and $3.9 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022 respectively, and the related liabilities of $5.6 million and $5.3 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.