<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001437749-25-032157.txt : 20251029
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<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20251029141948
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001437749-25-032157
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		14
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20251029
ITEM INFORMATION:		Other Events
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20251029
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20251029

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			VALUE LINE INC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000717720
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	INVESTMENT ADVICE [6282]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	02 Finance
		EIN:				133139843
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			NY
		FISCAL YEAR END:			0430

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-11306
		FILM NUMBER:		251429292

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		551 FIFTH AVE., 3RD FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10176-0001
		BUSINESS PHONE:		212 907-1500

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		551 FIFTH AVE., 3RD FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10176-0001
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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>CURRENT REPORT</b><br/>
<b>Pursuant to Section</b>&#160;<b>13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934</b></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b)&#160;of the Act:</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Check the appropriate box below if the Form 8-K filing is intended to simultaneously satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant under any of the following provisions (see General Instruction A.2.):</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20258K" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" id="ixv-320">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric> Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.14d-2(b))</div>

<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20258K" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" id="ixv-321">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric> Pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule&#160;13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act (17 CFR 240.13e-4(c))</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 or Rule 12b-2 of the of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">Emerging growth company <ix:nonNumeric contextRef="d20258K" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox" name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" id="ixv-322">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;text-indent:18pt;">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. &#9744;</div>

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<div style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Item 8.01.</b>&#160;&#160;<b>Other Events.</b></div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">On October 29, 2025, the Company issued a press release which is attached as Exhibit 99.1 and is incorporated into this Form 8-K by reference.</div>

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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Item 9.01. Financial Statements and Exhibits</b></div>

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			<td style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; width: 70%;"><a href="ex_878923.htm" style="-sec-extract:exhibit;">Press release dated October 29, 2025</a></td>
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<div style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>SIGNATURES</b></div>

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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;">Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Current Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.</div>

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			<td valign="top" style="width: 35%; ">VALUE LINE, INC.</td>
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<div style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt;">Date: October 29, 2025</div>

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<p style="margin: 0px 0pt; text-align: right; font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt"><b>Exhibit 99.1</b></font></p>

<p style="margin: 0px 0pt; text-align: left; font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><font style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt">&nbsp;</font></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>Value Line, Inc.</b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>551 Fifth Avenue</b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>New York, NY 10176</b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>For Immediate Release </b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;"><b>October 29, 2025</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b><i>NEWS RELEASE </i></b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Contact: Howard A. Brecher </b>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<b> </b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>Value Line, Inc. </b></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><b>212-907-1500</b></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><u><i>www.valueline.com</i></u></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><u><i>www.ValueLinePro.com</i></u><i>, </i><u><i>www.ValueLineLibrary.</i><i>com</i></u></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><u>Facebook</u> | <u>LinkedIn</u> | <u>Twitter</u></p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;"><u>Complimentary Value Line&#174; Reports on Dow 30 Stocks</u></p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:center;margin:0pt;"><b>VALUE LINE, INC. ANNOUNCES STOCK REPURCHASE PROGRAM</b></p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">New York &#8211; (Globe Newswire) &#8211; Value Line, Inc. (NASDAQ: <b><u>VALU</u></b><u>)</u> announced today that its Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program, effective immediately, allowing the repurchase of shares from time to time, up to an aggregate amount of $2,000,000. The new purchase program, which replaces the October 2022 program, has no set price limit and no expiration date.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Value Line is a leading provider of investment research. <b><i>The Value Line Investment Survey </i></b>is one of the most widely used sources of independent equity research.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Value Line publishes proprietary investment research in separate print and digital formats.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Value Line provides these specialized services:</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">a. <b>Value Line Select </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Each month, Value Line analysts recommend the one exceptional stock with superior profit potential and a favorable risk/reward ratio.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">b. <b>The Value Line Special Situations Service </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Each month, Value Line analysts recommend small and mid-cap stocks that hold the potential to transform your portfolio by delivering returns that are well above the market average.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">c. <b>Value Line Select ETFs </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Each month, Value Line analysts sift through the myriad investment possibilities to identify the one exchange traded fund that appears best positioned to outperform the market.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">d. <b>Value Line Select: Dividend Income &amp; Growth </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Each month Value Line analysts make two stock recommendations that are expected to provide above-average current income along with appealing long-term dividend growth prospects.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">e. <b>The Value Line ETFs Service </b>&#8211; includes data, information, and analysis on more than 2,800 exchange-traded funds (ETFs), to help subscribers select the best fit for their portfolios.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">f. <b>The Value Line M&amp;A Service </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Value Line analysts highlight one company each month that is a candidate to be acquired by a larger entity at a material premium to the current stock price.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">g. <b>Value Line Information You Should Know wealth newsletter </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Value Line focuses on financial planning and investment issues that matter for today&#8217;s investor.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">h. <b>The Value Line Climate Change Investing Service </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Value Line analysts target a critical issue &#8211; climate change, which is expected to spur transformation in the global economy for decades to come.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>

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<p style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0pt; text-align: left">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">i. <b>Certain Value Line copyrights </b>distributed under agreements including proprietary ranking system information and other information used in 3<sup style="vertical-align:top;line-height:120%;">rd</sup> party products.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">j. <b>The Value Line Options Survey </b>&#8211;<b> </b>information and ranks on more than 600,000 options on stocks covering 90% of the market.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">k. <b>The Value Line Fund Adviser Plus </b>&#8211;<b> </b>covers some 19,000 funds, grouped into more than thirty Investment Objective Categories. Our proprietary Ranking System makes it simple to tell whether or not a particular fund is a worthwhile investment. Our approach helps to ensure that investors avoid funds with unsustainable short-term performance, and you can count on our Safety &#8482; rank to help manage your risk. Our professionally selected Model Portfolio names the best funds in eight key categories.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">l. <b>The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Small &amp; Mid Cap </b>&#8211;<b> </b>print and digital financial information and quantitative analysis on approximately 1,800 companies with market capitalizations of less than $10 billion.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">m. <b>The Value Line 600</b> &#8211; in-depth, independent print research on 600 large and prominent companies.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">n. <b>The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Selection &amp; Opinion </b>&#8211;<b> </b>Value Line&#8217;s weekly economic and stock market commentary, four Model Portfolios, which are actively managed, updated each week, and always contain 20 equities each.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">o. <b>The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Smart Investor</b> &#8211; a digital service providing investment research covering large, mid and small-cap stocks comprising about 90% of the total U.S. stock market.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">p. <b>The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Small Cap Investor </b>&#8211; digital financial information and quantitative analysis on approximately 1,800 companies with market capitalizations of less than $10 billion.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">q.<b> The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Savvy Investor </b>&#8211;<b> </b>a digital package covering more than 3,000 large, mid and small-cap stocks.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">r.<b> The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Investor 900 </b>&#8211;<b> </b>this digital service provides investment research on 600 of the largest cap stocks plus 300 small- and mid-cap stocks.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">s.<b> The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Investor 600 </b>&#8211;<b> </b>In-depth, independent digital research on 600 large and prominent companies.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">t.<b> The Value Line Investment Survey</b>&#8211;<b>Investor 2400 </b>&#8211; This digital service provides investment research for 600 of the largest cap stocks plus approximately 1,800 small and mid-cap stocks.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">u. <b>The Value Line Investment Analyzer </b>&#8211;<b> </b>This digital only service covers large, mid and small cap stocks comprising about 90% of the U.S. stock market.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">v. <b>Value Line Investment Analyzer Plus </b>&#8211;<b> </b>a digital service that provides complete stock analysis for approximately 6,000 equities.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">w. <b>Value Line Research Center </b>&#8211;<b> </b>A complete, online investment research system that includes all the financial information and tools needed to structure a well-researched and diversified portfolio for stocks, ETFs and mutual funds.</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">x. <b>Value Line Equity Research Center </b>&#8211;<b> </b>A complete, online investment research system that includes all of Value Line&#8217;s equity research products needed to structure a well-researched and diversified portfolio for equities.</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Value Line&#8217;s products are available to individual investors by mail, at <u>www.valueline.com</u> or by calling 1-800-VALUELINE (1-800-825-8354).</p>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;">Institutional services for professional investors, advisors, corporate, academic, and municipal libraries are offered at <u>www.ValueLinePro.com</u>, <u>www.ValueLineLibrary.com</u> and by calling 1-800-531-1425.</p>

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<p style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 10pt; font-variant: normal; text-align: justify; margin: 0pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><b>Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information </b></p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">In this report, &#8220;Value Line,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; &#8220;our&#8221; refers to Value Line, Inc. and &#8220;the Company&#8221; refers to Value Line and its subsidiaries unless the context otherwise requires.</p>

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<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">This report contains statements that are predictive in nature, depend upon or refer to future events or conditions (including certain projections and business trends) accompanied by such phrases as &#8220;believe&#8221;, &#8220;estimate&#8221;, &#8220;expect&#8221;, &#8220;anticipate&#8221;, &#8220;will&#8221;, &#8220;intend&#8221; and other similar or negative expressions, that are &#8220;forward-looking statements&#8221; as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Actual results for Value Line, Inc. (&#8220;Value Line&#8221; or &#8220;the Company&#8221;) may differ materially from those projected as a result of certain risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the following:</p>

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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">maintaining revenue from subscriptions for the Company&#8217;s digital and print published products;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">changes in investment trends and economic conditions, including global financial issues;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">changes in Federal Reserve policies affecting interest rates and liquidity along with resulting effects on equity markets;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">stability of the banking system, including the success of U.S. government policies and actions in regard to banks with liquidity or capital issues, along with the associated impact on equity markets;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">continuation of orderly markets for equities and corporate and governmental debt securities;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">problems protecting intellectual property rights in Company methods and trademarks;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">problems protecting confidential information including customer confidential or personal information that we may possess;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">dependence on non-voting revenues and non-voting profits interests in EULAV Asset Management (&#8220;EAM&#8221;&nbsp;or &#8220;EAM Trust&#8221;), and accordingly on its key management, investment management, and sales personnel. EAM Trust is a Delaware statutory trust, which serves as the investment advisor to the Value Line Funds and engages in related distribution, marketing and administrative services;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">fluctuations in EAM&#8217;s and third-party copyright assets under management due to evaluations by outside rating agencies, broadly based changes in the values of equity and debt securities, market sector variations, redemptions by investors and other factors including continuation of employment by key members of its management, investment management, and sales leadership;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">possible changes in the valuation of EAM&#8217;s intangible assets from time to time;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">possible changes in future revenues or collection of receivables from significant customers;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">dependence on key executive and specialist personnel of signification supplier and other firms;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">risks associated with the outsourcing of certain functions, technical facilities, and operations, including in some instances outside the U.S.;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">risks of increased tariffs and other restrictions affecting the cost and availability of materials, equipment, and other necessary inputs to the Company&#8217;s operations;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">competition in the fields of publishing, copyright and investment management, along with associated effects on the level and structure of prices and fees, and the mix of services delivered;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">the impact of government regulation on the Company&#8217;s and EAM&#8217;s businesses;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">federal and/or state legislative changes that might affect Value Line&#8217;s business;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">the availability of free or low cost investment information through discount brokers or generally over the internet;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">the economic and other impacts of global political and military conflicts, which could affect investor interest in stock market investing or cause assets under management in EAM to fall or to rise;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">continued availability of generally dependable energy supplies, transportation facilities, digital data and telephone transmission infrastructure in the geographic areas in which the company and certain suppliers operate;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">terrorist attacks, cyber attacks and natural disasters;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">the need for changes in our business plans because of unexpected events that occur;</p>
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			<td style="width:36pt;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="vertical-align:top;width:18pt;">
			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
			</td>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">widespread illnesses which may drastically affect markets, employment, and other economic conditions, and may have additional unpredictable impacts on employees, suppliers, customers, and operations;</p>
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			<td style="width:36pt;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="vertical-align:top;width:18pt;">
			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align:top;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">changes in prices and availability of materials and other inputs and services, such as financial data, freight and postage, required by the Company;</p>
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			<td style="vertical-align:top;width:18pt;">
			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align:top;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">risk of short-term or long-term catastrophic computer problems associated with legacy software systems which could interrupt regular publication schedules;</p>
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			<td style="vertical-align:top;width:18pt;">
			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">risk of inadequacy of our insurance coverage to compensate for potential losses;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
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			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">potential impact of vendors&#8217;&nbsp;consolidation;</p>
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			<td style="width:36pt;">&nbsp;</td>
			<td style="vertical-align:top;width:18pt;">
			<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&#9679;</p>
			</td>
			<td style="vertical-align:top;">
			<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">other risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the risks described in Part I, Item 1A, &#8220;Risk Factors&#8221;&nbsp;of the Company&#8217;s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended April 30, 2025 and in Part II, Item 1A of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended July 31, 2025; and other risks and uncertainties arising from time to time.</p>
			</td>
		</tr>

</table>

<p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;margin:0pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">These factors are not necessarily all of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed in any of our forward-looking statements. Other unknown or unpredictable factors which may involve external factors over which we may have no control could also have material adverse effects on future results. Likewise, changes we make in our plans, objectives, strategies, or intentions, which may occur at any time in our discretion, could also have material favorable or adverse effects on our future results. Except as otherwise required to be disclosed in periodic reports required to be filed by public companies with the SEC pursuant to the SEC's rules, we have no duty to update these statements, and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. In light of these risks and uncertainties, current plans, anticipated actions, and future financial conditions and results may differ from those expressed in any forward-looking information contained herein.</p>

<p style="font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:10pt;font-variant:normal;text-align:justify;margin:0pt;text-indent:36pt;">&nbsp;</p>

<div class="LAST-PAGE-BREAK">
<div class="PGFTR">
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<div class="hf-cell PGNUM" data-number="4" data-prefix="" data-suffix="" style="text-align: right; font-size: 10pt; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">4</div>
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<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
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<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION DEFINITION LINKBASE
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<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document Information [Table]</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationTable-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentType-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document, Type</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Document, Period End Date</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Registrant Name</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Incorporation, State or Country Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, File Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Tax Identification Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Address Line One</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, City or Town</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, State or Province</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">City Area Code</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Local Phone Number</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Title of 12(b) Security</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Trading Symbol</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Written Communications</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Soliciting Material</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Emerging Growth Company</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:to="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Amendment Flag</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:label xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey-label" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xlink:type="resource" xml:lang="en-US">Entity, Central Index Key</link:label>
<link:labelArc xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey-label" xlink:type="arc"/>

</link:labelLink>
</link:linkbase>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.PRE
<SEQUENCE>6
<FILENAME>valu-20251029_pre.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION PRESENTATION LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="US-ASCII" standalone="no"?>
<!--Generated by ThunderDome Portal - 10/29/2025 5:11:36 PM-->
<link:linkbase xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
<link:roleRef roleURI="http://www.valu.com/20251029/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:href="valu-20251029.xsd#statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="simple"/>
<link:presentationLink xlink:role="http://www.valu.com/20251029/role/statement-document-and-entity-information" xlink:type="extended">
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityDomain" xlink:label="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:label="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:label="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2024/dei-2024.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator"/>
<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:to="dei_EntityDomain" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_LegalEntityAxis" xlink:type="arc"/>

<link:presentationArc order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationTable" xlink:to="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="0" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="1" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="2" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="3" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="4" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="5" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="6" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="7" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="arc"/>
<link:presentationArc order="8" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="arc"/>
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<link:presentationArc order="10" preferredLabel="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label" xbrldt:closed="true" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/parent-child" xlink:from="dei_DocumentInformationLineItems" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="arc"/>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>8
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="include/report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.25.3</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="id2">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document And Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Oct. 29, 2025</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems', window );"><strong>Document Information [Line Items]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity, Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">Value Line, Inc.<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document, Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document, Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Oct. 29,  2025<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity, Incorporation, State or Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity, File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">0-11306<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity, Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">13-3139843<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity, Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">551 Fifth Avenue<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity, Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">New York<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity, Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">NY<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity, Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">10176<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">212<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">907-1500<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Title of 12(b) Security</a></td>
<td class="text">Common stock, $0.10 par value per share<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">VALU<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre-commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity, Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl" style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity, Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0000717720<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentInformationLineItems">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Line items represent financial concepts included in a table. These concepts are used to disclose reportable information associated with domain members defined in one or many axes to the table.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentInformationLineItems</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>For the EDGAR submission types of Form 8-K: the date of the report, the date of the earliest event reported; for the EDGAR submission types of Form N-1A: the filing date; for all other submission types: the end of the reporting or transition period. The format of the date is YYYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
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<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
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<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td>duration</td>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14a<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
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<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
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</tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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