18. Restructuring

During the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred $3.8 million and $5.9 million of restructuring expense, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred $10.0 million and $17.6 million of restructuring expense, respectively. The costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 related primarily to severance costs for the departure of an executive officer, costs associated with training of skilled labor as a result of the transfer of crawler crane production to Shady Grove, PA and costs associated with headcount reductions in Europe. Costs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, related primarily to the closure of manufacturing operations in Manitowoc, WI and Passo Fundo, Brazil and severance costs associated with headcount reductions in North America.

The following is a roll-forward of the Company's restructuring activities for the six months ended June 30, 2018 ($ in millions):

Restructuring Reserve

Balance as of

December 31, 2017

Restructuring

Expenses

Use of Reserve

Reserve Reclassification

Restructuring Reserve

Balance as of June 30, 2018

Total

5.6

10.0

10.7

(0.5

)

4.4