Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2016
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes:
Domestic	$	(76.4	)	$	(98.5	)	$	(293.0	)
Foreign		4.7			59.0			24.9
Total	$	(71.7	)	$	(39.5	)	$	(268.1	)

Income tax provision (benefit) from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is summarized as follows:

	2018			2017			2016
Current:
Federal and state	$	(7.3	)	$	(12.8	)	$	(13.0	)
Foreign		13.6			7.4			12.1
Total current	$	6.3		$	(5.4	)	$	(0.9	)
Deferred:
Federal and state	$	(6.2	)	$	(7.0	)	$	98.7
Foreign		(4.9	)		(37.1	)		2.7
Total deferred	$	(11.1	)	$	(44.1	)	$	101.4
Income tax provision (benefit) from continuing operations	$	(4.8	)	$	(49.5	)	$	100.5

The federal statutory income tax rate is reconciled to the Company’s effective income tax rate for continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 as follows:

	2018			2017			2016
Federal income tax at statutory rate		21.0	%		35.0	%		35.0	%
State income tax provision		4.3			16.3			2.3
Manufacturing & research incentives		2.4			7.9			2.0
Taxes on foreign income which differ from the U.S. statutory rate		(3.2	)		41.5			2.4
Adjustments for unrecognized tax benefits		9.6			0.5			(4.0	)
Adjustments for valuation allowances		(1.8	)		287.7			(69.8	)
Spin-off tax costs		—			—			(1.3	)
U.S. Tax Reform		2.5			(228.3	)		—
Goodwill impairment		(24.6	)		—			—
Other items		(3.6	)		(35.4	)		(4.1	)
Effective tax rate		6.6	%		125.2	%		(37.5	)%

On December 22, 2017, the President of the United States signed into law the Tax Reform Act. This legislation significantly changed U.S. tax law by, among other things, lowering corporate income tax rates, and imposing a repatriation tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The Tax Reform Act permanently reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate, effective January 1, 2018.

The Tax Reform Act provided for a one-time deemed mandatory repatriation of post-1986 undistributed foreign subsidiary earnings and profits (“E&P”) through the year ended December 31, 2017. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we were able to reasonably estimate the Transition Tax and recorded a provisional $54.0 million of federal and state income tax expense for this item, with no cash tax or income statement impact due to utilization of net operating losses. On the basis of revised E&P computations that were completed during 2018, the Company recognized an additional measurement-period adjustment of $3.2 million to the Transition Tax obligation, with no cash tax or income statement impact due to net operating loss utilization. Because of the reduced U.S. corporate income tax rate, the Company had remeasured its net operating losses, as part of its provisional Tax Reform accounting. Due to the utilization, the remeasurement was reversed and resulted in a $11.7 million tax benefit during 2018. The Transition Tax, which has now been determined to be complete, resulted in recording a total Transition Tax obligation of $57.2 million, however there was no U.S. cash tax impact due to net operating loss utilization. Because of offsetting changes in the valuation allowance against net operating losses, the effect of the measurement-period adjustment on the 2018 effective tax rate was 0 percent. On January 15, 2019, the U.S. Treasury released final regulations under amended Internal Revenue Code Section 965. The Company will account for the effects of the new regulations in the first quarter of 2019, the period in which the regulations were issued. However, based on our assessment, no material change will result from application of the new regulations.

On December 22, 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 to address the application of GAAP in situations when a registrant does not have the necessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to complete the accounting for certain income tax effects of the Tax Reform Act. The Company recognized the provisional federal and state tax impacts related to deemed repatriated earnings and the revaluation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and included these amounts in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company has also completed analysis related to its historical assertion that all foreign earnings are permanently reinvested (see further details below). The ultimate impact differed from these provisional amounts, due to, among other things, additional analysis, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company made, additional regulatory guidance issued, and actions the Company took as a result of the Tax Reform Act. The accounting was completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Beginning in 2018, the Tax Reform Act includes two new U.S. corporate tax provisions, the global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) and the base-erosion and anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) provisions. The GILTI provision requires the Company to include in its U.S. income tax return non-U.S. subsidiary earnings in excess of an allowable return on the non-U.S. subsidiary’s tangible assets. The Company has elected to treat GILTI as a period cost. The BEAT provision in the Tax Reform Act eliminates the deduction of certain base-erosion payments made to related non-U.S. corporations, and imposes a minimum tax if the amount is greater than the regular tax. The Company evaluated the GILTI and BEAT provisions, resulting in a financial statement impact of $0.0 and $0.4 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. While GILTI resulted in an inclusion of $30.4 million, because of the Company’s net operating losses and valuation allowance, there was no net financial statement impact.

The 2018 effective tax rates were favorably impacted by income earned in jurisdictions where the statutory rate was less than the federal income tax rate of 21%. The 2017 and 2016 effective tax rates were favorably impacted by income earned in jurisdictions where the statutory rate was less than the federal income tax rate of 35%. The rate reconciling items included above, when adjusted for actual dollar values, are consistent with prior year. The percentage impacts are higher in 2017 due to the lower consolidated pretax loss.

As of each reporting date, the Company's management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact management's view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. Due to the Spin-Off that occurred in the first quarter of 2016, management reevaluated the deferred tax assets related to the U.S. crane operations and determined that it was more likely than not that deferred tax assets related to its U.S. crane operations were not realizable and the Company recorded a valuation allowance.

The Company has recorded valuation allowances on the deferred tax assets in Brazil, China Leasing, Germany, India, Netherland Antilles, U.K., and the U.S. as it is more likely than not that they will not be utilized. Also during 2018, the Company partially released the valuation allowance in the U.K. resulting in a $12.3 million tax benefit. The 2018 tax provision was impacted by a net increase of $1.3 million primarily related to additional valuation allowances recorded in the U.S., partially offset by the U.K. valuation allowance release noted above.

The Company will continue to periodically evaluate its valuation allowance requirements in light of changing facts and circumstances and may adjust its deferred tax asset valuation allowances accordingly. It is reasonably possible that the Company will either add to, or reverse a portion of its existing deferred tax asset valuation allowances in the future. Such changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowances will be reflected in the current operations through the Company’s income tax provision and could have a material effect on operating results.

For 2018, the only significant item included in Other items was the $1.7 million of deferred taxes related to the update of the Company’s permanent reinvestment of foreign earnings assertion (discussed further below). For 2017, the only significant item included in Other items was the IRS audit resolution. For 2016, the only significant item included in Other items was the net operating loss

Temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to deferred tax assets and liabilities include the following items:

	2018			2017
Non-current deferred income tax assets (liabilities):
Inventories	$	22.7		$	16.5
Accounts receivable		(4.2	)		(5.4	)
Property, plant and equipment		(14.0	)		(9.7	)
Intangible assets		(34.8	)		(33.8	)
Deferred employee benefits		40.7			47.3
Product warranty reserves		6.6			5.5
Product liability reserves		4.0			5.0
Tax credits		7.1			6.7
Loss and other tax attribute carryforwards		137.8			159.2
Deferred revenue		5.1			7.4
Transition tax		—			(26.2	)
Other		4.2			2.2
Total non-current deferred income tax assets		175.2			174.7
Less valuation allowance		(153.1	)		(162.3	)
Net deferred income tax assets, non-current	$	22.1		$	12.4

The net deferred tax assets are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 as follows:

	2018			2017
Long-term income tax assets, included in other non-current assets	$	27.8		$	25.4
Long-term deferred income tax liability		(5.7	)		(13.0	)
Net deferred income tax asset	$	22.1		$	12.4

With the enactment of Tax Reform, we believe that our offshore cash can be accessed in a more tax efficient manner. Therefore, the Company has updated its assertion that foreign earnings are permanently reinvested such that jurisdictions where cash can be tax efficiently repatriated are no longer permanently reinvested. As of December 31, 2018, $1.7 million of deferred taxes were provided on approximately $322.0 million of unremitted earnings of non-United States subsidiaries that may be remitted to the United States. We have approximately $357.0 million of additional unremitted earnings of non-United States subsidiaries for which we have not currently provided deferred taxes. These earnings, if repatriated to the U.S., would not result in a material tax expense. As of December 31, 2017, the Company did not record a deferred tax liability related to its non-United States earnings that could have been remitted. Because of immateriality, the associated deferred tax liability is included with other items on the schedule of temporary differences and carryforwards above.

The Company has approximately $67.4 million of U.S. federal loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future U.S. federal tax liabilities. $45.2 million of the federal net operating loss carryforwards expire in 2036; the remaining $22.2 million is not subject to any time restrictions for future use. However, utilization of these indefinite lived loss carryforwards is annually limited to 80% of adjusted taxable income. In addition, the Company has approximately $35.8 million of interest expense carryforwards that is also not subject to any time restrictions for future use. The utilization of the interest expense carryforwards is annually limited to 30% of adjusted taxable income. All of the U.S. loss carryforwards are offset by a valuation allowance.

The Company has approximately $692.3 million of U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future U.S. state tax liabilities. These U.S. state net operating loss carryforwards expire at various times through 2038. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance related to the U.S. state net operating losses.

The Company has approximately $329.2 million of non-U.S. loss carryforwards, which are available to reduce future non-U.S. tax liabilities. Substantially all of the non-U.S. loss carryforwards are not subject to any time restrictions on their future use, and $146.8 million are offset by a valuation allowance.

The Company or one of its subsidiaries files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, U.S. state and non-U.S. jurisdictions. The following table provides the open tax years for which the Company could be subject to income tax examination by the tax authorities in its major jurisdictions:

Among other regular and ongoing examinations by U.S. federal, U.S. state and non- U.S. jurisdictions globally, the Company closed the audit with French tax authorities for calendar years 2013 to 2016. The statute is still open for 2015 and 2016; however, no adjustments are anticipated. There have been no significant developments with respect to the Company’s ongoing tax audits in other jurisdictions.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from examinations to determine the adequacy of its tax reserves. As of December 31, 2018, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the tax positions it has taken will be sustained upon the resolution of its audits resulting in no material impact on its consolidated financial position and the results of operations and cashflows. However, the final determination with respect to any tax audits, and any related litigation, could be materially different from the Company’s estimates and/or from its historical income tax provisions and accruals and could have a material effect on operating results and/or cashflows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties, and/or interest assessments.

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recorded a change to gross unrecognized tax expense (benefits) including interest and penalties of $(7.6) million, $(1.7) million, and $4.9 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations $(1.0) million, $0.3 million, and $2.8 million, respectively, for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax liabilities, which the Company recognizes as a part of income tax expense (benefit). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company has accrued interest and penalties of $6.7 million and $7.7 million, respectively.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:

	2018			2017			2016
Balance at beginning of year	$	19.5		$	21.5		$	19.4
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		0.3			0.9			1.1
Additions for tax positions of prior years		0.5			4.9			5.0
Reductions for tax positions of prior years		(1.7	)		(0.5	)		(3.6	)
Reductions based on settlements with taxing authorities		(0.6	)		(6.7	)		—
Reductions for lapse of statute		(5.2	)		(0.6	)		(0.4	)
Balance at end of year	$	12.8		$	19.5		$	21.5

Approximately $7.2 million, $13.1 million, and $14.6 million of the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, would affect the effective tax rate. Note certain prior period numbers were reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

During the next twelve months, it is reasonably possible that federal, state and foreign tax audit resolutions could reduce unrecognized tax benefits by up to $8.4 million, either because the Company’s tax positions are sustained on audit or settled, or the applicable statute of limitations closes.

The Company has a Tax Matters Agreement with MFS whereby MFS shall be liable for and shall indemnify the Company against certain U.S. (including states) and foreign income taxes resulting from tax obligations arising due to operations reported on a separate company basis prior to March 4, 2016, where MFS has retained the legal entity post Spin-Off. In addition, the Company is liable for and shall indemnify MFS against certain U.S. (including states) and non-U.S. income taxes arising due to operations prior to March 4, 2016, where such taxes result from combined filings (i.e., when the legal entities of the Company filed as a combined group with legal entities of MFS prior to the Spin-Off) or relate to operations where the Company has retained the legal entity post separation.