NPORT-EX 2 fp0086069-1_nportex.htm

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (97.62%)        
COMMUNICATION SERVICES (3.17%)
Entertainment (1.93%)
Netflix, Inc.(a)   8,216   $3,102,362 
Take-Two Interactive Software, Inc.(a)   20,000    2,807,800 
         5,910,162 
Interactive Media & Services (1.24%)          
Alphabet, Inc., Class C(a)   28,879    3,807,696 
           
CONSUMER DISCRETIONARY (11.98%)          
Broadline Retail (3.00%)          
Amazon.com, Inc.(a)   49,964    6,351,424 
Ollie's Bargain Outlet Holdings, Inc.(a)   37,079    2,861,757 
         9,213,181 
Distributors (0.81%)          
Pool Corp.   7,000    2,492,700 
           
Hotels, Restaurants & Leisure (4.74%)          
Choice Hotels International, Inc.   22,500    2,756,475 
Darden Restaurants, Inc.   18,000    2,577,960 
Planet Fitness, Inc., Class A(a)   19,338    951,043 
Starbucks Corp.   34,021    3,105,097 
Wingstop, Inc.   5,494    988,041 
Xponential Fitness, Inc.(a)   17,465    270,707 
Yum! Brands, Inc.   31,205    3,898,753 
         14,548,076 
Leisure Products (0.07%)          
Latham Group, Inc.(a)   72,344    202,563 
           
Specialty Retail (1.93%)          
Asbury Automotive Group, Inc.(a)   13,000    2,990,910 
MYT Netherlands Parent BV(a)(b)(c)   40,114    136,387 
Ulta Beauty, Inc.(a)   7,000    2,796,150 
         5,923,447 
Textiles, Apparel & Luxury Goods (1.43%)          
Deckers Outdoor Corp.(a)   8,500    4,369,765 
           
CONSUMER STAPLES (1.75%)          
Consumer Staples Distribution & Retail (0.76%)          
BJ's Wholesale Club Holdings, Inc.(a)   32,500    2,319,525 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

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Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Household Products (0.89%)          
Church & Dwight Co., Inc.   30,000   $2,748,900 
           
Personal Care Products (0.10%)          
Oddity Tech, Ltd.(a)(c)   10,884    308,561 
           
ENERGY (2.06%)          
Energy Equipment & Services (2.06%)          
ChampionX Corp.   100,000    3,562,000 
Core Laboratories, Inc.   61,660    1,480,456 
Dril-Quip, Inc.(a)   45,505    1,281,876 
         6,324,332 
FINANCIALS (14.12%)          
Banks (0.12%)          
Axos Financial, Inc.(a)   6,656    251,996 
Seacoast Banking Corp. of Florida   4,632    101,719 
         353,715 
Capital Markets (6.93%)          
FactSet Research Systems, Inc.   7,000    3,060,820 
Hamilton Lane, Inc., Class A   35,091    3,173,630 
MSCI, Inc.   7,977    4,092,839 
Raymond James Financial, Inc.   22,500    2,259,675 
S&P Global, Inc.   12,187    4,453,252 
StepStone Group, Inc., Class A   134,011    4,232,067 
         21,272,283 
Consumer Finance (1.06%)          
American Express Co.   17,090    2,549,657 
Upstart Holdings, Inc.(a)(c)   24,523    699,887 
         3,249,544 
Financial Services (4.54%)          
FleetCor Technologies, Inc.(a)   10,712    2,735,202 
Flywire Corp.(a)   168,446    5,371,743 
Visa, Inc., Class A   25,315    5,822,703 
         13,929,648 
Insurance (1.47%)          
Aon PLC, Class A   13,923    4,514,115 
           
HEALTH CARE (20.36%)          
Biotechnology (2.92%)          
ACADIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(a)   153,561    3,200,211 
Natera, Inc.(a)   34,448    1,524,324 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 9

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Biotechnology (continued)          
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.(a)   3,737   $3,075,401 
Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical, Inc.(a)   32,558    1,160,693 
         8,960,629 
Health Care Equipment & Supplies (6.46%)          
Cooper Cos., Inc.   7,500    2,385,075 
Glaukos Corp.(a)   70,938    5,338,084 
Hologic, Inc.(a)   32,500    2,255,500 
Inmode, Ltd.(a)   19,951    607,707 
Inogen, Inc.(a)   49,267    257,174 
Inspire Medical Systems, Inc.(a)   14,098    2,797,607 
iRhythm Technologies, Inc.(a)   877    82,666 
Nevro Corp.(a)   50,217    965,171 
ResMed, Inc.   12,500    1,848,375 
STERIS PLC   14,000    3,071,880 
Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.(a)   10,331    214,575 
         19,823,814 
Health Care Providers & Services (4.16%)          
Agiliti, Inc.(a)   104,147    675,914 
NeoGenomics, Inc.(a)   62,809    772,551 
Progyny, Inc.(a)   148,828    5,063,128 
UnitedHealth Group, Inc.   10,551    5,319,709 
US Physical Therapy, Inc.   10,301    944,911 
         12,776,213 
Health Care Technology (0.33%)          
Definitive Healthcare Corp.(a)   125,645    1,003,904 
           
Life Sciences Tools & Services (6.49%)          
Bruker Corp.   35,000    2,180,500 
Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.(a)   10,500    2,057,790 
Danaher Corp.   17,883    4,436,773 
IQVIA Holdings, Inc.(a)   13,863    2,727,545 
Mettler-Toledo International, Inc.(a)   1,700    1,883,719 
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.   7,519    3,805,892 
West Pharmaceutical Services, Inc.   7,500    2,814,075 
         19,906,294 
INDUSTRIALS (15.14%)          
Aerospace & Defense (0.44%)          
AAR Corp.(a)   8,740    520,292 
Kratos Defense & Security Solutions, Inc.(a)   54,730    822,045 
         1,342,337 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

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Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Commercial Services & Supplies (3.00%)          
Casella Waste Systems, Inc., Class A(a)   60,689   $4,630,571 
Copart, Inc.   70,000    3,016,300 
Montrose Environmental Group, Inc.(a)   52,816    1,545,396 
         9,192,267 
Construction & Engineering (1.81%)          
EMCOR Group, Inc.   15,500    3,261,045 
WillScot Mobile Mini Holdings Corp.(a)   55,000    2,287,450 
         5,548,495 
Electrical Equipment (0.78%)          
nVent Electric PLC   45,000    2,384,550 
           
Ground Transportation (2.70%)          
Canadian Pacific Kansas City, Ltd.(c)   44,263    3,293,610 
RXO, Inc.(a)   71,659    1,413,832 
Saia, Inc.(a)   9,000    3,587,850 
         8,295,292 
Machinery (1.96%)          
Crane Co.   35,000    3,109,400 
IDEX Corp.   14,000    2,912,280 
         6,021,680 
Professional Services (1.63%)          
Booz Allen Hamilton Holding Corp.   25,000    2,731,750 
NV5 Global, Inc.(a)   1,947    187,360 
Paycom Software, Inc.   8,000    2,074,160 
         4,993,270 
Trading Companies & Distributors (2.82%)          
SiteOne Landscape Supply, Inc.(a)   30,217    4,938,968 
Transcat, Inc.(a)   33,401    3,272,296 
Xometry, Inc., Class A(a)   25,859    439,086 
         8,650,350 
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (21.52%)          
Communications Equipment (0.77%)          
Ciena Corp.(a)   50,000    2,363,000 
           
Electronic Equipment, Instruments & Components (2.27%)          
Keysight Technologies, Inc.(a)   15,000    1,984,650 
Novanta, Inc.(a)   16,188    2,322,007 
Teledyne Technologies, Inc.(a)   6,500    2,655,770 
         6,962,427 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 11

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
IT Services (0.92%)          
CI&T, Inc., Class A(a)(c)   5,684   $36,946 
Globant SA(a)   3,349    662,600 
Perficient, Inc.(a)   36,649    2,120,511 
         2,820,057 
Semiconductors & Semiconductor Equipment (3.91%)          
Diodes, Inc.(a)   30,000    2,365,200 
Entegris, Inc.   20,000    1,878,200 
Impinj, Inc.(a)   26,745    1,471,777 
Monolithic Power Systems, Inc.   5,500    2,541,000 
NVIDIA Corp.   6,498    2,826,565 
SiTime Corp.(a)   8,112    926,796 
         12,009,538 
Software (13.65%)          
Autodesk, Inc.(a)   15,725    3,253,660 
Intuit, Inc.   6,463    3,302,205 
Microsoft Corp.   21,572    6,811,359 
nCino, Inc.(a)   28,124    894,343 
Qualys, Inc.(a)   19,000    2,898,450 
Rapid7, Inc.(a)   7,359    336,895 
Salesforce, Inc.(a)   15,845    3,213,049 
ServiceNow, Inc.(a)   6,156    3,440,958 
Sprout Social, Inc.(a)   24,921    1,243,059 
SPS Commerce, Inc.(a)   44,084    7,521,171 
Vertex, Inc., Class A(a)   209,821    4,846,865 
Workday, Inc., Class A(a)   19,129    4,109,866 
         41,871,880 
MATERIALS (3.85%)          
Chemicals (2.17%)          
Ecolab, Inc.   23,049    3,904,500 
Sherwin-Williams Co.   10,814    2,758,111 
         6,662,611 
Containers & Packaging (1.68%)          
Avery Dennison Corp.   15,000    2,740,050 
Ball Corp.   48,353    2,407,013 
         5,147,063 
REAL ESTATE (3.67%)          
Real Estate Management & Development (1.70%)          
FirstService Corp.   35,899    5,224,740 

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

12 www.all-starfunds.com

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

   SHARES   VALUE 
COMMON STOCKS (continued)        
Residential REITs (0.75%)          
Sun Communities, Inc.   19,500   $2,307,630 
           
Specialized REITs (1.22%)          
Equinix, Inc.   5,145    3,736,608 
           
TOTAL COMMON STOCKS          
(COST OF $233,641,662)        299,492,862 
           
SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS (3.85%)          
MONEY MARKET FUND (2.53%)          
State Street Institutional US Government Money Market Fund, 5.29%(d)          
(COST OF $7,748,137)   7,748,137    7,748,137 
           
INVESTMENTS PURCHASED WITH COLLATERAL FROM SECURITIES LOANED (1.32%)          
State Street Navigator Securities Lending Government Money Market Portfolio, 5.36%          
(COST OF $4,048,286)   4,048,286    4,048,286 
           
TOTAL SHORT TERM INVESTMENTS          
(COST OF $11,796,423)        11,796,423 
           
TOTAL INVESTMENTS (101.47%)          
(COST OF $245,438,085)        311,289,285 
           
LIABILITIES IN EXCESS OF OTHER ASSETS (-1.47%)        (4,517,781)
           
NET ASSETS (100.00%)       $306,771,504 
           
NET ASSET VALUE PER SHARE          
(58,766,701 SHARES OUTSTANDING)       $5.22 
           
(a) Non-income producing security.
(b) American Depositary Receipt.
(c) Security, or a portion of the security position, is currently on loan. The total market value of securities on loan is $4,240,380.
(d) Rate reflects seven-day effective yield on September 30, 2023.

 

See Notes to Schedule of Investments.

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited)  |  September 30, 2023 13

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund

  Notes to Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Security Valuation 

Equity securities are valued at the last sale price at the close of the principal exchange on which they trade, except for securities listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC (“NASDAQ”), which are valued at the NASDAQ official closing price. Unlisted securities or listed securities for which there were no sales during the day are valued at the closing bid price on such exchanges or over-the-counter markets.

 

Cash collateral from securities lending activity is reinvested in the State Street Navigator Securities Lending Government Money Market Portfolio (“State Street Navigator”), a registered investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”), which operates as a money market fund in compliance with Rule 2a-7 under the 1940 Act. Shares of registered investment companies are valued daily at that investment company’s net asset value (“NAV”) per share.

 

The Fund’s investments are valued at market value or, in the absence of market value with respect to any portfolio securities, at fair value according to procedures adopted by the Fund’s Board of Directors (the “Board”). The Board has designated ALPS Advisors, Inc. (the “Advisor”) as the Fund’s Valuation Designee. The Valuation Designee is responsible for determining fair value in good faith for all Fund investments, subject to oversight by the Board. When market quotations are not readily available, or in management’s judgment they do not accurately reflect fair value of a security, or an event occurs after the market close but before the Fund is priced that materially affects the value of a security, the security will be valued by the Fund’s Valuation Committee using fair valuation procedures established by the Valuation Designee. Examples of potentially significant events that could materially impact a Fund’s NAV include, but are not limited to: single issuer events such as corporate actions, reorganizations, mergers, spin-offs, liquidations, acquisitions and buyouts; corporate announcements on earnings or product offerings; regulatory news; and litigation and multiple issuer events such as governmental actions; natural disasters or armed conflicts that affect a country or a region; or significant market fluctuations. Potential significant events are monitored by the Advisor, Sub-Advisers and/or the Valuation Committee through independent reviews of market indicators, general news sources and communications from the Fund’s custodian. As of September 30, 2023, the Fund held no securities that were fair valued.

 

Security Transactions 

Security transactions are recorded on trade date. Cost is determined and gains/(losses) are based upon the specific identification method for both financial statement and federal income tax purposes.

 

Income Recognition 

Interest income is recorded on the accrual basis. Corporate actions and dividend income are recorded on the ex-date.

 

The Fund estimates components of distributions from real estate investment trusts (“REITs”). Distributions received in excess of income are recorded as a reduction of the cost of the related investments. Once the REIT reports annually the tax character of its distributions, the Fund revises its estimates. If the Fund no longer owns the applicable securities, any distributions received in excess of income are recorded as realized gains.

 

 

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Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund

  Notes to Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Lending of Portfolio Securities

The Fund may lend its portfolio securities only to borrowers that are approved by the Fund’s securities lending agent, State Street Bank & Trust Co. (“SSB”). The Fund will limit such lending to not more than 20% of the value of its total assets. The borrower pledges and maintains with the Fund collateral consisting of cash (U.S. Dollar only), securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, or by irrevocable bank letters of credit issued by a person other than the borrower or an affiliate of the borrower. The initial collateral received by the Fund is required to have a value of no less than 102% of the market value of the loaned securities for securities traded on U.S. exchanges and a value of no less than 105% of the market value for all other securities. The collateral is maintained thereafter, at a market value equal to no less than 100% of the current value of the securities on loan. The market value of the loaned securities is determined at the close of each business day and any additional required collateral is delivered to the Fund on the next business day. During the term of the loan, the Fund is entitled to all distributions made on or in respect of the loaned securities. Loans of securities are terminable at any time and the borrower, after notice, is required to return borrowed securities within the standard time period for settlement of securities transactions.

 

Any cash collateral received is reinvested in State Street Navigator. Non-cash collateral, in the form of securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities, is not disclosed in the Fund’s Schedule of Investments as it is held by the lending agent on behalf of the Fund, and the Fund does not have the ability to re-hypothecate these securities.

 

The following is a summary of the Fund’s securities lending positions and related cash and non-cash collateral received as of September 30, 2023:

 

Market Value of

Securities on Loan

  

Cash
Collateral

Received

  

Non-Cash
Collateral

Received

  

Total
Collateral

Received

 
$4,240,380    $4,048,286    $278,632    $4,326,918 

 

The risks of securities lending include the risk that the borrower may not provide additional collateral when required or may not return the securities when due. To mitigate these risks, the Fund benefits from a borrower default indemnity provided by SSB. SSB’s indemnity allows for full replacement of securities lent wherein SSB will purchase the unreturned loaned securities on the open market by applying the proceeds of the collateral or to the extent such proceeds are insufficient or the collateral is unavailable, SSB will purchase the unreturned loan securities at SSB’s expense. However, the Fund could suffer a loss if the value of the investments purchased with cash collateral falls below the value of the cash collateral received.

 

Fair Value Measurements 

The Fund discloses the classification of its fair value measurements following a three-tier hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value. Inputs refer broadly to the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk. Inputs may be observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability that are developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability that are developed based on the best information available.

 

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited) | September 30, 2023

15

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund

  Notes to Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)  

 

Valuation techniques used to value the Fund’s investments by major category are as follows:

 

Equity securities that are valued based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets are categorized as Level 1 in the hierarchy. In the event there were no sales during the day or closing prices are not available, securities are valued at the mean of the most recent quoted bid and ask prices on such day and are generally categorized as Level 2 in the hierarchy. Investments in open-end mutual funds are valued at their closing NAV each business day and are categorized as Level 1 in the hierarchy.

 

Various inputs are used in determining the value of the Fund’s investments as of the end of the reporting period. When inputs used fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the hierarchy within which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The designated input levels are not necessarily an indication of the risk or liquidity associated with these investments.

 

These inputs are categorized in the following hierarchy under applicable financial accounting standards: 

     
Level 1 Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical investments, unrestricted assets or liabilities that a Fund has the ability to access at the measurement date;
     
Level 2 Quoted prices which are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or inputs other than quoted prices that are observable (either directly or indirectly) for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and
     
Level 3 Significant unobservable prices or inputs (including the Fund’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments) where there is little or no market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date.

 

The following is a summary of the inputs used to value the Fund’s investments as of September 30, 2023:

 

   Valuation Inputs    
Investments in Securities at Value   Level 1    Level 2    Level 3    Total 
Common Stocks*  $299,492,862   $   $   $299,492,862 
Short Term Investments   11,796,423            11,796,423 
Total  $311,289,285   $   $   $311,289,285 

 

*See Schedule of Investments for industry classifications.

 

The Fund did not have any securities that used significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) in determining fair value during the period.

 

 

16

 

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Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund

  Notes to Schedule of Investments

 

September 30, 2023 (Unaudited)

 

Indemnification 

In the normal course of business, the Fund enters into contracts that contain a variety of representations and warranties and which provide general indemnities. The Fund’s maximum exposure under these arrangements is unknown, as this would involve future claims against the Fund. Also, under the Fund’s organizational documents and by contract, the Directors and Officers of the Fund are indemnified against certain liabilities that may arise out of their duties to the Fund. However, based on experience, the Fund expects the risk of loss due to these warranties and indemnities to be minimal.

 

Maryland Statutes 

By resolution of the Board of Directors, the Fund has opted into the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act and the Maryland Business Combination Act. In general, the Maryland Control Share Acquisition Act provides that “control shares” of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share acquisition may not be voted except to the extent approved by shareholders at a meeting by a vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter (excluding shares owned by the acquirer and by officers or directors who are employees of the corporation). “Control shares” are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned by the acquirer or in respect of which the acquirer is able to exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy), would entitle the acquirer to exercise voting power in electing directors within certain statutorily defined ranges (one-tenth but less than one-third, one-third but less than a majority, and more than a majority of the voting power). In general, the Maryland Business Combination Act prohibits an interested shareholder (a shareholder that holds 10% or more of the voting power of the outstanding stock of the corporation) of a Maryland corporation from engaging in a business combination (generally defined to include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, sale of a substantial amount of assets, a transfer of the corporation’s securities and similar transactions to or with the interested shareholder or an entity affiliated with the interested shareholder) with the corporation for a period of five years after the most recent date on which the interested shareholder became an interested shareholder. At the time of adoption, March 19, 2009, the Board and the Fund were not aware of any shareholder that held control shares or that was an interested shareholder under the statutes. A January 2023 Memorandum of Decision and Order issued by a Massachusetts Superior Court judge has held that a by-laws provision limiting the ability of shareholders to vote shares in excess of a specified amount is not permissible under the Investment Company Act of 1940. As a result of this decision, there is some uncertainty whether a registered investment company such as the Fund may rely on the Maryland Business Control Share Acquisition Act.

 

 

Third Quarter Report (Unaudited) | September 30, 2023

17

 

 

Liberty All-Star® Growth Fund

Description of Lipper Benchmark and Market Indices

 

(Unaudited)

 

Dow Jones Industrial Average 

A price-weighted measure of 30 U.S. blue-chip companies.

 

Lipper Multi-Cap Growth Mutual Fund Average 

The average of funds that, by portfolio practice, invest in a variety of market capitalization ranges without concentrating 75% of their equity assets in any one market capitalization range over an extended period of time. Multi-Cap growth funds typically have above-average characteristics compared to the S&P SuperComposite 1500® Index.

 

NASDAQ Composite Index 

Measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market.

 

Russell 3000® Growth Index 

Measures the performance of those Russell 3000® companies with lower book-to-price ratios and higher growth values. The Russell 3000® Index measures the performance of the 3,000 largest U.S. companies based on total market capitalization, which represents approximately 96% of the investable U.S. equity market.

 

Russell Top 200® Growth Index 

Measures the performance of those Russell Top 200® companies with lower book-to-price-ratios and higher growth values. The Russell Top 200® Index measures the performance of the 200 largest companies in the Russell 3000® Index.

 

Russell 1000® Growth Index (Largecap) 

Measures the performance of those Russell 1000® companies with lower book-to-price-ratios and higher growth values. The Russell 1000® Index measures the performance of the 1,000 largest companies in the Russell 3000® Index.

 

Russell Midcap® Growth Index 

Measures the performance of those Russell Midcap® companies with lower book-to-price-ratios and higher growth values. The Russell Midcap® Index measures the performance of the 800 smallest companies in the Russell 1000® Index.

 

Russell 2000® Growth Index (Smallcap) 

Measures the performance of those Russell 2000® companies with lower book-to-price-ratios and higher growth values. The Russell 2000® Index measures the performance of the 2,000 smallest companies in the Russell 3000® Index.

 

Russell Growth Average

The average of the Russell Top 200®, Midcap® and 2000® Growth Indices.

 

S&P 500® Index 

A large cap U.S. equities index that includes 500 leading companies and represents approximately 80% of the total domestic U.S. equity market capitalization.

 

An investor cannot invest directly in an index. 

 

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