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Margin Accounts, Derivatives and Fair Value Measures | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred Costs, Capitalized, Prepaid, and Other Assets Disclosure [Abstract] |
Margin Accounts, Derivatives and Fair Value Measures | MARGIN ACCOUNTS, DERIVATIVES AND FAIR VALUE MEASURES Margin Accounts During December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was party to forward freight agreements and fuel swap contracts in order to mitigate the risk associated with volatile freight rates and fuel prices. Under the terms of these contracts, the Company is required to deposit funds in margin accounts if the market value of the hedged item declines. The funds are required to remain in margin accounts as collateral until the market value of the items being hedged return to preset limits. The margin accounts are included in advance hire, prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022. Forward Freight Agreements The Company assesses risk associated with fluctuating future freight rates and, when appropriate, hedges identified economic risk with appropriate derivative instruments, specifically FFAs. These economic hedges do not usually qualify for hedge accounting under ASC 815 and as such, the usage of such derivatives can lead to fluctuations in the Company’s reported results from operations on a period-to-period basis. Fuel Swap Contracts The Company continuously monitors the market volatility associated with bunker prices and seeks to reduce the risk of such volatility through a bunker hedging program. The Company enters into fuel swap contracts that are not designated for hedge accounting under ASC 815 and as such, the usage of such derivatives can lead to fluctuations in the Company’s reported results from operations on a period-to-period basis. Interest rate cap The Company’s objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish these objectives, the Company primarily uses interest rate swaps and interest rate caps as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate caps designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of variable amounts from a counterparty if interest rates rise above the strike rate on the contract. In January 2020, the Company entered into four interest rate cap contracts with total notional amount of $115.04 million as of December 31, 2023 at a cost of $628,000 to mitigate the risk associated with increases in interest rates on our sale and lease back financing arrangements of the four new-building vessels. In the event that the three-month SOFR rate rises above the applicable strike rate of 3.51%, the Company would receive quarterly payments related to the spread difference. These interest rate cap agreements do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment. The estimated fair values of the Company’s forward freight agreements and fuel swap contracts are based on market prices obtained from an independent third-party valuation specialist based on published indices. Such quotes represent the estimated amounts the Company would receive or pay to terminate the contracts. The interest rate caps contracts are valued using analysis obtained from independent third party valuation specialists based on market observable inputs, representing Level 2 assets. The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:
|  | Asset Derivative |  | Liability Derivative
Derivative instruments |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 12/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | Balance Sheet Location |  | 12/31/2023 |  | 12/31/2022
Margin accounts (1) |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 3,751,257 |  |  | $ | 3,239,947 |  |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Forward freight agreements (2) |  | Other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 1,217,820 |  |  | $ | 164,787 |
Fuel swap contracts (2) |  | Other current assets |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | 523,233 |  |  | $ | 158,926 |
Interest rate cap (2) |  | Other current assets |  | $ | 3,384,137 |  |  | $ | 4,892,144 |  |  | Other current liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
(1) The fair value measurements were all categorized within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. (2) These fair value measurements were all categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy established by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, in order of priority are as follows: Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Our Level 1 fair value measurements include cash, money-market accounts and time deposit accounts. Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable. Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable (for example cash flow modeling inputs based on assumptions). The following table presents the effect of our derivative financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:
|  | Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative instruments
|  | For the year ended December 31,
Derivative instruments |  | 2023 |  | 2022
Forward freight agreements |  | $ | (1,053,033) |  |  | $ | (2,284,368) |
Fuel Swap Contracts |  | $ | (364,307) |  |  | $ | (1,206,679) |
Interest rate cap |  | $ | (1,508,007) |  |  | $ | 4,173,370 |
The estimated fair values of the Company’s forward freight agreements and fuel swap contracts are based on market prices obtained from an independent third-party valuation specialist. Such quotes represent the estimated amounts the Company would receive to terminate the contracts.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for derivatives and fair value of assets and liabilities. + References Reference 1: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 815 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//815/tableOfContent Reference 2: http://fasb.org/us-gaap/role/ref/legacyRef -Topic 820 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//820/tableOfContent + Details
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