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Stockholders' Equity | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract] |
Stockholders' Equity | Stockholders' Equity PREFERRED STOCK We are authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock at $0.0001 par value. At December 31, 2022, no shares of preferred stock have been issued. COMMON STOCK PLANS We have stock-based compensation plans under which stock options and restricted units are granted. At December 31, 2022, approximately 0.9 million shares were available for future issuance under our stock incentive plan.
| For The Years Ended December 31, |  |
| 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2020 |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 12.7 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |  |  | $ | 10.5 |  |  |
Income tax benefit related to stock-based compensation | 3.3 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  |
Impact on cash flow due to taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards | 2.5 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  |
Intrinsic value of options exercised, equity-based liabilities paid, and the fair value of restricted stock units vested | 9.5 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 2.9 |  |  |
We recognize the compensation costs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of one to three years. Restricted Stock Units (Time and Performance Vesting) We grant restricted awards to certain employees. The awards can either be time vested or vested based upon the attainment of certain performance metrics over a certain time period. Performance conditions generally are tied to attainment of certain financial targets such as return on invested capital, free cash flow or other similar measures. Awards granted under our stock incentive plan generally have a performance or vesting period of three years from the date of grant. These awards are eligible to receive dividend equivalent shares. The market value of these grants approximates the fair value. For awards based upon the achievement of performance goals, the award could range from 0% to 200%. A summary of the status of outstanding restricted stock units as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year, is presented below:
| Time Vested | Performance-based
| Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value | Shares | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 458,647 |  | $ | 27.12 |  | 243,688 |  | $ | 28.51 |
Granted | 220,518 |  | 29.52 |  | 93,177 |  | 30.55 |
Vested | (228,162) |  | 25.26 |  | (59,755) |  | 27.02 |
Forfeited / Canceled 1 | (21,538) |  | 30.88 |  | — |  | — |
Restricted stock units outstanding at December 31, 2022 | 429,465 |  | $ | 29.16 |  | 277,110 |  | $ | 29.64 |
1 Forfeited / Canceled performance-based restricted stock units include both shares forfeited due to employees failure to meet requisite service period and also due to failure to meet required performance measures. The weighted average grant date fair value for restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $29.52 and $35.70. As of December 31, 2022, there was $13.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding restricted stock unit awards. Restricted stock unit cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years for time vested awards and 1.7 years for performance-based awards. Stock Options Prior to January 1, 2019, we granted options to certain employees. The options were granted at market price at the date of grant and the fair value of the options was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (dividend yield ignored). As of December 31, 2022 all outstanding options are fully vested with a contractual term of ten years after the date of grant. A summary of the status of outstanding stock option awards as of December 31, 2022, and changes during the year, is presented below:
| Shares | Weighted Average Exercise Price | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
Outstanding options at December 31, 2021 | 322,546 |  | $ | 49.64 |  | 4.3 | $ | — |
Exercised | (19,809) |  | 38.29 |  |  |
Expired | (8,613) |  | 45.32 |  |  |
Outstanding and exercisable options at December 31, 2022 | 294,124 |  | $ | 50.53 |  | 3.3 | $ | — |
Director Awards Our Board of Directors are eligible to receive awards of phantom common stock units. Annually our outside directors receive phantom stock units as part of their compensation which vest ratably over a one-year period and accrue dividend equivalent shares for any dividends paid to shareholders of our common stock. The vested portion of a director’s phantom share balance is converted to cash using a twenty-day average price of common stock and paid to the director upon their separation from service as a director. Due to its cash-settlement feature, we account for these awards as liabilities and recognize the equity-based compensation expense or income at the end of each reporting period based on the portion of the award that is vested and the increase or decrease in the value of our common stock. We recorded director equity-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 of $0.9 million, $1.1 million and $2.9 million included in “Other operating charges, net” in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. At December 31, 2022, the liability amounts associated with director equity-based compensation included in "Deferred tax liabilities and other long-term obligations" and "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $5.2 million and $0.1 million. At December 31, 2021, the liability amounts associated with director equity-based compensation included in "Deferred tax liabilities and other long-term obligations" and "Accounts payable and accrued liabilities" on our Consolidated Balance Sheets was $4.3 million and $2.3 million.

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