2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Principles of consolidation

The financial statements of entities which are controlled by Net1, referred to as subsidiaries, are consolidated. Inter-company accounts and transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.

The Company, if it is the primary beneficiary, consolidates entities which are considered to be variable interest entities ("VIE"). The primary beneficiary is considered to be the entity that will absorb a majority of the entity's expected losses, receive a majority of the entity's expected residual returns, or both. No entities were required to be consolidated in terms of these requirements during the years ended June 30, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Translation of foreign currencies

The primary functional currency of the Company is the South African Rand ("ZAR") and its reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The Company also has consolidated entities which have other currencies, primarily South Korean won ("KRW"), as their functional currency. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates for the period. Translation gains and losses are reported in accumulated other comprehensive income in total equity.

Foreign exchange transactions are translated at the spot rate ruling at the date of the transaction. Monetary items are translated at the closing spot rate at the balance sheet date. Transactional gains and losses are recognized in selling, general and administration expense on the Company's consolidated statement of operations for the period.

Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable

Allowance for doubtful finance loans receivable

The Company regularly reviews the ageing of outstanding amounts due from borrowers and adjusts the allowance based on management's estimate of the recoverability of the finance loans receivable. The Company writes off finance loans receivable and related service fees if a borrower is in arrears with repayments for more than three months or dies.

Allowance for doubtful accounts receivable

A specific provision is established where it is considered likely that all or a portion of the amount due from customers renting point of sale ("POS") equipment, receiving support and maintenance or transaction services or purchasing licenses from the Company will not be recovered. Non-recoverability is assessed based on a review by management of the ageing of outstanding amounts, the location of the customer and the payment history in relation to those specific amounts.

Inventory

Inventory is valued at the lower of cost and market value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis and includes transport and handling costs.

Equity-accounted investments

The Company uses the equity method to account for investments in companies when it has significant influence but not control over the operations of the equity-accounted company. Under the equity method, the Company initially records the investment at cost and then adjusts the carrying value of the investment to recognize the proportional share of the equity-accounted company's net income or loss. The Company does not recognize cumulative losses in excess of its investment or loans in an equity-accounted investment except if it has an obligation to provide additional financial support. Dividends received from an equity-accounted investment reduce the carrying value of the Company's investment.

Leasehold improvement costs

Costs incurred in the adaptation of leased properties to serve the requirements of the Company are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the asset and the remaining term of the lease.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are shown at cost less accumulated depreciation. Property, plant and equipment are depreciated on the straight-line basis at rates which are estimated to amortize the assets to their anticipated residual values over their useful lives. Within the following asset classifications, the expected economic lives are approximately:


Computer equipment	3 to 5 years
Office equipment	2 to 10 years
Vehicles	4 to 8 years
Furniture and fittings	5 to 10 years
Plant and equipment	5 to 10 years

The gain or loss arising on the disposal or retirement of an asset is determined as the difference between the sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognized in income.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of an acquired enterprise over the fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company tests for impairment of goodwill on an annual basis and at any other time if events or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit goodwill below its carrying amount.

Circumstances that could trigger an impairment test include but are not limited to: a significant adverse change in the business climate or legal factors; an adverse action or assessment by a regulator; unanticipated competition; loss of key personnel; the likelihood that a reporting unit or significant portion of a reporting unit will be sold or otherwise disposed; and results of testing for recoverability of a significant asset group within a reporting unit.

If the carrying amount of the reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss recorded in the statement of operations. Measurement of the fair value of a reporting unit is based on one or more of the following fair value measures: the amount at which the unit as a whole could be bought or sold in a current transaction between willing parties; present value techniques of estimated future cash flows; or valuation techniques based on multiples of earnings or revenue, or a similar performance measure.

Intangible assets

Intangible assets are shown at cost less accumulated amortization. Intangible assets are amortized over the following useful


Customer relationships	1 to 15 years
Software and unpatented technology	3 to 5 years
FTS patent	10 years
Exclusive licenses	7 years
Trademarks	3 to 20 years
Customer databases	3 years

Intangible assets are periodically evaluated for recoverability, and those evaluations take into account events or circumstances that warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that indicate that impairment exists.

Policy reserves and liabilities

Reserves for future policy benefits and claims payable

The Company determines its reserves for future policy benefits under its life insurance products using the financial soundness valuation method and assumptions as of the issue date as to mortality, interest, persistency and expenses plus provisions for adverse deviations.

Deposits on investment contracts

For the Company's interest-sensitive life contracts, liabilities approximate the policyholder's account value. For deferred annuities, the fixed option on variable annuities, guaranteed investment contracts and other investment contracts, the liability is the policyholder's account value.

Reinsurance contracts held

The Company enters into reinsurance contracts with reinsurers under which the Company is compensated for the entire amount or a portion of losses arising on one or more of the insurance contracts it issues.

The expected benefits to which the Company is entitled under its reinsurance contracts held are recognized as reinsurance assets. These assets consist of short-term balances due from reinsurers (classified within accounts receivable, net) as well as long-term receivables (classified within other long-term assets) that are dependent on the present value of expected claims and benefits arising net of expected premiums payable under the related reinsurance contracts. Amounts recoverable from or due to reinsurers are measured consistently with the amounts associated with the reinsured contracts and in accordance with the terms of each reinsurance contract.

Reinsurance assets are assessed for impairment at each balance sheet date. If there is reliable objective evidence that amounts due may not be recoverable, the Company reduces the carrying amount of the reinsurance asset to its recoverable amount and recognizes that impairment loss in its condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Reinsurance premiums are recognized when due for payment under each reinsurance contract.

Sales taxes

Revenue and expenses are presented net of sales, use and value added taxes, as the case may be.

Revenue recognition

The Company recognizes revenue when:

there is persuasive evidence of an agreement or arrangement;
delivery of products has occurred or services have been rendered;
the seller's price to the buyer is fixed or determinable; and
collectability is reasonably assured.

The Company's principal revenue streams and their respective accounting treatments are discussed below:

Fees

Pension and welfare and South African participating merchants

The Company provides a welfare benefit distribution service to the South Africa Social Security Agency. Fee income received for these services is recognized in the statement of operations when distributions have been made to the recipient cardholders.

Recipient cardholders are able to load their welfare grants at merchants enrolled in the Company's participating merchant system in certain provinces. There is no charge to the recipient cardholder to load the grant onto a smart card at the merchant location, however, a fee is charged to the merchant for purchases made at the merchant using the smart card. A fee is also charged to the merchant when the recipient cardholder makes a cash withdrawal. Fee income received for these services is recognized in the statement of operations when the transaction occurs.

Card VAN, banking VAN and payment gateway

Card VAN services consist of services relating to authorization of credit card transactions including transmission of transaction details ("authorization service"), and collection of receipts associated with the credit card transactions ("collection service"). With its authorization service, the Company connects credit card companies with merchants online when a customer uses his/her credit card via terminals installed at merchants' sites and the Company's central processing server for approval of credit card transactions. Immediately after approval of credit card transactions, the Company transmits details of the transactions to credit card companies online for processing payments. Collection service captures the transaction data and gathers receipts as documented evidence and provides them to credit card companies upon request. The Company earns service fees based on the number of transactions processed for credit card companies when services are rendered in accordance with the contracts entered into between credit card companies and the Company. The Company bills for its service charges to credit card companies each month. Each service could be provided either individually or collectively, based on terms of contracts.

The Company charges commission fees to credit card companies for the authorization service provided based on the number of approvals transferred. The right to receive a service fee is due once a credit card transaction has been approved and details of the transaction are transmitted by the Company. Therefore, revenues from the authorization service are recognized when the credit card transactions are authorized and details of the transactions are transmitted. The Company earns a collection service fee once it has provided settled funds to the credit card companies. Therefore, revenue from the collection service is recognized when the Company collects the receipts and provides them to the card companies.

For multiple-element arrangements, the Company has identified two deliverables. The first deliverable is the authorization service, and the second deliverable is the collection service. The Company evaluates each deliverable in an arrangement to determine whether it represents a separate unit of accounting. A deliverable constitutes a separate unit of accounting when it has standalone value and there are no customer-negotiated refunds or return rights for the delivered elements. If the arrangement includes a customer-negotiated refund or return right relative to the delivered item and the delivery and performance of the undelivered item is considered probable and substantially in the Company's control, the delivered element constitutes a separate unit of accounting. In instances when the aforementioned criteria are not met, the deliverable is combined with the undelivered elements and the allocation of the arrangement consideration and revenue recognition is determined for the combined unit as a single unit. Allocation of the consideration is determined at arrangement inception on the basis of each unit's relative selling price. In such circumstances, the Company uses a hierarchy to determine the selling price to be used for allocating revenue to deliverables: (i) vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value ("VSOE"), (ii) third-party evidence of selling price ("TPE"), and (iii) best estimate of the selling price ("ESP").

VSOE generally exists only when the Company sells the deliverable separately and is the price actually charged by the Company for that deliverable. ESPs reflect the Company's best estimates of what the selling prices of elements would be if they were sold regularly on a stand-alone basis. Because the Company has neither VSOE nor TPE for the two deliverables, the allocation of revenue has been based on the Company's ESPs. Amounts allocated to the authorization and the collection service are recognized at the time of service, provided the other conditions for revenue recognition have been met.

The Company's process for determining its ESP for deliverables without VSOE or TPE considers multiple factors that may vary depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each deliverable. Key factors considered by the Company in developing the ESPs include prices charged by the Company, historical pricing practices and controls, range of prices for various customers and the nature of the services. Consideration is also given to market conditions such as competitor pricing strategies and market perception.

Banking VAN is a division supporting a company's fund management business (large payment transfers, collections, etc.) by relaying financial transactions between client companies and financial institutions. Financial transactions between two or more business enterprises, or between business enterprises and their customers, are conducted through the transaction-processing network established between the Company and the banks. Revenue from the banking VAN service is recognized when the service is rendered by the Company.

With its PG service, the Company provides the Internet-based settlement service between an on-line shopping mall and a credit card company when a customer uses his/her credit card, debit card or on-line payment to pay for goods or services. The Company receives fees for carrying out settlements for electronic transactions. Revenue from the PG service is recognized when the service is rendered by the Company.

Microlending service fee

The Company provides short-term loans to customers in South Africa and charges and recognizes monthly service fee revenue over the term of the loan. The monthly service fee amount is fixed upon initiation and does not change over the term of the loan.

Other fees and commissions

The Company provides an automated payment collection service to third parties, for which it charges monthly fees. These fees are recognized in the statement of operations as the underlying services are performed. The Company provides medical-related claims adjudication, reconciliation and settlement services ("medical-related claim service") to customers, for which it charges fees. These fees are recognized in the statement of operations as the underlying services are performed. The Company sells prepaid electricity and recognizes a commission in its statement of operations once the prepaid electricity token has been delivered to the customer.

Contract variations fees

there is persuasive evidence of an agreement;
collectability is reasonably assured; and
all material terms and conditions of the agreement have been adhered to.

Hardware and prepaid airtime voucher sales

Revenue from hardware and airtime voucher sales is recognized when risk of loss has transferred to the customer and there are no unfulfilled Company obligations that affect the customer's final acceptance of the arrangement. Any cost of warranties and remaining obligations that are inconsequential or perfunctory are accrued when the corresponding revenue is recognized.

The Company buys terminals from manufacturers, and subsequently sells them through its agencies. Revenue is recognized when significant risks and rewards of ownership of terminals have passed to the buyer, usually on delivery of the terminals to the buyer.

To the extent that sales of hardware are made in an arrangement that includes software that is more than incidental, the Company considers post-contract maintenance and technical support or other future obligations which could impact the timing and amount of revenue recognized.

Software

Revenue from licensed software is recognized on a subscription basis over the period that the client is entitled to use the license. Revenue from the sale of software is recognized if all revenue recognition criteria have been met. Post-contract maintenance and technical support in respect of software is generally negotiated and sold as a separate service and is recognized over the period such items are delivered.

Systems implementation projects

The Company undertakes smart card system implementation projects. The hardware and software installed in these projects are in the form of customized systems, which ordinarily involve modification to meet the customer's specifications. Software delivered under such arrangements is available to the customer permanently, subject to the payment of annual license fees. Revenue for such arrangements is recognized under the percentage of completion method, save for annual license fees, which are recognized in the period to which they relate. Up-front and interim payments received are recorded as client deposits until customer acceptance.

The Company's customer arrangements may have multiple deliverables. Generally, the Company's multiple element arrangements fall within the scope of specific accounting standards that provide guidance regarding the separation of elements in multiple-deliverable arrangements and the allocation of consideration among those elements. If not, the Company unbundles multiple element arrangements into separate units of accounting when the delivered element(s) has stand-alone value and fair value of the undelivered element(s) exists.

Terminal rental income

The Company leases terminals to merchants participating in its merchant acquiring system. Operating rental income is recognized monthly on a straight-line basis in accordance with the lease agreement.

Other income

Revenue from service and maintenance activities is charged to customers on a time-and-materials basis and is recognized in the statement of operations as services are delivered to customers.

Research and development expenditure

Research and development expenditure is charged to net income in the period in which it is incurred. During the years ended June 30, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the Company incurred research and development expenditures of $2.4 million, $2.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

Computer software development

Product development costs in respect of software intended for sale to licensees are expensed as incurred until technological feasibility is attained. Technological feasibility is attained when the Company's software has completed system testing and has been determined to be viable for its intended use. The time between the attainment of technological feasibility and completion of software development is generally short with immaterial amounts of development costs incurred during this period.

Costs in respect of the development of software for the Company's internal use are expensed as incurred, except to the extent that these costs are incurred during the application development stage. All other costs including those incurred in the project development and post-implementation stages are expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

The Company provides for income taxes using the asset and liability method. This approach recognizes the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current year, as well as deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequence of events recognized in the financial statements and tax returns. Deferred income taxes are adjusted to reflect the effects of changes in tax laws or enacted tax rates.

The Company measured its South African income taxes and deferred income taxes for the years ended June 30, 2015, 2014 and 2013, using the enacted statutory tax rate in South Africa of 28%.

As of June 30, 2015, the Company intends to permanently reinvest its non-U.S. undistributed earnings of $442.1 million in those non-U.S. jurisdictions. Accordingly, the Company has not recognized a deferred tax liability related to future distributions of these undistributed earnings. It is not practicable for the Company to estimate the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability because of the complexities of the calculations involved. The Company will be required to record a tax charge if it is no longer able to permanently reinvest its undistributed earnings. This may result in an increase in the Company's effective tax rate in future periods.

In establishing the appropriate deferred tax asset valuation allowances, the Company assesses the realizability of its deferred tax assets, and based on all available evidence, both positive and negative, determines whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets or a portion thereof will be realized.

Reserves for uncertain tax positions are recognized in the financial statements for positions which are not considered more likely than not of being sustained based on the technical merits of the position on audit by the tax authorities. For positions that meet the more likely than not standard, the measurement of the tax benefit recognized in the financial statements is based upon the largest amount of tax benefit that, in management's judgement, is greater than 50% likely of being realized based on a cumulative probability assessment of the possible outcomes.

The Company's policy is to include interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in selling, general and administration in the consolidated statements of operations.

Stock-based compensation

Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted. The Company measures equity-based stock-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost as an expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period. In respect of awards with only service conditions that have a graded vesting schedule, the Company recognizes compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. The forfeiture rate is estimated using historical trends of the number of awards forfeited prior to vesting. The expense is recorded in the statement of operations and classified based on the recipients' respective functions.

The Company records deferred tax assets for awards that result in deductions on the Company's income tax returns, based on the amount of compensation cost recognized and the Company's statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which it will receive a deduction. Differences between the deferred tax assets recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual tax deduction reported on the Company's income tax return are recorded in additional paid-in capital (if the tax deduction exceeds the deferred tax asset) or in the statement of operations (if the deferred tax asset exceeds the tax deduction and no additional paid-in capital exists from previous awards).

Equity instruments issued to third parties

Equity instruments issued to third parties represents the cost related to equity instruments granted. The Company measures this cost at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost as an expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the requisite service period. The forfeiture rate is estimated based on the Company's expectation of the number of awards that will be forfeited prior to vesting.

The Company records deferred tax assets for equity instrument awards that result in deductions on the Company's income tax returns, based on the amount of equity instrument cost recognized and the Company's statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which it will receive a deduction. Differences between the deferred tax assets recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual tax deduction reported on the Company's income tax return are recorded in the statement of operations.

Settlement assets and settlement obligations

Settlement assets comprise (1) cash received from the South African government that the Company holds pending disbursement to recipient cardholders of social welfare grants and (2) cash received from customers on whose behalf the Company processes payroll payments that the Company will disburse to customer employees, payroll-related payees and other payees designated by the customer.

Settlement obligations comprise (1) amounts that the Company is obligated to disburse to recipient cardholders of social welfare grants, and (2) amounts that the Company is obligated to pay to customer employees, payroll-related payees and other payees designated by the customer.

The balances at each reporting date may vary widely depending on the timing of the receipts and payments of these assets and obligations.

Recent accounting pronouncements adopted

The following summary of recent accounting pronouncements reflects only the new authoritative accounting guidance issued that is relevant and applicable to the Company.

In March 2013, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued guidance regarding Parent's Accounting for the Cumulative Translation Adjustment Upon Derecognition of Certain Subsidiaries or Groups of Assets Within a Foreign Entity or of an Investment in a Foreign Entity. This guidance requires that the parent release any related cumulative translation adjustment into net income only if the sale or transfer results in the complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity in which the subsidiary or group of assets had resided. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning July 1, 2014, and is applied prospectively. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted as of June 30, 2015

In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance regarding Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning July 1, 2017. Early adoption is not permitted.

In August 2015, the FASB issued guidance regarding Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Deferral of the Effective Date. This guidance defers the required implementation date specified in Revenue from Contracts with Customers to December 2017. Public companies may elect to adopt the standard along the original timeline. The Company expects that this guidance will have a material impact on its financial statements and is currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on its financial statements on adoption.

In August 2014, the FASB issued guidance regarding Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. This guidance requires an entity to perform interim and annual assessments of its ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date that its financial statements are issued. An entity must provide certain disclosures if conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning July 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on its financial statements disclosure.

In February 2015, the FASB issued guidance regarding Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis. This guidance amends both the variable interest entity and voting interest entity consolidation models. The requirement to assess an entity under a different consolidation model may change previous consolidation conclusions. The guidance is effective for the Company beginning July 1, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on its financial statements disclosure.

In July 2015, the FASB issued guidance regarding Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. This guidance requires entities to measure most inventory "at the lower of cost and net realizable value," thereby simplifying the current guidance under which an entity must measure inventory at the lower of cost or market (market in this context is defined as one of three different measures). The guidance will not apply to inventories that are measured by using either the last-in, first-out ("LIFO") method or the retail inventory method ("RIM"). The guidance is effective for the Company beginning July 1, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the impact of this guidance on its financial statements disclosure.