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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2016
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Real Estate and Lease Intangibles Our investments in real estate consist of farmland and improvements made to the farmland, consisting of buildings; irrigation and drain systems; coolers, which are storage facilities used for cooling crops; warehouses used for storing, assembling and packing boxes; and horticulture acquired in connection with the land purchase, which currently consists of blueberry bushes and almond, avocado, pistachio and lemon trees. We record investments in real estate at cost and capitalize improvements and replacements when they extend the useful life or improve the efficiency of the asset. We expense costs of repairs and maintenance as such costs are incurred. We compute depreciation using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful life or 39 years for buildings and improvements, the shorter of the estimated useful life or 25 years for horticulture acquired in connection with the purchase of farmland, 5 to 10 years for equipment and fixtures and the shorter of the useful life or the remaining lease term for tenant improvements. Certain of our acquisitions involve sale-leaseback transactions with newly-originated leases, and other of our acquisitions involve the acquisition of farmland that is already being operated as rental property, in which case we will typically assume the lease in place at the time of acquisition. Prior to us early adopting Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2017-01, "Clarifying the Definition of a Business" (as further described below under "—Recently-Issued Accounting Pronouncements"), acquisitions of farmland already being operated as rental property were generally considered to be business combinations under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, "Business Combinations." However, after early adopting ASU 2017-01, effective October 1, 2016, we now generally consider both types of acquisitions to be asset acquisitions under ASC 360, "Property Plant and Equipment." Whether an acquisition is considered an asset acquisition or a business combination, both ASC 360 and ASC 805 require that the purchase price of real estate be allocated to (i) the tangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, consisting of land, buildings, improvements, horticulture and long-term debt, and, if applicable, (ii) any identifiable intangible assets and liabilities, which may consist of the values of above- and below-market leases, in-place lease values, lease origination costs and tenant relationships, based in each case on their fair values. In addition, ASC 360 requires us to capitalize the transaction costs incurred in connection with the acquisition, whereas ASC 805 required that all costs related to the acquisition be expensed as incurred, rather than capitalized into the cost of the acquisition. Management’s estimates of fair value are made using methods similar to those used by independent appraisers, such as a sales comparison approach, a cost approach and either an income capitalization approach or discounted cash flow analysis. Factors considered by management in its analysis include an estimate of carrying costs during hypothetical, expected lease-up periods, taking into consideration current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. We also consider information obtained about each property as a result of our pre-acquisition due diligence, marketing and leasing activities in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. In estimating carrying costs, management also includes lost reimbursement of real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses, as well as estimates of lost rental income at market rates during the hypothetical, expected lease-up periods, which typically range from 1 to 24 months, depending on specific local market conditions. Management also estimates costs to execute similar leases, including leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses, to the extent that such costs are not already incurred in connection with a new lease origination as part of the transaction. While management believes these estimates to be reasonable based on the information available at the time of acquisition, the preliminary purchase price allocation may be adjusted if management obtains more information regarding the valuations of the assets acquired or liabilities assumed. We allocate the purchase price to the fair value of the tangible assets and liabilities of an acquired property by valuing the property as if it were vacant. The “as-if-vacant” value is allocated to land, buildings, improvements and horticulture, based on management’s determination of the relative fair values of such assets and liabilities as of the date of acquisition. We record above- and below-market lease values for acquired properties based on the present value (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to the in-place lease agreements, and (ii) management’s estimate of fair market lease rates for the corresponding in-place leases, measured over a period equal to the remaining, non-cancelable term of the lease. When determining the non-cancelable term of the lease, we evaluate whether fixed-rate or below-market renewal options, if any, should be included. The fair value of capitalized above-market lease values, included as part of Other assets in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, is amortized as a reduction of rental income on a straight-line basis over the remaining, non-cancelable terms of the respective leases. The fair value of capitalized below-market lease values, included as part of Other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, is amortized as an increase to rental income on a straight-line basis over the remaining, non-cancelable terms of the respective leases, including that of any fixed-price or below-market renewal options. In certain instances, we will also record deferred revenue in connection with properties acquired as part of an asset acquisition when additional consideration, such as offering a below-market lease to the seller on a sale-leaseback transaction, is given to the seller of a property when the agreed-upon cash purchase price is significantly below the aggregate fair value of all identifiable tangible assets acquired or liabilities assumed. In transactions such as this, the amount of deferred revenue recorded will be determined in a manner similar to that described above for below-market lease values. The fair value of capitalized deferred revenue, included as part of Other liabilities in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, is amortized as an increase to rental income on a straight-line basis over the remaining, non-cancelable terms of the respective leases, including that of any fixed-price or below-market renewal options. The total amount of the remaining intangible assets acquired, which consists of in-place lease values, unamortized lease origination costs and tenant relationship values, are allocated based on management’s evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease and our overall relationship with that respective tenant. Characteristics to be considered by management in allocating these values include the nature and extent of our existing business relationships with the tenant, prospects for developing additional business with the tenant, the tenant’s credit quality and our expectations of lease renewals (including those existing under the terms of the current lease agreement), among other factors. The value of in-place leases and unamortized lease origination costs are amortized to amortization expense on a straight-line basis over the remaining, non-cancelable terms of the respective leases, which currently range from 2 to 10 years. The value of tenant relationship intangibles, which is the benefit to us resulting from the likelihood of an existing tenant renewing its lease at the existing property or entering into a lease at a different property we own, is amortized to amortization expense over the remaining lease term and any anticipated renewal periods in the respective leases. Should a tenant terminate its lease, the unamortized portion of the above- or below-market lease values, deferred revenue, in-place lease values, lease origination costs and tenant relationship values would be charged to the appropriate income or expense account. Impairment of Real Estate Assets We account for the impairment of our tangible and identifiable intangible real estate assets in accordance with ASC 360, which requires us to periodically review the carrying value of each property to determine whether indicators of impairment exist. Such indicators may include, but are not limited to, declines in a property’s operating performance, deteriorating market conditions, vacancy rates and environmental or legal concerns. If circumstances support the possibility of impairment, we prepare a projection of the total undiscounted future cash flows of the specific property, including proceeds from disposition without interest charges, and compare them to the net book value of the property to determine whether the carrying value of the property is recoverable. In performing the analysis, we consider such factors as the tenants’ payment history and financial condition, the likelihood of lease renewal, agricultural and business conditions in the regions in which our farms are located and whether there are indications that the fair value of the real estate has decreased. If the carrying amount is more than the aggregate undiscounted future cash flows, we would recognize an impairment loss to the extent the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property. We evaluate our entire property portfolio each quarter for any impairment indicators and perform an impairment analysis on those select properties that have an indication of impairment. During the three months ended June 30, 2014, we had two separate fires that partially damaged structures on two separate properties, which constituted an indicator of impairment. However, in accordance with ASC 360, we assessed the recoverability of the two properties and determined that the net carrying value of each property was fully recoverable. Therefore, no impairment loss was recorded; however, we recorded property and casualty losses for each event. See “—Involuntary Conversions and Property and Casualty Recovery” below for further detail. We further concluded that none of our properties were impaired as of December 31, 2016, and we will continue to monitor our portfolio for any indicators of impairment. There have been no impairments recognized on real estate assets since our inception. Tenant Improvements From time to time, our tenants may pay for improvements on certain of our properties with the ownership of the improvements remaining with us, in which case we will record the cost of such improvements as an asset, tenant improvements, along with a corresponding liability, deferred rent liability, on our balance sheet. When we are determined to be the owner of the tenant improvements, such improvements will be depreciated, and the related deferred rent liability will be amortized as an addition to rental income, each over the shorter of the useful life of the respective improvement or the remaining term of the existing lease in place. If the tenant is determined to be the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvements funded by us are treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of rental income over the remaining term of the existing lease in place. We have not recorded any lease incentives to date. In determining whether the tenant or the Company is the owner of such improvements, several factors will be considered, including, but not limited to: (i) whether the tenant or landlord retains legal title to the improvements upon expiration of the lease; (ii) whether the lease stipulates how such improvements should be treated; (iii) the uniqueness of the improvements (i.e., whether the improvements were made to meet the specific needs or for the benefit of the tenant leasing the property, or if the improvements generally increased the value or extended the useful life of the asset improved upon); (iv) the expected useful life of the improvements relative to the remaining length of the lease; (v) whether the tenant improvements are expected to have significant residual value at the end of the lease term; and (vi) whether the tenant or the Company constructs or directs construction of the improvements. The determination of who owns the improvements can be subject to significant judgment. When we pay for tenant improvements and are determined to be the owner of such improvements, we will record the cost of the improvement as an asset and will depreciate it over its corresponding useful life. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider cash equivalents to be all short-term, highly-liquid investments that are both readily convertible to cash and have a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase, except that any such investments purchased with funds held in escrow or similar accounts are classified as restricted cash. Items classified as cash equivalents include money-market deposit accounts. Our cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2016 and 2015 were held in the custody of one financial institution, and our balance at times may exceed federally-insurable limits. We did not have any restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents at December 31, 2016, or 2015. Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs consist of costs incurred to obtain financing, including legal fees, origination fees and administrative fees. Costs associated with our long-term borrowings are deferred and amortized over the terms of the respective financings using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method. In the case of our line of credit, the straight-line method is used due to the revolving nature of the financing instrument. Upon early extinguishment of any borrowings, the unamortized portion of the related deferred financing costs will be immediately charged to expense. In addition, in accordance with ASC 470, “Debt,” when a financing arrangement is amended so that the only material change is an increase in the borrowing capacity, the unamortized deferred financing costs from the prior arrangement should be amortized over the term of the new arrangement. See "—Recently-Issued Accounting Pronouncements" below for changes in how certain deferred financing costs are reported on our Consolidated Balance Sheet due to our adoption of ASU 2015-03 (as defined below). Accumulated amortization of deferred financing costs was $465,541 and $224,239 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, total amortization expense related to deferred financing costs was $241,302, $106,806 and $53,286, respectively, and is included in Interest expense on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations. See Note 4, “Borrowings,” for further discussion on these related financings. Other Assets and Other Liabilities Other assets consist of deferred rent assets, short-term investments, prepaid expenses, deferred offering costs, deposits on potential real estate acquisitions, above-market lease values and other miscellaneous receivables. Other liabilities consist of rents received in advance, deferred rent liabilities and below-market lease values. Non-controlling Interests Non-controlling interests are interests in the Operating Partnership not owned by us. We evaluate whether non-controlling interests are subject to redemption features outside of our control. As of December 31, 2016, the non-controlling interests in the Operating Partnership are redeemable at the option of the holder for cash or, at our election, shares of our common stock and thus are reported in the equity section of the Consolidated Balance Sheet but separate from stockholders' equity. The amount reported for non-controlling interests on the Consolidated Statement of Operations represent the portion of income from the Operating Partnership not attributable to us. At the end of each reporting period, we determine the amount of equity (at book value) that is allocable to non-controlling interests based upon the respective ownership interests. To reflect the non-controlling interests' equity interest in the Company, an adjustment is made to non-controlling interests, with a corresponding adjustment to paid-in capital, as reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Equity. Revenue Recognition Rental revenue includes rents that each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of its respective lease, reported evenly over the non-cancelable term of the lease. Most of our leases contain rental increases at specified intervals; we recognize such revenues on a straight-line basis. Certain other leases provide for additional rental payments that are based on a percentage of the gross crop revenue earned on the farm; such contingent revenue is recognized when all contingencies have been resolved and when actual results become known or estimable, enabling us to estimate and/or measure our share of such gross revenues. As a result, depending on the circumstances of each lease, certain participating rents may be recognized by us in the year the crop was harvested, while other participating rents may be recognized in the year following the harvest. Deferred rent receivable, included in Other assets on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets, includes the cumulative difference between rental revenue as recorded on a straight-line basis and cash rents received from the tenants in accordance with the lease terms. In addition, we determine, in our judgment, to what extent the deferred rent receivable applicable to each specific tenant is collectible. We perform a quarterly review on deferred rent receivable as it relates to straight-line rents and take into consideration the tenant’s payment history, the financial condition of the tenant, business conditions of the industry in which the tenant operates and economic and agricultural conditions in the geographic area in which the property is located. In the event that the collectibility of deferred rent with respect to any given tenant is in doubt, we record an allowance for uncollectible accounts or record a direct write-off of the specific rent receivable. During the years ended December 31, 2016, and 2015, we wrote off $84,600 and $6,504, respectively, of deferred rent asset balances related to the early termination of certain leases; no such reserves or direct write-offs were recorded prior to 2015. Tenant recovery revenue includes payments received from tenants as reimbursements for certain operating expenses, such as property taxes and insurance premiums. These expenses and their subsequent reimbursements are recognized under property operating expenses as incurred and tenant recovery revenue as earned, respectively, and are recorded in the same periods. Other Income We record non-operating and unusual or infrequent income as Other income on our Consolidated Statements of Operations. Other income recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was primarily from interest earned on short-term investments, income tax refunds from the State of California and, for 2016 and 2015 only, interest patronage received on certain of our long-term borrowings. Involuntary Conversions and Property and Casualty Recovery We account for involuntary conversions, for example, when a nonmonetary asset, such as property or equipment, is involuntarily converted to a monetary asset, such as insurance proceeds, in accordance with ASC 605, “Revenue Recognition – Gains and Losses,” which requires us to recognize a gain or a loss equal to the difference between the carrying amount of the nonmonetary asset and the amount of monetary assets received. Further, in accordance with ASC 450, “Contingencies,” if recovery of the loss is considered to be probable, we will recognize a receivable for the amount expected to be covered by insurance proceeds, not to exceed the related loss recognized, unless such amounts have been realized. Gain on sale of real estate We recognize gains (or losses) on sales of real estate upon the closing of a transaction (be it an outright sale of a property or the sale of a perpetual, right-of-way easement on all or a portion of a property) with the purchaser. Gains are recognized using the full accrual method when the collectability of the sales price is reasonably assured, we are not obligated to perform additional activities that may be considered significant, the initial investment from the buyer is sufficient and other profit recognition criteria have been satisfied. Gains on sales of real estate may be deferred in whole or in part until the requirements for gain recognition have been met. Income taxes We have operated and intend to continue to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). On September 3, 2014, we filed our 2013 federal income tax return, on which we elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes beginning with our tax year ended December 31, 2013. As a REIT, we generally are not subject to federal income taxes on amounts that we distribute to our stockholders (except income from any foreclosure property), provided that, on an annual basis, we distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders and meet certain other conditions. To the extent that we satisfy the annual distribution requirement but distribute less than 100% of our taxable income, we will be subject to corporate income tax on our undistributed taxable income. Beginning January 1, 2013, Land Advisers has been treated as a wholly-owned TRS that is subject to federal and state income taxes. Though Land Advisers has had no activity to date, we would account for any future income taxes in accordance with the provisions of ASC 740, “Income Taxes.” A reconciliation between the U.S. statutory federal income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 is provided in the following table:
|  | 2016 |  | 2015 |  | 2014
Effective U.S. statutory federal income tax rate(1) |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
State taxes, net of U.S. federal income tax benefit(2) |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 26.9 | %
Other adjustments |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | — | %
Effective tax rate |  | — | % |  | — | % |  | 26.9 | %
(1) | Net of the effect of the the dividends paid deduction.
(2) | State tax adjustments made to the 2014 income tax provision related to taxes owed to the state of California as a result of prior-year land transfers.
The provision for income taxes included in our consolidated financial statements for 2014 was all current. We have performed a review of our tax positions and determined that, as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had no material provisions for uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2016, the tax years ended December 31, 2013, through December 31, 2016, remain open for an audit by the Internal Revenue Service. Comprehensive Income (Loss) For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, comprehensive income (loss) equaled net income (loss); therefore, a separate statement of comprehensive income (loss) is not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Distributions We operate in a manner intended to enable us to continue to qualify as a REIT under Sections 856-860 of the Code. Under those sections, a REIT that distributes at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders each year and meets certain other conditions will not be subject to federal income tax on that portion of its taxable income that is distributed to stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates (including any alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for the four immediately-subsequent taxable years. Even as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state and local income and property taxes and to federal income and excise taxes on undistributed taxable income. In general, however, as long as we qualify as a REIT, no provision for federal income taxes will be necessary, except for taxes on undistributed REIT taxable income and taxes on the income generated by a TRS, if any. Reclassifications Certain line items on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015, and the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 have been reclassified to conform to the current period’s presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on previously-reported equity, net income (loss) or net change in cash and cash equivalents. Segment Reporting We manage our operations on an aggregated, single-segment basis for purposes of assessing performance and making operating decisions and, accordingly, have only one reporting and operating segment. Recently-Issued Accounting Pronouncements In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)" ("ASU 2014-09"), which was amended in March 2016 by ASU 2016-08, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)" ("ASU 2016-08"), in April 2016 by ASU 2016-10, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing" ("ASU 2016-10"), in May 2016 by ASU 2016-12, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients" ("ASU 2016-12"), and in December 2016 by ASU 2016-20, "Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers" ("ASU 2016-20"). ASU 2014-09, as amended, supersedes or replaces nearly all GAAP revenue recognition guidance and establishes a new, control-based revenue recognition model, changes the basis for deciding when revenue is recognized over time or at a point in time and will expand disclosures about revenue. In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date," which deferred the effective date of ASU 2014-09, as amended. ASU 2014-09, as amended, is now effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those years. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU 2014-09, as amended; however, we do not anticipate a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition, as the primary impact of this update is related to common area maintenance and other material tenant reimbursements. The majority of our revenue is from rental income pursuant to net-lease agreements, with very little being attributed to tenant recoveries. In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, "Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Ability to Continue as a Going Concern" ("ASU 2014-15"), which requires management to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern through one year after the date that the financial statements are issued and to provide certain disclosures if it is probable that the entity will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due. ASU 2014-15 is effective for annual reporting periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods thereafter, with early adoption permitted. Since this guidance is primarily around certain disclosures to the financial statements, we anticipate no impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows from adopting this standard. We are currently assessing the additional disclosure requirements. In April 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-03, “Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs” (“ASU 2015-03”), which simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs. ASU 2015-03 requires the presentation of debt issuance costs on the balance sheet as a deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability instead of a deferred financing cost. ASU 2015-03 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and we adopted this provision during the three months ended March 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, and 2015, we had unamortized deferred financing costs related to mortgage notes and bonds payable of approximately $1.4 million and $1.1 million, respectively, which costs have been reclassified from Deferred financing costs, net, as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2015, in the 2015 Form 10-K, to Mortgage notes and bonds payable, net on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. All periods presented have been retroactively adjusted. The following table summarizes the retrospective adjustment and the overall impact on the previously-reported consolidated financial statements:
| As of December 31, 2015
| As Previously Reported |  | Retrospective Application
Deferred financing costs related to mortgage notes and bonds payable(1) | $ | 1,054,222 |  |  | $ | — |
Mortgage notes and bonds payable, net | 142,633,157 |  |  | 141,578,935 |
(1) | Included as part of Deferred financing costs, net, as reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in the Form 10-K.
In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15, “Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements” (“ASU 2015-15”), which codifies an SEC staff announcement that entities are permitted to defer and present debt issuance costs related to line of credit arrangements as assets. ASU 2015-15 was effective immediately. As of December 31, 2016, and 2015, we had unamortized deferred financing costs of approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million, respectively, related to our line of credit, and we will continue to present debt issuance costs related to line of credit arrangements as an asset on the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. On January 1, 2016, we adopted accounting guidance under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, “Consolidations: Improvements to Financial Reporting by Enterprises Involved with Variable Interest Entities,” (“ASC 810”), which modifies the analysis we must perform to determine whether we should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The guidance does not amend the existing disclosure requirements for variable interest entities (“VIEs”) or voting interest model entities, but it modifies the requirements to qualify as a voting interest model entity. Under the revised guidance, our Operating Partnership qualifies as a VIE; however, as we consolidate the Operating Partnership in our balance sheets, the identification of our Operating Partnership as a VIE has no impact on our consolidated financial statements. There were no other legal entities qualifying under the scope of the revised guidance that were consolidated as a result of the adoption of this guidance. In addition, there were no other voting interest model entities under prior existing guidance determined to be VIEs under the revised guidance. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842): An Amendment of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification” (“ASU 2016-02”). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the leases is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee, which classification determines whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis, respectively, over the term of the lease. A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months, regardless of the classification. Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases. The new standard requires lessors to account for leases using an approach that is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases and operating leases. ASU 2016-02 supersedes the previous leasing standard, ASC 840, “Leases,” and is effective on January 1, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We expect our legal expenses to increase marginally, as the new standard requires us to expense indirect leasing costs that were previously capitalized; however, we do not expect ASU 2016-02 to materially impact our consolidated financial statements, as we do not currently have any lease arrangements for which we are the lessee. In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments (a consensus of the FASB Emerging Issues Task Force)" ("ASU 2016-15"), which is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain transactions are classified in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-15 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of ASU 2016-15 and do not anticipate a material impact on our statements of cash flows. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, "Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business" ("ASU 2017-01"), which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting, including acquisitions and disposals. ASU 2017-01 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods withing those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. We have decided to early adopt ASU 2017-01, effective October 1, 2016. As a result of our adoption of ASU 2017-01, we anticipate that most of our farmland acquisitions will be treated as asset acquisitions under ASC 360, which will result in lower acquisition-related expenses, as the majority of those costs will be capitalized and included as part of the fair value allocation of the purchase price.

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