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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
For interim periods, our income tax expense or benefit is computed based on our estimated annual effective tax rate and any discrete items that impact the interim periods. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded a tax expense of $1.0 million and tax benefit of $13.8 million, respectively, compared to a tax benefit of $3.4 million and tax expense of $6.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively.
On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed the U.S. Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act") in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act provides relief to corporate taxpayers by permitting a five-year carryback of 2018-2020 NOLs, increasing the 30% limitation on interest expense deductibility to 50% of adjusted taxable income for 2019 and 2020, and accelerating refunds for minimum tax credit carryforwards, among other provisions. The tax effects of changes in tax laws are recognized in the period in which the law is enacted. As such, the tax benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes a $16.6 million benefit related to a carryback claim for U.S. federal tax losses based on new provisions in the CARES Act. These losses had previously been offset by a valuation allowance. The provisions in the CARES Act enabled the company to realize these losses and the related valuation allowance was released.
The estimated annual effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019 were also impacted by losses in jurisdictions where the recording of a tax benefit is not available. For the nine months ended September 30, 2019, tax expense includes an increase in our valuation allowance of $5.9 million to write down our deferred tax assets in the U.S. and Saudi Arabia to what, in our judgment, is more likely than not realizable. Furthermore, the tax expense or benefit recorded can vary from period to period depending on the Company's relative mix of U.S. and non-U.S. earnings and losses by jurisdiction.
We have deferred tax assets related to net operating loss carryforwards in the U.S. and in certain states and foreign jurisdictions. We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning and recent operating results. As of September 30, 2020, we do not anticipate being able to fully utilize all of the losses prior to their expiration in the following jurisdictions: the U.S., the U.K., Germany, Singapore, Saudi Arabia and China. As a result, we have certain valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets as of September 30, 2020.