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Securitizations and Variable Interests Entities | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2018
Transfers and Servicing [Abstract] |
Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities | Note 3 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities We securitize, sell and service forward and reverse residential mortgage loans and regularly transfer financial assets in connection with asset-backed financing arrangements. We have aggregated these securitizations and asset-backed financing arrangements into three groups: (1) securitizations of residential mortgage loans, (2) financings of advances and (3) financings of automotive dealer financing notes. We have determined that the special purpose entities (SPEs) created in connection with our match funded asset financing facilities are variable interest entities (VIEs) for which we are the primary beneficiary. From time to time, we may acquire beneficial interests issued in connection with mortgage-backed securitizations where we may also be the master and/or primary servicer. These beneficial interests consist of subordinate and residual interests acquired from third-parties in market transactions. We consolidate the VIE when we conclude we are the primary beneficiary. Securitizations of Residential Mortgage Loans We receive servicing fees based upon the securitized loan balances and certain ancillary fees, all of which are reported in Servicing and subservicing fees in the consolidated statements of operations. Transfers of Forward Loans We sell or securitize forward loans that we originate or purchased from third parties, generally in the form of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the GSEs or Ginnie Mae. Securitization typically occurs within 30 days of loan closing or purchase. We act only as a fiduciary and do not have a variable interest in the securitization trusts. As a result, we account for these transactions as sales upon transfer. The following table presents a summary of cash flows received from and paid to securitization trusts related to transfers of loans accounted for as sales that were outstanding:
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016
Proceeds received from securitizations | $ | 1,290,682 |  |  | $ | 3,256,625 |  |  | $ | 5,197,071 |
Servicing fees collected | 45,046 |  |  | 41,509 |  |  | 14,616 |
Purchases of previously transferred assets, net of claims reimbursed | (4,395 | ) |  | (5,948 | ) |  | (1,271 | )
| $ | 1,331,333 |  |  | $ | 3,292,186 |  |  | $ | 5,210,416 |
In connection with these transfers, we retained MSRs of $8.3 million, $20.7 million and $37.2 million during 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. We securitize forward and reverse residential mortgage loans involving the GSEs and loans insured by the FHA or VA through Ginnie Mae. Certain obligations arise from the agreements associated with our transfers of loans. Under these agreements, we may be obligated to repurchase the loans, or otherwise indemnify or reimburse the investor or insurer for losses incurred due to material breach of contractual representations and warranties. The following table presents the carrying amounts of our assets that relate to our continuing involvement with forward loans that we have transferred with servicing rights retained as well as our maximum exposure to loss including the UPB of the transferred loans.
| December 31,
| 2018 |  | 2017
Carrying value of assets |  |  |
MSRs ($132,774 and $227 carried at fair value) | $ | 132,774 |  |  | $ | 98,059 |
Advances and match funded advances | 138,679 |  |  | 57,636 |
UPB of loans transferred | 15,600,971 |  |  | 12,077,635 |
Maximum exposure to loss | $ | 15,872,424 |  |  | $ | 12,233,330 |
At December 31, 2018 and 2017, 8.3% and 8.9%, respectively, of the transferred residential loans that we service were 60 days or more past due. Transfers of Reverse Mortgages We pool HECM loans into HMBS that we sell into the secondary market with servicing rights retained or we sell the loans to third parties with servicing rights released. We have determined that loan transfers in the HMBS program do not meet the definition of a participating interest because of the servicing requirements in the product that require the issuer/servicer to absorb some level of interest rate risk, cash flow timing risk and incidental credit risk. As a result, the transfers of the HECM loans do not qualify for sale accounting, and therefore, we account for these transfers as financings. Under this accounting treatment, the HECM loans are classified as Loans held for investment, at fair value, on our consolidated balance sheets. Holders of participating interests in the HMBS have no recourse against the assets of Ocwen, except with respect to standard representations and warranties and our contractual obligation to service the HECM loans and the HMBS. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, Loans held for investment included $68.4 million and $83.8 million, respectively, of originated loans which had not yet been pledged as collateral. See Note 4 — Fair Value and Note 13 — Borrowings for additional information. Financings of Advances Match funded advances result from our transfers of residential loan servicing advances to SPEs in exchange for cash. We consolidate these SPEs because we have determined that Ocwen is the primary beneficiary of the SPE. These SPEs issue debt supported by collections on the transferred advances, and we refer to this debt as Match funded liabilities. We make transfers to these SPEs in accordance with the terms of our advance financing facility agreements. Debt service accounts require us to remit collections on pledged advances to the trustee within two days of receipt. Collected funds that are not applied to reduce the related match funded debt until the payment dates specified in the indenture are classified as debt service accounts within Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets. The balances also include amounts that have been set aside from the proceeds of our match funded advance facilities to provide for possible shortfalls in the funds available to pay certain expenses and interest, as well as amounts set aside as required by our warehouse facilities as security for our obligations under the related agreements. The funds are held in interest earning accounts and those amounts related to match funded facilities are held in the name of the SPE created in connection with the facility. We classify the transferred advances on our consolidated balance sheets as a component of Match funded assets and the related liabilities as Match funded liabilities. The SPEs use collections of the pledged advances to repay principal and interest and to pay the expenses of the SPE. Holders of the debt issued by these entities have recourse only to the assets of the SPE for satisfaction of the debt. The assets and liabilities of the advance financing SPEs are comprised solely of Match funded advances, Restricted cash (debt service accounts), Match funded liabilities and amounts due to affiliates. Amounts due to affiliates are eliminated in consolidation in our consolidated balance sheets. Mortgage-Backed Securitizations The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities of two consolidated mortgage-backed securitization trusts included in our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018 as a result of residual securities issued by the trust that we acquired during the third quarter of 2018.
Loans held for investment, at fair value - Restricted for securitization investors | $ | 26,520 |
Financing liability - Owed to securitization investors, at fair value | 24,815 |
We have concluded we are the primary beneficiary of certain residential mortgage-backed securitizations as a result of beneficial interests consisting of residual securities, which expose us to the expected losses and residual returns of the trust, and our role as master servicer, where we have the ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the trust. Upon consolidation of the securitization trusts, we elected to apply the measurement alternative to ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement for collateralized financing entities. The measurement alternative requires a reporting entity to use the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets or the financial liabilities to measure both the financial assets and the financial liabilities of the entity. We determined that the fair value of the loans held by the trusts is more observable than the fair value of the debt certificates issued by the trusts. Through the application of the measurement alternative, the fair value of the financial liabilities of the trusts are measured as the difference between the fair value of the financial assets and the fair value of our investment in the residual securities of the trusts. Holders of the debt issued by these entities have recourse only to the assets of the SPE for satisfaction of the debt and have no recourse against the assets of Ocwen. Similarly, the general creditors of Ocwen have no claim on the assets of the trusts. Our exposure to loss as a result of our continuing involvement is limited to the carrying values of our investments in the residual securities of the trusts, our MSRs and related advances. At December 31, 2018, MSRs were $0.2 million and our $1.7 million investment in the residual securities of the trusts was eliminated in consolidation. Advances outstanding at December 31, 2018 were $1.2 million. Financings of Automotive Dealer Financing Notes Match funded automotive dealer financing notes resulted from our transfers of short-term, inventory-secured loans to car dealers to an SPE in exchange for cash. We consolidated this SPE because we determined that Ocwen is the primary beneficiary of the SPE. The SPE issued debt supported by collections on the transferred loans. In January 2018, we exited the independent used car dealer floor plan lending business conducted through Automotive Capital Services, Inc. (ACS). We made transfers to the SPE in accordance with the terms of the automotive capital asset receivables financing facility agreements, which we terminated in January 2018 in connection with our decision to exit the business. We classified the transferred loans on our consolidated balance sheets as a component of Match funded assets and the related liabilities as Match funded liabilities. The SPE used collections of the pledged loans to repay principal and interest and to pay the expenses of the SPE. Holders of the debt issued by the SPE had recourse only to the assets of the SPE for satisfaction of the debt. The assets and liabilities of the automotive capital asset receivables financing SPE were comprised solely of Match funded automotive dealer financing notes, Restricted cash (debt service accounts), Match funded liabilities and amounts due to affiliates. Amounts due to affiliates have been eliminated in consolidation in our consolidated balance sheets.

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