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Business Segment Reporting
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2020
Segment Reporting [Abstract]  
Business Segment Reporting
Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting
Our business segments reflect the internal reporting that we use to evaluate operating performance of services and to assess the allocation of our resources. A brief description of our current business segments is as follows:
Servicing. This segment is primarily comprised of our residential mortgage servicing business and accounted for 79% of our total revenues in 2020. We provide residential and commercial mortgage loan servicing, special servicing and asset management services. We earn fees for providing these services to owners of the mortgage loans and foreclosed real estate. In most cases, we provide these services either because we purchased the MSRs from the owner of the mortgage, retained the MSRs on the sale or securitization of residential mortgage loans or because we entered into a subservicing or special servicing agreement with the entity that owns the MSR. Our residential servicing portfolio includes both forward and reverse conventional, government-insured and non-Agency mortgage loans, including the reverse mortgage loans classified as loans held for investment on our balance sheet. Non-Agency loans include subprime loans, which represent residential loans that generally did not qualify under GSE guidelines or have subsequently become delinquent.
Effective with the fourth quarter of 2020, we report the results of Reverse Servicing within the Servicing segment. Historically, the Reverse Servicing business was included in the reported results of the Originations segment. This alignment of our business segments is consistent with a change in the management of the business and a change in the internal management reporting to the chief operating decision maker. Segment results for 2019 and 2018 have been recast to conform to the current segment presentation. Reverse Servicing generated Revenue and Income before income taxes of $63.4 million and $53.0 million, respectively, in 2019, and $41.7 million and $33.8 million, respectively in 2018. Reverse Servicing assets consist primarily of securitized Loans held for investment - Reverse Mortgages.
Originations. The Originations segment (previously Lending) purchases and originates conventional and government-insured residential forward and reverse mortgage loans through multiple channels. The loans are typically sold shortly after origination on a servicing retained basis. We originate forward mortgage loans directly with customers (recapture channel) as well as through correspondent lending arrangements since the second quarter of 2019. We originate reverse mortgage loans in all three channels through our correspondent lending arrangements, broker relationships (wholesale) and retail channels. In addition to our originated MSRs, we acquire MSRs through multiple channels, including flow purchase agreements, the GSE Cash Window programs and bulk MSR purchases. Accordingly, as part of our internal management reporting we renamed the Lending segment as Originations effective in the first quarter of 2020.
Corporate Items and Other. Corporate Items and Other includes revenues and expenses of corporate support services, CR Limited (CRL), our wholly-owned captive reinsurance subsidiary, discontinued operations and inactive entities, business activities that are individually insignificant, revenues and expenses that are not directly related to other reportable segments, interest income on short-term investments of cash and interest expense on unallocated corporate debt. Corporate Items and Other also includes severance, retention, facility-related and other expenses incurred in 2019 and 2020 related to our cost re-engineering initiatives. Our cash balances are included in Corporate Items and Other. CRL provides re-insurance related to coverage on foreclosed real estate properties owned or serviced by us.
Revenues and expenses directly associated with each respective business segments are included in determining its results of operations. We allocate certain expenses incurred by corporate support services that are not directly attributable to a segment to each business segment. Beginning in 2020, we updated our methodology to allocate overhead costs incurred by corporate support services to the Servicing and Originations segments, which now incorporates the utilization of various measurements primarily based on time studies, personnel volumes and service consumption levels. In prior periods, corporate support services costs were primarily allocated based on relative segment size. Support services costs not allocated to the Servicing and Originations segments are retained in the Corporate Items and Other segment along with certain other costs including certain litigation and settlement related expenses or recoveries, costs related to our re-engineering plan, and other costs related to operating as a public company. We allocate a portion of interest income to each business segment, including interest earned on cash balances.
Interest expense on direct asset-backed financings are recorded in the respective Servicing and Originations segments. Beginning in the third quarter of 2020, we began allocating interest expense on corporate debt, including the SSTL and Senior Notes, used to fund servicing advances and other servicing assets from Corporate Items and Other to Servicing. Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount are excluded from the interest expense allocation. The interest expense related to the corporate debt has been allocated to the Servicing segment for prior periods to conform to the current period presentation. The interest expense allocation for 2020, 2019 and 2018 is $38.2 million, $54.9 million and $49.0 million, respectively.
Financial information for our segments is as follows:
Results of OperationsServicingOriginationsCorporate Items and OtherBusiness Segments Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2020
Revenue (1)$757,665 $179,298 $23,949 $960,912 
MSR valuation adjustments, net (1)(276,252)41,699 (17,368)(251,921)
Operating expenses (2) 331,885 114,357 129,462 575,704 
Other income (expense):
Interest income7,061 7,008 1,930 15,999 
Interest expense (90,671)(9,837)(8,859)(109,367)
Pledged MSR liability expense
(152,454)— 120 (152,334)
Other, net 10,752 351 (4,372)6,731 
Other expense, net(225,312)(2,478)(11,181)(238,971)
Income (loss) before income taxes
$(75,784)$104,162 $(134,062)$(105,684)
Year Ended December 31, 2019
Revenue $1,048,490 $61,698 $13,187 $1,123,375 
MSR valuation adjustments, net(120,864)(12)— (120,876)
Operating expenses (2)(3) 547,976 72,457 53,506 673,939 
Other income (expense):
Interest income10,085 5,243 1,776 17,104 
Interest expense (102,525)(7,590)(4,014)(114,129)
Pledged MSR liability expense
(372,172)— — (372,172)
Gain on repurchase of senior secured notes— — 5,099 5,099 
Bargain purchase gain
— — (381)(381)
Other, net 12,294 892 (3,758)9,428 
Other expense, net(452,318)(1,455)(1,278)(455,051)
Loss before income taxes$(72,668)$(12,226)$(41,597)$(126,491)
Results of OperationsServicingOriginationsCorporate Items and OtherBusiness Segments Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2018
Revenue $992,913 $51,983 $18,149 $1,063,045 
MSR valuation adjustments, net(153,457)— — (153,457)
Operating expenses (2)628,613 73,303 77,123 779,039 
Other income (expense):
Interest income7,079 4,365 2,582 14,026 
Interest expense (90,787)(7,311)(5,273)(103,371)
Pledged MSR liability expense
(172,342)672 — (171,670)
Bargain purchase gain
— — 64,036 64,036 
Other, net (1,858)908 (4,096)(5,046)
Other income (expense), net(257,908)(1,366)57,249 (202,025)
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes$(47,065)$(22,686)$(1,725)$(71,476)
(1)Revenue in the Corporate Items and Other segment for 2020 includes an inter-segment derivatives elimination of $17.4 million with a corresponding offset in MSR valuation adjustments, net.
(2)Compensation and benefits expense in the Corporate Items and Other segment for 2020, 2019 and 2018 includes $2.7 million, $20.3 million and $11.9 million, respectively, of severance expense attributable to PHH integration-related headcount reductions of primarily U.S.-based employees in 2019, as well as our overall efforts to reduce costs.
(3)Included in the Corporate Items and Other segment for 2019, we recorded in Professional services expense a recovery from a service provider of $30.7 million during the first quarter of amounts previously recognized as expense.
Total AssetsServicingOriginationsCorporate Items and OtherBusiness Segments Consolidated
December 31, 2020$9,847,603 $379,233 $424,291 $10,651,127 
December 31, 20199,580,466 257,416 568,317 10,406,199 
December 31, 20188,762,681 147,008 484,527 9,394,216 
Depreciation and Amortization ExpenseServicingOriginationsCorporate Items and OtherBusiness Segments Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2020:    
Depreciation expense$857 $128 $18,136 $19,121 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs470 — 6,522 6,992 
Year Ended December 31, 2019:    
Depreciation expense$1,925 $93 $29,893 $31,911 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs71 — 4,441 4,512 
Year Ended December 31, 2018:    
Depreciation expense$4,601 $103 $22,498 $27,202 
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs— — 4,104 4,104