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Securitizations and Variable Interests Entities | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Transfers and Servicing [Abstract] |
Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities | Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities We securitize, sell and service forward and reverse residential mortgage loans and regularly transfer financial assets in connection with asset-backed financing arrangements. We have aggregated these transfers of financial assets and asset-backed financing arrangements using special purpose entities (SPEs) or VIEs into the following groups: (1) securitizations of residential mortgage loans, (2) financings of loans held for sale, (3) financings of advances and (4) MSR financings. Financing transactions that do not use SPEs or VIEs are disclosed in Note 14 — Borrowings. Securitizations of Residential Mortgage Loans Transfers of Forward Loans We sell or securitize forward loans that we originate or purchase from third parties, generally in the form of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the GSEs or Ginnie Mae. Securitization typically occurs within 30 days of loan closing or purchase. We act only as a fiduciary and do not have a variable interest in the securitization trusts. As a result, we account for these transactions as sales upon transfer. The following table presents a summary of cash flows received from and paid to securitization trusts related to transfers of loans accounted for as sales that were outstanding:
| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Proceeds received from securitizations | $ | 12,344.0 |  |  | $ | 17,027.0 |  |  | $ | 19,293.2 |
Servicing fees collected (1) | 121.9 |  |  | 91.8 |  |  | 63.7 |
Purchases of previously transferred assets, net of claims reimbursed | (17.9) |  |  | (11.4) |  |  | (17.4) |
| $ | 12,448.0 |  |  | $ | 17,107.4 |  |  | $ | 19,339.5 |
(1)We receive servicing fees based upon the securitized loan balances and certain ancillary fees, all of which are reported in Servicing and subservicing fees in the consolidated statements of operations. In connection with these transfers, we retained MSRs of $183.0 million, $234.7 million and $222.7 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Certain obligations arise from the agreements associated with our transfers of loans. Under these agreements, we may be obligated to repurchase the loans, or otherwise indemnify or reimburse the investor or insurer for losses incurred due to material breach of contractual representations and warranties. We receive customary origination representations and warranties from our network of approved correspondent lenders. To the extent that we have recourse against a third-party originator, we may recover part or all of any loss we incur. Also, refer to the Loan Put-Back and Related Contingencies section of Note 26 — Contingencies. The following table presents the carrying amounts of our assets that relate to our continuing involvement with forward loans that we have transferred with servicing rights retained as well as an estimate of our maximum exposure to loss including the UPB of the transferred loans:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Carrying value of assets |  |  |
MSRs, at fair value | $ | 636.5 |  |  | $ | 524.3 |
Advances | 99.0 |  |  | 75.9 |
UPB of loans transferred (1) | 46,810.1 |  |  | 37,571.1 |
Maximum exposure to loss (2) | $ | 47,545.6 |  |  | $ | 38,171.2 |
(1)Includes $10.5 billion and $6.8 billion of loans delivered to Ginnie Mae as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and includes loan modifications repurchased and delivered through the Ginnie Mae Early Buyout Program (EBO). (2)The maximum exposure to loss in the table above is primarily based on the remaining UPB of loans serviced and assumes all loans were deemed worthless as of the reporting date. It does not take into consideration the proceeds from the underlying collateral liquidation, recoveries or any other recourse available to us, including from mortgage insurance, guarantees or correspondent sellers. We do not believe the maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these previously transferred loans is representative of the actual loss we are likely to incur based on our contractual rights and historical loss experience and projections. Also, refer to the Loan Put-Back and Related Contingencies section of Note 26 — Contingencies. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 2.8% and 2.5%, respectively, of the transferred residential loans that we service were 60 days or more past due, including 60 days or more past due loans under forbearance. This includes 8.0% and 8.3%, respectively, of loans delivered to Ginnie Mae that are 60 days or more past due. Transfers of Reverse Mortgages We pool HECM loans into HMBS that we sell into the secondary market with servicing rights retained. We have determined that loan transfers in the HMBS program do not meet the definition of a participating interest and the servicing requirements require the issuer/servicer to absorb some level of interest rate risk, cash flow timing risk and incidental credit risk. As a result, the transfers of the HECM loans do not qualify for sale accounting, and therefore, we account for these transfers as financings. Under this accounting treatment, the HECM loans are classified as Loans held for investment, at fair value, on our consolidated balance sheets. Holders of participating interests in the HMBS have no recourse against the assets of Ocwen, except with respect to standard representations and warranties and our contractual obligation to service the HECM loans and the HMBS. Financing of Loans Held for Sale, Receivables and Other Assets using SPEs In 2021, we consolidated an SPE (trust) in connection with a warehouse mortgage loan financing facility structured as a gestation repurchase facility whereby Agency mortgage loans are transferred by PHH to the trust for collateralization purposes. We have determined that the trust is a VIE for which we are the primary beneficiary. Therefore, we have included the trust in our consolidated financial statements. We have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance given we are the sole beneficial owner of the certificates issued by the trust and the servicer of the mortgage loans that result in cash flows to the trust. In addition, we designed the trust at inception to facilitate the funding facility. As of December 31, 2022, the certificates issued by the trust and pledged as collateral were reduced to zero. As of December 31, 2023, $150.1 million loans held for sale were pledged as collateral for $150.0 million debt certificates issued by the trust. See Note 14 — Borrowings. In June 2023, we completed a private placement securitization of HECM loans that are insured by the FHA and REO properties, also referred to as reverse mortgage buyouts. The securitized assets include assets originated by PHH and assets acquired in April 2023. The securitization trust, Ocwen Loan Investment Trust 2023-HB1 (OLIT) issued senior and mezzanine class Notes to third party investors. We retain certain mezzanine class Notes and ownership interests and service the underlying assets. We determined we were the primary beneficiary, and thus consolidate the securitization trust, OLIT and related depositor. Recourse for the Notes is limited to the assets of OLIT. Also refer to Note 14 — Borrowings. The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheet that are associated with the securitized reverse mortgage loans buyouts and financing liabilities:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  |
Mortgage loans (Loans held for sale, at fair value) | $ | 119.5 |  |  |
Receivables, net | 19.9 |  |  |
REO (Other assets) | 12.5 |  |  |
Debt service accounts (Restricted cash) | 6.3 |  |  |
Outstanding borrowings (Mortgage loan financing facilities, net) | 164.4 |  |  |
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs (Mortgage loan financing facilities, net) | 21.0 |  |  |
Interest Reserve Account (Restricted cash) | 0.4 |  |  |
Financings of Advances using SPEs Match funded advances, i.e., advances that are pledged as collateral to our advance facilities, result from our transfers of residential loan servicing advances to SPEs in exchange for cash. We consolidate these SPEs because we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the SPEs. Through wholly-owned subsidiaries we hold the sole equity interests in the SPEs and service the mortgage loans that generate the advances. These SPEs issue debt supported by collections on the transferred advances, and we refer to this debt as Advance match funded liabilities. We make transfers to these SPEs in accordance with the terms of our advance financing facility agreements. Debt service accounts require us to remit collections on pledged advances to the trustee within two days of receipt. Collected funds that are not applied to reduce the related Advance match funded debt until the payment dates specified in the indenture are classified as debt service accounts within Restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets. The balances also include amounts that have been set aside from the proceeds of our match funded advance facilities to provide for possible shortfalls in the funds available to pay certain expenses and interest, as well as amounts set aside as required by our warehouse facilities as security for our obligations under the related agreements. The funds are held in interest earning accounts and those amounts related to match funded advance facilities are held in the name of the SPE created in connection with the facility. The SPEs use collections of the pledged advances to repay principal and interest and to pay the expenses of the SPE. Holders of the debt issued by these entities have recourse only to the assets of the SPE for satisfaction of the debt. Amounts due to affiliates are eliminated in consolidation in our consolidated balance sheets. The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities of the advance financing facilities:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Match funded advances (Advances, net) | $ | 573.0 |  |  | $ | 608.4 |
Debt service accounts (Restricted cash) | 15.7 |  |  | 15.8 |
Advance match funded liabilities | 498.9 |  |  | 512.5 |
MSR Financings using SPEs We consolidate two SPEs (PMC ESR Trusts) in connection with a third-party financing facility secured by certain of PHH’s Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac MSRs (GSE MSRs) and one SPE (PMC PLS ESR Issuer LLC) in connection with our PLS MSR financing facility (Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2022-PLS1 Class A), as further discussed below. In 2019, we entered into a financing facility with a third-party secured by certain of PHH’s GSE MSRs. Two SPEs (PMC ESR Trusts) were established in connection with this facility. We also entered into an MSR Excess Spread Participation Agreement under which we created a 100% participation interest in the Portfolio Excess Servicing Fees, pursuant to which the holder of the participation interest is entitled to receive certain funds collected on the related portfolio of mortgage loans (other than ancillary income and advance reimbursement amounts) with respect to such Portfolio Excess Servicing Fees. This participation interest has been contributed to the trusts. In connection with this facility, we entered into repurchase agreements with a third-party pursuant to which we sold trust certificates of the PMC ESR Trusts representing certain indirect economic interests in the GSE MSRs and agreed to repurchase such certificates at a future date at the repurchase price set forth in the repurchase agreements. Our obligations under the facility are secured by a lien on the related GSE MSRs. In addition, Ocwen guarantees the obligations under the facility. In 2019, we issued Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2019-PLS1 Class A (PLS Notes) secured by certain of PHH’s private label MSRs (PLS MSRs). The single class PLS Notes are an amortizing debt instrument with a fixed interest rate. The PLS Notes are issued by a trust that is included in our consolidated financial statements. The trust, PMC PLS ESR Issuer LLC (PLS Issuer) was established in this connection as a wholly-owned subsidiary of PHH. For collateralization purposes, PHH entered into an MSR Excess Spread Participation Agreement with PLS Issuer, whereby PHH created a participation interest in the Excess Servicing Fees, related float and REO fees associated with a PLS MSR portfolio PHH holds and granted a security interest to PLS Issuer in the underlying PLS MSRs. PLS Issuer’s obligations under the PLS Notes credit agreement are secured by a lien on the related PLS MSRs. The PLS Issuer assigned the security interest in the PLS MSRs to the collateral agent for the noteholders. On March 15, 2022, we replaced the existing PLS Notes with a new series of notes, Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2022-PLS1 Class A, at an initial principal amount of $75.0 million. Ocwen guarantees the obligations of PLS Issuer under the facility. We determined that the PMC ESR Trusts established in connection with the GSE MSR financing facility, and PLS Issuer established in connection with the PLS MSR financing facility, are VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Therefore, we have included the PMC ESR Trusts and PLS Issuer in our consolidated financial statements. We have the power to direct the activities of these VIEs that most significantly impact the respective VIE’s economic performance given that we are the servicer of the MSRs that result in cash flows to these VIEs. In addition, PHH has designed the PMC ESR Trusts and PLS Issuer at inception to facilitate these funding facilities under which we have the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIEs which could be potentially significant to the VIEs. The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities of the GSE MSR financing facility and the PLS Notes facility:
| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
MSRs pledged (MSRs, at fair value) | $ | 449.6 |  |  | $ | 696.9 |
Debt service account (Restricted cash) | 1.7 |  |  | 1.8 |
Outstanding borrowings (MSR financing facilities, net) | 282.1 |  |  | 366.5 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs (MSR financing facilities, net) | 0.4 |  |  | 0.8 |

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