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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K

☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
| For the transition period from: ____________________ to ____________________

Commission File No. 1-13219
OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Florida |  | 65-0039856
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1661 Worthington Road, Suite 100 |  | 33409
West Palm Beach, | Florida |
(Address of principal executive office) |  | (Zip Code)

(561) 682-8000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value | OCN | New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: Not applicable.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

| Large Accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Accelerated filer | ☒
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ |  |  | Smaller reporting company | ☐
|  |  |  |  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act) Yes ☐ No x
Aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity of the registrant held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2023: $217,114,159
Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of February 22, 2024: 7,684,401 shares
Documents incorporated by reference: Portions of our definitive Proxy Statement with respect to our Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10 - 14.

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION
2023 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | PAGE
PART I
Item 1. |  | Business | 4
Item 1A. |  | Risk Factors | 18
Item 1B. |  | Unresolved Staff Comments | 45
Item 1C. |  | Cybersecurity | 45
Item 2. |  | Properties | 47
Item 3. |  | Legal Proceedings | 47
Item 4. |  | Mine Safety Disclosures | 47
PART II
Item 5. |  | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 48
Item 6. |  | [Reserved] | 50
Item 7. |  | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 50
Item 7A. |  | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 87
Item 8. |  | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 91
Item 9. |  | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 91
Item 9A. |  | Controls and Procedures | 91
Item 9B. |  | Other Information | 92
Item 9C. |  | Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections | 92
PART III
Item 10. |  | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 92
Item 11. |  | Executive Compensation | 93
Item 12. |  | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 93
Item 13. |  | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 93
Item 14. |  | Principal Accountant Fees and Services | 93
PART IV
Item 15. |  | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 93
Item 16. |  | Form 10-K Summary | 96
Signatures | 97

1

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. All statements, other than statements of historical fact included in this report, including statements regarding our financial position, business strategy and other plans and objectives for our future operations, are forward-looking statements.
Forward-looking statements may be identified by a reference to a future period or by the use of forward-looking terminology. Forward-looking statements are typically identified by words such as “expect”, “believe”, “foresee”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “estimate”, “goal”, “strategy”, “plan”, “target” and “project” or conditional verbs such as “will”, “may”, “should”, “could” or “would” or the negative of these terms, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements by their nature address matters that are, to different degrees, uncertain. Readers should bear these factors in mind when considering forward-looking statements and should not place undue reliance on such statements. Forward-looking statements involve a number of assumptions, risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by such statements. In the past, actual results have differed from those suggested by forward-looking statements and this may happen again. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ include, but are not limited to, the risks discussed under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors and the following:
•the potential for ongoing disruption in the financial markets and in commercial activity generally related to changes in monetary and fiscal policy, United States (U.S.) political developments, geopolitical events and other sources of instability;
•the impacts of inflation, employment disruption, and other financial difficulties facing our borrowers;
•the impact of the recent failures and re-organization of banking institutions and continued uncertainty in the banking industry;
•our ability to timely reduce operating costs or generate offsetting revenue in proportion to the industry-wide decrease in originations activity, and the impact of cost-reduction initiatives on our business, operations, and financial performance;
•our ability to maintain and increase market share in our target markets, including in forward and reverse servicing;
•failure or perceived failure to comply with existing or future laws, regulations, contracts, self-regulatory schemes, standards, and other obligations related to data privacy and security, including any failure to protect customers’ data, could result in disruption to our operations, loss of income, reputational damage, costly litigation and regulatory penalties and otherwise negatively affect our business;
•our reliance on our technology vendors to adequately maintain and support our systems, including our servicing systems, loan originations and financial reporting systems, and uncertainty relating to our ability to transition to alternative vendors, if necessary, without incurring significant cost or disruption to our operations;
•our ability to interpret correctly and comply with current or future liquidity, net worth and other financial and other requirements of regulators, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (together, the GSEs), and the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), as well as those set forth in our debt and other agreements, including our ability to identify and implement a cost-effective response to Ginnie Mae’s risk-based capital requirements that take effect in late 2024;
•the amount of common stock or senior secured notes that we may repurchase under any future stock or debt repurchase programs, the timing of such repurchases, and the long-term impact, if any, of repurchases on the trading price of our stock or our financial condition;
•the extent to which our mortgage servicing rights (MSR) joint venture with Oaktree Capital Management L.P. and its affiliates (Oaktree), other transactions and our enterprise sales initiatives will generate additional subservicing volume and result in increased profitability;
•our ability, and the ability of MSR Asset Vehicle LLC (MAV), to bid competitively for, and close acquisitions of, MSRs on terms that will enable us to achieve our growth objectives and a favorable return on our investment in MAV;
•uncertainty related to the future of MAV, one of our largest subservicing clients as of December 31, 2023, MAV’s continued ownership of its MSR portfolio after May 3, 2024, and any impact on our servicing revenue and MSR valuation adjustments as a result of the sale of MAV’s MSRs;
•the extent to which our ownership stake in MAV’s holding company may be diluted, resulting in a reduced ability for us to participate in certain routine management decisions;
•uncertainty related to our long-term relationship with Rithm Capital Corp. (Rithm), one of our largest subservicing clients as of December 31, 2023;
•our ability to identify, enter into and close additional strategic transactions, including the ability to obtain regulatory approvals, enter into definitive financing arrangements, and satisfy closing conditions, and the timing for doing so;
•our ability to efficiently integrate the operations and assets of acquired businesses and to retain their employees and customers over time;
2

•the adequacy of our financial resources, including our sources of liquidity and ability to sell, fund and recover servicing advances, forward and reverse whole loans, future draws on existing reverse loans, and Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) and forward loan buyouts and put-backs;
•uncertainty related to the ability of third party obligors and financing sources to fund servicing advances on a timely basis on loans serviced by us;
•our ability to repay, renew and extend borrowings, borrow additional amounts as and when required, meet our MSR or other asset investment objectives and comply with our debt agreements, including the financial and other covenants contained in them;
•increased servicing costs and reduced or delayed servicing income due to rising borrower delinquency levels , forbearance plans, moratoria on evictions and delays in foreclosure proceedings;
•the characteristics of our servicing portfolio, including prepayment speeds along with delinquency and advance rates;
•our ability to continue to collect certain expedited payment or convenience fees and potential liability for charging such fees;
•an increase in severe weather or natural disaster events resulting in costly disruptions to our operations and increased servicing costs due to property damage;
•our ability to successfully modify delinquent loans, manage foreclosures and maintain and sell foreclosed properties;
•adverse effects on our business related to past, present or future claims, litigation, cease and desist orders and investigations relating to our business practices, including those brought by private parties and state regulators, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), State Attorneys General, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Department of Justice or the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD);
•scrutiny of our compliance with COVID-19-related rules and regulations, including requirements instituted by state governments, the GSEs, Ginnie Mae and regulators;
•the reactions of key counterparties, including lenders, the GSEs and Ginnie Mae, to our regulatory engagements and litigation matters;
•any adverse developments in existing legal proceedings or the initiation of new legal proceedings;
•our ability to efficiently manage our regulatory and contractual compliance obligations and fully comply with all applicable requirements, and the costs of doing so;
•uncertainty related to changes in legislation, regulations, government programs and policies, industry initiatives, best servicing and lending practices, and media scrutiny of our business and industry;
•the extent to which changes in, or in the interpretation of, laws or regulations may require us to modify our business practices and expose us to increased expense and litigation risk, including with respect to the collection of expedited payment, or convenience, fees;
•our ability to comply with our servicing agreements, including our ability to comply with our agreements with the GSEs and Ginnie Mae and maintain our seller/servicer and other statuses with them;
•our servicer and credit ratings as well as other actions from various rating agencies, including the impact of prior or future downgrades of our servicer and credit ratings;
•uncertainty related to the actions of loan owners and guarantors, including mortgage-backed securities investors, the GSEs, Ginnie Mae and trustees regarding loan put-backs, penalties and legal actions;
•uncertainty related to the GSEs substantially curtailing or ceasing to purchase our conforming loan originations or the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) of the HUD, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) ceasing to provide insurance;
•our ability to recruit and retain senior managers and key employees;
•increased compensation and benefits expense as a result of rising inflation and labor market trends;
•uncertainty related to our reserves, valuations, provisions and anticipated realization of assets;
•our ability to effectively manage our exposure to interest rate changes and foreign exchange fluctuations;
•our ability to effectively transform our operations in response to changing business needs, including our ability to do so without unanticipated adverse tax consequences;
•political or economic stability in the foreign countries in which we operate; and
•our ability to maintain positive relationships with our large shareholders and obtain their support for management proposals requiring shareholder approval.
Further information on the risks specific to our business is detailed within this report, including under “Risk Factors.” Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made and we disclaim any obligation to update or revise forward-looking statements whether because of new information, future events or otherwise.
3

PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
When we use the terms “Ocwen,” “OCN,” “we,” “us” and “our,” we are referring to Ocwen Financial Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.
OVERVIEW
We are a financial services company that services and originates both forward and reverse mortgage loans, through our primary brands, PHH Mortgage and Liberty Reverse Mortgage. We have a strong track record of success as a leader in the servicing industry in foreclosure prevention and loss mitigation that helps homeowners stay in their homes and improves financial outcomes for mortgage loan investors. This long-standing core competency continues to be a guiding principle as we seek to grow our business and improve our financial performance. We are a leader in the reverse mortgage business with a strong brand and our reverse mortgage servicing platform.
We are headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida with offices and operations in the U.S., in the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), in India and the Philippines. At December 31, 2023, approximately 76% of our workforce is located outside the U.S. Ocwen Financial Corporation is a Florida corporation organized in February 1988. With our predecessors, we have been servicing residential mortgage loans since 1988. We have been originating forward mortgage loans since 2012 and reverse mortgage loans since 2013. We currently provide solutions through our primary operating, wholly-owned subsidiary, PHH Mortgage Corporation (PHH), formerly referred to as PMC.
BUSINESS MODEL AND SEGMENTS
Ocwen’s balanced and diversified business is designed to create value and maximize returns for our shareholders. We seek to create value for shareholders through capital-light growth, industry-leading cost structure, service excellence and high-quality operational execution. Our core competencies revolve around our Servicing business with an Originations platform to replenish and pursue growth of our servicing portfolio.
Our Servicing business is comprised of two components, our owned MSR servicing portfolio and our subservicing portfolio that complement each other when managing scale. We invest our capital to fund purchases and originations of our owned MSRs, for which we establish a targeted return on investment. Our net return includes servicing revenue net of servicing costs, less MSR portfolio runoff, and less MSR and advance funding cost. Our net return is impacted by fair value changes of our owned MSRs, net of hedging, that vary based on market conditions. Our subservicing portfolio generates a relatively stable source of revenue to enhance our returns. While subservicing fees are relatively lower, we do not incur any significant capital utilization or funding of advances and are not exposed to fair value volatility. In 2021, we expanded our servicing and subservicing portfolio with the launch of MAV, our MSR joint venture with Oaktree. In 2022 and 2023, we further executed on our capital-light growth strategy with new MSR capital partner relationships to effectively convert MSR servicing portfolios into subservicing portfolios. We target a balanced mix of our portfolio between servicing and subservicing based on capital allocation and returns. Our servicing operations and customer interactions do not differentiate whether loans are serviced or subserviced. In 2021, we also expanded our capability in reverse subservicing by acquiring the Mortgage Assets Management, LLC (formerly known as Reverse Mortgage Solutions, Inc.) (MAM (RMS)) servicing platform.
Our Originations business’ strategy is to provide self-sustained replenishment opportunities to our servicing portfolio and profitable growth. Our Originations success is built on our relationships with borrowers, lenders and other market participants. We purchase MSRs through bulk portfolio purchases, through flow purchase agreements with our network of mortgage companies and financial institutions, and through participation in the Agency Cash Window (or Co-Issue) programs. In order to diversify our sources of servicing and reduce our reliance on others, we have been developing our origination of MSRs through different channels, including our portfolio recapture channel, retail, wholesale and correspondent lending. In 2021, we expanded our correspondent lending channel by acquiring Texas Capital Bank’s (TCB) network of approximately 220 correspondent lenders.
4

The chart below summarizes our current business model:
We report our activities in three segments, Servicing, Originations and Corporate Items and Other, which reflect other business activities that are currently individually insignificant. Our business segments reflect the internal reporting that we use to evaluate operating performance of services and to assess the allocation of our resources. The financial information of our segments is presented in our financial statements in Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting and discussed in the individual business operations sections of Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
Servicing
Our Servicing business is primarily comprised of our residential forward mortgage servicing business that currently accounts for the majority of our total revenues, our reverse mortgage servicing business, and our small commercial mortgage servicing business. Our servicing clients include some of the largest financial institutions in the U.S., including the GSEs, Ginnie Mae and non-Agency residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) trusts, and other large MSR investors, including Rithm, MAV and MAM (RMS).
As of December 31, 2023, our servicing and subservicing portfolio consisted of approximately 1.3 million loans with a UPB of $288.4 billion.
Servicing involves the collection of principal and interest payments from borrowers, the administration of tax and insurance escrow accounts, the collection of insurance claims, the management of loans that are delinquent or in foreclosure or bankruptcy, including making servicing advances, evaluating loans for modification and other loss mitigation activities and, if necessary, foreclosure referrals and the sale of the underlying mortgaged property following foreclosure (REO) on behalf of mortgage loan investors or other servicers. Master servicing involves the collection of payments from servicers and the distribution of funds to investors in mortgage and asset-backed securities and whole loan packages. Reverse servicing includes additional functions such as the funding of borrowers under their approved borrowing capacity, the repurchase of loans and assignment to HUD upon reaching a limit (based on the maximum claim amount) and the securitization of tails under the Ginnie Mae program. We earn contractual monthly servicing fees (which are typically payable as a percentage of UPB) pursuant to servicing agreements as well as other ancillary fees relating to our servicing activities such as late fees.
We own MSRs outright, where we typically receive all the servicing economics, and we subservice on behalf of other institutions that own the MSRs, in which case we typically earn a smaller fee for performing the subservicing activities. Special servicing is a form of subservicing where we generally manage only delinquent loans on behalf of a loan owner. We typically earn subservicing and special servicing fees either as a percentage of UPB or on a per loan basis based on delinquency status. Our reverse owned servicing activities are reflected in our financial statements with the portfolio of securitized reverse loans held for investment and the related HMBS borrowings.
Servicing advances are an important component of our business and are amounts that we, as MSR owner, are required to advance to, or on behalf of, investors if we do not receive such amounts from borrowers. These amounts include principal and interest payments, property taxes and insurance premiums and amounts to maintain, repair and market real estate properties on behalf of our servicing clients. Most of our advances have the highest reimbursement priority such that we are entitled to
5

repayment of the advances from the loan or property liquidation proceeds before most other claims on these proceeds. Advances are contractually non-interest bearing. The costs incurred by servicers in meeting advancing obligations consist principally of the interest expense incurred in financing the advance receivables and the costs of arranging such financing. Under subservicing agreements, Ocwen is promptly reimbursed by the owners of the MSRs who generally finance the advances and incur the associated financing cost.
Reducing delinquencies is important to our business because it enables us to recover advances and recognize additional ancillary income, such as late fees, which we do not recognize on delinquent loans until they are brought current. Performing loans also require less work and thus are generally less costly to service. While increasing borrower participation in loan modification programs is a critical component of our ability to reduce delinquencies, borrower compliance with those modifications is also an important factor.
Our servicing and subservicing portfolios naturally decrease over time as homeowners make regularly scheduled mortgage payments, prepay loans prior to maturity, refinance with a mortgage loan not serviced by us or involuntarily liquidate through foreclosure or other liquidation process. In addition, existing clients may determine to terminate their servicing and subservicing arrangements with us and transfer the servicing to others. Therefore, our ability to maintain or grow our servicing revenue or the size of our servicing and subservicing portfolios depends on our ability to acquire the right to service or subservice additional mortgage loans at a rate that exceeds portfolio runoff and any client terminations. Our Originations segment is focused on profitably replenishing and growing our servicing and subservicing portfolios.
Originations
The primary source of revenue of our Originations segment is gain on loan sales. We originate and purchase residential mortgage loans that we promptly sell or securitize on a servicing retained basis, thereby generating mortgage servicing rights. Our mortgage loans are conventional (conforming to the underwriting standards of the GSEs) and government-insured loans (insured by the FHA or VA) (collectively Agency loans). We generally package and sell the loans in the secondary mortgage market, through GSE and Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations and whole loan transactions. We originate forward mortgage loans directly with customers (consumer direct channel) as well as through correspondent lending arrangements. We originate reverse mortgage loans in all three channels, through our correspondent lending arrangements, broker relationships (wholesale) and retail channels. Per-loan gain on sale margins vary by channel, with correspondent typically being the lowest margin and retail the highest, commensurate with fulfillment costs. Similarly, margins are generally higher for reverse mortgages than forward mortgages.
In addition to our originated MSRs, we acquire MSRs through multiple channels, including flow purchase agreements, the Agency Cash Window co-issue programs and bulk MSR purchases. Our Originations business also includes the sourcing and acquisition of new subservicing clients.
In 2023, our Originations business generated total volume additions of $50.4 billion in UPB (refer to Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Overview for further details).
Retail Lending. We originate forward and reverse mortgage loans directly with borrowers through our retail lending business. Our forward lending business benefits from our servicing portfolio by offering rate and term refinance options to qualified borrowers seeking to lower their mortgage payments and cash-out refinance options. Depending on borrower eligibility, we refinance eligible customers into conforming or government-insured products. We are focused on increasing recapture rates on our existing servicing portfolio to grow this business. We also originate retail reverse loans to non-Ocwen servicing customers.
Correspondent Lending. Our correspondent lending operation purchases forward and reverse mortgage loans that have been originated by a network of approved third-party lenders, under our lending and risk management programs. We employ an ongoing monitoring and renewal process for participating lenders that includes an evaluation of the performance of the loans they have sold to us. We perform pre- and post-funding review procedures to ensure that the loans we purchase conform to our requirements and to the requirements of the investors to whom we sell loans. We are focused on expanding our network of correspondent lenders and increased participation of our existing relationships,
Wholesale Lending. We originate reverse mortgage loans through a network of approved brokers. Brokers are subject to a formal approval and monitoring process. We underwrite all loans originated through this channel consistent with the underwriting standards required by the ultimate investor prior to funding.
MSR Purchases. We purchase MSRs through flow purchase agreements, the Agency Cash Window co-issue programs and bulk MSR purchases. The Agency Cash Window programs we participate in, and purchase MSRs from, allow mortgage companies and financial institutions to sell whole loans to the respective Agency and sell the MSR to the winning bidder servicing released. In addition, we partner with other originators to replenish our MSR through flow purchase agreements.
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New Servicing and Subservicing Acquisitions. Our enterprise sales department strives to expand our network of servicing and subservicing clients and source new flow and co-issue or subservicing agreements. We compete as a low cost provider with our demonstrated expertise to service mortgage assets across borrowers of every credit level and with our recapture ability.
REGULATION
Our business is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by federal, state, local and foreign governmental authorities, including the CFPB, HUD, the SEC and various state agencies that license our servicing and lending activities. Accordingly, we are regularly subject to examinations, inquiries and requests, including civil investigative demands and subpoenas. The GSEs, Ginnie Mae, the United States Treasury Department, various investors, non-Agency securitization trustees and others also subject us to periodic reviews and audits. See Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legal and Regulatory Risks for further information.
We have faced and expect to continue to face heightened regulatory scrutiny as well as stricter and more comprehensive regulation of the entire mortgage sector. We continue to work diligently to assess and understand the implications of the regulatory environment in which we operate and to meet the requirements of this constantly changing environment. In the normal course of business, we devote substantial resources to regulatory compliance, while, at the same time, striving to meet the needs and expectations of our customers, clients and other stakeholders. See Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legal and Regulatory Risks for further information.
We must comply with a large number of federal, state and local consumer protection and other laws and regulations, including, among others, the CARES Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Dodd-Frank Act), the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, as well as individual state and local laws, and federal and local bankruptcy rules. These laws and regulations apply to all facets of our business, including, but not limited to, licensing, loan originations, consumer disclosures, default servicing and collections, foreclosure, filing of claims, registration of vacant or foreclosed properties, handling of escrow accounts, payment application, interest rate adjustments, assessment of fees, loss mitigation, use of credit reports, handling of unclaimed property, safeguarding of non-public personally identifiable information about our customers, and the ability of our employees to work remotely. These complex requirements can and do change as laws and regulations are enacted, promulgated, amended, interpreted and enforced. See Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legal and Regulatory Risks for further information.
In addition, a number of foreign laws and regulations apply to our operations outside of the U.S., including laws and regulations that govern licensing, privacy, employment, safety, payroll and other taxes and insurance and laws and regulations that govern the creation, continuation and the winding up of companies as well as the relationships between shareholders, our corporate entities, the public and the government in these countries. Our foreign subsidiaries are subject to inquiries and examinations from foreign governmental regulators in the countries in which we operate outside of the U.S. Finally, our licensed entities are required to renew their licenses, typically on an annual basis, and to do so they must satisfy the license renewal requirements of each jurisdiction, which generally include financial requirements such as providing audited financial statements or satisfying minimum net worth requirements and non-financial requirements such as satisfactory completion of examinations relating to the licensee’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The minimum net worth requirements to which our licensed entities are subject are unique to each state and type of license. See Item 1A. Risk Factors – Legal and Regulatory Risks for further information.
The general trend among federal, state and local legislative bodies and regulatory agencies as well as state attorneys general has been toward increasing laws, regulations, investigative proceedings and enforcement actions with regard to residential mortgage lenders and servicers, which could increase the possibility of adverse regulatory action against us. The CFPB continues to take a very active role in the mortgage industry, and its rule-making and regulatory agenda relating to loan servicing and origination continues to evolve. Individual states have also been active, as have other regulatory organizations such as the Multistate Mortgage Committee (MMC), a multistate coalition of various mortgage banking regulators. In addition to their traditional focus on licensing and examination matters, certain regulators make observations, recommendations or demands with respect to areas such as corporate governance, safety and soundness and risk and compliance management.
The CFPB and state regulators have also focused on the use and adequacy of technology in the mortgage servicing industry, privacy concerns and other topical issues, such as communications from debt collectors, the ability of borrowers to repay mortgage loans, or servicer responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law, allowing borrowers affected by COVID-19 to request temporary loan forbearance for federally backed mortgage loans. In addition, multiple forbearance programs, moratoria of foreclosure and eviction and other requirements to assist borrowers enduring financial hardship due to COVID-19 were implemented by states, agencies and regulators. Further, the CFPB promulgated certain amendments to RESPA (Regulation X) that became effective on August 31, 2021 and that impose certain
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additional COVID-19-related requirements with respect to loss mitigation, early intervention call requirements, and initiating new foreclosures.
COMPETITION
The financial services markets in which we operate are highly competitive and fragmented, and we expect them to remain so. We compete with large and small financial services companies, including bank and non-bank entities, in the servicing, lending and MSR transaction markets. Our competitors include large and regional banks, large non-bank servicers and mortgage originators, and real estate investment trusts. In both our servicing and originations businesses, new competitors continue to emerge, including companies that developed new technology around customer interactions and process automation.
In our Servicing business, we compete based on price, operating performance, service quality and customer and client satisfaction. Potential counterparties also (1) assess our regulatory compliance track record and examine our systems and processes for maintaining and demonstrating regulatory compliance, (2) consider our customer satisfaction rankings, and (3) consider our third-party servicer ratings. Certain of our competitors, especially large banks, may have substantially lower costs of capital and greater financial resources, which can create competitive challenges in certain situations. We believe that our competitive strengths flow from our ability to control and drive down delinquencies using proprietary processes, our superior operating performance, our lower cost to service, our deep know-how as a long-time operator of servicing loans and our long-standing and well established offshore operations. PHH received Fannie Mae’s Servicer Total Achievement and Rewards (STAR TM) performer recognition for the 2023 program year for the third consecutive year. In addition, PHH was recognized for servicing excellence through Freddie Mac’s Servicer Honors and Rewards Program (SHARP SM) award in the top tier servicing group for the 2022 program year for the third consecutive year, and as subservicer for the 2023 program year. PHH also achieved HUD’s Tier 1 servicer ranking for the 2023 program year, for the third consecutive year.
In our Originations business, we face intense competition in most areas, including rates, margin, fees, customer service and name recognition. Some of our competitors, including the larger banks, have substantially lower costs of capital and strong retail presence, which can create competitive challenges in certain situations. We will continue to face increased competitive pressures in the future as the refinance opportunities remain limited with elevated interest rates. We believe our competitive strengths flow from our existing client relationships and from our focus on providing strong customer service, our brand recognition for our Liberty Reverse Mortgage business, our long-standing and well established offshore operations and use of technology.
THIRD-PARTY SERVICER RATINGS
Like other servicers, we are the subject of mortgage servicer ratings or rankings (collectively, ratings) issued and revised from time to time by rating agencies including Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s), S&P Global Ratings, Inc. (S&P) and Fitch Ratings, Inc. (Fitch). Favorable ratings from these agencies are important to the conduct of our loan servicing and lending businesses.
The following table summarizes our latest key servicer ratings:

| PHH
| Moody’s |  | S&P |  | Fitch
Forward |  |  |  |  |
Residential Prime Servicer | SQ3+ |  | Above Average |  | RPS3+
Residential Subprime Servicer | SQ3+ |  | Above Average |  | RPS3+
Residential Special Servicer | SQ3+ |  | Above Average |  | RSS3
Residential Second/Subordinate Lien Servicer | SQ3+ |  | Above Average |  | RPS3
Residential Home Equity Servicer | — |  | — |  | RPS3
Residential Alt-A Servicer | — |  | — |  | RPS3
Master Servicer | SQ3+ |  | Above Average |  | RMS3
Ratings Outlook | N/A |  | Stable |  | Stable
Date of last action | August 10, 2023 |  | March 22, 2023 |  | February 15, 2024
Reverse |  |  |  |  |
Residential Reverse Servicer | — |  | Above Average |  | —
Ratings Outlook | — |  | Stable |  | —
Date of initial rating | — |  | May 27, 2022 |  | —

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In addition to servicer ratings, each of the agencies will from time to time assign an outlook (or a ratings watch such as Moody’s review status) to the rating status of a mortgage servicer. A negative outlook is generally used to indicate that a rating “may be lowered,” while a positive outlook is generally used to indicate a rating “may be raised.”
On August 10,2023, Moody’s upgraded the ratings for residential prime, subprime, special servicer and second lien servicer quality (SQ) assessments from SQ3 to SQ3+, and affirmed the master servicer assessment at SQ3+. Moody’s ratings reflects i) significant investment in technology, ii) improvement in loan boarding, iii) improvement in document management and iv) improvement in bank account reconciliation process.
On March 22, 2023, S&P raised the ratings for residential mortgage primary, special, subprime and subordinate-lien servicer from Average to Above Average and affirmed the overall Above Average ranking as a residential mortgage loan master servicer and the ratings outlook as Stable. S&P’s rankings reflects i) senior and middle management teams, which have sound industry experience and tenure levels and low turnover, ii) multiple levels of internal controls to monitor the operations, iii) internal or external audit findings - no material findings noted, based on the reports provided, iv) effective and industry-recognized technology systems and good level of automation in reporting, accounting, and cash administration, v) proactive servicer oversight program and comprehensive practices to monitor default activity to mitigate losses, and vi) continued portfolio runoff, reflecting the securitization market's limited new business opportunities and high competition levels with several master servicers competing for those transactions.
On February 13, 2024, Fitch affirmed PHH’s residential servicer ratings and downgraded its outlook from Positive to Stable for Prime and Subprime products. The rating outlook remains Stable for the other products. The rating actions reflect PHH’s comprehensive enterprise-wide internal control environment, extensive industry experience and highly-developed global loan servicing platform, competitive loan servicing performance metrics, and effective technology platform. The ratings also consider the financial condition of PHH’s parent, Ocwen Financial Corporation. The affirmed ratings and Stable outlook on PHH’s residential servicer ratings are reflective of the company’s continued business growth, diversified sourcing strategies and overall loan servicing performance.
On February 15, 2024, Fitch affirmed PHH's Master Servicer rating and Stable outlook, reflecting the company's effective enterprise-wide risk environment and compliance management framework, satisfactory loan servicing performance metrics, special servicing expertise, and efficient servicing technology. The ratings also consider the financial condition of PHH's parent, Ocwen Financial Corporation.
RITHM CAPITAL CORP. RELATIONSHIP
We service loans on behalf of Rithm under various agreements, including traditional subservicing agreements, where Rithm is the legal owner of the MSRs, and in connection with legacy MSR transfers, referred to as Rights to MSRs, where Ocwen retains legal title to the underlying MSRs but Rithm has generally assumed risks and rewards consistent with an MSR owner. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
Rithm is one of our largest servicing clients, accounting for $45.0 billion of UPB or 16% of the UPB of our total servicing and subservicing portfolio as of December 31, 2023, approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen serviced, and approximately 12% of our total servicing and subservicing fees in 2023, net of servicing fees remitted to Rithm (excluding ancillary income). In addition to a base servicing fee, we also receive some ancillary income and certain incentive fees or pay penalties tied to various contractual performance metrics. Rithm receives all float earnings and deferred servicing fees related to delinquent borrower payments, as well as certain REO-related income, including REO referral commissions. As legal MSR owner, or in compliance with the Rights to MSRs agreements, Rithm is responsible for financing all servicing advance obligations in connection with the loans underlying the MSRs.
On May 2, 2022, Ocwen entered into amendments to its servicing agreements with Rithm to extend their terms to December 31, 2023 and provide for subsequent, automatic one-year renewals, unless Ocwen provides six months’ advance notice of termination (by July 1), or Rithm provides three months’ advance notice of termination (by October 1), among other changes. Ocwen and Rithm did not provide notice of termination in 2023. Accordingly, all servicing agreements with Rithm are extended through December 31, 2024, with subsequent, automatic one-year renewals.
The underlying loans are almost exclusively non-Agency loans, involving a higher level of operational and regulatory risk, and requiring substantial direct and oversight staffing relative to Agency loans. Because of the relative size of the servicing agreements with Rithm, if Rithm exercises its right to terminate all or some of the agreements (for convenience by October 2024 or for cause at any time), we may need to right-size certain aspects of our servicing business as well as the related corporate support functions, and we may need to adjust our daily liquidity management due to the reduction of servicing float balances associated with the Rithm servicing agreements.
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OAKTREE AND MAV RELATIONSHIP
We established a strategic alliance with Oaktree in 2020 to support refinancing our corporate debt and help advance our growth initiatives. The Oaktree relationship included the launch of an MSR investment vehicle (referred to as MAV or MAV Canopy) to scale up our servicing business in a capital efficient manner and investments in our debt and equity.
On December 21, 2020, we entered into a Transaction Agreement with Oaktree to form a joint venture for the purpose of investing in GSE MSRs exclusively subserviced by PHH. Effective with the closing of the transaction on May 3, 2021, Oaktree and Ocwen hold 85% and 15% interests in MAV Canopy, respectively, and initially agreed to invest equity up to $250.0 million over three years. On November 2, 2022, Ocwen and Oaktree entered into an agreement modifying certain terms relating to the capitalization, management and operations of MAV Canopy. Under the terms of the agreement, Ocwen and Oaktree agreed to increase the aggregate capital contributions to MAV Canopy by up to $250.0 million through May 2, 2024 (in addition to the then contributed capital), subject to extension. On November 1, 2023, Ocwen and Oaktree agreed to extend the commitment period through May 2, 2025, subject to an additional one-year extension by mutual agreement. Ocwen may elect to contribute its 15% pro rata share of the additional capital commitment. To the extent Ocwen does not contribute its pro rata share of the additional capital commitment, the ownership percentages held by Ocwen and Oaktree will be adjusted based on the parties’ current percentage interests, capital contributions and book value. As of December 31, 2023, our investment in MAV Canopy amounted to $37.8 million.
Pursuant to an agreement with Oaktree executed on February 2021, we issued to Oaktree in a private placement $285.0 million of Ocwen senior secured notes in two separate tranches. The initial tranche of $199.5 million senior secured notes was completed on March 4, 2021 and the additional $85.5 million tranche was completed following the launch of the MSR joint venture on May 3, 2021. In addition:
•On March 4, 2021, we issued 1,184,768 warrants to Oaktree to purchase shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $26.82 per share, subject to anti-dilution adjustments.
•On May 3, 2021, we issued 261,248 warrants to Oaktree to purchase additional common stock at an exercise price of $24.31 per share, subject to anti-dilution adjustments.
•On May 3, 2021, we issued to Oaktree 426,705 shares at a purchase price of $23.15 per share.
The net proceeds before expenses from the issuance to Oaktree of the initial tranche of senior secured notes and the warrants was $175.0 million (after $24.5 million of original issue discount) and was used, together with the proceeds from the additional debt financing, to repay in full an aggregate of $498 million of existing indebtedness, including Ocwen’s $185 million Senior Secured Term Loan, $21.5 million 6.375% senior unsecured notes due 2021 and $291.5 million 8.375% senior secured second lien notes due 2022. The net proceeds before expenses from the issuance to Oaktree of the additional tranche of senior secured notes and the warrants was approximately $75.0 million (after $10.5 million of original issue discount) and was used to fund our investment in the MSR joint venture and for general corporate purposes, including to accelerate the growth of our Originations and Servicing businesses.
In 2021 as part of the launch of the MSR joint venture, PHH entered into a number of definitive agreements with MAV, the licensed mortgage subsidiary of MAV Canopy which govern the terms of their business relationship, including a Subservicing Agreement, Joint Marketing Agreement and Recapture Agreement, and Administrative Services Agreement. This joint venture is structured to provide Oaktree with MSR investment opportunities and returns, while providing PHH scale and incremental income through exclusive subservicing and recapture services. Additionally, PHH earns direct MSR investment income through its 15% ownership stake and would be entitled to carry interest on investment returns if exceeding certain thresholds upon liquidation (referred to as Promote Distribution). Under the arrangement, MAV has a non-compete to purchase certain GSE MSRs through specific channels in cooperation with PHH. In addition, PHH must offer MAV the first opportunity to purchase GSE MSRs sold by PHH or its affiliates that meet certain criteria, which we refer to as the right of first offer. Both the non-compete and the right of first offer are subject to various restrictions and in effect until MAV has been fully funded, or, if earlier, in the case of the right of first offer, until May 3, 2025 (subject to one annual extension by mutual consent). Also, MAV must provide Ocwen with reciprocal first offer rights prior to selling certain GSE MSRs originated by PHH after October 1, 2022 that are acquired by MAV under its own first offer rights. As a result of the extension of the commitment period through May 2, 2025 as disclosed above, MAV’s right of first offer to purchase certain GSE MSRs sold by PHH and Ocwen’s reciprocal right of first offer to purchase certain GSE MSRs sold by MAV which were acquired under MAV’s own first offer rights will remain in effect until May 2, 2025 or, if earlier, the date that MAV has been fully funded.
PHH has exclusive rights to subservice the MSR owned by MAV and is compensated with subservicing fees in accordance with the Subservicing Agreement. The Subservicing Agreement will continue until terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or for cause, as defined.
See Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions, Note 14 — Borrowings, and Note 16 — Stockholders’ Equity to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
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HUMAN CAPITAL RESOURCES
We believe the success of our organization is highly dependent on the quality and engagement of our human capital resources. Our workforce is dedicated to creating positive outcomes for homeowners, communities and investors through caring service and innovative solutions. We strive to develop a working environment and culture that fosters our company values:
•Integrity: Do What’s Right – Always
•Service Excellence: Consistently Delivering on Our Commitments
•People: Develop, Grow and Value All Employees
•Teamwork: Succeed Together as a Global Team
•Embracing Change: Value Innovation and New Thinking
We had a total of approximately 4,500 employees at December 31, 2023. Approximately 1,100 of our employees were employed in the U.S. and USVI, and approximately 3,400 of our employees were employed in our operations in India and the Philippines.
Our Board of Directors and executive leadership team places significant focus on our human capital resources through fostering and measuring employee engagement, committing to comprehensive Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion initiatives, and engaging with both internal and external groups and organizations to ensure that our culture enables employees to consistently demonstrate our company values. Important attributes of our human capital strategy include:
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DE&I). We are committed to be a globally diverse and inclusive workplace where every voice is heard and valued. Diversity, inclusiveness and respect are integral parts of our culture and work environment. DE&I training for all employees and unconscious bias training for leaders are parts of our learning programs to increase awareness, and employees at all levels are annually evaluated on sustaining an inclusive work environment. The pillars of our diversity program are:
•Leadership: Embrace and foster a culture of inclusion throughout Ocwen and be held accountable for achieving diversity and inclusion goals and objectives.
•Workforce: Attract, develop, retain and advance the best and brightest from all walks of life and backgrounds at all levels of the organization.
•Vendor Diversity: Achieve a range of suppliers, vendors and service providers who align with our diversity and inclusion strategies.
•Community Engagement: Ensure that Ocwen has a significant presence in and supports a core group of diverse, community-based organizations and philanthropies.
As of December 31, 2023, 48% of our employees globally are women, and 34% of our U.S. leadership roles (Director and above) are filled by women and 22% are people of color. 61% of our U.S. employees are women and 45% are people of color. Our affinity groups like the Ocwen Global Women’s Network (OGWN), LEAP Black professionals network, FREE affinity group for LGBTQ+ employees and mentoring programs, when coupled with a culture of appreciation, help provide a comprehensive ecosystem for diversity to flourish.
We also take action to support the recruitment, development and retention of our diverse talent. These programs include ensuring diverse candidate slates as part of our hiring process, tracking minority hiring, promotion, retention and representation at all levels, and assessing diverse talent as part of our succession planning.
Pay equity is an important component of Ocwen’s employment value proposition, commitment to DE&I and legal and regulatory compliance. We regularly evaluate our performance management, merit increase incentive award and promotion processes for race and gender equality, and remediate any identified compensation gaps.
Ocwen supports several organizations focused on promoting diversity in the mortgage industry, including the Five Star Institute’s American Mortgage Diversity Council and the National Housing Conference’s Black Homeownership Collaborative Workstream.
Talent Development. We continue to foster an environment in which every team member has the opportunity to grow and achieve his or her professional goals, with support and encouragement. We regularly measure employee engagement – our employees’ pride, energy and optimism that fuels their effort – and implement action plans that respond to employee feedback. Our most recent employee survey indicated strong engagement levels of 82% favorable. Our training platform focuses not only on the technical domain skills essential to role success, but includes competency-based programs to develop leadership capabilities and skills needed for the future. Succession planning occurs annually and is reviewed by the CEO and the Compensation and Human Capital Committee. Strategic talent reviews to identify, develop and promote top talent are part of our performance management processes. The Aspire mentoring program provides aspiring women leaders at mid-level with a platform to build skill, knowledge and expertise while achieving professional development goals through focused guidance and insight from a network of mentors.
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Rewards. Our total rewards (compensation and benefits) programs are developed to attract, motivate and retain employees. They demonstrate the value the employee provides to the organization, are designed to be competitive to the marketplace, and connect directly to key business strategies. Our compensation programs, including salaries and short- and long-term incentives, are centered on our pay-for-performance philosophy, aligning the interests of employees and stakeholders by rewarding both individual and overall company performance. Ocwen’s health and welfare benefit programs strive to keep employees productive and engaged at work by serving the total well-being of employees and their families. We are committed to and regularly evaluate our practices to ensure pay is fair and equitable, and competitive to the marketplace.
Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) Practices and Corporate Sustainability
Our Board of Directors and our management are committed to ensuring Ocwen has responsible practices to address the needs of its customers, employees and the communities it serves. Our comprehensive approach to ESG and corporate sustainability is detailed in our report “Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) and Corporate Sustainability” on our website at www.ocwen.com in the “Shareholders” section under “Corporate Governance.” Our approach is represented by the following policies and programs:
Policy on non-discrimination. Ocwen’s non-discrimination policy provides equal employment opportunities for all qualified individuals without discrimination based upon the following legally protected characteristics: race, religious creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical or mental disability, medical condition, genetic information, marital status (including registered domestic partnership status), sex (including pregnancy, childbirth, lactation and related medical conditions), gender (including gender identity and expression), age (40 and over), sexual orientation, Civil Air Patrol status, military and veteran status and any other consideration protected by federal, state or local law (collectively referred to as “protected characteristics”). Underlying this policy is Ocwen’s culture and values, including employees’ rights to be free from unlawful discrimination, and its commitment to providing a safe, secure and productive work environment.
Ocwen’s hiring, salary administration, promotion and transfer policies are based solely on job requirements, job performance and job-related criteria. In addition, every effort is made to ensure that Ocwen’s personnel policies and practices (including those relating to compensation, benefits, transfer, retention, termination, training and self-development opportunities, as well as social and recreational programs) are administered without discrimination on the basis of any legally protected characteristic.
Promoting equal opportunity and diversity. Ocwen is committed to providing equal opportunity in all areas of employment, compensation, training and promotion. Company policies prohibit discrimination of any form in all of the locations in which Ocwen operates. Ocwen strives to foster an environment in which all stakeholders can participate and contribute to the success of the organization’s enterprise, taking full advantage of the collective sum of individual differences, life experiences, inventiveness, self-expression and unique capabilities, knowledge and talent. Our Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Council, which was formed in 2015, is comprised of leaders from different areas of the Company including our Chief Diversity and Inclusion Officer and helps guide our approach in key areas including Leadership, Workforce, Vendor Diversity and Community Engagement. Diversity, Equity and Inclusion updates are provided to the Executive Leadership Team on a monthly basis and to the Board of Directors as necessary. Ocwen’s Global Diversity, Equity and Inclusion Policy is reviewed on an annual basis and diversity, equity and inclusion training is provided to all employees globally.
In 2023, several Ocwen women leaders were recognized for their contributions to the mortgage industry and furthering homeownership. Our Chief Risk and Compliance Officer was recognized in HousingWire’s 2023 “Women of Influence” list and five women employees were nominated for Five Star’s 2023 Women in Housing Leadership Awards. Additionally, our India team was recognized as one of the 2023 Top Employers for LGBTQ+ Inclusion by the India Workplace Equality Index, an honor that reflects our deep commitment to diversity, equity and inclusion.
Ocwen utilizes affinity groups, of which more than 2,200 employees are members, to help support employee development and drive inclusion, including 18 employee events globally:
•The Ocwen Global Women’s Network (OGWN) supports recruitment, development and retention initiatives for women across the organization, and serves as a sounding board for business insights, and supports the attainment of company goals in diversity, inclusion and talent development. Integrating Diversity, Equity and Inclusion into Ocwen’s culture is critical for our success and allows us to make the most of the full range of our talent.
•LEAP, which stands for L eading with E ducation A ction and P urpose, has the mission to educate Ocwen employees globally about Black culture and the Black experience to increase inclusion across the organization. LEAP also enhances the professional development of Black employees through formal and informal mentoring, networking, learning opportunities and leadership development.
•The mission of FREE, which stands for F reedom, R espect, E xpression and E quality, is to create a safe, inclusive and affirming office climate that fosters professional and personal growth for employees of all genders and sexualities through education, advocacy, outreach and support. FREE promotes a fully equitable environment that is free of
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judgment and strives for knowledge, challenges barriers, and seeks to help and empower LGBTQ+ employees and allies.
Commitment to Ethics. We have adopted a robust Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all employees and our Board of Directors, as well as an additional Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer. We provide multiple anonymous methods for any employee or other person to report a suspected ethical violation, including whistleblower complaints relating to accounting, internal controls, audit matters or securities law, and our policies prohibit retaliation against any person for making a good faith complaint. We also provide methods for interested individuals to contact the members of our Board of Directors and communicate directly with the Chair of our Audit Committee. Our General Counsel serves as our Chief Ethics Officer and works with members of our Internal Audit function to ensure every ethics complaint and communication to our Board is addressed in accordance with our company policies.
Benefits. Ocwen’s benefits programs strive to keep employees productive and engaged at work by serving the total well-being of employees’ and their families’ physical, mental and financial health. In the U.S., our comprehensive benefits plan includes company-sponsored medical, dental and vision; company-paid basic life, accident and disability coverage; 401(k) with company match; and supplemental group coverage for critical illness, accident, auto, home, pet, legal, identity protection, childcare/eldercare and tutoring. The medical plans include 100% coverage for all preventive care services and all generic preventive medications.
Our wellness programs offer incentives for completing preventive health screenings, participating in online and telephonic health coaching, improving or reaching targeted health scores, and increasing physical activity. Additionally, we provide employees with a comprehensive employee assistance program that includes virtual counseling, personalized health coaching for diabetes and other chronic conditions, stress management and financial planning workshops, online guided meditation and yoga, and more. Ocwen also provides a generous paid time off (PTO) program to support employees’ need to rest and recharge. Our medical and family leave programs offer paid disability absences and paid parental/adoption leave, in addition to FMLA-required schedule flexibility and job security. Outside the U.S., our employee benefit programs provide comparable and market appropriate benefits focused on supporting our employees well-being and retirement needs.
Training and development. Ocwen is committed to providing our employees with high-quality training and learning experiences targeted to increase industry knowledge levels, improve process efficiency and promote personal growth, which in turn helps improve customer experience, reduce foreclosures and contribute to our success as an organization. Ocwen facilitates professional development through the lifecycle of employees through functional business training, regulatory and compliance training, and skill and competency development programs. We also provide individualized one-on-one coaching to help customer-facing staff guide customers to positive experiences. In addition to learning programs designed to build functional and leadership competency for all levels of leadership throughout the organization, Ocwen offers a Leadership Development Training curriculum specifically designed to prepare employees at the Supervisor level and above with the competencies to make them successful in their roles as leaders. Training courses are housed in our continuously reviewed and updated learning management system.
Our training and development programs are important contributors to our ability to deliver industry-leading customer service. Over the past few years, PHH has been recognized for servicing excellence through Freddie Mac’s SHARP SM and Fannie Mae’s STAR TM awards and HUD’s ranking.
Community development. At Ocwen, we believe homeownership is an important part of achieving financial independence, and our philosophy in this regard is “helping homeowners is what we do.” This philosophy is what guides us in our commitment to the communities we serve. We organize a variety of community outreach programs and events with local and national organizations around the country to assist homeowners, particularly in communities of color. Our outreach events began during the 2008 mortgage crisis and have continued since then. In 2023, we hosted 41 borrower outreach events across the country in partnership with the NAACP and seven HUD certified housing counseling agencies. In addition, Ocwen partners with several local municipalities around vacant and abandoned properties to mitigate blight in communities.
To better serve our stakeholders and communities, Ocwen created a Community Advisory Council in 2014, consisting of 15 leaders from a diverse group of national non-profit organizations, consumer advocacy groups and civil rights organizations, as a platform to collaborate and share ideas on how to help homeowners. Ocwen provides grants and sponsorship funding to local and national nonprofit organizations each year, in support of the work they do to help distressed communities and homeowners. Over the past four years, Ocwen has contributed over $6 million to these organizations, and nearly $28 million since 2012.
Additionally, Ocwen’s subsidiary PHH Mortgage formed a community partnership with the National Association of Mortgage Brokers (NAMB) to develop and provide a new reverse mortgage certification program to NAMB’s members. The success of this training program resulted in PHH Mortgage being named a 2023 Affiliate Company of the Year by NAMB.
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Charitable activity. Ocwen continues to find meaningful ways to give back to the communities where we live and work. The charitable events at our office locations around the globe included distributing meals and supporting local food banks, helping economically disadvantaged children and at-risk youth, helping schools for hearing-impaired children, holding toy drives and back-to-school supply drives, helping the homeless, supporting victims of crimes, providing financial assistance to families impacted by cancer, making donations to first responders, helping communities impacted by the pandemic with donations and medical equipment, hosting blood drives through the American Red Cross and making donations to the Mortgage Bankers Association’s (MBA) Opens Doors Foundation to help families with a critically ill or injured child.
Responsible information security management. Ocwen maintains a comprehensive information security program designed to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity and availability of its data and information systems. Ocwen’s Board of Directors is consistently updated on information security risks, which are managed through a strategic blend of policies, advanced tools and technologies, and continuous staff awareness initiatives. Ocwen’s cybersecurity controls are structured around a multi-layered defense-in-depth strategy designed to protect the integrity of the network against potential breaches.
Our workforce undergoes regular training to recognize, avert, and report cybersecurity risks and incidents. In parallel, Ocwen’s third-party risk management program assesses and supervises the information security practices of our vendors. It is mandatory for all third-party vendors who handle data processing on our behalf to uphold a well-documented information security program that aligns with our strict security standards.
Ocwen’s readiness for and responsiveness to cyber threats are regularly evaluated through various assessments. These include both internal and external vulnerability assessments, penetration testing, incident response table-top exercises, and breach readiness and response drills. For more detailed information regarding Ocwen’s approach to information security risk management, see “Item 1. Business - Risk Management.”
Environmental Impact. In 2023, Ocwen continued its commitment to operate through a primarily remote working model, reducing the percentage of employees commuting daily to the office. Fewer associates in the offices afforded the opportunity to reduce our office footprint in several markets. As office space footprints were reduced, improvements were made to retrofit lighting and equipment to lower our use of natural resources. Recycling of office and paper products in all U.S. facilities continues to be a priority, which reduces our imprint on the local landfills. In addition, we continue to reduce paper mailings to customers through our digital mailing service, electronic notice delivery and process automations.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Our risk management framework seeks to mitigate risk and appropriately balance risk and return. We have established policies and procedures intended to identify, assess, monitor and manage the types of risk to which we are subject, including strategic, market, credit, liquidity and operational risks.
Our Chief Risk and Compliance Officer is responsible for the design, implementation and oversight of our global risk management and compliance programs. Risks unique to our businesses are governed through various management processes and governance committees to oversee risk and related control activities across our company and provide a framework for potential issues to be identified, assessed and remediated under the direction of senior executives from our business, finance, risk, compliance, internal audit and law departments, as applicable. Information is aggregated and reports on risk matters are made to the Board of Directors, its Risk and Compliance Committee or its other committees, as applicable, to enable the Board of Directors and its committees to fulfill their governance and oversight responsibilities.
Strategic Risk
We are exposed to risk with respect to the strategic initiatives we have taken to return to sustainable growth and profitability. Strategic risk represents the risk to shareholder or enterprise value, current or future earnings, capital and liquidity from adverse business decisions and/or improper implementation of business strategies. Management is responsible for developing and implementing business strategies that leverage our core competencies and are appropriately structured, resourced and executed. Oversight for our strategic actions is provided by the Board of Directors. Our performance, relative to our business plans and our longer-term strategic plans, is reviewed by senior management and the Board of Directors.
To achieve our near-term financial objectives, we believe we need to execute on the key business initiatives discussed under “Item 7. Management Discussion and Analysis-Overview-Business Initiatives”. Our ability to achieve our objectives is highly dependent on the success of our business relationships with our critical counterparties like the GSEs, FHFA, Ginnie Mae, our lenders, regulators, significant customers and our ability to attract new customers, all of which are impacted by our capability to adequately address the competitive challenges we face.
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Market Risk
See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
Liquidity Risk
We are exposed to liquidity risk through our ongoing needs to: originate, purchase, repurchase and finance mortgage loans; sell mortgage loans into secondary markets; retain, acquire, finance and hedge MSRs, make and finance advances; fund and sell additional future draws by borrowers under variable rate HECM loans; meet our HMBS issuer obligations with respect to MCA repurchases; repay maturing debt; meet our contractual obligations; and otherwise fund our operations. Liquidity is an essential component of our ability to operate and grow our business; therefore, it is crucial that we maintain adequate levels of excess liquidity to fund our businesses during normal economic cycles and events of market stress.
We estimate how our liquidity needs may be impacted by a number of factors, including fluctuations in asset and liability levels due to our business strategy, asset valuations, changes in cash flows from operations, levels of interest rates, debt service requirements including contractual amortization, margin calls and maturities, and unanticipated events, including legal and regulatory expenses. We also assess market conditions and capacity for debt issuance in the various markets that we access to fund our business needs. We have established internal processes to anticipate future cash needs and continuously monitor the availability of funds pursuant to our existing debt arrangements. We monitor MSR asset valuations and communicate closely with our lenders for this asset class to ensure adequate liquidity is maintained for mark-to-market valuation changes within MSR financing facilities. We manage this risk in multiple ways, including but not limited to engaging in MSR hedging activities, and maintaining liquidity earmarks at levels to support potential changes in MSR fair values.
We regularly evaluate capital structure options that we believe will most effectively provide the necessary capacity to support our investment objectives, address upcoming debt maturities and contractual amortization, and accommodate our business needs. Our objective is to maximize the total investment capacity through diversification of our funding sources while optimizing cost, advance rates and terms.
In general, we finance our business operations through a variety of activities - cash on hand, operating cash flow, strategic investor relationships and both committed and non-committed asset-based lending facilities for our significant MSR, mortgage warehouse and servicing advance activities. We address liquidity risk by actively managing our sources and uses of funds and maintaining contingency funding capacities, including but not limited to undrawn excess borrowing capacity on credit lines beyond our expected needs and by extending the tenor of our financing arrangements from time to time. Management closely monitors growth, and can adjust originations pricing quickly to manage its liquidity profile as needed. We have typically amended sizing on existing facilities or entered into new secured facilities in anticipation of our changing liquidity needs.
Operational Risk
Operational risk is inherent in each of our business lines and related support activities. This risk can manifest itself in various ways, including process execution errors, clerical or technological failures or errors, business interruptions and frauds, all of which could cause us to incur losses. Operational risk includes the following key risks:
•legal risk, as we can have legal disputes with borrowers or counterparties;
•compliance risk, as we are subject to many federal and state rules and regulations;
•third-party risk, as we have many processes that have been outsourced to third parties;
•information technology risk, as we operate many information systems that depend on proper functioning of hardware and software;
•information security risk, as our information systems and associates handle personal financial data of borrowers, and
•business continuity risk, as natural disasters, pandemics, extreme weather, and other unexpected events can cause disruption to our operations.
The Board of Directors provides direction to senior executives by setting our organization’s risk appetite, and delegates to our Chief Executive Officer and senior executives the primary ownership and responsibility for operational risk management and control. Senior executives in our risk department oversee the establishment of policies and control frameworks that are designed, executed and administered to provide a sound and well-controlled operational environment in accordance with our risk appetite framework. We mandate training for our employees in respect to these policies, require business line change management control oversight, and we conduct targeted control assessment/reviews on a regular basis. Risk issues identified are tracked in our Governance, Risk and Compliance (GRC) system. Remediation and assurance testing are also tracked in our GRC system. We also have several channels for employees to report operational and/or technological issues affecting their operations to management, the operational risk or compliance teams or the Board.
We seek to embed a culture of compliance and business line responsibility for managing operational and compliance risks in our enterprise-wide approach toward risk management. Ocwen has adopted a “Three Lines of Defense” model to enable risks and controls to be properly managed on an on-going basis. The model delineates business line management's accountabilities
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and responsibilities over risk management and the control environment and includes mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of executing these responsibilities.
The first line of defense consists of business line management, dedicated control directors and quality assurance personnel who are accountable and responsible for their day-to-day activities, processes and controls. The first line of defense is responsible for ensuring that key risks within their activities and operations are identified, assessed, mitigated and monitored by an appropriate control environment that is commensurate with the operations risk profile.
The second line of defense is independent from the business and comprises a Risk Management function (including Third-Party Risk and Information Security) and a Compliance function, which are responsible for:
•providing assurance, oversight, and credible challenge over the effectiveness of the risk and control activities conducted by the first line;
•establishing frameworks to identify and measure the risks being taken by different parts of the business;
•monitoring risk levels, through key indicators and oversight/assurance and testing programs; and
•providing periodic reporting to senior management and the Board of Directors for transparency.
The third line of defense, Internal Audit, provides independent assurance as to the effectiveness of the design, implementation and embedding of the risk management frameworks, as well as the management of the risks and controls by the first line and control oversight by the second line. The Internal Audit function provides periodic reporting on its activities to senior management and the Board of Directors for transparency.
All business units and overhead functions are subject to unrestricted audits by our internal audit department. Internal audit is granted unrestricted access to our records, physical properties, systems, management and employees in order to perform these audits. The internal audit department reports to the Audit Committee of the Board and assists the Audit Committee in fulfilling its governance and oversight responsibility.
Compliance risk is managed through an enterprise-wide compliance risk management program designed to monitor, detect and deter compliance issues. Our compliance and risk management policies assign primary responsibility and accountability for the management of compliance risk in the lines of business to business line management.
Information Security Risk oversight is performed by our Chief Information Security Officer who reports to the Chief Administrative Officer. Ocwen’s information security plans are developed to meet or exceed Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council standards. See Item 1 C. “Cybersecurity” below.
Credit Risk
Consumer Credit Risk
The typical obligor credit-related risks inherent in maintaining a mortgage loan portfolio as an investment tend to impact us less than a typical long-term investor because we generally sell the mortgage loans that we originate in the secondary market shortly after origination through GSE and Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations and whole loan transactions. We are exposed to early payment defaults from the time that we originate a loan to the time that the loan is sold in the secondary market or shortly thereafter. Early payment defaults are monitored and loans are audited by our quality assurance teams for origination defects. Our exposure to early payment defaults remains very limited and we do not anticipate material losses from this exposure.
Servicing costs are generally higher on higher credit risk loans. In addition, higher credit risk loans are generally affected to a greater extent by an economic downturn or a deterioration of the housing market. An increase in delinquencies and foreclosure rates generally results in increased advances for delinquent principal and interest, taxes and insurance, foreclosure costs and the upkeep of vacant property in foreclosure. Interest expense on advances and higher operating expenses decrease the value of our servicing portfolio. We track the credit risk profile of our servicing portfolio, including the recoverability of advances, with a view to ensuring that changes in portfolio credit risk are identified on a timely basis.
We have loan repurchase and indemnification obligations arising from potential breaches of the representation and warranty provisions in connection with loans we sell in the secondary market. In the event of a breach of these representations and warranties, we may be required to repurchase a mortgage loan or indemnify the purchaser, and we may bear any subsequent loss on the mortgage loan.
We endeavor to minimize our losses from loan repurchases and indemnifications by focusing on originating or purchasing fully compliant mortgage loans and closely monitoring investor and agency eligibility requirements for loan sales. Our quality assurance teams perform independent testing related to the processing and underwriting of mortgage loans to investor guidelines prior to closing, as well as after the closing but before the sale of loans, to identify potential repurchase exposures due to breach of representations and warranties. In addition, we perform a comprehensive review of the loan files where we receive investor requests for repurchase and indemnification to establish the validity of the claims and determine our obligation.
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In limited circumstances, we may retain the full risk of loss on loans sold to the extent that the liquidation value of the asset collateralizing the loan is insufficient to cover the loan itself and associated servicing expenses. In instances where we have purchased loans from third parties, we usually have the ability to recover the loss from the third-party originator.
Counterparty Credit Risk
Counterparty credit risk represents the potential loss that may occur because a party to a transaction fails to perform according to the terms of the contract. We regularly evaluate the financial position and creditworthiness of our counterparties and disperse risk among multiple counterparties to the extent possible. We manage derivative counterparty credit risk by entering into financial instrument transactions through national exchanges, primary dealers or approved counterparties and using mutual margining agreements whenever possible to limit potential exposure.
Rithm is contractually obligated, pursuant to our agreements with them related to the Rights to MSRs, to make all advances required in connection with the loans underlying such MSRs. If Rithm’s advance financing facilities do not perform as envisaged or should Rithm otherwise be unable to meets its advance financing obligations, we would be required to meet our advance financing obligations with respect to the loans underlying these Rights to MSRs, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and servicing operations. Due to its concentration in our portfolio, we monitor Rithm’s payment performance, liquidity and capital on a regular basis.
Counterparty credit risk exists with our third-party originators, including our correspondent lenders, from whom we purchase originated mortgage loans. The third-party originators make certain representations and warranties to us when we acquire the mortgage loan from them, and they agree to reimburse us for losses incurred due to an origination defect. We become exposed to losses for origination defects if the third-party originator is not able to reimburse us for losses incurred for indemnification or repurchase. We mitigate this risk by monitoring purchase levels from our third-party originators (to reduce concentration risk), by performing regular quality control reviews of the third-party originators’ underwriting standards and by regular reviews of the creditworthiness of third-party originators.
Concentration Risk
Our Servicing segment has exposure to concentration risk and client retention risk. As of December 31, 2023, our servicing portfolio included significant client relationships with Rithm which represented 16% and 27% of our servicing and subservicing portfolio UPB and loan count, respectively. The Rithm servicing and subservicing portfolio accounts for approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services. During 2023, Rithm-related servicing fees retained by Ocwen represented approximately 12% of the total servicing and subservicing fees earned by Ocwen, net of servicing fees remitted to Rithm (excluding ancillary income). The current terms of our agreements with Rithm extend through December 2024.
Our Subservicing Agreements and Servicing Addendum with Rithm provide for automatic one-year renewals, unless Ocwen or Rithm provide advance notice of termination. Ocwen and Rithm did not provide their respective notice of termination in 2023. Accordingly, the servicing agreements with Rithm are extended through December 31, 2024, with subsequent, automatic one-year renewals. If Rithm exercises its right to terminate all or some of the agreements (for convenience by October 2024 or for cause at any time), we might need to right-size certain aspects of our servicing business as well as the related corporate support functions, and we may need to adjust our daily liquidity management due to the reduction of servicing float balances associated with the Rithm servicing agreements.
In addition, as of December 31, 2023, our servicing and subservicing portfolio also included a significant client relationship with MAV which represented 19% of the UPB and 15% of the loan count in our total servicing and subservicing portfolio. While our servicing agreement with MAV is non-cancellable and provides us with exclusivity, MAV is permitted to sell the underlying MSR without Ocwen’s consent after May 3, 2024.
MAV has the right to terminate the Subservicing Agreement entirely in the event of certain events of default, including failure by Ocwen to meet financial or operational requirements, including service levels. MAV may also terminate the Subservicing Agreement in the event of a change of control of Ocwen or PHH. Termination of some or all of our subservicing rights due to sales by MAV or termination of the entire Subservicing Agreement for cause could result in the loss of a significant portion of Ocwen’s total subservicing and subservicing portfolio and materially and adversely affect Ocwen’s business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Market conditions, including interest rates and future economic projections, could impact investor demand to hold MSRs, which may result in our loss of additional subservicing relationships, or significantly decrease the number of loans under such relationships.
The mortgaged properties securing the residential loans that we service are geographically dispersed throughout all 50 states, the District of Columbia and two U.S. territories. The five largest concentrations of properties are located in California, Texas, Florida, New York and New Jersey, comprising 40% of the number of loans serviced at December 31, 2023. California has the largest concentration with 15% of the total loans serviced.
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AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports are made available free of charge through our website (www.ocwen.com) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, including Ocwen, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov. We have also posted on our website, and have available in print upon request (1) the charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation and Human Capital Committee, Nomination/Governance Committee and Risk and Compliance Committee, (2) our Corporate Governance Guidelines, (3) our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and (4) our Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock involves significant risk. We describe below material risks that management believes affect or could affect us. Understanding these risks is important to understanding any statement in this Annual Report and to evaluating an investment in our common stock. You should carefully read and consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all the other information included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report before you make any decision regarding an investment in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the value of our common stock could significantly decline, and you could lose some or all of your investment. While the following discussion provides a description of material risks that could cause our results to vary materially from those expressed in public statements or documents, other factors besides those discussed within this Annual Report or elsewhere in other of our reports filed with or furnished to the SEC could also affect our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Summary of Risk Factors
As a non-bank mortgage company, we are exposed in the normal course of business to multiple risks shared by other participants in our industry. In addition, some of the risks we face are unique to Ocwen or such risks could have a different or greater impact on Ocwen than on other companies. These risks could adversely impact our business, regulatory or agency approval, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, ability to grow, and reputation, and are summarized below. This summary is intended to supplement, and should not be considered a substitute for, the complete Risk Factors that follow.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
•Failure to operate our business in compliance with complex legal or regulatory requirements or contractual obligations
•Adverse litigation outcomes
•Adverse changes to GSE and Ginnie Mae business models, initiatives and other actions
Risks Related to Our Financial Performance, Financing Our Business, Liquidity and Net Worth, and the Economy
•Inability to execute our strategic plan to return to sustainable profitability or pursue business or asset acquisitions
•Inability to access capital to meet the financing requirements of our business, or noncompliance with our debt agreements or covenants
•Inability to obtain sufficient servicer advance financing necessary to meet the financing requirements due to increased delinquencies or forbearance plans
•Inability to obtain sufficient warehouse financing necessary to meet the financing requirements for reverse mortgage loan repurchases or draws
•Failure to satisfy current or future minimum net worth and liquidity requirements established by regulators, GSEs, Ginnie Mae, lenders, or other counterparties
•Policies or regulations adopted by the GSEs or Ginnie Mae that may be more advantageous to our competitors’ business models than our own
•Inability to appropriately manage liquidity, interest rate and foreign currency exchange risks, including ineffective hedging strategies
•Inability to control decisions made by the management of MSR Asset Vehicle LLC which potentially impact our subservicing portfolio, funding for growth in our originations business and the profitability of our investment
•Economic slowdown or downturn, a capital market disruption, or a deterioration of the housing market, including but not limited to, in the states where we have some concentration of our business
•Inability to acquire additional profitable client relationships
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•Inability to meet future advance financing obligations if Rithm were to fail to comply with its servicing advance obligations under the subservicing agreement
Operational Risks and Other Risks Related to Our Business
•Disruption in our operations or technology systems due to the failure or disagreements of our service providers to fulfill their obligations under their agreements with us, including but not limited to Black Knight Financial Services, Inc. (Black Knight)
•Failure by us or our vendors to adequately update technology systems and processes, interruption or delay in our or our vendors’ operations due to cybersecurity breaches or system failures, and resulting economic loss or regulatory penalties
•Adverse changes in political or economic stability or government policies in the U.S., India, the Philippines or the USVI
•Disruption in our operations and reduced profitability in our servicing operations as a result of severe weather or natural disaster events
•Material increase in loan put-backs and related liabilities for breaches of representations and warranties regarding sold loans or MSRs
•Heightened reputational risk due to media and regulatory scrutiny of companies that originate and securitize reverse mortgages
•Incurrence of losses by our captive reinsurance entity from catastrophic events, particularly in areas where a significant portion of the insured properties are located
•Incurrence of litigation costs and related losses if the validity of a foreclosure action is challenged by a borrower or if a court overturns a foreclosure
•Failure to maintain minimum servicer ratings and impairment of our ability to sell or fund servicing advances, access financing, consummate future servicing transactions, and maintain our status as an approved servicer by the GSEs
•Volatility of our earnings due to MSR valuation changes, financial instrument valuation changes and other factors
•Loss of the confidence of investors and counterparties if we fail to reasonably estimate the fair value of our assets and liabilities or our internal controls over financial reporting are found to be inadequate
Tax Risks
•Changes in tax law and interpretations and tax challenges
•Failure to retain or collect the tax benefits provided by the USVI, or certain past income becoming subject to increased U.S. federal income taxation
•Inability to utilize our net operating losses carryforwards and other deferred tax assets due to “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code or other factors
Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock
•Substantial volatility in our common stock price
•The vote by large shareholders of their shares to influence matters requiring shareholder approval in a way that management does not believe represents the best interests of all shareholders
•The issuance of additional securities authorized by the board of directors that causes dilution and depresses the price of our securities
•Future offerings of debt securities that are senior to our common stock in liquidation, or equity securities that are senior to our common stock in respect of liquidation and distributions
•Certain provisions in our organizational documents and regulatory restrictions may make takeovers more difficult, and significant investments in our common stock may be restricted
Legal and Regulatory Risks
The business in which we engage is complex and heavily regulated. If we fail to operate our business in compliance with both existing and future regulations, our business, reputation, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Our business is subject to extensive regulation by federal, state, local and foreign governmental authorities, including the CFPB, HUD, the SEC and various state agencies that license and conduct examinations of our servicing and lending activities. In addition, we operate under a number of regulatory settlements that subject us to ongoing reporting and other obligations. See the next risk factor below for additional detail concerning these regulatory settlements. From time to time, we also receive
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requests (including requests in the form of subpoenas and civil investigative demands) from federal, state and local agencies for records, documents and information relating to our servicing and lending activities. The GSEs (and their conservator, the FHFA), Ginnie Mae, the United States Treasury Department, various investors, non-Agency securitization trustees and others also subject us to periodic reviews and audits.
In the current regulatory environment, we have faced and expect to continue to face heightened regulatory and public scrutiny as an organization as well as stricter and more comprehensive regulation of the entire mortgage sector. We must devote substantial resources to regulatory compliance, and we incurred, and expect to continue to incur, significant ongoing costs to comply with new and existing laws and governmental regulation of our business. If we fail to effectively manage our regulatory and contractual compliance, the resources we are required to devote and our compliance expenses would likely increase. Any significant delay or complication in fulfilling our regulatory commitments and resolving remaining legacy matters may jeopardize our ability to return to sustainable profitability.
We must comply with a large number of federal, state and local consumer protection and other laws and regulations including, among others, the CARES Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the TCPA, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the FDCPA, RESPA, TILA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, as well as individual state laws pertaining to licensing, general mortgage origination and servicing practices and foreclosure and federal and local bankruptcy rules. These laws and regulations apply to all facets of our business, including, but not limited to, licensing, loan originations, consumer disclosures, default servicing and collections, foreclosure, filing of claims, registration of vacant or foreclosed properties, handling of escrow accounts, payment application, interest rate adjustments, assessment of fees, loss mitigation, use of credit reports, handling of unclaimed property, safeguarding of non-public personally identifiable information about our customers, and the ability of our employees to work remotely. These complex requirements can and do change as laws and regulations are enacted, promulgated, amended, interpreted and enforced. In addition, we must maintain an effective corporate governance and compliance management system. See “Business - Regulation” for additional information regarding our regulators and the laws that apply to us.
We must structure and operate our business to comply with applicable laws and regulations and the terms of our regulatory settlements. This can require judgment with respect to the requirements of such laws and regulations and such settlements. While we endeavor to engage proactively with our regulators in an effort to ensure we do so correctly, if we fail to interpret correctly the requirements of such laws and regulations or the terms of our regulatory settlements, we could be found to be in breach of such laws, regulations or settlements.
Failure or alleged failure to comply with the terms of our regulatory settlements or applicable federal, state and local consumer protection laws, regulations and licensing requirements could lead to any of the following:
•administrative fines and penalties and litigation;
•loss of our licenses and approvals to engage in our servicing and lending businesses;
•governmental investigations and enforcement actions;
•civil and criminal liability, including class action lawsuits and actions to recover incentive and other payments made by governmental entities;
•breaches of covenants and representations under our servicing, debt or other agreements;
•damage to our reputation;
•inability to raise capital or otherwise secure the necessary financing to operate the business and refinance maturing liabilities;
•changes to our operations that may otherwise not occur in the normal course, and that could cause us to incur significant costs; or
•inability to execute our business strategy.
Any of these outcomes could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
In recent years, the general trend among federal, state and local legislative bodies and regulatory agencies as well as state attorneys general has been toward increasing laws, regulations, investigative proceedings and enforcement actions with regard to residential mortgage lenders and servicers. The CFPB continues to take a very active role in the mortgage industry, and its rule-making and regulatory agenda relating to loan servicing and origination continues to evolve. Individual states have also been active, as have other regulatory organizations such as the MMC, a multistate coalition of various mortgage banking regulators. In addition to their traditional focus on licensing and examination matters, certain regulators make observations, recommendations or demands with respect to areas such as corporate governance, safety and soundness, and risk and compliance management. We must endeavor to work cooperatively with our regulators to understand all their concerns if we are to be successful in our business.
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The CFPB and state regulators have also increasingly focused on the use, and adequacy, of technology in the mortgage servicing industry, privacy concerns and other topical issues, such as communications from debt collectors and the ability of borrowers to repay mortgage loans, including in relation to COVID-19. See below as well as Business - Regulation for additional information regarding the rules, regulations and legislative developments most pertinent to our operations.
Presently, a level of heightened uncertainty exists with respect to the future of regulation of mortgage lending and servicing. We cannot predict the specific legislative or executive actions that may result or what actions federal or state regulators might take in response to potential changes to the federal regulatory environment generally. Such actions could impact the industry generally or us specifically, could impact our relationships with other regulators, and could adversely impact our business.
New regulatory and legislative measures, or changes in enforcement practices, including those related to the technology we use, could, either individually or in the aggregate, require significant changes to our business practices, impose additional costs on us, limit our product offerings, limit our ability to efficiently pursue business opportunities, negatively impact asset values or reduce our revenues. Accordingly, they could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Finally, the regulations and requirements to which we are subject changed especially rapidly as the GSEs, Ginnie Mae, the United States Treasury Department and state regulators responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law, allowing borrowers affected by COVID-19 to request temporary loan forbearance for federally backed mortgage loans. Multiple forbearance programs, moratoria of foreclosure and eviction and other requirements to assist borrowers enduring financial hardship due to COVID-19 were issued by states, agencies and regulators. In addition, the CFPB promulgated certain amendments to RESPA (Regulation X) that became effective in August 2021 and that imposed additional COVID-19-related requirements with respect to loss mitigation, early intervention call requirements, and initiating new foreclosures. The requirements described above vary across jurisdiction, appeared to conflict in some circumstances, and in some instances were complex to interpret and implement. If regulators reviewing our compliance with COVID-19-related regulations allege that we breached applicable laws, regulations or other requirements, we may face regulatory action, including fines, penalties, and restrictions on our business. In addition, we could face litigation and reputational damage. Any of these risks could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Governmental bodies have taken regulatory and legal actions against us in the past and may in the future impose regulatory fines or penalties or impose additional requirements or restrictions on our activities that could increase our operating expenses, reduce our revenues or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, liquidity, results of operations, ability to grow and reputation.
We are subject to a number of ongoing federal and state regulatory examinations, consent orders, inquiries, subpoenas, civil investigative demands, requests for information and other actions that could result in further adverse regulatory action against us, including certain matters summarized below. See Note 24 — Regulatory Requirements and Note 26 — Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
CFPB
We are subject to supervision by the CFPB. In April 2017, the CFPB filed a lawsuit in the federal district court for the Southern District of Florida against Ocwen, OMS and OLS alleging violations of federal consumer financial laws relating to our servicing business dating back to 2014. This lawsuit was resolved in Ocwen’s favor in 2023 following years of litigation that generated significant legal expense and adversely impacted our reputation and business. The CFPB has resumed normal course supervisory activities with respect to our business and operations. If the CFPB identifies any alleged deficiencies in Ocwen’s practices in the future, it could result in enforcement activity potentially involving monetary fines or penalties or restrictions on our business and could have a material adverse impact on our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
State Licensing and State Attorneys General
Our licensed entities are required to renew their licenses, typically on an annual basis, and to do so they must satisfy the license renewal requirements of each jurisdiction, which generally include financial requirements such as providing audited financial statements or satisfying minimum net worth requirements and non-financial requirements such as satisfactorily completing examinations as to the licensee’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The minimum net worth requirements to which our licensed entities are subject are unique to each state and type of license. We believe our licensed entities were in compliance with all of their minimum net worth requirements at December 31, 2023. However, it is possible that regulators could disagree with our calculations, and one state regulator has disagreed with our calculation for a prior year period; we have discussed the matter with the regulator, including why we believe we were in compliance with the applicable net worth requirements. Failure to satisfy any of the requirements to which our licensed entities are subject could result in a
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variety of regulatory actions ranging from a fine, a directive requiring a certain step to be taken, a suspension or, ultimately, a revocation of a license, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.
In April 2017 and shortly thereafter, mortgage and banking regulatory agencies from 29 states and the District of Columbia took regulatory actions against OLS and certain other Ocwen companies that alleged deficiencies in our compliance with laws and regulations relating to our servicing and lending activities. These regulatory actions generally took the form of orders styled as “cease and desist orders” and prohibited a range of actions relating to our lending and servicing activities. In addition, the Florida Attorney General and the Florida Office of Financial Regulation brought a lawsuit on similar grounds, as did the Massachusetts Attorney General. In resolving these matters, we entered into agreements containing restrictions and commitments with respect to the operation of our business and our regulatory compliance activities, including restrictions and conditions relating to acquisitions of MSRs, a transition to an alternate loan servicing system from the REALServicing system, engagement of third-party auditors, escrow and data testing, loss mitigation solicitations, error remediation, and financial condition reporting. We also provided certain borrower financial remediation and made payments to state regulators and attorneys general.
We have incurred significant costs complying with the terms of these settlements. To the extent that legal or other actions are taken against us by regulators or others with respect to matters, they could result in additional costs or other adverse impacts and could have a materially adverse impact on our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
In January 2018, prior to our acquisition of PHH Corporation, PHH entered into a settlement agreement with the MMC and consent orders with certain state attorneys general to resolve and close out findings of an MMC examination of PHH’s legacy mortgage servicing practices. Under the terms of these settlements, PHH agreed to comply with certain servicing standards, to conduct testing of compliance with such servicing standards for a period of three years, and to report to the MMC regarding the same. We believe we complied with these obligations, and the three-year period has ended.
We continue to work with the NY DFS to address matters they raise with us as well as to fulfill our commitments under the 2017 NY Consent Order and PHH Corporation acquisition conditional approval. To the extent that we fail to address adequately any concerns raised by the NY DFS or fail to fulfill our commitments to the NY DFS, the NY DFS could take regulatory action against us, including imposing fines or penalties or otherwise restricting our business activities. Any such actions could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition liquidity and results of operations.
Other Matters
On occasion, we engage with agencies of the federal government on various matters, including the Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of HUD, Special Inspector General for the Troubled Asset Relief Program (SIGTARP) and the VA Office of the Inspector General. In addition to the expense of responding to subpoenas and other requests for information from such agencies, in the event that any of these engagements result in allegations of wrongdoing by us, we may incur fines or penalties or significant legal expenses defending ourselves against such allegations.
In the past, we have entered into significant settlements with the NY DFS, the CA DFPI, and the 2013 O cwen National Mortgage Settlement which involved payments of significant monetary amounts, monitoring by third-party firms for which we were financially responsible and other restrictions on our business. While we are not currently subject to active monitorships under these settlements, we remain obligated to comply with the commitments made to our regulators and if we violate those commitments one or more of these entities could take regulatory action against us. Any future settlements or other regulatory actions against us could have a material adverse impact on our business, reputation, operating results, liquidity and financial condition.
To the extent that an examination or other regulatory engagement results in an alleged failure by us to comply with applicable laws, regulations or licensing requirements, or if allegations are made that we have failed to comply with applicable laws, regulations or licensing requirements or the commitments we have made in connection with our regulatory settlements (whether such allegations are made through administrative actions such as cease and desist orders, through legal proceedings or otherwise) or if other regulatory actions of a similar or different nature are taken in the future against us, this could lead to (i) administrative fines, penalties and litigation, (ii) loss of our licenses and approvals to engage in our servicing and lending businesses, (iii) governmental investigations and enforcement actions, (iv) civil and criminal liability, including class action lawsuits and actions to recover incentive and other payments made by governmental entities, (v) breaches of covenants and representations under our servicing, debt or other agreements, (vi) damage to our reputation, (vii) inability to raise capital or otherwise secure the necessary funding to operate the business, (viii) changes to our operations that may otherwise not occur in the normal course, and that could cause us to incur significant costs, and (ix) inability to execute on our business strategy. Any of these outcomes could increase our operating expenses and reduce our revenues, hamper our ability to grow or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
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Our regulatory settlements and public allegations regarding our business practices by regulators and other third parties may affect other regulators’, rating agencies’, and creditors’ perceptions, which could adversely impact our financial results and ongoing operations.
Our regulatory settlements and public allegations regarding our business practices by regulators and other third parties may affect other regulators’, rating agencies’ and creditors’ perceptions of us. As a result, our ordinary course interactions with regulators may be adversely affected. We may incur additional compliance costs and management time may be diverted from other aspects of our business to address regulatory issues. It is possible that we may incur additional fines or penalties or even that we could lose the licenses and approvals necessary to engage in our servicing and lending businesses. In addition, certain regulators make observations, recommendations or demands with respect to areas such as corporate governance, safety and soundness and risk and compliance management, which could require us to incur additional expense or which could result in the imposition of additional requirements such as liquidity and capital requirements or restrictions on business conduct such as engaging in stock repurchases. To the extent that rating agencies or creditors perceive us negatively, our servicer or credit ratings could be adversely impacted and our access to funding could be limited.
If regulators allege that we do not comply with the terms of our regulatory settlements, or if we enter into future regulatory settlements, it could significantly impact our ability to maintain and grow our servicing portfolio.
Our servicing portfolio naturally decreases over time as homeowners make regularly scheduled mortgage payments, prepay loans prior to maturity, refinance with a mortgage loan not serviced by us or involuntarily liquidate through foreclosure or other liquidation process. Our ability to maintain or grow the size of our servicing portfolio depends on our ability to acquire the right to service or subservice additional pools of mortgage loans or to originate additional loans for which we retain the MSRs.
Historically, our regulatory settlements significantly impacted our ability to maintain or grow our servicing portfolio because we agreed to certain restrictions that effectively prohibited future bulk acquisitions of residential servicing. While certain of these restrictions have been eased in connection with our resolution of state regulatory matters and acquisition of PHH Corporation, we are still restricted in our ability to grow our portfolio under the terms of our agreements with the NY DFS. If we are unable to satisfy the conditions of the regulatory commitments we made to these and other regulators, or if a future regulatory settlement restricts our ability to acquire MSRs, we will be unable to grow or even maintain the size of our servicing portfolio through acquisitions and our business could be materially and adversely affected. Moreover, even when regulatory restrictions are lifted, the reputational damage done by these actions may inhibit our ability to acquire new business.
If we are unable to respond timely and effectively to routine or other regulatory examinations and borrower complaints, our business and financial conditions may be adversely affected.
Regulatory examinations by state and federal regulators are part of our ordinary course business activities. If we are unable to respond effectively to regulatory examinations, our business and financial conditions may be adversely affected. In addition, we receive various escalated borrower complaints and inquiries from our state and federal regulators and state Attorneys General and are required to respond within the time periods prescribed by such entities. If we fail to respond effectively and timely to regulatory examinations and escalations, legal action could be taken against us by such regulators and, as a result, we may incur fines or penalties or we could lose the licenses and approvals necessary to engage in our servicing and lending businesses. We could also suffer from reputational harm and become subject to private litigation.
Private legal proceedings and related costs alleging failures to comply with applicable laws or regulatory requirements could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to various pending private legal proceedings, including purported class actions, challenging whether certain of our loan servicing practices and other aspects of our business comply with applicable laws and regulatory requirements. For example, we are currently a defendant in various matters alleging that (1) certain fees imposed on borrowers relating to payment processing, payment facilitation, or payment convenience violate state laws similar to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, (2) certain fees we assess on borrowers are marked up improperly in violation of applicable state and federal law, (3) we breached fiduciary duties we purportedly owe to benefit plans due to the discretion we exercise in servicing certain securitized mortgage loans, (4) certain legacy mortgage reinsurance arrangements violated RESPA, and (5) we failed to subservice loans appropriately pursuant to subservicing and other agreements. In the future, we are likely to become subject to other private legal proceedings alleging failures to comply with applicable laws and regulations, including putative class actions, in the ordinary course of our business. While we do not currently believe that the resolution of the vast majority of the legal proceedings we face will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, we cannot express a view with respect to all of these proceedings. The outcome of any pending legal matter is never certain, and it is possible that adverse results in private legal proceedings could materially and adversely affect our financial results and operations. We have paid significant amounts to settle private legal proceedings in recent periods and paid significant amounts in legal and other costs in connection with defending ourselves in such proceedings. To the extent we are unable to avoid such costs in future periods, our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected.
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Non-compliance with laws and regulations could lead to termination of servicing agreements or defaults under our debt agreements.
Most of our servicing agreements and debt agreements contain provisions requiring compliance with applicable laws and regulations. While the specific language in these agreements takes many forms and materiality qualifiers are often present, if we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, we could be terminated as a servicer and defaults could be triggered under our debt agreements, which could materially and adversely affect our revenues, cash flows, liquidity, business and financial condition. We could also suffer reputational damage and trustees, lenders and other counterparties could cease wanting to do business with us.
If new laws and regulations lengthen foreclosure times or introduce new regulatory requirements regarding foreclosure procedures, our operating costs and liquidity requirements could increase and we could be subject to regulatory action.
When a mortgage loan that we service is in foreclosure, we are generally required to continue to advance delinquent principal and interest to the securitization trust and to make advances for delinquent taxes and insurance and foreclosure costs and the upkeep of vacant property in foreclosure to the extent that we determine that such amounts are recoverable. These servicing advances are generally recovered when the delinquency is resolved or upon liquidation. Regulatory actions that lengthen the foreclosure process will increase the amount of servicing advances that we are required to make, lengthen the time it takes for us to be reimbursed for such advances and increase the costs incurred during the foreclosure process.
Increased regulatory scrutiny and new laws and procedures could cause us to adopt additional compliance measures and incur additional compliance costs in connection with our foreclosure processes. We may incur legal and other costs responding to regulatory inquiries or any allegation that we improperly foreclosed on a borrower. We could also suffer reputational damage and could be fined or otherwise penalized if we are found to have breached regulatory requirements.
If we fail to comply with the TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure (TRID) rules, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected and our plans to expand our lending business could be adversely impacted.
The TRID rules include requirements relating to consumer facing disclosure and waiting periods to allow consumers to reconsider committing to loans after receiving required disclosures. If we fail to comply with the TRID rules, we may be unable to sell loans that we originate or purchase, or we may be required to sell such loans at a discount compared to other loans. We also could be subject to repurchase or indemnification claims from purchasers of such loans, including the GSEs. Additionally, loans might stay on our warehouse lines for longer periods before sale, which would increase our liquidity needs, holding costs and interest expense. We could also be subject to regulatory actions or private lawsuits.
In response to the TRID rules, we have implemented significant modifications and enhancements to our loan production processes and systems, and we continue to devote significant resources to TRID compliance. As regulatory guidance and enforcement and the views of the GSEs and other market participants such as warehouse loan lenders evolve, we may need to modify further our loan production processes and systems in order to adjust to evolution in the regulatory landscape and successfully operate our lending business. In such circumstances, if we are unable to make the necessary adjustments, our business and operations could be adversely affected and we may not be able to execute on our plans to grow our lending business.
Failure to comply with the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) and related CFPB regulations could adversely impact our business.
HMDA requires financial institutions to report certain mortgage data in an effort to provide the regulators and the public with information that will help show whether financial institutions are serving the housing credit needs of the neighborhoods and communities in which they are located. The data points include information related to the loan applicant/borrower (e.g., age, ethnicity, race and credit score), the underwriting process, loan terms and fees, lender credits and interest rate, among others. The scope of the information available to the public could increase fair lending regulatory scrutiny and third-party plaintiff litigation, as the changes will expand the ability of regulators and third parties to compare a particular lender to its peers in an effort to determine differences among lenders in certain demographic borrower populations. We have devoted, and continue to devote, significant resources to establishing and maintaining systems and processes for complying with HMDA on an ongoing basis. If we are not successful in capturing and reporting the new HMDA data, and analyzing and correcting any adverse patterns, we could be exposed to regulatory actions and private litigation against us, we could suffer reputational damage and we could incur losses, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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There may be material changes to the laws, regulations, rules or practices applicable to reverse mortgage programs sponsored by HUD and FHA, and securitized by Ginnie Mae, which could materially and adversely affect us and the reverse mortgage industry as a whole.
The reverse mortgage industry is largely dependent upon rules and regulations implemented by HUD, FHA and Ginnie Mae. There can be no guarantee that HUD/FHA will retain Congressional authorization to continue the HECM program, which provides FHA government insurance for qualifying HECM loans, or that they will not make material changes to the laws, regulations, rules or practices applicable to reverse mortgage programs. For example, HUD previously implemented certain lending limits for the HECM program, and added credit-based underwriting criteria designed to assess a borrower’s ability and willingness to satisfy future tax and insurance obligations. In addition, Ginnie Mae’s participation in the reverse mortgage industry may be subject to economic and political changes that cannot be predicted. Any of the aforementioned circumstances could materially and adversely affect the performance of our reverse mortgage business and the value of our common stock.
Regulators continue to be active in the reverse mortgage space, including due to the perceived susceptibility of older borrowers to be influenced by deceptive or misleading marketing activities. Regulators have also focused on appraisal practices because reverse mortgages are largely dependent on collateral valuation. If we fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to the origination of reverse mortgages, we could be subject to adverse regulatory actions, including potential fines, penalties or sanctions, and our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Violations of fair lending and/or servicing laws could negatively affect our business.
Various federal, state and local laws have been enacted that are designed to discourage predatory lending and servicing practices. The federal Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act of 1994 (HOEPA) prohibits inclusion of certain provisions in residential loans that have mortgage rates or origination costs in excess of prescribed levels and requires that borrowers be given certain additional disclosures prior to origination. Some states have enacted, or may enact, similar laws or regulations, which in some cases impose restrictions and requirements greater than are those in HOEPA. In addition, under the anti-predatory lending laws of some states, the origination of certain residential loans, including loans that are not classified as “high cost” loans under HOEPA or other applicable law, must satisfy a net tangible benefits test with respect to the related borrower. A failure by us to comply with these laws, to the extent we originate, service or acquire residential loans that are non-compliant with HOEPA or other predatory lending or servicing laws, could subject us, as an originator or a servicer, or as an assignee, in the case of acquired loans, to monetary penalties and could result in the borrowers rescinding the affected loans. Lawsuits have been brought in various states making claims against originators, servicers and assignees of high cost loans for violations of state law. Named defendants in these cases have included numerous participants within the secondary mortgage market. If we are found to have violated predatory or abusive lending laws, defaults could be declared under our debt or servicing agreements, we could suffer reputational damage, and we could incur losses, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to comply with FHA underwriting guidelines could adversely impact our business.
We must comply with FHA underwriting guidelines in order to successfully originate FHA loans. If we fail to do so, we may not be able collect on FHA insurance. In addition, we could be subject to allegations of violations of the False Claims Act asserting that we submitted claims for FHA insurance on loans that had not been underwritten in accordance with FHA underwriting guidelines. If we are found to have violated FHA underwriting guidelines, we could face regulatory penalties and damages in litigation, suffer reputational damage, and we could incur losses due to an inability to collect on such insurance, any of which could materially and adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to comply with U.S. and foreign laws and regulations applicable to our global operations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
As a business with a global workforce, we need to ensure that our activities, including those of our foreign operations, comply with applicable U.S. and foreign laws and regulations. Various states have implemented regulations which specifically restrict the ability to perform certain servicing and originations functions offshore and, from time to time, various state regulators have scrutinized the operations of our foreign subsidiaries. Our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations could, among other things, result in restrictions on our operations, loss of licenses, fines, penalties or reputational damage and have an adverse effect on our business.
Failure to comply with the S.A.F.E. Act could adversely impact our business.
The Secure and Fair Enforcement for Mortgage Licensing Act of 2008 (the S.A.F.E. Act) requires the individual licensing and registration of those engaged in the business of loan origination. The S.A.F.E. Act is designed to improve accountability on the part of loan originators, combat fraud and enhance consumer protections by encouraging states to establish a national licensing system and minimum qualification requirements for applicants. Thus, Ocwen must ensure proper licensing for all
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employees who participate in certain specified loan origination activities. Failure to comply with the S.A.F.E. Act licensing requirements could adversely impact Ocwen’s origination business.
Risks Related to Our Financial Performance, Financing Our Business, Liquidity and Net Worth and the Economy
Our strategic plan to return to sustainable profitability may not be successful.
We are facing certain challenges and uncertainties that could have significant adverse effects on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. The ability of management to appropriately address these challenges and uncertainties in a timely and effective manner is critical to our ability to operate our business successfully.
Historical losses significantly eroded stockholders’ equity and weakened our financial condition. We established a set of key initiatives to achieve our objective of returning to sustainable profitability in the shortest timeframe possible within an appropriate risk and compliance environment. While we generated net income in 2021 and 2022, we incurred a net loss in 2023 driven by MSR fair value losses, net of hedging . We are exposed to earnings volatility due to the effect of changes in interest rates and other market conditions on the valuation of our assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including MSRs which represent our most interest-rate sensitive asset. While the objective of our MSR interest rate risk management and hedging policy is to protect shareholders’ equity and earnings against the fair value volatility of interest-rate sensitive MSR portfolio exposure considering market, liquidity and other conditions, our hedging strategy may not be as effective as desired due to the actual performance of an MSR and hedges differing from the expected performance. See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Overview-Business Initiatives.
There can be no assurance that we will continue to successfully execute on these initiatives, or that even if we do execute on these initiatives we will be able to return to sustained profitability. In addition to successful operational execution of our key initiatives, our success will also depend on market conditions and other factors outside of our control, including continued access to capital. If we continue to experience losses, our share price, business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
If we are unable to obtain sufficient capital to meet the financing requirements of our business, or if we fail to comply with our debt agreements, our business, financing activities, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
Our business requires substantial amounts of capital and our financing strategy includes the use of leverage. Accordingly, our ability to finance our operations and repay maturing obligations rests in large part on our ability to continue to borrow money at reasonable rates. If we are unable to maintain adequate financing, or other sources of capital are not available, we could be forced to suspend, curtail or reduce our revenue generating objectives, which could harm our results of operations, liquidity, financial condition and business prospects. Our ability to borrow money is affected by a variety of factors including:
•limitations imposed on us by existing debt agreements that contain restrictive covenants that may limit our ability to raise additional debt;
•credit market conditions;
•the potential for ongoing disruption in the financial markets and in commercial activity generally related to changes in monetary and fiscal policy, international events including conflicts or wars and other sources of instability;
•the strength of the lenders from whom we borrow;
•lenders’ perceptions of us or our sector;
•changes in interest rates or other drivers that affect the value of pledged collateral;
•corporate credit and servicer ratings from rating agencies;
•limitations on borrowing under our MSR and advance facilities and mortgage loan warehouse facilities due to structural features in these facilities and the amount of eligible collateral that is pledged; and
•revenue opportunities including products not currently supported in the financing market.
In addition, our advance facilities are revolving facilities, and in a typical monthly cycle, we repay a portion of the borrowings under these facilities from collections. During the remittance cycle, which starts in the middle of each month, we depend on our lenders to provide the cash necessary to make the advances that we are required to make as servicer. If one or more of these lenders were to restrict our ability to access these revolving facilities or were to fail, we may not have sufficient funds to meet our obligations. We typically require significantly more liquidity to meet our advance funding obligations than our available cash on hand.
Our advance financing facilities are comprised of revolving notes issued to large financial institutions that generally have a revolving period of 12 months. At December 31, 2023, we had $499.7 million outstanding under these facilities. The revolving periods for our advance financing facilities end in August 2025, except for $0.9 million outstanding under a facility maturing in May 2026.
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In the event we are unable to renew, replace or extend the revolving period of one or more of these advance financing facilities, we would no longer have access to available borrowing capacity and repayment of the outstanding balances on the revolving notes must begin at the end of the applicable revolving period. In addition, we use mortgage loan warehouse facilities to fund newly originated loans, HECM tails, buyouts and a number of other assets on a short-term basis until they are sold to secondary market investors, including GSEs or other third-party investors. Currently, our master repurchase and participation agreements for financing new loan originations generally have maximum terms of 364 days, and similar to the revolving notes in the advance financing facilities, they are typically renewed, replaced or extended annually. At December 31, 2023, we had $731.6 million outstanding under these warehouse financing arrangements, all under agreements maturing in 2024 with the exception of $164.4 million of notes issued in 2023 which have a mandatory call date of June 2026.
In 2019, we entered into three separate MSR financing arrangements related to loans we service for (i) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, (ii) Ginnie Mae, and (iii) private investors (PLS MSRs). The Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae facilities were provided through bank financing and had total capacity of $365.0 million and $250.0 million and borrowed amounts of $242.9 million and $212.5 million, respectively at December 31, 2023. The PLS MSR financing was issued to capital markets investors as an amortizing note structure with an initial principal amount of $100.0 million, replaced with a new series of notes in 2022 with an initial principal amount of $75.0 million. The Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac and Ginnie Mae facilities terminate in June 2024 and April 2024, respectively, and the PLS MSR facility matures in February 2025. In 2021, we entered into a facility which included a $135.0 million term loan and a $285.0 million revolving loan secured by a lien on our Agency MSRs. In November, 2022, the term loan was paid off and the revolving loan capacity was upsized to $400.0 million ($393.9 million outstanding at December 31, 2023). Any outstanding borrowings on the revolving loan will convert into a term loan in November 2024. The final maturity date of the term loan is December 2025. MSR financing is dependent on investor appetite and conditions in the capital markets, among other factors. As a result, MSR financing may not be readily available to finance the growth of our portfolio, or at rates and terms that may not be favorable to our business.
Our MSR financing facilities provide funding based on an advance rate of MSR value that is subject to periodic mark-to-market valuation adjustments (MSR valuation is expected to decline if market interest rates decline). In the normal course, and without any additions to our MSR portfolio from production or acquisition activities, MSR value is expected to decline over time due to run off of the loan balances in our servicing portfolio. As a result, we anticipate having to repay a portion of our MSR debt over a given time period. The requirements to repay MSR debt including those due to unfavorable fair value adjustment attributable to interest rates or other factors may require us to allocate a substantial amount of our available liquidity or future cash flows to meet these requirements. To the extent we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations to meet these requirements, we may be more constrained to invest in our business and fund other obligations, and our business, financing activities, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
We currently plan to renew, replace or extend all of the above debt agreements consistent with our historical experience. In addition, $360.0 million aggregate principal amount of PHH’s 7.875% senior secured notes (the PMC Senior Secured Notes) mature on March 15, 2026 and OFC’s $285.0 million aggregate principal amount senior secured notes (the OFC Senior Secured Notes) mature on March 4, 2027. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew, replace or extend all our debt agreements on appropriate terms or at all and, if we fail to do so, we may not have adequate sources of funding for our business.
Our debt agreements contain various qualitative and quantitative covenants, including financial covenants, covenants to operate in material compliance with applicable laws and regulations, monitoring and reporting obligations and restrictions on our ability to engage in various activities, including but not limited to incurring or guarantying additional debt, paying dividends or making distributions on or purchasing equity interests of Ocwen and its subsidiaries, repurchasing or redeeming capital stock or junior capital, repurchasing or redeeming subordinated debt prior to maturity, issuing preferred stock, selling or transferring assets or making loans or investments or other restricted payments, entering into mergers or consolidations or sales of all or substantially all of the assets of Ocwen and its subsidiaries, creating liens on assets to secure debt, and entering into transactions with affiliates. As a result of the covenants to which we are subject, we may be limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and may be limited in our ability to engage in favorable business activities or raise additional capital to finance future operations or satisfy future liquidity needs. In addition, breaches or events that may result in a default under our debt agreements include, among other things, noncompliance with our covenants, nonpayment of principal or interest, material misrepresentations, the occurrence of a material adverse effect or material adverse change, insolvency, bankruptcy, certain material judgments and changes of control. Covenants and defaults of this type are commonly found in debt agreements such as ours. Certain of these covenants and defaults are open to subjective interpretation and, if our interpretation were contested by a lender, a court may ultimately be required to determine compliance or lack thereof. In addition, our debt agreements generally include cross default provisions such that a default under one agreement could trigger defaults under other agreements. If we fail to comply with our debt agreements and are unable to avoid, remedy or secure a waiver of any resulting default, we may be subject to adverse action by our lenders, including termination of further funding, acceleration of outstanding obligations, enforcement of liens against the assets securing or otherwise supporting our obligations and other legal remedies. In addition to these covenants, certain agreements also include trigger events which may lead to adverse actions such as acceleration of outstanding obligations, step down in advance rates and termination of further funding.
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An actual or alleged default under any of our debt agreements, negative ratings action by a rating agency (including as a result of our increased leverage or erosion of net worth), the perception of financial weakness, an adverse action by a regulatory authority or GSE, a lengthening of foreclosure timelines or a general deterioration in the economy that constricts the availability of credit may increase our cost of funds and make it difficult for us to renew existing credit facilities or obtain new lines of credit. Any or all the above could have an adverse effect on our business, financing activities, financial condition and results of operations.
We may be unable to obtain sufficient servicer advance financing necessary to meet the financing requirements of our business, which could adversely affect our liquidity position and result in a loss of servicing rights.
We currently fund a substantial portion of our servicing advance obligations through our servicing advance facilities. Under normal market conditions, mortgage servicers typically have been able to renew or refinance these facilities. However, market conditions or lenders’ perceptions of us at the time of any renewal or refinancing may mean that we are unable to renew or refinance our advance financing facilities or obtain additional facilities on favorable terms or at all.
If we fail to satisfy minimum net worth and liquidity requirements established by regulators, GSEs, Ginnie Mae, lenders, or other counterparties, our business, financing activities, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
As a result of our servicing and loan origination activities, we are subject to minimum net worth and liquidity requirements established by state regulators, GSEs, Ginnie Mae, lenders, and other counterparties. Losses incurred in prior years and in 2023 have eroded our net worth. In addition, we must structure our business so each licensed entity satisfies the net worth and liquidity requirements applicable to it, which can be challenging.
The minimum net worth and liquidity requirements to which our licensed entities are subject vary by state and type of license. We must also satisfy the minimum net worth and liquidity requirements of the GSEs and Ginnie Mae in order to maintain our approved status with such agencies and the minimum net worth and liquidity requirements set forth in our agreements with our lenders.
Minimum net worth requirements and liquidity are generally calculated using specific adjustments that may require interpretation or judgment. Changes to these adjustments have the potential to significantly affect net worth and liquidity calculations and imperil our ability to satisfy future minimum net worth and liquidity requirements. We believe our licensed entities were in compliance with all of their minimum net worth and liquidity requirements at December 31, 2023. However, it is possible that regulators could disagree with our calculations. If we fail to satisfy minimum net worth or liquidity requirements, absent a waiver or other accommodation, we could lose our licenses or have other regulatory action taken against us, we could lose our ability to sell and service loans to or on behalf of the GSEs or Ginnie Mae, or it could trigger a default under our debt agreements. Any of these occurrences could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, financing activities, liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.
In 2022, the FHFA and Ginnie Mae announced updated minimum financial eligibility requirements for GSE seller/servicers and Ginnie Mae issuers. The updated minimum financial eligibility requirements modify the definitions of tangible net worth and eligible liquidity, modify their minimum standard measurement and include a new risk-based capital ratio, among other changes. The majority of the updated requirements became effective on September 30, 2023. In October 2022, Ginnie Mae extended the compliance date for its risk-based capital requirements to December 31, 2024. PHH would not be in compliance with the upcoming risk-based capital requirements if they were in effect as of December 31, 2023. We have identified, and are commencing activities to implement, a course of actions intended to achieve compliance with the requirements. If we are unable to execute this solution in a timely and cost-effective manner that allows us to continue the Ginnie Mae related businesses and are unable to replace the lost income from these activities, or if we misjudge the magnitude of the costs and benefits and their impacts on our business, our financial results, liquidity, financing activities and reputation could be negatively impacted. As of December 31, 2023, our forward owned servicing portfolio included government-insured loans with a UPB of $18.6 billion, 11% of our total forward owned MSR servicing portfolio or 6% of our total UPB serviced and subserviced.
We use estimates in measuring or determining the fair value of the majority of our assets and liabilities. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, we may be required to write down the value of these assets or write up the value of these liabilities, which could adversely affect our earnings.
Our ability to measure and report our financial position and operating results is influenced by the need to estimate the impact or outcome of future events based on information available at the time of the financial statements. An accounting estimate is considered critical if it requires that management make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made. If actual results differ from our judgments and assumptions, then it may have an adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows.
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Fair value is estimated based on a hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques into three broad levels whereby the highest priority is given to Level 1 inputs and the lowest to Level 3 inputs.
At December 31, 2023, 87% and 72% of our consolidated total assets and liabilities are measured at fair value, respectively, on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, 96% and 100% of which are considered Level 3 valuations, including our MSR portfolio. Our largest Level 3 asset and liability carried at fair value on a recurring basis is Loans held for investment - reverse mortgages and the related secured financing. We pool home equity conversion mortgages (reverse mortgages) into Ginnie Mae Home Equity Conversion Mortgage-Backed Securities (HMBS). Because the securitization of reverse mortgage loans does not qualify for sale accounting, we account for these transfers as secured financings and classify the transferred reverse mortgages as Loans held for investment - reverse mortgages and recognize the related Financing liabilities. Holders of HMBS have no recourse against our assets, except for standard representations and warranties and our contractual obligations to service the reverse mortgages and HMBS.
We estimate the fair value of our assets and liabilities utilizing assumptions that we believe are appropriate and are used by market participants. We generally engage third-party valuation experts to support our fair value determination for Level 3 assets and liabilities. The methodology used to estimate these values is complex and uses asset- and liability-specific data and market inputs for assumptions including interest and discount rates, collateral status and expected future performance. If these assumptions prove to be inaccurate, if market conditions change or if errors are found in our models, the value of certain of our assets may decrease, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, including through negative impacts on our ability to satisfy minimum net worth and liquidity covenants.
Valuations are highly dependent upon the reasonableness of our assumptions and the predictability of the relationships that drive the results of our valuation methodologies. If changes to interest rates or other factors cause prepayment speeds to increase more than estimated, delinquency and default levels are higher than anticipated or financial market illiquidity is greater than anticipated, or other inputs or assumptions change, we may be required to adjust the value of certain assets or liabilities, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are exposed to liquidity, interest rate and foreign currency exchange risks.
We are exposed to liquidity risk primarily because of the highly variable daily cash requirements to support our servicing business, including the requirement to make advances pursuant to our servicing agreements and the process of collecting and applying recoveries of advances. We are also exposed to liquidity risk due to margin calls or potential accelerated repayment of our debt depending on the performance of the underlying collateral, including the fair value of MSRs, and certain covenants or trigger events, among other factors. We are also exposed to liquidity and interest rate risk by our decision to originate and finance mortgage loans and the timing of their subsequent sales into the secondary market. Further, as discussed below, the derivative instruments that we have entered into in order to limit MSR fair value change exposure may require margin calls should the hedge instrument lose value. In general, we finance our operations through operating cash flows and various other sources of funding, including advance match funded borrowing agreements, secured lines of credit and repurchase agreements.
We are exposed to interest rate risk to the degree that our interest-bearing liabilities mature or reprice at different speeds, or on different bases, than our interest earning assets or when financed assets are not interest-bearing. Our servicing business is characterized by non-interest earning assets financed by interest-bearing liabilities. Servicing advances are among our more significant non-interest earning assets. At December 31, 2023, we had total advances of $678.8 million. We are also exposed to interest rate risk because a portion of our advance financing and other outstanding debt at December 31, 2023 is at variable rates. Rising interest rates may increase our interest expense. Earnings on float balances may partially offset these higher funding costs.
Our MSRs, which we carry at fair value, are subject to substantial interest rate risk, primarily because the mortgage loans underlying the servicing rights permit the borrowers to prepay the loans. A decrease in interest rates generally increases prepayment speeds and vice versa. An interest rate decrease could result in an array of fair value changes, the severity of which would depend on several factors, including the magnitude of the change, whether the decrease is across specific rate tenors or a parallel change across the entire yield curve, and impact from market-side adjustments, among others. The objective of our MSR hedging policy is to provide a targeted level of hedge coverage on our interest-rate sensitive MSR portfolio exposure. The targeted hedge coverage ratio increased in 2023 from 25% to 60% in the second quarter and 100% in December 2023. However, as discussed below, there can be no assurance that our hedging strategy will be effective in partially mitigating our exposure to changes in fair value of our MSRs due to interest rate changes. Also refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
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In our Originations business, we are exposed to interest rate risk and related price risk on our pipeline (i.e., interest rate loan commitments (IRLCs) and mortgage loans held for sale) from the commitment date up until the date the commitment is cancelled or expires, or the loan is sold into the secondary market. Generally, the fair value of the pipeline will decline in value when interest rates increase and will rise in value when interest rates decrease. We economically hedge our pipeline interest rate risk with freestanding derivatives such as TBAs and forward sale contracts.
We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk in connection with our investment in non-U.S. dollar currency operations to the extent that our foreign exchange positions remain unhedged. Our operations in the Philippines and India expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk.
While we have established policies and procedures intended to identify, monitor and manage the risks described above, our risk management policies and procedures may not be effective. Further, such policies and procedures are not designed to mitigate or eliminate all of the risks we face. As a result, these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our hedging strategy may not be successful in partially mitigating our exposure to interest rate risk.
Our hedging strategy may not be as effective as desired due to the actual performance of an MSR differing from the expected performance. While we actively track the actual performance of our MSRs across rate change environments, there is potential for our economic hedges to underperform. The underperformance may be a result of various factors, including but not limited to the following: available hedge instruments have a different profile than the underlying asset, the duration of the hedge is different from the MSR, the convexity of the hedge is not proportional to the valuation change of the MSR asset, the actual asset and hedge performance may differ from the model-expected asset and hedge instruments performance, transacting in certain TBA, swap futures and options hedges drives costs, the counterparty with which we have traded has failed to deliver under the terms of the contract, or we fail to renew or adjust the hedge position in a timely or efficient manner.
Unexpected changes in market rates or secondary liquidity may have a materially adverse impact on the cash flows or operating performance of Ocwen. The expected hedge coverage profile may not correlate to the asset as desired, resulting in poorer performance than had we not hedged at all. In addition, hedging strategies involve transaction and other costs. We cannot be assured that our hedging strategy and the derivatives that we use will adequately offset the risks of interest rate volatility or that our hedging transactions will not result in or magnify losses.
Rising inflation may result in increased compensation and benefit expense and exacerbate pressures created by current labor market trends, increase the rates charged by vendors, and generally increase our operating costs, which could negatively impact our operations and financial results.
Our ability to provide competitive compensation packages and employee benefits programs is impacted by increases in the cost of living and wage inflation. This pressure, combined with tightening and competitive labor markets could increase the cost and difficulty of recruiting and retaining skilled employees. In addition, inflation may increase the rates charged by our vendors and our operating expenses generally. Any of these risks could negatively impact our operations and financial results.
Growth of our subservicing portfolio and originations business, and the profitability of our investment in MAV, are partially dependent on decisions made by a third party which we do not control.
MAV is owned and managed by an intermediate holding company, MAV Canopy, which is controlled by a board of directors on which Ocwen has minority representation. As part of our agreements with MAV, Ocwen has agreed not to compete with MAV with respect to the purchase of certain GSE MSRs through specific channels. As a result of these arrangements, the growth of Ocwen’s GSE subservicing portfolio and originations business depends in part on MAV’s ability to successfully bid on MSRs and in turn on the pricing and valuation considerations underlying MAV’s bidding strategy. If, and to the extent, MAV were to have limited success acquiring MSRs, the growth of Ocwen’s subservicing portfolio and originations business could be negatively impacted. More broadly, MAV’s profitability depends on business, operating and financial strategies determined by the management of MAV Canopy, which Ocwen does not control. If MAV Canopy’s business, operating or financial strategies are not successful, Ocwen’s 15% investment or returns on its investment, which as of December 31, 2023 amounted to $37.8 million, could be reduced or we may be requested to contribute additional capital. See the next risk factor below.
Because MAV Canopy may make additional capital calls without Ocwen’s consent, to the extent we are unable or unwilling to contribute additional capital to MAV Canopy when requested, our ownership in MAV Canopy will be diluted and our control over investment decisions and other matters may be reduced.
In November 2022, Ocwen and Oaktree agreed to increase the aggregate capital contributions to MAV Canopy by up to an additional $250 million during an investment period ending May 2, 2024, subject to two annual extensions upon mutual agreement. Under the agreement, Ocwen may elect to contribute up to its pro rata share of the additional capital commitment. To the extent Ocwen does not contribute its pro rata share of the additional capital commitment, the ownership percentages
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held by Ocwen and Oaktree will be adjusted based on the parties’ current percentage interests, capital contributions, and book value. Because Ocwen does not control the MAV Canopy board of directors, it is possible that MAV Canopy may exercise its right to make capital calls to fund additional MSR investments at times that Ocwen is unable to, or prefers for strategic reasons related to its own operations not to, contribute additional capital to MAV Canopy. To the extent we do not contribute additional capital to MAV Canopy, our ownership will be diluted. If our ownership of MAV Canopy falls below 5%, we will lose our voting rights on certain routine management matters at MAV Canopy and our influence over MAV’s management and investment decisions may be reduced.
GSE and Ginnie Mae initiatives and other actions may affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Due to the significant role that the GSEs and Ginnie Mae play in the secondary mortgage market, new initiatives and other actions that they may implement could become prevalent in the mortgage servicing industry generally. To the extent that FHFA, the GSEs, HUD, Ginnie Mae or other authoritative body implement reforms that materially affect the market not only for conventional and/or government-insured loans but also the non-qualifying loan markets, such reforms could have a material adverse effect on the creation of new MSRs, the economics or performance of any MSRs that we acquire, servicing fees that we can charge and costs that we incur to comply with new servicing requirements. Further, to the extent a GSE or Ginnie Mae proposal or requirement impacts our business model differently than our competitors’, we may face a competitive disadvantage.
In addition, our ability to generate revenues through mortgage loan sales to institutional investors depends to a significant degree on programs administered by the GSEs, Ginnie Mae, and others that facilitate the issuance of MBS in the secondary market. These entities play a critical role in the residential mortgage industry and we have significant business relationships with many of them. If it is not possible for us to complete the sale or securitization of certain of our mortgage loans due to changes in GSE and Ginnie Mae programs, we may lack liquidity to continue to fund mortgage loans and our revenues and margins on new loan originations would be materially and negatively impacted.
Our plans to acquire MSRs will require approvals and cooperation by the GSEs and Ginnie Mae. Should approval or cooperation be withheld, we would have difficulty meeting our MSR acquisition objectives.
There are various proposals that deal with the future of the GSEs, including with respect to their ownership and role in the mortgage market, as well as proposals to implement GSE reforms relating to borrowers, lenders and investors in the mortgage market. Thus, the long-term future of the GSEs remains uncertain. Any change in the ownership of the GSEs, or in their programs or role within the mortgage market, could materially and adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial position and results of operations.
An economic slowdown or a deterioration of the housing market could increase both interest expense on servicing advances and operating expenses and could cause a reduction in income from, and the value of, our servicing portfolio.
During any period in which a borrower is not making payments, we are required under most of our servicing contracts to advance our own funds to meet contractual principal and interest remittance requirements for investors, pay property taxes and insurance premiums and process modifications and foreclosures. We also advance funds to maintain, repair and market real estate properties on behalf of investors. Most of our advances have the highest standing and are “top of the waterfall” so that we are entitled to repayment from respective loan or REO liquidations proceeds before most other claims on these proceeds, and in the majority of cases, advances in excess of respective loan or REO liquidation proceeds may be recovered from pool level proceeds. Consequently, the primary impacts of an increase in advances are generally increased interest expense as we finance a large portion of servicing advance obligations and a decline in the fair value of MSRs as the projected funding cost of existing and future expected servicing advances is a component of the fair value of MSRs. Our liquidity is also negatively impacted because we must fund the portion of our advance obligations that is not financed. Our liquidity would be more severely impacted if we were unable to continue to finance a large portion of servicing advance obligations.
Higher delinquencies also decrease the fair value of MSRs and increase our cost to service loans, as loans in default require more intensive effort to bring them current or manage the foreclosure process. An increase in delinquencies may delay the timing of revenue recognition because we recognize servicing fees as earned, which is generally upon collection of payments from borrowers or proceeds from REO liquidations. An increase in delinquencies also generally leads to lower balances in custodial and escrow accounts (float balances) and lower net earnings on custodial and escrow accounts (float earnings). Additionally, an increase in delinquencies in our servicing portfolio will result in lower revenue because we collect servicing fees only on performing loans.
Foreclosures are involuntary prepayments resulting in a reduction in UPB. This may also result in declines in the value of our MSRs.
Adverse economic conditions could also negatively impact our lending businesses. For example, declining home prices and increasing loan-to-value ratios may preclude many borrowers from refinancing their existing loans or obtaining new loans.
Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
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A significant increase in prepayment speeds could adversely affect our financial results.
Prepayment speed is a significant driver of our business. Prepayment speed is the measurement of how quickly borrowers pay down the UPB of their loans or how quickly loans are otherwise modified involving forgiveness of principal, liquidated or charged off. Prepayment speeds have a significant impact on our servicing fee revenues, our expenses and on the valuation of our MSRs as follows:
•Revenue. If prepayment speeds increase, our servicing fees will decline more rapidly than anticipated because of the greater decrease in the UPB on which those fees are based. The reduction in servicing fees would be somewhat offset by increased float earnings because the faster repayment of loans will result in higher float balances that generate the float earnings. Conversely, decreases in prepayment speeds result in increased servicing fees but lead to lower float balances and float earnings.
•Expenses. Faster prepayment speeds result in higher compensating interest expense, which represents the difference between the full month of interest we are required to remit in the month a loan pays off and the amount of interest we collect from the borrower for that month. Slower prepayment speeds also lead to lower compensating interest expense.
•Valuation of MSRs. The fair value of MSRs is based on, among other things, projection of the cash flows from the related pool of mortgage loans. The expectation of prepayment speeds is a significant assumption underlying those cash flow projections from the perspective of market participants. Increases or decreases in interest rates have an impact on prepayment rates. If prepayment speeds were significantly greater than expected, the fair value of our MSRs, which we carry at fair value, could decrease. When the fair value of these MSRs decreases, we record a loss on fair value, which also has a negative impact on our financial results.
Operational Risks and Other Risks Related to Our Business
If we do not comply with our obligations under our servicing agreements or if others allege non-compliance, our business and results of operations may be harmed.
We have contractual obligations under the servicing agreements pursuant to which we service mortgage loans. Our non-Agency servicing agreements generally contain detailed provisions regarding servicing practices, reporting and other matters. In addition, PHH is party to seller/servicer agreements and/or subject to guidelines and regulations (collectively, seller/servicer obligations) with one or more of the GSEs, HUD, FHA, VA and Ginnie Mae. These seller/servicer obligations include financial covenants that include capital requirements related to tangible net worth, as defined by the applicable agency, an obligation to provide audited consolidated financial statements within 90 days of the applicable entity’s fiscal year end as well as extensive requirements regarding servicing, selling and other matters. To the extent that these requirements are not met or waived, the applicable agency may, at its option, utilize a variety of remedies including requirements to provide certain information or take actions at the direction of the applicable agency, requirements to deposit funds as security for our obligations, sanctions, suspension or even termination of approved seller/servicer status, which would prohibit future originations or securitizations of forward or reverse mortgage loans or servicing for the applicable agency.
Many of our servicing agreements require adherence to general servicing standards, and certain contractual provisions delegate judgment over various servicing matters to us. Our servicing practices, and the judgments that we make in our servicing of loans, could be questioned by parties to these agreements, such as GSEs, Ginnie Mae, trustees or master servicers, or by investors in the trusts which own the mortgage loans or other third parties. As a result, we could be required to repurchase mortgage loans, make whole or otherwise indemnify such mortgage loan investors or other parties. Advances that we have made could be unrecoverable. We could also be terminated as servicer or become subject to litigation or other claims seeking damages or other remedies arising from alleged breaches of our servicing agreements. For example, we are currently involved in a dispute with a former subservicing client relating to alleged violations of our contractual agreements. We are unable to predict the outcome of this dispute or the size of any loss we might incur. In addition, several trustees are currently defending themselves against claims by RMBS investors that the trustees failed to properly oversee mortgage servicers - including Ocwen - in the servicing of hundreds of trusts. Trustees subject to those suits have informed Ocwen that they may seek indemnification for losses they suffer as a result of the filings.
Any of the foregoing could have a significant negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if allegations against us lack merit, we may have to spend additional resources and devote additional management time to contesting such allegations, which would reduce the resources available to address, and the time management is able to devote to, other matters.
GSEs or Ginnie Mae may curtail or terminate our ability to sell, service or securitize newly originated loans to them.
As noted in the prior risk factor, if we do not comply with our seller/servicer obligations, the GSEs or Ginnie Mae may utilize a variety of remedies against us. Such remedies include curtailment of our ability to sell newly originated loans or even termination of our ability to sell, service or securitize such loans altogether. Any such curtailment or termination would likely have a material adverse impact on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
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A significant reduction in, or the total loss of, our remaining Rithm-related servicing would significantly impact our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Rithm is one of our largest servicing clients, accounting for 16% of the UPB and 27% of the loan count in our servicing and subservicing portfolio as of December 31, 2023. On February 20, 2020, we received a notice of termination from Rithm with respect to the legacy PHH subservicing agreement. It is possible that Rithm could exercise its rights to terminate for convenience or opt not to renew some or all of our servicing agreements.
In addition, any failure under a financial covenant could result in Rithm terminating Ocwen as subservicer under the subservicing agreements or in directing the transfer of servicing away from Ocwen under the Rights to MSRs agreements. Similarly, failure by Ocwen to meet operational requirements, including service levels, critical reporting and other obligations, could also result in termination or transfer for cause. In addition, if there is a change of control to which Rithm did not consent, Rithm could terminate for cause and direct the transfer of servicing away from Ocwen. A termination for cause and transfer of servicing could materially and adversely affect Ocwen’s business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Further, under our Rights to MSRs agreements, in certain circumstances, Rithm has the right to sell its Rights to MSRs to a third-party and require us to transfer title to the related MSRs, subject to an Ocwen option to acquire at a price based on the winning third-party bid rather than selling to the third party. If Rithm sells its Rights to MSRs to a third party, the transaction can only be completed if the third-party buyer can obtain the necessary third-party consents to transfer the MSRs. Rithm also has the obligation to use reasonable efforts to encourage such third-party buyer to enter into a subservicing agreement with Ocwen. Ocwen may lose future compensation for subservicing, however, if no subservicing agreement is ultimately entered into with the third-party buyer.
Because of the large percentage of our servicing business that is represented by the agreements with Rithm, if Rithm exercised all or a significant portion of its rights to decline to continue doing business with us we anticipate that we would need to restructure many aspects of our servicing business as well as the related corporate support functions to address our smaller servicing portfolio.
If Rithm were to fail to comply with its servicing advance obligations under its agreements with us, it could materially and adversely affect us.
Under the Rights to MSRs agreements, Rithm is responsible for financing all servicing advance obligations in connection with the loans underlying the MSRs. At December 31, 2023, such servicing advances made by Rithm were approximately $450.8 million. However, under the Rights to MSRs structure, we are contractually required under our servicing agreements with the RMBS trusts to make the relevant servicing advances even if Rithm does not perform its contractual obligations to fund those advances. Therefore, if Rithm were unable to meet its advance financing obligations, we would remain obligated to meet any future advance financing obligations with respect to the loans underlying these Rights to MSRs, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition, results of operations and servicing operations.
Rithm currently uses advance financing facilities to fund a substantial portion of the servicing advances that Rithm is contractually obligated to make pursuant to the Rights to MSRs agreements. Although we are not an obligor or guarantor under Rithm’s advance financing facilities, we are a party to certain of the facility documents as the entity performing the work of servicing the underlying loans on which advances are being financed. As such, we make certain representations, warranties and covenants, including representations and warranties in connection with our sale of advances to Rithm. If we were to make representations or warranties that were untrue or if we were otherwise to fail to comply with our contractual obligations, we could become subject to claims for damages or events of default under such facilities could be asserted.
If MAV were to sell its MSR portfolio after May 3, 2024, it could result in our loss of subservicing income and could significantly impact our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
MAV is one of our largest subservicing clients, accounting for 19% of the UPB and 15% of the loan count in our servicing and subservicing portfolio as of December 31, 2023. The Subservicing Agreement with MAV provides exclusivity rights to PHH as subservicer and will continue until terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or for cause, as defined. However, under the terms of our Subservicing Agreement, our subservicing rights terminate as to MSRs sold by MAV to any unaffiliated third party.
Prior to May 3, 2024, MAV may sell MSRs, in one or more sales, constituting up to 20% of MAV’s total assets without our consent. During 2023 and 2022, MAV has exercised these rights to sell MSRs with a book value (at the time of sale) of approximately $80 million and $120 million, respectively, or approximately 12% and 20% of the portfolio. After May 3, 2024, MAV may sell the entire servicing portfolio or any portion thereof without our consent (although we have a right of first offer with respect to the full or partial sale of the MAV entity itself). If MAV chooses to exercise these sale rights, and we are unable to reach an agreement with the purchaser(s) of the MSRs to continue as subservicer, we will lose the corresponding subservicing income. Further, if the MSRs sold by MAV include MSRs previously sold by PHH, we may recognize additional
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losses on the associated MSR and Pledged MSR liability reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets (see Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions).
In addition, MAV has the right to terminate the Subservicing Agreement entirely in the event of certain events of default, including failure by Ocwen to meet financial or operational requirements, including service levels. MAV may also terminate the Subservicing Agreement in the event of a change of control of Ocwen or PHH.
Termination of some or all of our subservicing rights due to sales by MAV or termination of the entire Subservicing Agreement for cause could result in the loss of a significant portion of Ocwen’s total subservicing portfolio and materially and adversely affect Ocwen’s business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Technology or process failures or employee misconduct could damage our business operations or reputation, harm our relationships with key stakeholders and lead to regulatory sanctions or penalties.
We are responsible for developing and maintaining sophisticated operational systems and infrastructure, which is challenging. As a result, operational risk is inherent in virtually all of our activities. In addition, the CFPB and other regulators have emphasized their focus on the importance of servicers’ and lenders’ systems and infrastructure operating effectively. If our systems and infrastructure fail to operate effectively, such failures could damage our business and reputation, harm our relationships with key stakeholders and lead to regulatory sanctions or penalties.
Our business is substantially dependent on our ability to process and monitor a large number of transactions, many of which are complex, across various parts of our business. These transactions often must adhere to the terms of a complex set of legal and regulatory standards, as well as the terms of our servicing and other agreements. In addition, given the volume of transactions that we process and monitor, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and rectified. For example, because we send over 2 million communications in an average month, a process problem such as erroneous letter dating has the potential to negatively affect many parts of our business and have widespread negative implications.
We are similarly dependent on our employees. We could be materially adversely affected if an employee or employees, acting alone or in concert with non-affiliated third parties, causes a significant operational break-down or failure, either because of human error or where an individual purposefully sabotages or fraudulently manipulates our operations or systems, including by means of cyberattack or denial-of-service attack. In addition to direct losses from such actions, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions or suffer harm to our reputation, financial condition, customer relationships, and ability to attract future customers or employees. Employee misconduct could prompt regulators to allege or to determine based upon such misconduct that we have not established adequate supervisory systems and procedures to inform employees of applicable rules or to detect and deter violations of such rules. It is not always possible to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent misconduct may not be effective in all cases. Misconduct by our employees, or even unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct, could result in a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business.
Third parties with which we do business could also be sources of operational risk to us, including risks relating to break-downs or failures of such parties’ own systems or employees. Any of these occurrences could diminish our ability to operate one or more of our businesses or lead to potential liability to clients, reputational damage or regulatory intervention. We could also be required to take legal action against or replace third-party vendors, which could be costly, involve a diversion of management time and energy and lead to operational disruptions. Any of these occurrences could materially adversely affect us.
We are dependent on Black Knight and other vendors, service provider and other contractual counterparties for much of our technology, business process outsourcing and other services.
Our vendor relationships subject us to a variety of risks. We have significant exposure to third-party risks, as we are dependent on vendors, including Black Knight, Altisource and other vendors for a number of key services to operate our business effectively and in compliance with applicable regulatory and contractual obligations, and on banks and other financing sources to finance our business.
We use the Black Knight MSP servicing system pursuant to a seven-year agreement with Black Knight expiring in 2026, and we are highly dependent on the successful functioning of it to operate our loan servicing business effectively and in compliance with our regulatory and contractual obligations. It would be difficult, costly and complex to transfer all of our loans to another servicing system in the event Black Knight failed to perform under its agreements with us and any such transfer would take considerable time. Any such transfer would also likely be subject us to considerable scrutiny from regulators, GSEs, Ginnie Mae and other counterparties.
If Black Knight were to fail to properly fulfill its contractual obligations to us, including through a failure to provide services at the required level to maintain and support our systems, our business and operations would suffer. In addition, if Black Knight fails to develop and maintain its technology so as to provide us with an effective and competitive servicing system, our business could suffer. Similarly, we are reliant on other vendors for the proper maintenance and support of our
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technological systems and our business and operations would suffer if these vendors do not perform as required. If our vendors do not adequately maintain and support our systems, including our servicing systems, loan originations and financial reporting systems, our business and operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Altisource and other vendors supply us with other services in connection with our business activities such as property preservation and inspection services and valuation services. In the event that a vendor’s activities do not comply with the applicable servicing criteria, we could be exposed to liability as the servicer and it could negatively impact our relationships with our servicing clients, borrowers or regulators, among others. In addition, if our current vendors were to stop providing services to us on acceptable terms, we may be unable to procure alternatives from other vendors in a timely and efficient manner and on acceptable terms, or at all. Further, we may incur significant costs to resolve any such disruptions in service and this could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition to our reliance on the vendors discussed above, our business is reliant on a number of technological vendors that provide services such as integrated cloud applications and financial institutions that provide essential banking services on a daily basis. Even short-terms interruptions in the services provided by these vendors and financial institutions could be disruptive to our business and cause us financial loss. Significant or prolonged disruptions in the ability of these companies to provide services to us could have a material adverse impact on our operations.
Certain provisions of the agreements underlying our relationships with our vendors, service providers, financing sources and other contractual counterparties could be open to subjective interpretation. Disagreements with these counterparties, including disagreements over contract interpretation, could lead to business disruptions or could result in litigation or arbitration or mediation proceedings, any of which could be expensive and divert senior management’s attention from other matters. While we have been able to resolve disagreements with these counterparties in the past, if we were unable to resolve a disagreement, a court, arbitrator or mediator might be required to resolve the matter and there can be no assurance that the outcome of a material disagreement with a contractual counterparty would not materially and adversely affect our business, financing activities, financial condition or results of operations.
We have undergone and continue to undergo significant change to our technology infrastructure and business processes. Failure to adequately update our systems and processes could harm our ability to run our business and adversely affect our results of operations.
We are currently making, and will continue to make, technology investments and process improvements to improve or replace the information processes and systems that are key to managing our business, to improve our compliance management system, and to reduce costs. Additionally, as part of the transition to Black Knight MSP and the integration of our information processes and systems with PHH Corporation, we have undergone and continue to undergo significant changes to our technology infrastructure and business processes. Failure to select the appropriate technology investments, or to implement them correctly and efficiently, could have a significant negative impact on our operations.
We are subject to stringent and evolving U.S. laws, regulations, and rules, contractual obligations, industry standards, policies and other obligations related to data privacy and security. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation (including class claims) and mass arbitration demands; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; and other adverse business consequences.
In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share (collectively, process) personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, sensitive third-party data, business plans, transactions, and financial information (collectively, sensitive data).
Our data processing activities subject us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual requirements, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security.
In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). Additionally, certain sector-specific regulations, including regarding the financial industry, may require additional privacy and security-related obligations. For example, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, as amended, imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy and security of certain “nonpublic personal information” processed by covered financial institutions.
In the past few years, numerous U.S. states—including California, Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah—have enacted comprehensive privacy laws that impose certain obligations on covered businesses, including providing specific disclosures in privacy notices and affording residents with certain rights concerning their personal data. As applicable, such rights may include the right to access, correct, or delete certain personal data, and to opt-out of certain data processing
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activities, such as targeted advertising, profiling, and automated decision-making. The exercise of these rights may impact our business and ability to provide our products and services. Certain states also impose stricter requirements for processing certain personal data, including sensitive information, such as conducting data privacy impact assessments. These state laws allow for statutory fines for noncompliance. For example, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020 (CPRA) (collectively, CCPA), applies to personal data of consumers, business representatives, and employees who are California residents, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for fines of up to $7,500 per intentional violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages.
Similar laws are being considered in several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels, and we expect more states to pass similar laws in the future. These developments may further complicate compliance efforts and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon whom we rely.
In addition to data privacy and security laws, we are bound by other contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful.
We publish privacy policies, marketing materials, and other statements, such as compliance with certain certifications or self-regulatory principles, regarding data privacy and security. If these policies, materials, or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators, or other adverse consequences.
Obligations related to data privacy and security (and consumers’ data privacy expectations) are quickly changing, becoming increasingly stringent, and creating uncertainty. Additionally, these obligations may be subject to differing applications and interpretations, which may be inconsistent or conflict among jurisdictions. Preparing for and complying with these obligations requires us to devote significant resources and may necessitate changes to our services, information technologies, systems, and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal data on our behalf.
We may at times fail (or be perceived to have failed) in our efforts to comply with our data privacy and security obligations. Moreover, despite our efforts, our personnel or third parties on whom we rely on may fail to comply with such obligations, which could negatively impact our business operations. If we or the third parties on which we rely fail, or are perceived to have failed, to address or comply with applicable data privacy and security obligations, we could face significant consequences, including but not limited to: government enforcement actions (e.g., investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspections, and similar); litigation (including class-action claims) and mass arbitration demands; additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; bans on processing personal data; and orders to destroy or not use personal data. In particular, plaintiffs have become increasingly more active in bringing privacy-related claims against companies, including class claims and mass arbitration demands. Some of these claims allow for the recovery of statutory damages on a per violation basis, and, if viable, carry the potential for monumental statutory damages, depending on the volume of data and the number of violations. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, or financial condition, including but not limited to: loss of customers; inability to process personal data or to operate in certain jurisdictions; limited ability to develop or commercialize our products; expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry; adverse publicity; or substantial changes to our business model or operations.
Cybersecurity risks and the failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information technology systems or data, and those maintained on our behalf, could result in a material adverse impact to our business, including without limitation regulatory investigations or actions, a material interruption to our ability to provide services to our customers, damage to our reputation and/or subject us to costs, fines and penalties or lawsuits and otherwise adversely affect our operations.
In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties upon which we rely process sensitive data, and, as a result, we and the third parties upon which we rely face a variety of evolving threats that could cause security incidents. Cyber-attacks, malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our sensitive data and information technology systems, and those of the third parties upon which we rely. We have programs in place designed to detect and respond to security incidents. However, because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventive measures. While none of the cybersecurity incidents that we have experienced to date have had a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition or operations, a recent cybersecurity incident involving one of our vendors briefly impacted our operations, and we cannot assure that future incidents will not materially and adversely impact us.
Security breaches, computer viruses, phishing attacks, worms, cyberattacks, ransomware, hacking, social-engineering attacks (including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake, and phishing attacks), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks, credential stuffing, credential
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harvesting, personnel misconduct or error, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI, telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires, floods, and other similar threats could result in a compromise or breach of the technology that we or our vendors use to protect our sensitive data and other information that we must keep secure. In particular, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, ability to provide our products or services, loss of sensitive data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments.
Remote work has become more common and has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers, and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. Additionally, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.
We take steps designed to detect, mitigate, and remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third parties upon which we rely). We may not, however, detect and remediate all such vulnerabilities including on a timely basis. Unremediated high risk or critical vulnerabilities pose material risks to our business and we may experience delays in deploying remedial measures and patches designed to address identified vulnerabilities. Furthermore, our financial, accounting, data processing or other operating systems and facilities (or those of our vendors) may fail to operate properly or become disabled as a result of events that are wholly or partially beyond our control, such as a cyberattack, a spike in transaction volume or unforeseen catastrophic events, potentially resulting in data loss and adversely affecting our ability to process transactions or otherwise operate our business. If one or more of these events occurs, this could potentially jeopardize data integrity or confidentiality of information processed and stored in, or transmitted through, our computer systems and networks. Any failure, interruption or breach in our cyber security could result in reputational harm, disruption of our customer relationships, or an inability to originate and service loans and otherwise operate our business. Further, if we (or a third party upon whom we rely) experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security incident, we could experience adverse consequences, such as government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive data (including personal data); litigation (including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm; monetary fund diversions; diversion of management attention; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; and other similar harms. Security incidents and attendant consequences may prevent or cause customers to stop using our services, deter new customers from using our services, and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business.
Regulators may impose penalties or require remedial action if they identify weaknesses in our systems, and we may be required to incur significant costs to address any identified deficiencies or to remediate any harm caused. A number of states have specific reporting and other requirements with respect to cybersecurity in addition to applicable federal laws. For instance, the NY DFS Cybersecurity Regulation requires New York insurance companies, banks, and other regulated financial services institutions - including certain Ocwen entities licensed in the state of New York - to assess their cybersecurity risk profile. Regulated entities are required, among other things, to adopt the core requirements of a cybersecurity program, including a cybersecurity policy, effective access privileges, cybersecurity risk assessments, training and monitoring for all authorized users, and appropriate governance processes. This regulation also requires regulated entities to submit notices to the NY DFS of any security breaches or other cybersecurity events, and to certify their compliance with the regulation on an annual basis. In addition, consumers generally are concerned with security breaches and privacy on the Internet, and Congress or individual states could enact new laws regulating the use of technology in our business that could adversely affect us or result in significant compliance costs.
As part of our business, we may share sensitive data with customers, vendors, service providers, and business partners. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited and the information systems of these third parties may be vulnerable to security breaches as these third parties may not have appropriate security controls in place to protect the sensitive data we share with them. If our sensitive data is intercepted, stolen, misused, or mishandled while in possession of a third party, it could result in reputational harm to us, loss of customer business, and additional regulatory scrutiny, and it could expose us to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. While we may be entitled to damages if our third-party vendors and/or service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award.
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Damage to our reputation could adversely impact our financial results and ongoing operations.
Our ability to serve and retain customers and conduct business transactions with our counterparties could be adversely affected to the extent our reputation is damaged. Our failure to address, or to appear to fail to address, the various regulatory, operational and other challenges facing Ocwen could give rise to reputational risk that could cause harm to us and our business prospects. Reputational issues may arise from the following, among other factors:
•negative news about Ocwen or the mortgage industry generally;
•allegations of non-compliance with legal and regulatory requirements;
•ethical issues, including alleged deceptive or unfair servicing or lending practices;
•our practices relating to collections, foreclosures, property preservation, modifications, interest rate adjustments, loans impacted by natural disasters, escrow and insurance;
•consumer privacy concerns;
•consumer financial fraud;
•data security issues related to our customers or employees;
•cybersecurity issues and cyber incidents, whether actual, threatened, or perceived;
•customer service or consumer complaints;
•legal, reputational, credit, liquidity and market risks inherent in our businesses;
•a downgrade of or negative watch warning on any of our servicer or credit ratings; and
•alleged or perceived conflicts of interest.
The proliferation of social media websites as well as the personal use of social media by our employees and others, including personal blogs and social network profiles, also may increase the risk that negative, inappropriate or unauthorized information may be posted or released publicly that could harm our reputation or have other negative consequences, including as a result of our employees interacting with our customers in an unauthorized manner in various social media outlets. The failure to address, or the perception that we have failed to address, any of these issues appropriately could give rise to increased regulatory action, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
The industry in which we operate is highly competitive, and, to the extent we fail to meet these competitive challenges, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
We operate in a highly competitive industry that could become even more competitive as a result of economic, legislative, regulatory or technological changes. Competition to service mortgage loans and for mortgage loan originations comes primarily from commercial banks and savings institutions and non-bank lenders and mortgage servicers. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources, and lower funding costs. Further, our competitors that are national banks may also benefit from a federal exemption from certain state regulatory requirements that is applicable to depository institutions. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of revenue generating options (e.g., originating types of loans that we choose not to originate) and establish more favorable relationships than we can. With the proliferation of smartphones and technological changes enabling improved payment systems and cheaper data storage, newer market participants, often called “disruptors,” are reinventing aspects of the financial industry and capturing profit pools previously enjoyed by existing market participants. As a result, the lending industry could become even more competitive if new market participants are successful in capturing market share from existing market participants such as ourselves. Competition to service mortgage loans may result in lower margins. Because of the relatively limited number of servicing clients, our failure to meet the expectations of any significant client could materially impact our business. Ocwen has suffered reputational damage as a result of our regulatory settlements and the associated scrutiny of our business. We believe this may have weakened our competitive position against both our bank and non-bank mortgage servicing competitors. These competitive pressures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.
The unexpected departure of key executives or an inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are highly dependent on an experienced leadership team, including our Chair, President and Chief Executive Officer, Glen A. Messina. We do not maintain key man life insurance relating to Mr. Messina or any other executive officer. The unexpected loss of the services of Mr. Messina or any of our other senior officers could have a material adverse effect on us.
More generally, our future success depends, in part, on our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled servicing, lending, finance, risk, compliance and technical personnel. We face intense competition for qualified individuals from numerous financial services and other companies, some of which have greater resources, better recent financial performance, fewer regulatory challenges and better reputations than we do.
If we are unable to attract and retain the personnel necessary to conduct our originations business, or other operations, or if the costs of doing so rise significantly, it could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.
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The human capital components of our ongoing cost-reduction efforts could disrupt operations, impair productivity and reduce morale, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations, business and financial performance.
As part of our ongoing initiatives to reduce operating costs, we have significantly reduced both our U.S.-based and offshore staffing levels compared to December 31, 2022. While we believe these planned departures are necessary in order to simplify our operations and drive stronger financial performance, internal reorganizations and personnel turnover add uncertainty to our operations in the short-term and divert management and employee attention from our other initiatives. In addition, the reduction in our workforce may negatively impact employee morale. It is possible that critical employees may seek other employment, and if we have misjudged the number or allocation of positions needed to run our operations efficiently, critical functions could be understaffed. Finally, our workforce reductions, management changes and internal reorganization could potentially invite increased regulatory inquiries. Any of the above risks, or a combination of these risks, could impair our ability to realize intended productivity increases and cost savings and result in a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.
We have operations in India and the Philippines that could be adversely affected by changes in the political or economic stability of these countries or by government policies in India, the Philippines or the U.S.
Approximately 3,000, or 67%, of our employees as of December 31, 2023 are located in India. A significant change in India’s economic liberalization and deregulation policies could adversely affect business and economic conditions in India generally and our business in particular. The political or regulatory climate in the U.S. or elsewhere also could change so that it would not be lawful or practical for us to use international operations in the manner in which we currently use them. For example, changes in regulatory requirements could require us to curtail our use of lower-cost operations in India to service our businesses. If we had to curtail or cease our operations in India and transfer some or all of these operations to another geographic area, we could incur significant transition costs as well as higher future overhead costs that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.
We may need to increase the levels of our employee compensation more rapidly than in the past to retain talent in India. Unless we can continue to enhance the efficiency and productivity of our employees, wage increases in the long-term may negatively impact our financial performance.
Political activity or other changes in political or economic stability in India and the Philippines could affect our ability to operate our business effectively. In 2023, for instance, our Philippines operations were briefly impacted by a series of transportation strikes. While we have implemented and maintain business continuity plans to reduce the disruption such events cause to our critical operations, we cannot guarantee that such plans will eliminate any negative impact on our business. Depending on the frequency and intensity of future occurrences of instability, our India or Philippines operations could be significantly adversely affected.
There are a number of foreign laws and regulations that are applicable to our operations in India and the Philippines, including laws and regulations that govern licensing, employment, safety, taxes and insurance and laws and regulations that govern the creation, continuation and winding up of companies as well as the relationships between shareholders, our corporate entities, the public and the government in these countries. Non-compliance with the laws and regulations of India or the Philippines could result in (i) restrictions on our operations in these countries, (ii) fines, penalties or sanctions or (iii) reputational damage.
Our operations are vulnerable to disruptions resulting from severe weather events.
Our operations are vulnerable to disruptions resulting from severe weather events, including our operations in India, the Philippines, the USVI and Florida. Approximately 3,400, or 76%, of our employees as of December 31, 2023 are located in India or the Philippines. In recent years, severe weather events caused disruptions to our operations in India, the Philippines, and the USVI and we incurred expense resulting from the evacuation of personnel and from property damage. In addition, employees located in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Texas have been impacted by severe weather events in recent years, including as a result of power failures due to such events which temporarily prevented some remote employees from working. While we have implemented and maintain business continuity plans to reduce the disruption such events cause to our critical operations, we cannot guarantee that such plans will eliminate any negative impact on our business, including the cost of evacuation and repairs. As the frequency of severe weather events continues to increase in connection with rising global temperatures and other climatic changes, interruptions to our business operations may become more frequent and costly, and future weather events could have a significant adverse effect on our business and results of operations.
If a rise in severe weather events increases the proportion of borrowers facing financial hardship, our servicing operations and financial condition could be negatively impacted.
Certain regions of the U.S. have experienced an increase in the frequency and severity of significant weather events during the last decade, resulting in costly property repairs and rising homeowner’s insurance costs. To the extent borrowers living in impacted areas experience a financial hardship and become unable to meet their mortgage obligations or choose to abandon severely damaged property, our servicing operations will become more costly due to the increased expense of servicing
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delinquent mortgages and managing REO property. While we have programs in place to assist homeowners negatively impacted by weather events and other emergencies, we cannot guarantee that these programs would mitigate impacts to all borrowers. Consequently, if the frequency and severity of weather events continues to increase and the regions subject to extreme weather continue to expand, the results of our servicing operations and financial condition could be significantly impacted.
A significant portion of our business is in the states of California, Texas, Florida, New York and New Jersey, and our business may be significantly harmed by a slowdown in the economy or the occurrence of a natural disaster in those states.
A significant portion of the mortgage loans that we service and originate are secured by properties in California, Texas, Florida, New York and New Jersey. Any adverse economic conditions in these markets, including a downturn in real estate values, could increase loan delinquencies. Delinquent loans are more costly to service and require us to advance delinquent principal and interest and to make advances for delinquent taxes and insurance and foreclosure costs and the upkeep of vacant property in foreclosure to the extent that we determine that such amounts are recoverable. We could also be adversely affected by business disruptions triggered by natural disasters or acts or war or terrorism in these geographic areas.
Reinsuring risk through our captive reinsurance entity could adversely impact our results of operation and financial condition.
If our captive reinsurance entity incurs losses from a severe catastrophe or series of catastrophes, particularly in areas where a significant portion of the insured properties are located, claims that result could substantially exceed our expectations, which could adversely impact our results of operation and financial condition. An increase in the frequency with which severe weather events occur in the U.S. would increase the risk of adverse impacts on our captive reinsurance business.
Pursuit of business or asset acquisitions exposes us to financial, execution and operational risks that could adversely affect us.
We are actively looking for opportunities to grow our business through acquisitions of businesses and assets. The performance of the businesses and assets we acquire through acquisitions may not match the historical performance of our other assets. Nor can we assure you that the businesses and assets we may acquire will perform at levels meeting our expectations. We may find that we overpaid for the acquired businesses or assets or that the economic conditions underlying our acquisition decision have changed. It may also take several quarters or longer for us to fully integrate newly acquired business and assets into our business, during which period our results of operations and financial condition may be negatively affected. Further, certain one-time expenses associated with such acquisitions may have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure you that acquisitions will not adversely affect our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.
The risks associated with acquisitions include, among others:
•unanticipated issues in integrating servicing, information, communications and other systems;
•unanticipated incompatibility in servicing, lending, purchasing, logistics, marketing and administration methods;
•unanticipated liabilities assumed from the acquired business;
•not retaining key employees; and
•the diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business concerns.
The acquisition integration process can be complicated and time consuming and could potentially be disruptive to borrowers of loans serviced by the acquired business. If the integration process is not conducted successfully and with minimal effect on the acquired business and its borrowers, we may not realize the anticipated economic benefits of particular acquisitions within our expected timeframe, or we could lose subservicing business or employees of the acquired business. In addition, integrating operations may involve significant reductions in headcount or the closure of facilities, which may be disruptive to operations and impair employee morale. Through acquisitions, we may enter into business lines in which we have not previously operated. Such acquisitions could require additional integration costs and efforts, including significant time from senior management. We may not be able to achieve the synergies we anticipate from acquired businesses, and we may not be able to grow acquired businesses in the manner we anticipate. In fact, the businesses we acquire could decrease in size, even if the integration process is successful.
Further, prices at which acquisitions can be made fluctuate with market conditions. We have experienced times during which acquisitions could not be made in specific markets at prices that we considered to be acceptable, and we expect that we will experience this condition in the future. In addition, to finance an acquisition, we may borrow funds, thereby increasing our leverage and diminishing our liquidity, or we could raise additional equity capital, which could dilute the interests of our existing shareholders.
The timing of closing of our acquisitions is often uncertain. We have in the past and may in the future experience delays in closing our acquisitions, or certain aspects of them. For example, we and the applicable seller are often required to obtain
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certain regulatory and contractual consents as a prerequisite to closing, such as the consents of GSEs, the FHFA, RMBS trustees or regulators. Accordingly, even if we and the applicable seller are efficient and proactive, the actions of third parties can impact the timing under which such consents are obtained. We and the applicable seller may not be able to obtain all the required consents, which may mean that we are unable to acquire all the assets that we wish to acquire. Regulators may have questions relating to aspects of our acquisitions and we may be required to devote time and resources responding to those questions. It is also possible that we will expend considerable resources in the pursuit of an acquisition that, ultimately, either does not close or is terminated.
Loan put-backs and related liabilities for breaches of representations and warranties regarding sold loans could adversely affect our business.
We have exposure to representation, warranty and indemnification obligations relating to our Originations business, including lending, loan sales and securitization activities, and in certain instances, we have assumed these obligations on loans we service. Our contracts with purchasers of originated loans generally contain provisions that require indemnification or repurchase of the related loans under certain circumstances. While the language in the purchase contracts varies, such contracts generally contain provisions that require us to indemnify purchasers of loans or repurchase such loans if:
•representations and warranties concerning loan quality, contents of the loan file or loan underwriting circumstances are inaccurate;
•adequate mortgage insurance is not secured within a certain period after closing;
•a mortgage insurance provider denies coverage; or
•there is a failure to comply, at the individual loan level or otherwise, with regulatory requirements.
We believe that many purchasers of residential mortgage loans are particularly aware of the conditions under which originators must indemnify or repurchase loans and under which such purchasers would benefit from enforcing any indemnification rights and repurchase remedies they may have.
At December 31, 2023, we had outstanding representation and warranty repurchase demands related to 71 loans of $20.7 million total UPB.
If home values decrease, our realized loan losses from loan repurchases and indemnifications may increase as well. As a result, our liability for repurchases may increase beyond our current expectations. Depending on the magnitude of any such increase, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We originate and securitize FHA-insured HECM reverse mortgages, which subjects us to risks that could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
We originate, securitize and service FHA-insured HECM mortgages. The reverse mortgage business is subject to substantial risks, including market, credit, interest rate, liquidity, operational, reputational and legal risks. Generally, a HECM reverse mortgage is a government-insured loan available to seniors aged 62 or older that allows homeowners to borrow money against the value of their home. No repayment of the mortgage is required until a default event under the terms of the mortgage occurs, the borrower dies, the borrower moves out of the home or the home is sold. A decline in the demand for HECM reverse mortgages may reduce the number of HECM reverse mortgages we originate and adversely affect our ability to sell HECM reverse mortgages in the secondary market. Although foreclosures involving HECM reverse mortgages generally occur less frequently than forward mortgages, loan defaults on HECM reverse mortgages leading to foreclosures may occur if borrowers fail to occupy the home as their primary residence, maintain their property or fail to pay taxes or home insurance premiums. A general increase in foreclosure rates may adversely impact how HECM reverse mortgages are perceived by potential customers and thus reduce demand for HECM reverse mortgages. Additionally, we could become subject to negative headline risk in the event that loan defaults on HECM reverse mortgages lead to foreclosures or evictions of the elderly. The HUD HECM reverse mortgage program has in the past responded to scrutiny around similar issues by implementing rule changes, and may do so in the future. It is not possible to predict whether any such rule changes would negatively impact us. All of the above factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.
Our HMBS repurchase obligations may reduce our liquidity, and if we are unable to comply with such obligations, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
As an HMBS issuer, we assume the obligation to purchase loans out of the Ginnie Mae securitization pools once the outstanding principal balance of the related HECM is equal to or greater than 98% of the maximum claim amount (MCA repurchases). Active repurchased loans are assigned to HUD and payment is typically received within 75 days of repurchase. HUD reimburses us for the outstanding principal balance on the loan up to the maximum claim amount. We bear the risk of exposure if the amount of the outstanding principal balance on a loan exceeds the maximum claim amount. Inactive repurchased loans (the borrower is deceased, no longer occupies the property or is delinquent on tax and insurance payments) are generally liquidated through foreclosure and subsequent sale of REO, with a claim filed with HUD for recoverable remaining principal and advance balances. The recovery timeline for inactive repurchased loans depends on various factors,
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including foreclosure status at the time of repurchase, state-level foreclosure timelines, and the post-foreclosure REO liquidation timeline. The timing and amount of our obligations with respect to MCA repurchases are uncertain as repurchase is dependent largely on circumstances outside of our control. MCA repurchases are expected to continue to increase due to the seasoning of our portfolio, and the increased flow of HECMs and REO that are reaching 98% of their maximum claim amount.
If we do not have sufficient liquidity or borrowing capacity to comply with our Ginnie Mae repurchase obligations, Ginnie Mae could take adverse action against us, including terminating us as an approved HMBS issuer. In addition, if we are required to purchase a significant number of loans with respect to which the outstanding principal balances exceed HUD’s maximum claim amount, we could be required to absorb significant losses on such loans following assignment to HUD or, in the case of inactive loans, liquidation and subsequent claim for HUD reimbursement. Further, during the periods in which HUD reimbursement is pending, our available borrowing or liquidity will be reduced by the repurchase amounts and we will have reduced resources with which to further other business objectives. For all of the foregoing reasons, our liquidity, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted by our HMBS repurchase obligations.
Liabilities relating to our past sales of Agency MSRs could adversely affect our business.
We have made representations, warranties and covenants relating to our past sales of Agency MSRs, including sales made by PHH Corporation before we acquired it. To the extent that we (including PHH Corporation prior to its acquisition by us) made inaccurate representations or warranties or if we fail otherwise to comply with our sale agreements, we could incur liability to the purchasers of these MSRs pursuant to the contractual provisions of these agreements.
We may incur litigation costs and related losses if the validity of a foreclosure action is challenged by a borrower or if a court overturns a foreclosure.
We may incur costs if we are required to, or if we elect to, execute or re-file documents or take other action in our capacity as a servicer in connection with pending or completed foreclosures. We may incur litigation costs if the validity of a foreclosure action is challenged by a borrower. If a court were to overturn a foreclosure because of errors or deficiencies in the foreclosure process, we may have liability to a title insurer of the property sold in foreclosure. These costs and liabilities may not be legally or otherwise reimbursable to us, particularly to the extent they relate to securitized mortgage loans. In addition, if certain documents required for a foreclosure action are missing or defective, we could be obligated to cure the defect or repurchase the loan. A significant increase in litigation costs could adversely affect our liquidity, and our inability to be reimbursed for servicing advances could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.
A failure to maintain minimum servicer ratings could have an adverse effect on our business, financing activities, financial condition or results of operations.
S&P, Moody’s, Fitch and others rate us as a mortgage servicer. Failure to maintain minimum servicer ratings could adversely affect our ability to sell or fund servicing advances going forward, could affect the terms and availability of debt financing facilities that we may seek in the future, and could impair our ability to consummate future servicing transactions or adversely affect our dealings with lenders, other contractual counterparties and regulators, including our ability to maintain our status as an approved servicer by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The servicer rating requirements of Fannie Mae do not necessarily require or imply immediate action, as Fannie Mae has discretion with respect to whether we are in compliance with their requirements and what actions it deems appropriate under the circumstances in the event that we fall below their desired servicer ratings.
Certain of our servicing agreements require that we maintain specified servicer ratings. As a result of our current servicer ratings, termination rights have been triggered in some non-Agency servicing agreements. While the holders of these termination rights have not exercised them to date, they have not waived the right to do so, and we could, in the future, be subject to terminations either as a result of servicer ratings downgrades or future adverse actions by ratings agencies, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financing activities, financial condition and results of operations. Downgrades in our servicer ratings could also affect the terms and availability of advance financing or other debt facilities that we may seek in the future. Our failure to maintain minimum or specified ratings could adversely affect our dealings with contractual counterparties, including GSEs, Ginnie Mae and regulators, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financing activities, financial condition and results of operations. To date, terminations as servicer as a result of a breach of any of these provisions have been minimal.
Tax Risks
Changes in tax laws and interpretation and tax challenges may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
The enactment of Federal Tax Reform has had, and is expected to continue to have, far reaching and significant effects. Further, U.S. tax authorities may at any time clarify and/or modify by legislation, administration or judicial changes or interpretation the income tax treatment of corporations. Such changes could adversely affect us.
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In the course of our business, we are sometimes subject to challenges from taxing authorities, including the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), individual states, municipalities, and foreign jurisdictions, regarding amounts due. These challenges may result in adjustments to the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions, the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions, or the rate of tax imposed in such jurisdiction, all of which may require a greater provision for taxes or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Failure to retain the tax benefits provided by the USVI would adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
During 2019, in connection with our acquisition of PHH Corporation, overall corporate simplification and cost-reduction efforts, we executed a legal entity reorganization whereby OLS, through which we previously conducted a substantial portion of our servicing business, was merged into PHH. OLS was previously the wholly-owned subsidiary of OMS, which was incorporated and headquartered in the USVI prior to its merger with Ocwen USVI Services, LLC, an entity which is also organized and headquartered in the USVI. The USVI has an Economic Development Commission (EDC) that provides certain tax benefits to qualified businesses. OMS received its certificate to operate as a company qualified for EDC benefits in October 2012 and as a result received significant tax benefits. Following our legal entity reorganization, we are no longer able to avail ourselves of favorable tax treatment for our USVI operations on a going forward basis. However, if the EDC were to determine that we failed to conduct our USVI operations in compliance with EDC qualifications prior to our reorganization, the value of the EDC benefits corresponding to the period prior to the reorganization could be reduced or eliminated, resulting in an increase to our tax expense. In addition, under our agreement with the EDC, we remain obligated to continue to operate Ocwen USVI Services, LLC in compliance with EDC requirements through 2042. If we fail to maintain our EDC qualification, we could be alleged to be in violation of our EDC commitments and the EDC could take adverse action against us, which could include demands for payment and reimbursement of past tax benefits, and it could result in the loss of anticipated income tax refunds. If any of these events were to occur, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
In December 2022, we executed an agreement with the USVI Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) for payment of the income tax refunds related to tax years 2013 through 2015, plus accrued interest, over a two-year period ending December 31, 2024. The BIR did not make the payment that was due on December 31, 2023 pursuant to the agreement. On February 8, 2024, we filed a lawsuit against the USVI for the refund of income taxes paid in prior years and for the USVI’s breach of the above-referenced agreement.
We may be subject to increased U.S. federal income taxation.
OMS was incorporated under the laws of the USVI and operated in a manner that caused a substantial amount of its net income to be treated as not related to a trade or business within the U.S., which caused such income to be exempt from U.S. federal income taxation. However, because there are no definitive standards provided by the Internal Revenue Code (the Code), regulations or court decisions as to the specific activities that constitute being engaged in the conduct of a trade or business within the U.S., and as any such determination is essentially factual in nature, we cannot assure you that the IRS will not successfully assert that OMS was engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. with respect to that income.
If the IRS were to successfully assert that OMS had been engaged in a trade or business within the U.S. with respect to that income in any taxable year, it may become subject to U.S. federal income taxation on such income. Our tax returns and positions are subject to review and audit by federal and state taxing authorities. An unfavorable outcome to a tax audit could result in higher tax expense.
Any “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code could substantially limit our ability to utilize our net operating losses carryforwards and other deferred tax assets.
As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen had U.S. federal and USVI net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards of approximately $504.8 million, which we estimate to be worth approximately $106.0 million to Ocwen under our present assumptions related to Ocwen’s various relevant jurisdictional tax rates as a result of recently passed tax legislation (which assumptions reflect a significant degree of uncertainty). As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen had state NOL and state tax credit carryforwards which we estimate to be worth approximately $82.0 million, and capital loss carryforwards of $0.1 million in the U.S. jurisdiction. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen had disallowed interest under Section 163(j) of $498.7 million in the U.S. jurisdiction. NOL carryforwards, Section 163(j) disallowed interest carryforwards and certain built-in losses or deductions may be subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (Section 382) (or comparable provisions of foreign or state law) in the event that certain changes in ownership were to occur as measured under Section 382. In addition, tax credit carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code Section 383 (Section 383). We periodically evaluate whether certain changes in ownership have occurred as measured under Section 382 that would limit our ability to utilize our NOLs, tax credit carryforwards, deductions and/or certain built-in losses. If it is determined that an ownership change(s) has occurred, there may be annual limitations under Sections 382 and 383 (or comparable provisions of foreign or state law).
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Ocwen and PHH Corporation have both experienced historical ownership changes that have caused the use of certain tax attributes to be limited and have resulted in the write-off of certain of these attributes based on our inability to use them in the carryforward periods defined under tax law. Ocwen continues to monitor the ownership in its stock to evaluate whether any additional ownership changes have occurred that would further limit our ability to utilize certain tax attributes. As such, our analysis regarding the amount of tax attributes that may be available to offset taxable income in the future without restrictions imposed by Section 382 may continue to evolve. Our inability to utilize our pre-ownership change NOL carryforwards, Section 163(j) disallowed interest carryforwards, any future recognized built-in losses or deductions, and tax credit carryforwards could have an adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Finally, any future changes in our ownership or sale of our stock could further limit the use of our NOLs and tax credits in the future.
Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock
Our common stock price experiences substantial volatility and has dropped significantly on a number of occasions in recent periods, which may affect your ability to sell our common stock at an advantageous price.
The market price of our shares of common stock has been, and may continue to be, volatile. For example, the closing market price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange fluctuated during 2023 between $21.37 per share and $36.26 per share, and the closing stock price on February 22, 2024 was $28.31 per share. Therefore, the volatility in our stock price may affect your ability to sell our common stock at an advantageous price. Market price fluctuations in our common stock may be due to factors both within and outside our control, including regulatory or legal actions, acquisitions, dispositions or other material public announcements or speculative trading in our stock (e.g., traders “shorting” our common stock), as well as a variety of other factors including, but not limited to those set forth under this Item 1.A. Risk Factors .
In addition, the stock markets in general, including the New York Stock Exchange, have, at times, experienced extreme price and trading fluctuations. These fluctuations have resulted in volatility in the market prices of securities that often has been unrelated or disproportionate to changes in operating performance. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market prices of our common stock.
When the market price of a company's shares drops significantly, shareholders often institute securities class action lawsuits against the company. A lawsuit against us, even if unsuccessful, could cause us to incur substantial costs and could divert the time and attention of our management and other resources.
We have several large shareholders, and such shareholders may vote their shares to influence matters requiring shareholder approval.
Based on SEC filings, we understand several shareholders each own or control over five percent of our common stock. These large shareholders individually and collectively have the ability to vote a meaningful percentage of our outstanding common stock on all matters put to a vote of our shareholders. As a result, these shareholders could influence matters requiring shareholder approval, including the amendment of our articles of incorporation, the approval of mergers or similar transactions and the election of directors. If situations arise in which management and certain large shareholders have divergent views, we may be unable to take actions management believes to be in the best interests of Ocwen.
Further, certain of our large shareholders also hold significant percentages of stock in companies with which we do business. It is possible these interlocking ownership positions could cause these shareholders to take actions based on factors other than solely what is in the best interests of Ocwen.
Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of additional securities that may cause dilution and may depress the price of our securities.
Our articles of incorporation permit our board of directors, without our stockholders’ approval, to:
•authorize the issuance of additional common stock or preferred stock in connection with future equity offerings or acquisitions of securities or other assets of companies; and
•classify or reclassify any unissued common stock or preferred stock and to set the preferences, rights and other terms of the classified or reclassified shares, including the issuance of shares of preferred stock that have preference rights over the common stock and existing preferred stock with respect to dividends, liquidation, voting and other matters or shares of common stock that have preference rights over common stock with respect to voting.
While any such issuance would be subject to compliance with the terms of our debt and other agreements, our issuance of additional securities could be substantially dilutive to our existing stockholders and may depress the price of our common stock.
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Future offerings of debt securities, which would be senior to our common stock in liquidation, or equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders’ interests and may be senior to our common stock in liquidation or for the purposes of distributions, may harm the market price of our securities.
We will continue to seek to access the capital markets from time to time and, subject to compliance with our other contractual agreements, may make additional offerings of term loans, debt or equity securities, including senior or subordinated notes, preferred stock or common stock. We are not precluded by the terms of our articles of incorporation from issuing additional indebtedness. Accordingly, we could become more highly leveraged, resulting in an increase in debt service obligations and an increased risk of default on our obligations. If we were to liquidate, holders of our debt and lenders with respect to other borrowings would receive a distribution of our available assets before the holders of our common stock. Additional equity offerings by us may dilute our existing stockholders’ interest in us or reduce the market price of our existing securities. Because our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. Further, conditions could require that we accept less favorable terms for the issuance of our securities in the future. Thus, our existing stockholders will bear the risk of our future offerings reducing the market price of our securities and diluting their ownership interest in us.
Because of certain provisions in our organizational documents and regulatory restrictions, takeovers may be more difficult, possibly preventing you from obtaining an optimal share price. In addition, significant investments in our common stock may be restricted, which could impact demand for, and the trading price of, our common stock.
Our amended and restated articles of incorporation provide that the total number of shares of all classes of capital stock that we have authority to issue is 33.3 million, of which 13.3 million are common shares and 20.0 million are preferred shares. Our board of directors has the authority, without a vote of the shareholders, to establish the preferences and rights of any preferred or other class or series of shares to be issued and to issue such shares. The issuance of preferred shares could delay or prevent a change in control. Since our board of directors has the power to establish the preferences and rights of the preferred shares without a shareholder vote, our board of directors may give the holders of preferred shares preferences, powers and rights, including voting rights, senior to the rights of holders of our common shares. In addition, our bylaws include provisions that, among other things, require advance notice for raising business or making nominations at meetings, which could impact the ability of a third party to acquire control of us or the timing of acquiring such control.
Third parties seeking to acquire us or make significant investments in us must do so in compliance with state regulatory requirements applicable to licensed mortgage servicers and lenders. Many states require change of control applications for acquisitions of “control” as defined under each state’s laws and regulation, which may apply to an investment without regard to the intent of the investor. For example, New York has a control presumption triggered at 10% ownership of the voting stock of the licensee or of any person that controls the licensee. In addition, we have licensed insurance subsidiaries in New York and Vermont. Accordingly, there can be no effective change in control of Ocwen unless the person seeking to acquire control has made the relevant filings and received the requisite approvals in New York and Vermont. These regulatory requirements may discourage potential acquisition proposals or investments, may delay or prevent a change in control of us and may impact demand for, and the trading price of, our common stock.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY
Risk Management and Strategy
We have established information security protocols aimed at the identification, assessment, and management of significant cybersecurity risks that could impact our vital information systems and confidential data. Our information security team employs a variety of methods to identify and evaluate cybersecurity risks, including risk and control self-assessments, vulnerability assessments and penetration testing, breach and attack simulations, ransomware table-top assessments, cyber threat intelligence review, as well as internal and external assessments.
To mitigate and manage these risks, we have implemented various technical, physical, and organizational safeguards. Depending on the environment or system, these include, for example, information security policies and procedures, perimeter security controls such as firewalls and intrusion prevention systems, network security controls including multi-factor authentication and role-based access controls, and server and endpoint security controls such as anti-malware. Additionally, depending on the environment or system, we utilize application security controls, data security controls including encryption, data loss prevention controls, immutable data backups, and security awareness programs.
These aforementioned security measures are integrated into our broader enterprise risk management strategies. Cybersecurity risks identified through the processes described above under Item 1. Business - Risk Management are
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categorized according to our enterprise risk assessment guidelines and are tracked in a centralized enterprise risk system. Cybersecurity risks are regularly reviewed by our IT Risk Committee and Enterprise Risk and Compliance Committee (discussed further below). We also engage third-party service providers for assistance in identifying, assessing, and managing cybersecurity risks. In the past, these services have included external penetration testing, audit services, legal counsel, threat intelligence, forensic investigation, and managed security service providers.
In addition, we have processes in place for assessing and managing risks associated with third-party service providers. Vendors are categorized based on a set of criteria that assess the importance of their services and the sensitivity of the information they access. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of information systems and data at issue, and the identity of the provider, our vendor management process may involve different levels of assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with the provider. We monitor third-party risks through due diligence questionnaires and periodic assessments, and we track the status of reported risks within our centralized risk governance framework.
In 2023 and 2024, cybersecurity incidents have occurred involving our vendors and other contractual counterparties that did not materially and adversely impact our operations. We cannot assure that future incidents will not materially and adversely impact us. For a description of the risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect us and how they may do so, see our risk factors under Part 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this annual report on Form 10-K, including “Cybersecurity risks and the failure to maintain the security, confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information technology systems or data, and those maintained on our behalf, could result in a material adverse impact to our business, including without limitation regulatory investigations or actions, a material interruption to our ability to provide services to our customers, damage to our reputation and/or subject us to costs, fines and penalties or lawsuits and otherwise adversely affect our operations.”
Cybersecurity Governance
Our Board of Directors addresses the Ocwen’s cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The Risk and Compliance Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for overseeing Ocwen’s overall risk management processes, including cybersecurity-related risks, and receives regular updates from the Chief Information Security Officer (CISO) concerning Ocwen’s significant cybersecurity threats and the processes Ocwen has implemented to address them. The Chair of our Risk and Compliance Committee and our Lead Independent Director have each received training and certification from the National Association of Corporate Directors Cyber-Risk Oversight Program.
Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by the CISO and the information security team. The CISO is responsible for cybersecurity staffing and maintaining an up-to-date cybersecurity policy and processes framework designed to promote a strong cybersecurity posture, drive security awareness, and facilitate a coordinated response to cybersecurity incidents. The IT Risk Committee, which is chaired by the Chief Information Officer (CIO) and includes the CISO, Chief Risk and Compliance Officer (CRCO) and other executive leadership team members, reviews cybersecurity risks and initiatives on a periodic basis.
In addition to their decades of experience and qualifications in finance and management, our CIO holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Engineering and Master’s Degree in Computer Science, our CISO holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Electronics Engineering and has completed industry certifications including Certified Information Security Auditor, Certified Information Systems Security Professional, and ISO 27001 Lead Auditor, and our CRCO has received training in financial services cybersecurity risk management for legal professionals. In addition, all Ocwen executives, along with employees generally, are required to refresh their cybersecurity and IT threat-recognition training annually or more frequently if circumstances warrant.
Cybersecurity-related risk events are reported to Ocwen’s Enterprise Risk and Compliance Committee, an executive level management committee designed to assist the Chief Executive Officer and CRCO in executing our Enterprise Risk Management Program, including with respect to cybersecurity. The Enterprise Risk and Compliance Committee provides a formal governance and oversight infrastructure for identifying and monitoring cybersecurity risks and compliance-related issues facing Ocwen, which includes escalation to the Risk and Compliance Committee of the Board as appropriate.
In addition, our cybersecurity incident response processes are designed to escalate material cybersecurity incidents to members of management as part of the enterprise level Crisis Management Framework. The CISO, CIO, CRCO and senior operating unit leaders are part of the crisis management team in an effort to promote the prompt mitigation of cybersecurity incidents and facilitate the notification of appropriate stakeholders.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
Ocwen Financial Corporation is headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida, at 1661 Worthington Road, Suite 100. We have offices and facilities in the U.S., the USVI, India and the Philippines, all of which are leased. The following table sets forth information relating to our principal facilities at December 31, 2023:

Location |  | Owned/Leased |  | Square Footage
Principal executive offices |  |  |  |
West Palm Beach, Florida |  | Leased |  | 41,858 |
Document storage and imaging facility |  |  |  |
West Palm Beach, Florida |  | Leased |  | 51,931 |
Business operations and support offices |  |  |  |
U.S. facilities: |  |  |  |
Mt. Laurel, New Jersey (1) |  | Leased |  | 18,270 |
Rancho Cordova, California (2) |  | Leased |  | 17,157 |
Houston, Texas - Walters Road (3) |  | Leased |  | 15,678 |
St. Croix, USVI (4) |  | Leased |  | 6,096 |
Offshore facilities (1) |  |  |  |
Bangalore, India (5) |  | Leased |  | 22,325 |
Mumbai, India (6) |  | Leased |  | 15,218 |
Pune, India |  | Leased |  | 3,826 |
Manila, Philippines |  | Leased |  | 13,134 |
Former operations and support offices no longer utilized |  |  |  |
Houston, Texas - Walters Road (7) |  | Leased |  | 29,901 |

(1)Supports our servicing and lending operations, as well as our corporate functions.
(2)Primarily supports reverse lending operations.
(3)Primarily supports our reverse servicing operations. We exercised the early termination option to terminate the lease by January 31, 2025 (original lease term extended through January 2027).
(4)Primarily supports our forward servicing operations.
(5)Effective January 2023, we terminated the lease on 45,725 square feet of space.
(6)Effective March 2023, we reduced the office space by 10,447 square feet.
(7)The lease of this facility, which expires on January 31, 2025, was partially abandoned as of December 31, 2023.
We regularly evaluate current and projected space requirements, considering the constraints of our existing lease agreements and the expected scale of our businesses. We operate through a hybrid workforce model which combines remote work for substantially all of our global workforce and in-office when required. During 2023, we exited a total of 105,471 of leased square feet.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
See Note 26 — Contingencies to the Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of our material legal proceedings. That information is incorporated into this item by reference.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
The common stock of Ocwen Financial Corporation is traded under the symbol “OCN” on the NYSE.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently do not intend to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future but intend to reinvest earnings in our business. The timing and amount of any future dividends will be determined by our Board of Directors and will depend, among other factors, upon our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, the capital requirements of subsidiaries and investment opportunities at the time any such payment is considered. Our Board of Directors has no obligation to declare dividends on our common stock under Florida law or our amended and restated articles of incorporation.
Stock Return Performance
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholder return (TSR) on the common stock of Ocwen Financial Corporation since December 31, 2018, with the cumulative TSR on the stocks included in (i) the Russell 2000 Index, (ii) the current peer group of companies Ocwen uses to inform compensation decisions, and (iii) the peer group used to inform compensation decisions in 2022. We have chosen to present the Russell 2000 for comparison purposes because we believe the Russell 2000 is comprised of companies which more closely resemble Ocwen in terms of market capitalization than other indices. We have selected our peer groups for comparison purposes because Ocwen’s management uses information about the peer groups to make compensation decisions and we believe that information is relevant to our shareholders. The Compensation and Human Capital Committee of Ocwen’s Board of Directors determines the constitution of our peer groups after considering the recommendations of our independent compensation consultant, who identifies potential peers based on a number of metrics including industry classification, revenues, assets and number of employees. Our Compensation and Human Capital Committee modified the peer group in 2023 on the recommendation of our independent compensation consultant in order to ensure the constituent companies remain aligned with Ocwen in key metrics.
The Compensation and Human Capital Committee selected the following peer group (Current Peer Group) as the comparator for benchmarking, including competitors in the mortgage finance industry and mortgage real estate investment trusts.

Associated Banc-Corp | Mr. Cooper Group Inc.
Axos Financial, Inc. | PennyMac Financial Services, Inc.
BankUnited, Inc. | Radian Group Inc.
Finance of America Companies, Inc. | South State Corporation
Guild Holdings Company | UWM Holdings Corporation
LendingTree, Inc. | Walker & Dunlop, Inc.
loanDepot, Inc. | Webster Financial Corporation
MGIC Investment Corporation | WSFS Financial Corporation

The cumulative TSR performance of peer group companies Finance of America Companies, Inc., Guild Holdings Company, Home Point Capital Inc., loanDepot Inc. and UWM Holdings is not included in the weighted average cumulative TSR calculation because they were publicly listed after the beginning of the five-year measurement period.
Compared to the 2022 peer group, the Current Peer Group reflects the addition of Axos Financial, Inc. and WSFS Financial Corporation and the removal of Home Point Capital Inc. and Navient Corporation.
The graph assumes that $100 was invested in our common stock, each index listed below, and each company in the peer group (except as described above) on December 31, 2018, and the reinvestment of all dividends. The returns of each peer group company are weighted according to their respective stock market capitalization at the beginning of the period.
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|  | Period Ending
Index / Peer Group |  | 12/31/2018 |  | 12/31/2019 |  | 12/31/2020 |  | 12/31/2021 |  | 12/31/2022 |  | 12/31/2023
Ocwen Financial Corporation |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 102.24 |  |  | $ | 143.83 |  |  | $ | 198.86 |  |  | $ | 152.14 |  |  | $ | 153.03 |
Russell 2000 |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 123.72 |  |  | $ | 146.44 |  |  | $ | 166.50 |  |  | $ | 130.60 |  |  | $ | 150.31 |
Current Peer Group |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 130.48 |  |  | $ | 134.35 |  |  | $ | 157.67 |  |  | $ | 129.27 |  |  | $ | 168.76 |
2022 Peer Group |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 133.55 |  |  | $ | 132.48 |  |  | $ | 161.83 |  |  | $ | 133.03 |  |  | $ | 171.59 |

(1)© 2023 London Stock Exchange Group plc and its applicable group undertakings (the “LSE Group”). The LSE Group includes (1) FTSE International Limited (“FTSE”), (2) Frank Russell Company (“Russell”), (3) FTSE Global Debt Capital Markets Inc. and FTSE Global Debt Capital Markets Limited (together, “FTSE Canada”), (4) MTSNext Limited (“MTSNext”), (5) Mergent, Inc. (“Mergent”), (6) FTSE Fixed Income LLC (“FTSE FI”), (7) The Yield Book Inc (“YB”) and (8) Beyond Ratings S.A.S. (“BR”). All rights reserved. FTSE Russell® is a trading name of FTSE, Russell, FTSE Canada, MTSNext, Mergent, FTSE FI, YB. “FTSE®”, “Russell®”, “FTSE Russell®”, “MTS®”, “FTSE4Good®”, “ICB®”, “Mergent®”, “The Yield Book®” and all other trademarks and service marks used herein (whether registered or unregistered) are trademarks and/or service marks owned or licensed by the applicable member of the LSE Group or their respective licensors and are owned, or used under license, by FTSE, Russell, MTSNext, FTSE Canada, Mergent, FTSE FI, YB. FTSE International Limited is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority as a benchmark administrator. All information is provided for information purposes only and data is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind.
This performance graph shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or incorporated by reference into any filing by us under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.
Number of Holders of Common Stock
On February 22, 2024, 7,684,401 shares of our common stock were outstanding and held by approximately 47 holders of record. Such number of stockholders does not reflect the number of individuals or institutional investors holding our stock in nominee name through banks, brokerage firms and others.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.
Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliates
We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2023.
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ITEM 6. [RESERVED]
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (Dollars in millions, except per share amounts and unless otherwise indicated)
The Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of this Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and provides year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 are not included in this Form 10-K and can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.
OVERVIEW
We are a leading non-bank mortgage servicer and originator providing solutions through our primary brands, PHH Mortgage and Liberty Reverse Mortgage. PHH is one of the largest non-bank servicers in the country based on UPB, focused on delivering a variety of servicing and lending programs. PHH is one of the largest correspondent lenders in the U.S. based on origination UPB. Liberty is one of the nation’s largest reverse mortgage lenders and servicer based on origination and securitization UPB, dedicated to education and providing loans that help customers meet their personal and financial needs. We serviced or subserviced 1.3 million loans with a total UPB of $288.4 billion on behalf of more than 3,900 investors and 113 subservicing clients as of December 31, 2023. We service all mortgage loan classes, including conventional, government-insured, non-Agency, small-balance commercial and multi-family loans. Our Originations business is part of our balanced business model to generate gains on loan sales and profitable returns, and to support the replenishment and the growth of our servicing portfolio. Through our retail, correspondent and wholesale channels, we originate and purchase conventional and government-insured forward and reverse mortgage loans that we sell or securitize on a servicing retained basis. In addition, we grow our mortgage servicing volume through MSR flow purchase agreements, Agency Cash Window and co-issue programs, bulk MSR purchase transactions, and subservicing agreements.
The table below summarizes the volume of Originations by channel during 2023, compared with the volume of the two preceding years. The volume of Originations is a key driver of the profitability of our Originations segment, together with margins, and a key driver of the replenishment and growth of our Servicing segment. In 2023, we added $50.4 billion of new volume, mainly $27.6 billion of new subservicing and $22.3 billion of non-bulk new servicing, as further detailed in the below table.

$ In billions | UPB |  | $ Change
| Years Ended December 31, |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Mortgage servicing originations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Retail - Consumer Direct MSR (1) | $ | 0.4 |  | $ | 1.2 |  | $ | 2.4 |  | $ | (0.9) |  | $ | (1.2)
Correspondent MSR (1) | 12.2 |  | 15.6 |  | 16.6 |  | (3.4) |  | (1.0)
Flow and Agency Cash Window MSR purchases (2) | 9.1 |  | 11.3 |  | 20.4 |  | (2.3) |  | (9.1)
Reverse mortgage servicing (3) | 0.7 |  | 1.4 |  | 1.5 |  | (0.8) |  | (0.1)
Total servicing | 22.3 |  | 29.5 |  | 41.0 |  | (7.2) |  | (11.5)
Bulk purchases (2) | 0.5 |  | 4.5 |  | 55.1 |  | (4.1) |  | (50.6)
Total servicing additions | 22.8 |  | 34.0 |  | 96.1 |  | (11.3) |  | (62.1)
Interim forward subservicing | 6.8 |  | 12.6 |  | 14.7 |  | (5.8) |  | (2.1)
Other new forward subservicing | 19.4 |  | 29.0 |  | 26.9 |  | (9.5) |  | 2.1
Reverse subservicing | 1.4 |  | 13.2 |  | 14.3 |  | (11.9) |  | (1.1)
Total subservicing additions (4) | 27.6 |  | 54.8 |  | 55.9 |  | (27.2) |  | (1.1)
Total servicing and subservicing UPB additions | $ | 50.4 |  | $ | 88.8 |  | $ | 152.0 |  | $ | (38.4) |  | $ | (63.2)

(1)Represents the UPB of loans that have been originated or purchased (funded) during the respective periods and for which we recognize a new MSR on our consolidated balance sheets upon sale or securitization.
(2)Represents the UPB of loans for which the MSR is purchased.
(3)Represents the UPB of reverse mortgage loans that have been securitized on a servicing retained basis. The loans are recognized on our consolidated balance sheets under GAAP without any separate recognition of MSRs.
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(4)Includes interim subservicing, including the volume of UPB associated with short-term interim subservicing for certain clients as a support to their originate-to-sell business.
The following table summarizes the average volume of our Servicing segment in 2023, compared with the two preceding years. The average servicing volume is a key driver of the profitability of our Servicing segment. In 2023, our total average servicing and subservicing portfolio increased $10.9 billion, or 4%, net of runoff, primarily driven by a $9.4 billion increase in MAV UPB and $4.6 billion new MSR capital partners to whom we sell MSRs while retaining the subservicing, offset in part by a $5.0 billion runoff of Rithm servicing portfolio. Our average owned MSR servicing portfolio stayed relatively flat year over year, with a $1.9 billion, or 2% increase.

$ in billions | Average UPB |  | $ Change |
| Years Ended December 31, |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |
Owned MSR | $ | 123.8 |  |  | $ | 121.9 |  |  | $ | 117.5 |  |  | $ | 1.9 |  | $ | 4.4 |
Rithm | 47.0 |  |  | 52.0 |  |  | 61.4 |  |  | (5.0) |  | (9.4) |
MAV | 51.9 |  |  | 42.5 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  | 9.4 |  | 33.4 |
Subservicing (including reverse subservicing) | 56.4 |  |  | 57.0 |  |  | 24.7 |  |  | (0.7) |  | 32.3 |
Reverse mortgage loans (owned) | 7.8 |  |  | 7.4 |  |  | 6.8 |  |  | 0.4 |  | 0.6 |
Commercial and other servicing | 0.9 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  | (0.4) |
Other MSR capital partners | 4.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4.6 |  | — |
Total servicing and subservicing UPB (average) | $ | 292.4 |  |  | $ | 281.6 |  |  | $ | 220.7 |  |  | $ | 10.9 |  |  | $ | 60.9 |  |

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the total servicing and subservicing UPB amounted to $288.4 billion and $289.8 billion, respectively, a net decrease of $1.3 billion or 0.5%.
The following table presents key market interest rates and respective changes in the periods presented. As further discussed, the 30-year fixed rate mortgage is a key driver of the Originations volumes, the 10-year Treasury rate is a key benchmark for MSR valuation and hedging activities, and the 1-month SOFR is a key benchmark for the profitability of our Servicing segment (including float earnings and asset-backed financing cost). In 2023, mortgage interest rates continued to rise following the decision of the Federal Reserve to continue to raise its federal funds target rate (with four times a 25-basis point increase from February to July 2023), resulting in the 30-year fixed rate mortgage reaching its peak 7.79% in October, 2023 and its yearly average up 1.5 percentage points higher than the prior year. This rate increase continued to depress the origination market, significantly limiting refinance opportunities and maintaining pressure on borrower affordability. The 30-year fixed rate mortgage dropped in the fourth quarter of 2023 to return to levels similar to December 31, 2022 (up 19 basis points). Similarly, while the 10-year Treasury rate, a benchmark for MSR fair value changes attributable to rates, stayed flat year-over-year, it increased 140 basis points from March 31, 2023 to October 31, 2023 and decreased 100 basis points from October 31, 2023 to December 31, 2023.

| Years Ended December 31, |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |
30-year fixed rate mortgage (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average | 6.80% |  | 5.30% |  | 2.95% |  |
End of period | 6.61% |  | 6.42% |  | 3.11% |  |
End of period change (percentage points) | 0.19 |  | 3.31 |  | 0.44 |  |
10-year Treasury rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |
End of period | 3.88% |  | 3.88% |  | 1.52% |  |
End of period change (percentage points) | — |  | 2.36 |  | 0.61 |  |
Average 1-month SOFR | 5.07% |  | 1.85% |  | 0.04% |  |

(1)Source: Freddie Mac PMMS - Primary Mortgage Market Survey
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Financial Highlights
Results of operations for 2023
•Net loss of $64 million, or $8.34 loss per share basic and diluted
•Servicing and subservicing fee revenue of $947 million
•Originations gain on sale of $30 million
• $89 million MSR valuation loss attributable to rate and assumption changes, net of hedging
Financial condition at the end of the year
•Stockholders’ equity of $402 million, or $52.29 book value per common share
•MSR investment of $2.3 billion, down $393 million, and $10.9 billion increase in the average serviced and subserviced UPB as compared to the prior year
•Cash position of $202 million
•Total assets of $12.5 billion
Business Initiatives
We established the following key operating objectives to return to sustainable profitability and create long-term value for shareholders. As our near-term priority remains to return to sustainable profitability, we continue to execute our strategy around these objectives:
•Leveraging the core strengths of our balanced and diversified business through a continued focus on servicing and maintaining agility to address market-cycle opportunities;
•Driving prudent growth adapted for the environment, including emphasis on subservicing to drive capital-light servicing portfolio UPB growth and expansion of higher margin originations products and clients to drive accretive MSR investments;
•Reducing cost structure across the organization to achieve industry cost leadership by maintaining continuous cost improvement discipline and optimizing technology, global operations, and scale;
•Delivering industry top-tier servicing operational performance and driving increased borrower and client satisfaction.
•Optimizing liquidity, diversifying capital sources, including our multi-investor partnership model to fund new MSR originations which enables capital-light servicing portfolio growth and interest rate risk mitigation, and allocating capital to deliver value for shareholders, including deleveraging through opportunistic repurchases of our senior secured notes.
Our growth strategy includes acquiring assets and/or operations of complementary businesses, by means of acquisition, merger or other transaction forms. Our strategy may also include pursuing large transactions, including bulk purchases or sales of MSRs. We have engaged in such transactions in the past, and we continue to explore opportunities that may be accretive to our business and stockholders’ value.
Results of Operations and Financial Condition
The following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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Condensed Results of Operations | Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  | % Change
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Revenue | $ | 1,066.7 |  |  | $ | 953.9 |  |  | $ | 1,050.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 12 | % |  | (9) | %
MSR valuation adjustments, net | (232.2) |  |  | (10.4) |  |  | (98.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | n/m |  | (89) |
Operating expenses | 412.1 |  |  | 532.4 |  |  | 609.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23) |  |  | (13) |
Other income (expense), net | (480.5) |  |  | (386.2) |  |  | (346.7) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | 11 |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (58.1) |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | (4.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (333) |  |  | (670) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 5.6 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (22.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (795) |  |  | (96) |
Net income (loss) | (63.7) |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (348) |  |  | 42 |
Segment income (loss) before income taxes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 127.7 |  |  | $ | 52.2 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (92) | % |  | 145 | %
Originations | (2.0) |  |  | 2.9 |  |  | 89.8 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (169) |  |  | (97) |
Corporate Items and Other | (66.1) |  |  | (105.7) |  |  | (146.3) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (37) |  |  | (28) |
| $ | (58.1) |  |  | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | (4.4) |  |  |  |  |  |  | (333) | % |  | (670) | %
n/m: not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Ocwen reported a $63.7 million net loss in 2023, as compared to $25.7 million net income in 2022, mostly driven by the following:
•A $112.8 million, or 12% increase in revenue, with $166.1 million, or 20% growth in Servicing revenue partially offset by lower revenue in Originations. With a 4% increase of our average servicing volume, the Servicing revenue increase is primarily driven by interest rates, with $87.1 million incremental float and other ancillary income in 2023 and $47.0 million fair value losses on our reverse portfolio reported in 2022. In addition, a net favorable $24.5 million fair value change year-over-year was attributable to two key transactions (with gains on mortgage buyouts acquisition and securitization in 2023 and losses on Ginnie Mae EBO delinquent loan buyouts and sale in 2022). The decline in Originations revenue is primarily driven by significant decreases in volumes across all channels due to higher market interest rates affecting borrower behaviors.
•A $221.8 million higher loss on MSR valuation adjustments, net, primarily driven by MSR fair value gains reported in 2022 with changes in market interest rates (the 10-year Treasury rate increased by more than 2 percentage points in 2022, and remained flat in 2023), unfavorable MSR interest rate hedging strategy performance, and additional unfavorable rate and assumption updates to reflect market participant perspectives on the fair value of our MSRs and MSR pledged liabilities with actual trade pricing levels in 2023.
•A $120.3 million decrease in operating expenses, primarily due to lower production volume and headcount in our Originations segment, additional cost reductions across all segments and the reversal of our accrual related to the CFPB matter resolved in 2023.
•A $94.3 million increase in Other expense, net primarily due to $55.2 million higher net interest expense driven by a more than 300 basis point increase in average short-term interest rates, the indices of our asset-backed financings, and a $41.3 million increase in Pledged MSR liability expense mostly due to an increase in servicing spread remittance on the Excess Servicing Spread (ESS) financing liabilities issued beginning in the third quarter of 2022.
•A $6.4 million increase in income tax expense, primarily due to income tax benefit recognized in 2022 related to the favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions.
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Total Revenue
The below table presents total revenue by segment:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change |
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |
Servicing | $ | 994.6 |  | $ | 828.5 |  | $ | 825.5 |  | 20% |  | —% |
Originations | 72.1 |  | 141.1 |  | 249.9 |  | (49) |  | (44) |
Corporate | — |  | — |  | — |  | n/m |  | (100) |
Total segment revenue (1) | $ | 1,066.7 |  | $ | 969.6 |  | $ | 1,075.4 |  | 10 |  | (10) |

(1)Refer to Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting for a reconciliation to Total revenue for 2022 and 2021 and the change in presentation of CRL activities.
Total segment revenue for 2023 was $97.1 million, or 10%, higher as compared to 2022 due to a $166.1 million increase in Servicing revenue partially offset by a $69.0 million decrease in Originations revenue.
•The $166.1 million, or 20% increase in Servicing revenue is driven by an $87.1 million increase in float and other ancillary income with higher interest rates, a $15.7 million revaluation gain on reverse mortgage buyouts opportunistically acquired at a discount and securitized in 2023, and a 4% increase in average volume. In addition, the year-over-year revenue increase is impacted by losses recognized in 2022, with $47.0 million fair value losses on the reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net driven by increasing interest rates and widening yield spread in 2022, and an $8.8 million loss on certain delinquent and aged loans repurchased in connection with the Ginnie Mae EBO program and sold.
•The $69.0 million, or 49% decrease in Originations revenue is primarily driven by a decrease in volumes across all channels due to higher market interest rates affecting borrower behaviors. Our reverse channels reported a $38.0 million decrease in gains on a 53% decline in volume, our forward channels reported a $22.6 million decrease in gains on sale mostly driven by lower recapture volume offset in part by higher margin, and an $8.4 million decline in fees primarily due to lower production volume.
MSR Valuation Adjustments, Net
The table below presents the key components of MSR valuation adjustments, net which include MSRs, MSR pledged liabilities and ESS financing liabilities at fair value, together with MSR hedging derivatives:

| Years Ended December 31, |  |  |
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |
Realization of expected cash flows (runoff) | $ | (143.6) |  | $ | (164.5) |  | $ | (160.8) |  |  |  |  |
Fair value gains (losses) due to rates and assumptions | (55.5) |  | 261.0 |  | 71.9 |  |  |  |  |
MSR hedging derivative fair value gain (loss) | (33.1) |  | (106.9) |  | (9.5) |  |  |  |  |
Sub-total fair value gains (losses) due to rates and assumptions, net of hedging (1) | (88.6) |  | 154.1 |  | 62.3 |  |  |  |  |
MSR valuation adjustments, net | $ | (232.2) |  | $ | (10.4) |  | $ | (98.5) |  |  |  |  |

(1)Excludes fair value changes of reverse mortgage loans held-for-investment and HMBS related borrowing due to rates and assumptions that are part of the MSR hedging strategy. Refer to the MSR Hedging Strategy section of Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks for further detail.
The $232.2 million loss on MSR valuation adjustments, net in 2023 is comprised of $143.6 million runoff, $55.5 million fair value loss attributed to rates and assumptions and $33.1 million loss on MSR hedging derivatives. MSR valuation adjustments, net decreased by $221.8 million (higher loss) in 2023 compared to 2022 largely driven by interest rates, as discussed below.
•MSRs are subject to runoff, a fair value decline due to the realization of expected cash flows and yield based on projected borrower behavior, including scheduled amortization of the loan UPB together with projected voluntary prepayments. The favorable $20.9 million decrease in runoff year-over-year is mostly due to the ESS financing liabilities issued beginning in the third quarter of 2022 and MSR sales.
•The $55.5 million fair value loss due to rates and assumptions in 2023 is largely attributed to unfavorable assumption updates to reflect market participant perspectives on MSRs and MSR pledged liabilities with actual trade pricing levels
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as the 10-year Treasury rate remained flat in 2023. The change from a $261.0 million fair value gain in 2022 to a loss in 2023 is also due to changes in market interest rates as the 10-year Treasury rate increased 236 basis points in 2022.
•MSR hedging derivative fair value gains or losses are designed to partially offset the expected fair value losses or gains, respectively, of the net MSR, MSR pledged liabilities and ESS exposure, commensurate with our target hedge coverage ratio. As the 10-year Treasury rate remained flat in 2023, the $33.1 million derivative loss is primarily driven by hedge cost and hedge ineffectiveness associated with non-parallel changes in the interest rate curve, mortgage basis and market volatility, among other factors. The $73.8 million year-over-year decline in hedging losses is mainly due to an increase in interest rates in 2022, also considering the change in our hedge coverage ratio. Also refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for further detail on our hedging strategy and its effectiveness and the Servicing segment for a further discussion of MSR valuation adjustments, net.
Operating Expenses
The table below presents the key components of operating expenses:

| Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  | % Change
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Compensation and benefits | $ | 229.2 |  |  | $ | 289.4 |  |  | $ | 297.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (21) | % |  | (3) | %
Servicing and origination | 57.3 |  |  | 64.9 |  |  | 113.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (12) |  |  | (43) |
Technology and communications | 52.5 |  |  | 57.9 |  |  | 56.0 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (9) |  |  | 3 |
Professional services | 22.3 |  |  | 49.3 |  |  | 81.9 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (55) |  |  | (40) |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing | 31.8 |  |  | 41.8 |  |  | 36.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (24) |  |  | 14 |
Other expenses | 19.0 |  |  | 29.1 |  |  | 23.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (35) |  |  | 25 |
Total operating expenses | $ | 412.1 |  |  | $ | 532.4 |  |  | $ | 609.3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (23) |  |  | (13) |
Average headcount | 4,670 |  |  | 5,476 |  |  | 5,205 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15) |  |  | 5 |

Compensation and benefits expense for 2023 decreased $60.2 million, or 21%, as compared to 2022 largely due to a $44.7 million decrease in salaries and benefits and a $10.8 million decrease in severance expense. Our total average headcount declined 15% (including a 33% decline in total average U.S. based headcount), driven by a 50% decline in Originations average headcount as part of our efforts to right size resources to market opportunities, and a 25% reduction in our average U.S. based Servicing headcount reflecting our goal to improve efficiencies and create an industry leading cost structure. In addition, commissions decreased by $11.4 million due to lower production volume and headcount in our Originations segment. Offsetting in part was a $9.2 million increase in incentive compensation related to our management performance-based plans primarily due to an increase in equity classified share-based awards expense attributed to new share-based awards granted in 2023, and at a higher average grant-date fair value, lower forfeitures in 2023, and an increase in cash awards.
Servicing and origination expense for 2023 decreased $7.6 million, or 12%, as compared to 2022, mostly driven by lower Originations volume and a reduction in indemnification reserves in 2023 due to favorable representation and warranty demand activity and resolutions. Servicing segment expense was mostly flat, as compared to 2022.
Technology and communications expense for 2023 decreased $5.4 million, or 9%, as compared to 2022 mainly due to cost reduction initiatives with our vendors for our Corporate support functions and lower Originations volume.
Professional services expense for 2023 decreased $27.0 million, or 55%, as compared to 2022 primarily due to a $13.7 million decline in legal expenses and a $13.3 million decrease in other professional fees. The decline in legal expenses is primarily due to the reversal of our accrual related to the CFPB matter resolved in 2023 offset in part by lower recoveries of prior year expenses in 2023 as compared to 2022. The decrease in other professional fees is driven by our cost saving initiatives including the reduction of outsourced resources and insurance costs.
Occupancy, equipment and mailing expense for 2023 decreased $10.0 million, or 24%, as compared to 2022. The expense reduction was primarily due to our exit or downsize of certain leased office facilities in the second half of 2022, including our exit from our New Jersey leased office facility, and lower mailing costs.
Other expenses for 2023 decreased $10.1 million as compared to 2022 mainly due to a $5.8 million decrease in advertising expense mostly attributed to our Originations segment and a decline in bank charges due to higher earnings credits as a result of higher interest rates.
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Other Income (Expense)

| Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  | % Change
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Net interest expense | $ | (195.6) |  |  | $ | (140.4) |  |  | $ | (117.6) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 39 | % |  | 19 | %
Pledged MSR liability expense | (296.3) |  |  | (255.0) |  |  | (221.3) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 |  |  | 15 |
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt | 1.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (15.5) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 43 |  |  | (106) |
Earnings of equity method investee | 7.3 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (61) |  |  | 411 |
Other, net | 2.8 |  |  | (10.2) |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  |  |  |  | (127) |  |  | (349) |
Other income (expense), net | $ | (480.5) |  |  | $ | (386.2) |  |  | $ | (346.7) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 24 |  |  | 11 |

Net interest expense for 2023 increased $55.2 million, or 39%, as compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in the cost of funds of our asset-backed financing facilities mostly driven by a more than 300 basis point increase in short-term interest rates, and the repayment of a lower-cost servicing advance facility during the third quarter of 2022.
In 2023 and 2022, we repurchased $15.0 million and $25.0 million, respectively, of PMC 7.875% Senior Secured Notes due March 2026 in the open market at a discount and recognized gains on extinguishment of the debt, net of the respective write-off of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs.
Other, net expense for 2023 decreased $13.0 million as compared to 2022 primarily driven by $5.7 million of compensation from a subservicer related to a negotiated subservicing termination in the fourth quarter of 2023. The payment received offsets an unfavorable impact to the fair value of the associated MSRs (reported as a loss in MSR valuation adjustments, net). In addition, early payoff protection expense decreased by $3.0 million in 2023 in connection with our MSR sale transactions.
Refer to Servicing segment for discussion and analysis of Pledged MSR liability expense and Earnings of equity method investee.
Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | (22.4) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (58.1) |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | (4.4) |
Effective tax rate | (10) | % |  | (3) | % |  | 509 | %

Our effective tax rate for the periods indicated in the table above differs from the 21% federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to the full valuation allowance recorded on our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets. We conduct periodic evaluations of positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset can be realized in future periods. In these evaluations, we give more significant weight to objective evidence, such as our actual financial condition and historical results of operations, as compared to subjective evidence, such as projections of future taxable income or losses. The U.S. jurisdiction is in a cumulative loss position for the three-year period ended December 31, 2023. We evaluated all positive and negative evidence and determined that a full valuation allowance at December 31, 2023 remains appropriate. The income tax expense (benefit) is primarily comprised of income taxes in foreign jurisdictions and changes in uncertain tax positions. Refer to Note 20 — Income Taxes for further details on deferred tax assets.
For 2023, income tax expense of $5.6 million was driven primarily by pre-tax earnings in foreign jurisdictions, current taxable income in the U.S., and the accrual of additional interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions. The $6.4 million increase in income tax expense for 2023, compared with 2022, is mostly due to the favorable resolution of uncertain tax positions in 2022 and current taxable income in the U.S. The decline in the effective tax rate is primarily due to the $83.0 million decrease in pre-tax earnings in 2023 compared to 2022, as well as the $6.4 million increase in income tax expense for 2023, compared to 2022.
Under our transfer pricing agreements, our operations in India and Philippines are compensated on a cost-plus basis for the services they provide, such that even when we have a consolidated pre-tax loss from operations these foreign operations have taxable income, which is subject to statutory tax rates in these jurisdictions that are higher than the U.S. statutory rate of 21%.
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Financial Condition

Financial Condition Summary | December 31, |  | $ Change |  | % Change
2023 |  | 2022
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 201.6 |  |  | $ | 208.0 |  |  | $ | (6.4) |  |  | (3) | %
Restricted cash | 53.5 |  |  | 66.2 |  |  | (12.7) |  |  | (19) |
MSRs, at fair value | 2,272.2 |  |  | 2,665.2 |  |  | (393.0) |  |  | (15) |
Advances, net | 678.8 |  |  | 718.9 |  |  | (40.1) |  |  | (6) |
Loans held for sale | 677.3 |  |  | 622.7 |  |  | 54.5 |  |  | 9 |
Loans held for investment, at fair value | 7,975.5 |  |  | 7,510.8 |  |  | 464.8 |  |  | 6 |
Receivables, net | 154.8 |  |  | 180.8 |  |  | (26.0) |  |  | (14) |
Investment in equity method investee | 37.8 |  |  | 42.2 |  |  | (4.5) |  |  | (11) |
Premises and equipment, net | 13.1 |  |  | 20.2 |  |  | (7.2) |  |  | (35) |
Other assets | 449.2 |  |  | 364.2 |  |  | 85.0 |  |  | 23 |
Total assets | $ | 12,513.7 |  |  | $ | 12,399.2 |  |  | $ | 114.5 |  |  | 1 | %
Total Assets by Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing | $ | 11,687.6 |  |  | $ | 11,537.7 |  |  | $ | 149.9 |  |  | 1 | %
Originations | 551.9 |  |  | 570.5 |  |  | (18.6) |  |  | (3) |
Corporate Items and Other | 274.3 |  |  | 291.1 |  |  | (16.8) |  |  | (6) |
| $ | 12,513.7 |  |  | $ | 12,399.2 |  |  | $ | 114.5 |  |  | 1 | %
HMBS-related borrowings, at fair value | $ | 7,797.3 |  |  | $ | 7,326.8 |  |  | $ | 470.5 |  |  | 6 |
Other financing liabilities, at fair value | 900.0 |  |  | 1,137.4 |  |  | (237.4) |  |  | (21) |
Advance match funded liabilities | 499.7 |  |  | 513.7 |  |  | (13.9) |  |  | (3) |
Mortgage loan financing facilities, net | 710.6 |  |  | 702.7 |  |  | 7.9 |  |  | 1 |
MSR financing facilities, net | 916.2 |  |  | 953.8 |  |  | (37.6) |  |  | (4) |
Senior notes, net | 595.8 |  |  | 599.6 |  |  | (3.7) |  |  | (1) |
Other liabilities | 692.3 |  |  | 708.5 |  |  | (16.2) |  |  | (2) |
Total liabilities | 12,111.9 |  |  | 11,942.5 |  |  | 169.4 |  |  | 1 |
Total stockholders’ equity | 401.8 |  |  | 456.7 |  |  | (54.9) |  |  | (12) |
Total liabilities and equity | $ | 12,513.7 |  |  | $ | 12,399.2 |  |  | $ | 114.5 |  |  | 1 | %
Total Liabilities by Segment |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing | $ | 11,276.5 |  |  | $ | 11,051.3 |  |  | $ | 225.2 |  |  | 2 | %
Originations | 517.5 |  |  | 544.2 |  |  | (26.8) |  |  | (5) |
Corporate Items and Other | 318.0 |  |  | 346.9 |  |  | (29.0) |  |  | (8) |
| $ | 12,111.9 |  |  | $ | 11,942.5 |  |  | $ | 169.4 |  |  | 1 | %
Book value per share | $ | 52.29 |  |  | $ | 60.68 |  |  | $ | (8.40) |  |  | (14) | %

Total assets increased by $114.5 million, or 1%, between December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2023 due to a $464.8 million increase in loans held for investment mostly driven by capitalization of interest, and a $54.5 million increase in our loans held for sale portfolio after our acquisition of reverse mortgage buyouts. These increases were offset by a $393.0 million decrease in our MSR portfolio mostly attributed to the derecognition of $421.7 million MSRs associated with Rithm servicing agreements for which MSR sale accounting criteria was met, and a $40.1 million decline in servicing advances, mainly due to the runoff of our non-Agency MSR portfolio and increased collection of foreclosure related advances associated with default resolutions.
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Total liabilities increased by $169.4 million, or 1%, as compared to December 31, 2022 with similar effects as described above. Our HMBS-related borrowings increased by $470.5 million mostly due to fair value changes attributable to interest. The $237.4 million decrease in Other financing liabilities is primarily due to the derecognition of $421.7 million Pledged MSR liabilities associated with Rithm servicing agreements for which MSR sale accounting criteria was met as disclosed above, offset in part by the issuance of ESS financing liabilities and increased other Pledged MSR liabilities in connection with MSR transfers that did not qualify for sale accounting. The issuance of ESS financing liabilities and increased other Pledged MSR liabilities allowed for the repayment of MSR financing facilities, driving a $37.6 million decrease. This shift in financing instruments is the result of our strategy to use MSR capital partners and further de-risk our MSR exposure. Advance match funded liabilities decreased $13.9 million consistent with the decline in servicing advances discussed above.
Total equity decreased $54.9 million during 2023 due to the $63.7 million net loss, partially offset by $7.5 million equity-based compensation driven by additional awards. See Note 16 — Stockholders’ Equity for additional information.
Key Trends
The following discussion provides information regarding certain key drivers of our financial performance and includes certain forward-looking statements that are based on the current beliefs and expectations of Ocwen’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Refer to Forward-Looking Statements beginning on page 2 and the Risk Factors section beginning on page 18, for discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and other factors that could cause Ocwen’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties. There is no assurance that actual results will be in line with the outlook information set forth below, and Ocwen does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements. Also refer to the Segment results of operations section for further detail, the description of our business environment, initiatives and risks.
Servicing and subservicing fee revenue - Our servicing fee revenue is a function of the volume being serviced - UPB for servicing fees and loan count for subservicing fees. We expect we will continue to grow our servicing and subservicing portfolio through our multi-channel Originations platform and through MSR capital partners, with an emphasis on subservicing.
Gain on sale of loans held for sale - Our gain on sale is driven by both volume and margin and is channel-sensitive. The industry forecasts suggest an increase in loan origination in 2024 in excess of 20% as compared to historical low origination volumes in 2023, including refinance volume increase in excess of 50% with lower mortgage interest rates in the second half of 2024. We anticipate a significant growth in our Consumer Direct channel albeit lower than the industry forecast as we do not anticipate any substantial growth in our refinance recapture volume absent any notable decrease in prevailing mortgage rates. We expect to continue to prudently manage our Correspondent volume at margins that are accretive to the business. We expect continued competitive pressure on margins across all channels.
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net - The reverse mortgage origination gain is driven by the same factors as gain on sale of loans held for sale, with smaller volumes in the reverse mortgage market and generally larger margins. With our experience and brand in the marketplace, we expect to continue to maintain or prudently grow our portfolio albeit with some channel mix changes. We expect continued uncertain market interest rate and spread conditions. The fair value of the net reverse servicing asset is expected to continue to follow market conditions, with fair value gains or losses generally associated with declining or increasing interest rates and spread, respectively, and is part of our forward MSR hedging strategy.
MSR valuation adjustments, net - Our net MSR fair value changes include multiple components. First, amortization of our investment is a function of the UPB, capitalized value of the MSR relative to the UPB, and the level of scheduled payments and prepayments. We expect the MSR realization of expected cash flows to follow the growth or size of our MSR portfolio net of ESS financing liabilities and pledged MSR liabilities with our MSR capital partners. Second, MSR fair value changes are driven by changes in interest rates and assumptions, such as forecasted prepayments. Third, the MSR fair value changes are partially offset by derivative fair value changes that economically hedge the MSR portfolio. We are exposed to increased interest rate volatility due to our interest rate sensitive GSE MSR portfolio. Our hedging strategy provides only partial hedge coverage and we would expect net MSR fair value losses if interest rates drop and conversely, net MSR fair value gains if interest rates rise, also dependent on our hedge coverage ratio. We expect that, other things being equal, the magnitude of the fair value changes of the MSR portfolio due to market interest rates, net of the MSR hedges, to decrease if our hedge coverage ratio increases, or vice versa. Refer to the sensitivity analysis in the Market Risk sections of Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for further detail.
Operating expenses - Compensation and benefits are a significant component of our cost-to-service and cost-to-originate and is directly correlated to headcount levels. Headcount in Servicing is primarily driven by the number of loans or UPB being serviced and subserviced, and by the relative mix of performing, delinquent and defaulted loans. As servicing volume is expected to modestly increase (see above), we expect a stable workforce with productivity gains. We expect to continue to prudently manage our Originations headcount and operating expenses to align with funded volume. Our operating expenses are expected to correlate with volumes, with some productivity and efficiencies expected through our technology and continuous
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improvement initiatives. Elevated inflation may result in higher operating expenses due to increases in salaries and benefits and rates charged by our vendors.
Stockholders’ equity - With the above considerations, we expect our businesses to generate net income and increase our equity in 2024, absent any significant adverse change in interest rates or other factors.
SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
We report our activities in three segments, Servicing, Originations and Corporate Items and Other that reflect other business activities that are currently individually insignificant. Our business segments reflect the internal reporting that we use to evaluate operating and financial performance and to assess the allocation of our resources.
Servicing
We earn contractual monthly servicing fees pursuant to servicing agreements pertaining to MSRs we own, which are typically payable as a percentage of UPB, as well as ancillary fees, including late fees, modification incentive fees, REO referral commissions, float earnings and convenience or other loan collection fees, where permitted. We also earn fees under subservicing arrangements with banks and other institutions, that are typically on a per-loan basis and vary based on loan delinquency status.
As of December 31, 2023, we serviced 1.3 million mortgage loans with an aggregate UPB of $288.4 billion, a decrease of 2% and 0.5%, respectively, from December 31, 2022. The average UPB during 2023 increased by 4% or $10.9 billion compared to 2022.
Effective in the fourth quarter of 2023, the Servicing segment includes CR Limited (CRL), our wholly-owned captive reinsurance subsidiary previously included in the Corporate Items and Other segment. Segment results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast to conform to the current segment presentation. CRL provides re-insurance related to coverage on foreclosed real estate properties owned or serviced by us. CRL assumes a 60% quota share of REO insurance coverage written by a third-party insurer under a blanket policy issued to PHH. The underlying REO policy provides coverage for direct physical loss on commercial and residential properties, subject to certain limitations.
Concentration
Rithm is one of our largest subservicing clients. Servicing and subservicing fees from Rithm amounted to $230.2 million, or 31% of total servicing and subservicing fees (excluding ancillary income) in 2023. Rithm accounted for 16% and 27% of the total serviced UPB and loan count, respectively, of our servicing and subservicing portfolio as of December 31, 2023, and 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen serviced, for which the cost to service and the associated risks are higher. Rithm servicing fees retained by Ocwen represented approximately 12% and 13% of the total servicing and subservicing fees earned by Ocwen, net of servicing fees remitted to Rithm, for 2023 and 2022, respectively. Consistent with a subservicing relationship, Rithm is responsible for funding the advances we service on its behalf. The servicing agreements automatically renew annually unless notice of termination is provided. Refer to Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
Servicing and subservicing fees from MAV amounted to $75.3 million or 10% of total servicing and subservicing fees (excluding ancillary income) in 2023. MAV represented 19% and 15% of our total servicing and subservicing portfolio UPB and loan count, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. In May 2021, PHH entered into a subservicing agreement with MAV for exclusive rights to service the mortgage loans underlying MSRs owned by MAV. MAV provides us with a source of additional subservicing volume, either with the MSRs that MAV purchases outright from third parties or with the MSRs that MAV purchases from PHH. Although the servicing agreement is not cancellable without mutual agreement, MAV is permitted to sell its MSR portfolio, in whole or in part, without Ocwen’s consent after May 3, 2024. Refer to Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions.
Loan Resolutions
We have a strong track record of success as a leader in the servicing industry in foreclosure prevention and loss mitigation that helps homeowners stay in their homes and improves financial outcomes for mortgage loan investors. Reducing delinquencies also enables us to recover advances and recognize additional ancillary income, such as late fees, which we do not recognize on delinquent loans until they are brought current. Loan resolution activities address the pipeline of delinquent loans and generally lead to (i) modification of the loan terms, (ii) repayment plan alternatives, (iii) a discounted payoff of the loan (e.g., a “short sale”), or (iv) foreclosure or deed-in-lieu-of-foreclosure and sale of the resulting REO. Loan modifications must be made in accordance with the applicable servicing agreement as such agreements may require approvals or impose restrictions upon, or even forbid, loan modifications. To select an appropriate loan modification option for a borrower, we perform a structured analysis, using a proprietary model, of all options using information provided by the borrower as well as external data, including recent broker price opinions to value the mortgaged property. Our proprietary model includes, among other things, an assessment of re-default risk.
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Advance Obligation
As a servicer, we are generally obligated to advance funds in the event borrowers are delinquent on their monthly mortgage related payments. We advance principal and interest (P&I Advances), taxes and insurance (T&I Advances) and legal fees, property valuation fees, property inspection fees, maintenance costs and preservation costs on properties that have been foreclosed (Corporate Advances). For certain loans in non-Agency securitization trusts, we have the ability to cease making P&I advances and immediately recover advances previously made from the general collections of the respective trust if we determine that our P&I advances cannot be recovered from the projected future cash flows. With T&I and Corporate advances, we continue to advance if net future cash flows exceed projected future advances without regard to advances already made.
Most of our advances have the highest reimbursement priority (i.e., they are “top of the waterfall”) so that we are entitled to repayment from respective loan or REO liquidation proceeds before any interest or principal is paid on the bonds that were issued by the trust. In the majority of cases, advances in excess of respective loan or REO liquidation proceeds may be recovered from pool-level proceeds. The costs incurred in meeting these obligations consist principally of the interest expense incurred in financing the servicing advances. Most subservicing agreements, including our agreements with Rithm and MAV, provide for prompt reimbursement of any advances from the owner of the servicing rights. Refer to Note 25 — Commitments to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further description of servicer advance obligations.
MSR Valuation Adjustments
The financial performance of our Servicing segment is impacted by the changes in fair value of the MSR portfolio due to changes in market interest rates, among other factors. Our MSR portfolio is carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings, within MSR valuation adjustments, net. The fair value of our MSRs is typically correlated to changes in market interest rates; as interest rates decrease, the value of the MSR portfolio typically decreases as a result of higher anticipated prepayment speeds. Conversely, as interest rates increase, the value of the servicing portfolio typically increases as a result of lower anticipated prepayment speeds. Prepayments do not vary linearly with interest rates resulting in the convexity of the MSR, i.e., the interest rate sensitivity of the MSR changes when interest rates change. Specifically, as interest rates further increase, the lower the fair value of the MSR increases. The sensitivity of MSR fair value to interest rates is typically higher for higher credit quality loans, such as our Agency loans. Our Non-Agency portfolio is significantly seasoned, with an average loan age of approximately 18 years, exhibiting little response to movements in market interest rates.
Our MSR hedging policy is designed to reduce the expected volatility of the MSR portfolio fair value due to market interest rates commensurate with the target hedge coverage ratio determined by our Market Risk Committee. The target hedge coverage ratio increased in 2023 from 25% to 60% in the second quarter and 100% in December 2023. Also refer to Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk for further detail on our hedging strategy.
MSR valuation adjustments, net includes the loss on the MSR portfolio associated with the realization of its expected cash flows, or runoff, due to the passage of time, and any fair value gains or losses due to inputs, market interest rates or assumptions, net of hedging gains and losses. Included in MSR valuation adjustments, net are fair value gains and losses of the MSR pledged liability associated with the MSR transfers that do not meet sale accounting and the ESS financing liabilities for which we elected the fair value option and that is collateralized by MSRs.
To determine fair value, we engage third-party valuation experts who generally utilize: (a) transactions involving instruments with similar collateral and risk profiles, adjusted as necessary based on specific characteristics of the asset or liability being valued; and/or (b) industry-standard modeling, such as a discounted cash flow model and prepayment model, in arriving at their estimate of fair value. The prices provided by the valuation experts reflect their observations and assumptions related to market activity, generally the bulk market, incorporating available industry survey results and client feedback, and including risk premiums and liquidity adjustments. While interest rates are a key value driver, MSR fair value may change for other market-driven factors, including but not limited to the supply and demand of the market or the required yield or perceived value by investors of such MSRs.
Significant Variables
The following factors could significantly impact the results of our Servicing segment from period to period.
Aggregate UPB and Loan Count. Servicing fees are generally earned as a percentage of UPB and subservicing fees are earned on a per-loan basis or as a percentage of UPB. As a result, the change in aggregate UPB and loan count for which we have servicing rights or subservice will directly impact our revenue contributed by our Servicing segment. Aggregate UPB and loan count decline over time as a result of portfolio run-off or sales and increase to the extent we retain MSRs from new originations or engage in MSR acquisitions.
Cost to Service and Operating Efficiency. Our operating results for our Servicing segment are heavily dependent on our ability to scale our operations to cost-effectively and efficiently perform servicing activities in accordance with our servicing agreements.
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Delinquencies. Delinquencies impact our financial results and operating cash flows for our Servicing segment. Non-performing loans are more expensive to service because the loss mitigation activities that we must undertake to keep borrowers in their homes or to foreclose, if necessary, are costlier than the activities required to service a performing loan. These loss mitigation activities include increased contact with the borrower for collection and the development of forbearance plans or loan modifications by highly skilled associates who command higher compensation as well as the higher compliance costs associated with these, and similar activities. In addition, when borrowers are delinquent, the amount of funds that we are required to advance to the investors increases. We utilize servicing advance financing facilities, which are asset-backed (i.e., match funded liabilities) securitization facilities, to finance a portion of our advances. As a result, increased delinquencies result in increased interest expense.
Prepayment Speed. The rate at which portfolio UPB declines can have a significant impact on our Servicing segment. Items reducing UPB include scheduled and unscheduled principal payments (runoff), refinancing, loan modifications involving forgiveness of principal, voluntary property sales and involuntary property sales such as foreclosures. Prepayment speed impacts future servicing fees, runoff and valuation of MSRs, float earnings on float balances and interest expense on advances. Increases in anticipated lifetime prepayment speeds generally cause MSR valuation adjustments to increase because MSRs are valued based on total expected servicing income over the life of a portfolio. The converse is true when expectations for prepayment speeds decrease. Prepayments do not vary linearly with interest rates resulting in the convexity of the MSR, i.e., the interest rate sensitivity of the MSR changes when interest rates change. Specifically, as interest rates further increase, the lower the fair value of the MSR increases.
Interest rates. In addition to the impact of interest rate changes on prepayment speeds, the fair value of the MSR and associated hedging activities, float earnings on float balances, and the funding cost of servicing advances and MSR financing facilities are directly impacted by interest rate changes.
Reverse Mortgages
Our reverse business activities include both the subservicing of reverse mortgage loans on behalf of investors and the servicing of our owned portfolio.
The activities and financial performance related to our owned portfolio of reverse mortgage loans that are securitized and classified as held for investment, at fair value, together with the HMBS-related borrowings, at fair value are reflected in the Servicing segment. Once a reverse mortgage loan is securitized, our activities are generally consistent with other loan servicing as described above, with the following variations.
Under the terms of ARM-based HECM loan agreements, the borrowers have additional borrowing capacity of $1.8 billion at December 31, 2023. These draws or tails are funded by the servicer and are subsequently securitized. We do not incur any substantive underwriting, marketing or compensation costs in connection with any future draws, although we must maintain sufficient capital resources and available borrowing capacity to ensure that we are able to fund these future draws prior to securitization with Ginnie Mae (generally less than 30 days).
As an HMBS issuer, we assume certain obligations related to each security issued. In addition to our obligation to fund tails, t he most significant obligation is the requirement to purchase loans out of the Ginnie Mae securitization pools once they reach 98% of the maximum claim amount (MCA repurchases or active buyouts). Active repurchased loans or buyouts are assigned to HUD and payment is received from HUD through a claims process, generally within 90 days. HUD reimburses us for the outstanding principal balance on the loan up to the maximum claim amount; we bear the risk of exposure if the outstanding balance on a loan exceeds the maximum claim amount. Inactive repurchased loans or buyouts (loans that are in default for one of the following reasons - title conveyances or the borrower is deceased, no longer occupies the property or is delinquent on tax and insurance payments) are generally liquidated through foreclosure and subsequent sale of REO. State specific foreclosure and REO liquidation timelines have a significant impact on the timing and amount of our recovery. If we are unable to sell the property securing the inactive reverse loan for an acceptable price within the timeframe established by HUD (six months), we are required to make an appraisal-based claim to HUD. In such cases, HUD reimburses us for the loan balance, eligible expenses and interest, less the appraised value of the underlying property. Thereafter, all the risks and costs associated with maintaining and liquidating the property remains with us; we may incur additional losses on REO properties as they progress through the liquidation processes related to delayed timelines due to market conditions, sales commissions, property preservation costs or property tax and insurance advances. The significance of future losses associated with appraisal-based claims is dependent upon the volume of inactive loans, condition of foreclosed properties and the general real estate market.
The Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net reported within the Servicing segment includes the net fair value changes of securitized reverse mortgage loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, for which we elected the fair value accounting option. The net fair value changes of the reverse mortgage loans and related borrowings reported within the Servicing segment include the following:
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•contractual interest income earned on securitized reverse mortgage loans, or HECM loans, net of interest expense on HMBS-related borrowings, that is, the servicing fee we are contractually entitled to and collect on a monthly basis under the Ginnie Mae MBS Guide regarding servicing HMBS; and
•other fair value changes of the net balance of securitized loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, that effectively represents servicing and tails. Tails are participations in previously securitized HECMs and are created by additions to principal for borrower draws on lines-of-credit (scheduled and unscheduled), interest, servicing fees, and mortgage insurance premiums.
The fair value of our Ginnie Mae securitized HECM loan portfolio generally decreases as market interest rates rise and increases as market rates fall (see Item 7A - Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk, Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-related Borrowings and the associated interest rate sensitivity disclosure).
Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net strictly reflects the financial performance of owned loans/servicing and excludes any subservicing activity. The financial performance associated with the subservicing of reverse mortgage loans on behalf of investors is primarily reflected within Servicing and subservicing fees, net.
The following table presents selected results of operations of our Servicing segment. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our other segments:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |  |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing and subservicing fees | $ | 945.2 |  |  | $ | 860.5 |  |  | $ | 773.5 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 11 | % |  |
Gain (loss) on loans held for sale, net | 10.3 |  |  | (15.1) |  |  | 46.6 |  |  | (168) |  |  | (132) |  |  |
Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net | 23.5 |  |  | (25.1) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | (194) |  |  | 975 |  |  |
Other revenue, net | 15.5 |  |  | 8.3 |  |  | 7.8 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 6 |  |  |
Total revenue | 994.6 |  |  | 828.5 |  |  | 825.5 |  |  | 20 |  |  | — |  |  |
MSR valuation adjustments, net | (243.9) |  |  | (36.0) |  |  | (143.4) |  |  | 577 |  |  | (75) |  |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 107.2 |  |  | 126.2 |  |  | 108.2 |  |  | (15) |  |  | 17 |  |  |
Servicing expense | 53.5 |  |  | 53.1 |  |  | 98.8 |  |  | 1 |  |  | (46) |  |  |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing | 28.1 |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 17 |  |  |
Professional services | 35.1 |  |  | 26.6 |  |  | 31.9 |  |  | 32 |  |  | (16) |  |  |
Technology and communications | 24.6 |  |  | 24.7 |  |  | 23.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  |
Corporate overhead allocations | 45.5 |  |  | 46.2 |  |  | 47.7 |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |  |  |
Other expenses | 7.8 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 14 |  |  |
Total operating expenses | 301.7 |  |  | 315.6 |  |  | 343.7 |  |  | (4) |  |  | (8) |  |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 21.7 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 68 |  |  | 57 |  |  |
Interest expense | (173.3) |  |  | (114.8) |  |  | (80.8) |  |  | 51 |  |  | 42 |  |  |
Pledged MSR liability expense | (296.4) |  |  | (255.0) |  |  | (221.3) |  |  | 16 |  |  | 15 |  |  |
Earnings of equity method investee | 7.3 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | (61) |  |  | 411 |  |  |
Other, net | 1.7 |  |  | (10.8) |  |  | 4.1 |  |  | (116) |  |  | (365) |  |  |
Other income (expense), net | (439.0) |  |  | (349.2) |  |  | (286.2) |  |  | 26 |  |  | 22 |  |  |
Income before income taxes | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | 127.7 |  |  | $ | 52.2 |  |  | (92) | % |  | 145 | % |  |

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The following table provides selected operating statistics for our Servicing segment:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Assets Serviced at December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid principal balance (UPB) in billions: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing loans (1) | $ | 276.5 |  |  | $ | 276.2 |  |  | $ | 254.2 |  |  | — | % |  | 9 | %
Non-performing loans | 11.4 |  |  | 12.9 |  |  | 13.1 |  |  | (12) |  |  | (2) |
Non-performing real estate | 0.5 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (28) |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 288.4 |  |  | $ | 289.8 |  |  | $ | 268.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Non-performing to total % | 4.1% |  | 4.7% |  | 5.2% |  | (12) |  |  | (10) |
Conventional loans (2) | $ | 187.4 |  |  | $ | 186.2 |  |  | $ | 166.3 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 12 | %
Government-insured loans | 33.3 |  |  | 32.6 |  |  | 28.8 |  |  | 2 |  |  | 13 |
Non-Agency loans | 67.6 |  |  | 71.0 |  |  | 72.8 |  |  | (5) |  |  | (2) |
Total | $ | 288.4 |  |  | $ | 289.8 |  |  | $ | 268.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Conventional loans to total % | 65.0% |  | 64.2% |  | 62.1% |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Servicing portfolio (3) | $ | 131.4 |  |  | $ | 134.5 |  |  | $ | 135.9 |  |  | (2) | % |  | (1) | %
Subservicing portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subservicing - forward | 30.8 |  |  | 34.7 |  |  | 29.4 |  |  | (11) |  |  | 18 |
Subservicing - reverse | 17.1 |  |  | 23.2 |  |  | 13.9 |  |  | (26) |  |  | 67 |
Total subservicing | 47.9 |  |  | 58.0 |  |  | 43.3 |  |  | (17) |  |  | 34 |
MAV (4) (5) | 55.9 |  |  | 48.2 |  |  | 33.0 |  |  | 16 |  |  | 46 |
Rithm (formerly NRZ) (5) (6) | 45.0 |  |  | 49.1 |  |  | 55.8 |  |  | (8) |  |  | (12) |
Other MSR capital partners (5) | $ | 8.2 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | n/m |  | n/m
Total | $ | 288.4 |  |  | $ | 289.8 |  |  | $ | 268.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 8 |
Number (in 000’s): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Performing loans (1) | 1,295.9 |  |  | 1,319.8 |  |  | 1,287.0 |  |  | (2) | % |  | 3 | %
Non-performing loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Non-performing loans - Rithm | 20.7 |  |  | 24.1 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | (14) |  |  | (21) |
Non-performing loans - Other | 25.4 |  |  | 31.6 |  |  | 30.7 |  |  | (20) |  |  | 3 |
| 46.0 |  |  | 55.7 |  |  | 61.4 |  |  | (17) |  |  | (9) |
Non-performing real estate | 2.6 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | (22) |  |  | (33) |
Total | 1,344.5 |  |  | 1,378.8 |  |  | 1,353.3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |

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|  |  |  |  |  |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Conventional loans (2) | 721.9 |  |  | 734.2 |  |  | 686.5 |  |  | (2) | % |  | 7 | %
Government-insured loans | 160.3 |  |  | 168.1 |  |  | 168.1 |  |  | (5) |  |  | — |
Non-Agency loans | 462.3 |  |  | 476.5 |  |  | 498.7 |  |  | (3) |  |  | (4) |
Total | 1,344.5 |  |  | 1,378.8 |  |  | 1,353.3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |
Servicing portfolio | 577.4 |  |  | 605.7 |  |  | 636.1 |  |  | (5) | % |  | (5) | %
Subservicing portfolio |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Subservicing - forward | 113.7 |  |  | 126.0 |  |  | 105.6 |  |  | (10) |  |  | 19 |
Subservicing - reverse | 62.2 |  |  | 93.7 |  |  | 54.7 |  |  | (34) |  |  | 71 |
Total subservicing | 175.9 |  |  | 219.7 |  |  | 160.3 |  |  |  |  |
MAV (5) | 201.0 |  |  | 170.7 |  |  | 131.6 |  |  | 18 |  |  | 30 |
Rithm (5) | 357.7 |  |  | 382.7 |  |  | 425.4 |  |  | (7) |  |  | (10) |
Other MSR capital partners (5) | 32.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | n/m |  | n/m
| 1,344.5 |  |  | 1,378.8 |  |  | 1,353.3 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 2 |
Prepayment speed (CPR) (7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
12-month % Voluntary CPR | 4.1 | % |  | 7.6 | % |  | 17.6 | % |  | (47) | % |  | (57) | %
12-month % Involuntary CPR | 0.3 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (20) |  |  | (43) |
Total 12-month % CPR | 7.6 |  |  | 11.2 |  |  | 21.1 |  |  | (32) |  |  | (47) |
Number of completed modifications (in thousands) | 14.6 |  |  | 16.8 |  |  | 17.3 |  |  | (13) | % |  | (3) | %
Revenue recognized in connection with loan modifications | $ | 14.2 |  |  | $ | 21.9 |  |  | $ | 27.8 |  |  | (35) |  |  | (21) |
n/m: not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

(1)Performing loans include those loans that are less than 90 days past due and those loans for which borrowers are making scheduled payments under loan modification, forbearance or bankruptcy plans. We consider all other loans to be non-performing.
(2)Conventional loans at December 31, 2023 include 37,893 prime loans with a UPB of $9.7 billion that we service or subservice. This compares to 66,796 prime loans with a UPB of $13.2 billion at December 31, 2022. Prime loans are generally good credit quality loans that meet GSE underwriting standards.
(3)Includes $8.0 billion UPB of reverse mortgage loans that are recognized in our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2023.
(4)Includes $27.1 billion UPB subserviced and $28.8 billion UPB of MSRs sold to MAV that did not achieve sale accounting treatment. Excludes subserviced loans with a UPB of $0.3 billion that have not yet transferred onto the PHH servicing system as of December 31, 2023.
(5)Loans serviced pursuant to our sale or transfer agreements with MAV, Rithm and others for which sale accounting is not achieved, and loans subserviced.
(6)Includes $35.1 billion UPB of subserviced loans on behalf of Rithm at December 31, 2023.
(7)Total 12-month % CPR includes voluntary and involuntary prepayments, as shown in the table, plus scheduled principal amortization.
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The following table provides selected operating statistics related to our owned reverse mortgage loans held for investment reported within our Servicing segment:

|  |  |  |  |  |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Reverse Mortgage Loans at December 31 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Unpaid principal balance (UPB): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment (1) | $ | 7,605.5 |  |  | $ | 7,199.6 |  |  | $ | 6,546.5 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 10 | %
Active Buyouts (2) | 68.4 |  |  | 73.0 |  |  | 36.1 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 102 |
Inactive Buyouts (2) | 198.1 |  |  | 121.4 |  |  | 95.3 |  |  | 63 |  |  | 27 |
Total | $ | 7,872.1 |  |  | $ | 7,394.0 |  |  | $ | 6,677.9 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |
Inactive buyouts % to total | 2.52 | % |  | 1.64 | % |  | 1.43 | % |  | 53 |  |  | 15 |
Future draw commitments (UPB): | 1,782.0 |  |  | 1,756.6 |  |  | 1,507.1 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 17 |
Fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment (1) | $ | 7,868.5 |  |  | $ | 7,392.6 |  |  | $ | 6,979.1 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
HMBS related borrowings | 7,797.3 |  |  | 7,326.8 |  |  | 6,885.0 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Net asset value | $ | 71.2 |  |  | $ | 65.8 |  |  | $ | 94.1 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (30) |
Net asset value to UPB | 0.94 | % |  | 0.91 | % |  | 1.44 | % |  |  |  |

(1)Securitized loans only; excludes unsecuritized loans as reported within the Originations segment.
(2)Buyouts are reported as Loans held for sale, Receivables or REO depending on the loan and foreclosure status.
The following table provides a breakdown of our servicer advances, net of allowance for losses:

Advances by investor type |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023 | Principal and Interest |  | Taxes and Insurance |  | Foreclosures, bankruptcy, REO and other |  | Total
Conventional | $ | 3.5 |  | $ | 91.2 |  | $ | 6.2 |  | $ | 100.8
Government-insured | 3.3 |  | 37.7 |  | 19.3 |  | 60.2
Non-Agency | 205.5 |  | 214.3 |  | 97.9 |  | 517.7
Total, net | $ | 212.2 |  | $ | 343.2 |  | $ | 123.3 |  | $ | 678.8
December 31, 2022 | Principal and Interest |  | Taxes and Insurance |  | Foreclosures, bankruptcy, REO and other |  | Total
Conventional | $ | 3.2 |  | $ | 97.7 |  | $ | 7.5 |  | $ | 108.3
Government-insured | 3.0 |  | 35.9 |  | 17.7 |  | 56.6
Non-Agency | 209.1 |  | 233.9 |  | 111.0 |  | 554.0
Total, net | $ | 215.2 |  | $ | 367.4 |  | $ | 136.2 |  | $ | 718.9

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The following table provides the rollforward of activity of our portfolio of mortgage loans serviced for the years ended December 31, that includes MSRs, whole loans and subserviced loans, both forward and reverse:

| Amount of UPB ($ in billions) |  | Count (000’s)
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Portfolio at January 1 | $ | 289.8 |  |  | $ | 268.0 |  |  | $ | 188.8 |  |  | 1,378.8 |  |  | 1,353.3 |  |  | 1,107.6 |
Additions (1) (2) (3) (4) | 50.7 |  |  | 85.3 |  |  | 152.0 |  |  | 164.2 |  |  | 292.2 |  |  | 567.9 |
MSR Sales (2) | — |  |  | (11.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | (0.2) |
Servicing transfers (1) (2) | (23.3) |  |  | (18.0) |  |  | (23.1) |  |  | (80.1) |  |  | (114.3) |  |  | (102.0) |
Runoff | (28.7) |  |  | (34.3) |  |  | (49.7) |  |  | (118.1) |  |  | (152.1) |  |  | (220.0) |
Portfolio at December 31 | $ | 288.4 |  |  | $ | 289.8 |  |  | $ | 268.0 |  |  | 1,344.5 |  |  | 1,378.8 |  |  | 1,353.3 |

(1)Includes the volume of UPB associated with short-term interim subservicing for some clients as a support to their originate-to-sell business, where loans may be boarded and deboarded within the same quarter.
(2)Includes MSRs sold to an unrelated third party in the first quarter of 2022 consisting of 38,850 loans with a UPB of $11.1 billion, with the remaining active loans transferred out of the PHH servicing system in the third quarter of 2022, and for which PHH performed interim subservicing.
(3)Additions include purchased MSRs on portfolios consisting of 49 loans with a UPB of $14.9 million that have not yet transferred to the PHH servicing system as of December 31, 2023. Because we have legal title to the MSRs, the UPB and count of the loans are included in our reported servicing portfolio. The seller continues to subservice the loans on an interim basis between the transaction closing date and the servicing transfer date.
(4)Excludes MSRs acquired from unrelated third parties in the third quarter of 2022 consisting of 12,931 loans with a UPB of $4.1 billion for which PHH was previously performing the subservicing.
Servicing and Subservicing Fees

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Loan servicing and subservicing fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing and subservicing fees | 736.0 |  |  | 738.5 |  |  |  | 680.3 |  |  | — | % |  | 9 | %
Ancillary income | 209.1 |  |  | 122.0 |  |  |  | 93.2 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 31 |
Total | $ | 945.2 |  |  | $ | 860.5 |  |  |  | $ | 773.5 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 11 | %

The following tables and discussion present the respective drivers of servicing and subservicing fees and ancillary income.

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Servicing Fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average servicing UPB (1) | $ | 203.0 |  |  | $ | 201.7 |  |  | $ | 186.0 |  |  | 1 | % |  | 8 | %
Average servicing fee (2) | 0.32 |  | 0.33 |  | 0.35 |  | (1) | % |  | (7) | %
Servicing fees (3) | $ | 656.6 |  |  | $ | 660.3 |  |  | $ | 657.7 |  |  | (1) | % |  | — | %
Subservicing Fees |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Average number of subserviced loans (4) | 294.1 |  |  | 273.1 |  |  | 111.3 |  |  | 8 | % |  | 145 | %
Average monthly fee per loan (5) | $ | 23 |  | $ | 24 |  | $ | 17 |  | (6) | % |  | 41 | %
Subservicing fees (3) | $ | 79.4 |  |  | $ | 78.1 |  |  | $ | 22.6 |  |  | 2 | % |  | 246 | %
Servicing and Subservicing Fees (excluding Ancillary income) | $ | 736.0 |  | $ | 738.5 |  | $ | 680.3 |  | — | % |  | 9 | %

(1) In $ billions, (2) In % of UPB, annualized, (3) In $ millions, (4) In thousands, (5) In dollars.
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Servicing and subservicing fees (excluding ancillary income) for 2023 decreased $2.5 million, with a $3.7 million decrease in servicing fees partially offset by a $1.3 million increase in subservicing fees. The decrease in servicing fees is mostly driven by the timing of collections and the mix of the portfolio, with the runoff of higher fee portfolios (including the Rithm portfolio) and the growth of relatively lower fee portfolios. Higher fee portfolios are generally associated with higher delinquencies, thus generally require higher cost to service. The increase in subservicing fees is due to a 19% increase in the forward sub-servicing portfolio ($8.4 million higher forward subservicing fee), partially offset by a 15% decline in the reverse mortgage subservicing portfolio due to runoff ($7.1 million lower subservicing fees).
The following table presents the detail of our ancillary income:

| Years Ended December 31, |  |  |  | % Change
Ancillary Income | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Late charges | $ | 38.3 |  |  | $ | 41.0 |  |  | $ | 40.9 |  |  |  |  | (7) | % |  | — | %
Custodial accounts (float earnings) | 110.7 |  |  | 26.2 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  |  |  | 323 |  |  | 453 |
Reverse subservicing ancillary fees | 33.5 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 1.4 |  |  |  |  | 64 |  |  | n/m
Loan collection fees | 9.4 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 11.7 |  |  |  |  | (15) |  |  | (5) |
Recording fees | 4.9 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 16.0 |  |  |  |  | (42) |  |  | (47) |
Boarding and deboarding fees | 2.5 |  |  | 4.0 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  |  |  | (37) |  |  | (5) |
GSE forbearance fees | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  |  |  | (1) |  |  | (48) |
Other | 9.0 |  |  | 10.0 |  |  | 12.6 |  |  |  |  | (10) |  |  | (20) |
Ancillary income | $ | 209.1 |  |  | $ | 122.0 |  |  | $ | 93.2 |  |  |  |  | 71 | % |  | 31 | %

Ancillary income for 2023 increased by $87.1 million, or 71% as compared to 2022 largely driven by an $84.5 million increase in float earnings due to higher short term market interest rates. A $13.1 million increase in reverse subservicing ancillary fees recognized on loans boarded under the agreement with MAM (RMS), primarily due to higher volume of claims filed on behalf of clients, was partially offset by lower recording fees and late charges driven by the reduction in payoff volume.
Gain (Loss) on Loans Held for Sale, Net
We recognized a $10.3 million gain on loans held for sale, net for 2023, as compared to the $15.1 million loss recognized in 2022. The $25.4 million improvement is mostly driven by the $15.7 million revaluation gain on reverse mortgage buyouts opportunistically acquired at a discount and securitized in 2023, and the $8.8 million loss recognized in 2022 on certain delinquent and aged loans repurchased in connection with the Ginnie Mae EBO program (net of the associated Ginnie Mae MSR fair value adjustment).
Gain (Loss) on Reverse Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-Related Borrowings, Net
Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net reported in the Servicing segment is the net change in fair value of securitized loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings. It excludes reverse subservicing that is reflected in Servicing and subservicing fees.
The following table presents the components of the net fair value change and is comprised of net interest income and other fair value gains or losses. Net interest income is primarily driven by the volume of securitized UPB as it is the interest income earned on the securitized loans offset against interest expense incurred on the HMBS-related borrowings, and represents a key component of our compensation for servicing the portfolio, which is generally a fixed percentage of the outstanding UPB. Other fair value changes are primarily driven by changes in market-based inputs or assumptions. Lower interest rates generally result in favorable net fair value impacts on our HECM reverse mortgage loans and the related HMBS financing liability and higher interest rates generally result in unfavorable net fair value impacts. Note that the fair value changes of the net asset value between securitized HECM loans and HMBS (referred to as our reverse MSR) attributable to interest rate changes are effectively used as a hedge of our forward MSR portfolio. See further description of our hedging strategy and its effectiveness in Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.
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| Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Net interest income (servicing fee) | $ | 23.6 |  |  | $ | 21.9 |  |  | 19.9 |  |  |  | 7 |  |  | 10 | %
Other fair value gains (losses) | (0.1) |  |  | (47.0) |  |  | (22.2) |  |  |  | (100) |  |  | 112 | %
Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net (Servicing) | $ | 23.5 |  |  | $ | (25.1) |  |  | $ | (2.3) |  |  |  | (194) | % |  | 975 | %

Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net for 2023 was $23.5 million, a $48.6 million, favorable change as compared to the $25.1 million loss for 2022, mostly driven by interest rates. Interest rates and yield spreads remain relatively flat in 2023 (from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023) resulting in a $0.1 million other fair value loss recorded in 2023. The $47.0 million other fair value loss recorded in 2022 is primarily driven by increasing interest rates (while not the only benchmark for the reverse mortgage exposure, the 10-year Treasury rate increased 236 basis points in 2022) and widening yield spread directly reducing projected asset life and the tail value of the HECM reverse mortgage loans. As our HECM loan portfolio is predominantly comprised of ARMs, higher interest rates cause the loan balance to accrue and reach the 98% maximum claim amount liquidation event more quickly, shortening the life of the servicing net asset. Other fair value gains (losses) are partially hedged with our forward MSR hedge strategy. Net interest income, that effectively represents the servicing fee that we collect through monthly securitization increased $1.6 million in 2023 as compared with 2022, mostly due to the 6% growth of the loan portfolio.
MSR Valuation Adjustments, Net
Refer to the discussion above within Overview.
Compensation and Benefits

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Compensation and benefits | $ | 107.2 |  |  | $ | 126.2 |  |  | $ | 108.2 |  |  | (15) | % |  | 17 | %
Average Headcount - Servicing | 3,414 |  |  | 3,645 |  |  | 3,172 |  |  | (6) | % |  | 15 |

Compensation and benefits expense for 2023 declined $19.0 million, or 15%, as compared to 2022 largely driven by a decrease in salaries and benefits. Our average headcount decreased by 6% overall, with a 25% decrease in the U.S., reflecting our goal to improve efficiencies and create an industry leading cost structure, also driven by the further integration of reverse servicing. The offshore-to-total average headcount ratio for Servicing increased by 5 percentage points from 2022 to 2023.
Servicing Expense
Servicing expense primarily includes claim losses and interest curtailments on government-insured loans, provision expense for advances and servicing representation and warranties, and certain loan-volume related expenses. Servicing expense was mostly flat, as compared to 2022.
Other Operating Expenses
Other operating expenses (total operating expenses less Compensation and benefit expense and Servicing expense) for 2023 increased by $4.5 million as compared to 2022, with an $8.5 million increase in Professional services partially offset by a $3.1 million decrease in Occupancy, equipment and mailing expense driven by lower occupancy cost allocation and mailing and postage expenses. The increase in Professional services is primarily due to a $14.0 million increase in legal expenses, mostly driven by reimbursements received from mortgage loan investors in 2022 related to prior year legal expenses and payments received following resolution of legacy litigation matters. Offsetting this increase, other professional services declined $5.6 million primarily due to cost reduction initiatives in our forward servicing and reverse subservicing businesses.
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Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) primarily includes net interest expense and pledged MSR liability expense.

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Interest Expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance match funded liabilities | $ | 41.4 |  |  | $ | 19.8 |  |  | $ | 14.2 |  |  | 110 | % |  | 39 | %
Mortgage loan financing facilities | 21.9 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 8.9 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 7 |
MSR financing facilities | 70.6 |  |  | 47.0 |  |  | 26.0 |  |  | 50 |  |  | 81 |
Corporate debt interest expense allocation | 30.2 |  |  | 31.0 |  |  | 25.1 |  |  | (2) |  |  | 23 |
Escrow | 9.3 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | 24 |  |  | 15 |
Total interest expense | $ | 173.3 |  |  | $ | 114.8 |  |  | $ | 80.8 |  |  | 51 | % |  | 42 | %
Average balances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance match funded liabilities | $ | 427.7 |  |  | $ | 461.1 |  |  | $ | 505.4 |  |  | (7) | % |  | (9) | %
Mortgage loan financing facilities | 254.7 |  |  | 227.2 |  |  | 265.4 |  |  | 12 |  |  | (14) |
MSR financing facilities | 884.6 |  |  | 942.6 |  |  | 701.2 |  |  | (6) |  |  | 34 |
Total asset-backed financing | $ | 1,567.0 |  |  | $ | 1,630.9 |  |  | $ | 1,472.0 |  |  | (4) | % |  | 11 | %
Effective average interest rate |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance match funded liabilities | 9.68 | % |  | 4.29 | % |  | 2.81 | % |  | 125 | % |  | 53 | %
Mortgage loan financing facilities | 8.59 |  |  | 4.18 |  |  | 3.35 |  |  | 106 |  |  | 25 |
MSR financing facilities | 7.98 |  |  | 4.99 |  |  | 3.71 |  |  | 60 |  |  | 34 |
Average 1M Term SOFR | 5.07 | % |  | 1.85 | % |  | 0.04 | % |  | 174 | % |  | n/m

Interest expense for 2023 increased by $58.5 million, or 51%, compared to 2022, mostly driven by a more than 300 basis point increase in short-term market interest rates. The increase in market interest rates resulted in the $23.5 million increase in interest expense on MSR financing facilities partially offset by a lower average debt balance. Interest expense on advance match funded facilities increased $21.7 million despite the lower average borrowings as a result of market interest rate increase and our repayment of lower-cost OMART term notes during the third quarter of 2022. The $12.3 million increase in interest expense on mortgage loan financing facilities was due to higher interest cost of funds and an increase in average debt balance driven by our reverse buyout opportunistic acquisition in the second quarter of 2023.
Interest income for 2023 increased $8.8 million, or 68%, compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in interest rates, higher reverse mortgage buyouts opportunistically acquired in the second quarter of 2023, and larger reverse mortgage buyout volumes.
Pledged MSR liability expense includes the servicing fee remittance related to the MSR sales or transfers that do not meet sale accounting criteria and are presented on a gross basis in our consolidated financial statements, together with the servicing spread remittance associated with our ESS financing liability at fair value. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
The following table provides the components of Pledged MSR liability expense:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  | 2021
Servicing fees collected on behalf of third parties | $ | 308.9 |  |  | $ | 322.5 |  |  |  |  | $ | 318.4 |
Less: Subservicing fee retained | (77.6) |  |  | (82.8) |  |  |  |  | (90.4) |
Ancillary fee/income and other settlement (including expense reimbursement) | 13.7 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |  |  | (6.7) |
Net servicing fee remittance (1) | 244.9 |  |  | 245.9 |  |  |  |  | 221.3 |
ESS servicing spread remittance | 51.5 |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |  |  | — |
Pledged MSR liability expense | $ | 296.4 |  |  | $ | 255.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 221.3 |

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(1)For MSR transfers that do not meet sale accounting criteria. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Pledged MSR liability expense for 2023 increased $41.4 million as compared to 2022, primarily due to a $42.4 million increase in servicing spread remittance on the ESS financing liabilities issued beginning in the third quarter of 2022.
Rithm represented the largest portfolio of MSRs transferred, failing sale accounting, and the largest component of Pledged MSR liability expense during the three years 2021 through 2023. The following table presents a subset of the above table related to Rithm, specifically the subservicing fees retained by Ocwen together with the associated serviced UPB on behalf of Rithm:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
Rithm Servicing and Subservicing Fees | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Servicing fees collected on behalf of Rithm | $ | 230.2 |  |  | $ | 255.0 |  |  | $ | 304.2 |  |  | (10) | % |  | (16) | %
Less: Subservicing fee retained | (67.1) |  |  | (74.0) |  |  | (88.4) |  |  | (9) |  |  | (16) | %
Pledged MSR liability expense (Net servicing fees remitted to Rithm) (1) (2) | $ | 163.1 |  |  | $ | 181.0 |  |  | $ | 215.8 |  |  | (10) | % |  | (16) | %
Average Rithm UPB ($ in billions) | $ | 47.0 |  |  | $ | 52.0 |  |  | $ | 61.4 |  |  | (10) | % |  | (15) | %
Average annualized retained subservicing fees as a % of Rithm UPB | 0.14 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | 0.14 | % |  | — | % |  | (1) | %

(1)Reported within Pledged MSR liability expense. The Rithm servicing fee includes the total servicing fees collected on behalf of Rithm relating to the MSR sold but not derecognized from our balance sheet. Under GAAP, we separately present servicing fees collected and remitted on a gross basis, with the servicing fees remitted to Rithm reported as Pledged MSR liability expense.
(2)Excludes ancillary income.
The net retained subservicing fee on our Rithm portfolio for 2023 declined by $6.9 million, or 9% as compared to 2022 driven by the decline in the average UPB of 10% due to portfolio runoff and prepayments. The retained subservicing fee percentage of UPB for Rithm (0.14%) reflects the nature of the portfolio (mostly non-Agency) and delinquencies (25% delinquent more than 30 days as of December 31, 2023). Also refer to Note 7 — Mortgage Servicing.
With the exception of the MSRs for which title has not transferred to Rithm ($9.9 billion UPB at December 31, 2023), the MSR sale accounting criteria for MSRs previously sold to Rithm were met effective December 31, 2023 and the MSR and Pledged MSR liability associated with Rithm servicing agreements were derecognized. The statement of operations will prospectively reflect subservicing fee revenue as opposed to the current gross presentation of servicing fee revenue and separate presentation of servicing fee remittances within Pledged MSR liability expense. Servicing fees and Pledged MSR liability expense recognized in 2023 related to MSRs for which sale accounting criteria were met effective December 31, 2023 was $185.7 million and $132.1 million, respectively.
Earnings of equity method investee, namely MAV Canopy, for 2023 declined $11.2 million, as compared to 2022, mostly attributable to unfavorable fair value changes of MAV’s MSR portfolio, partially offset by increased profitability of the business with a 22% increase in its average servicing volume. The unfavorable MSR fair value changes year-over-year are driven by gains recognized by MAV in 2022, as the 10-year Treasury rate remained flat in 2023 as compared to a 236 basis point increase in 2022.
Other, net expense for 2023 declined $12.5 million, as compared to 2022. Other income for 2023 includes $5.7 million compensation from a subservicer relating to a negotiated subservicing termination in the fourth quarter of 2023. The payment received offsets an unfavorable impact to the fair value of the associated MSRs (reported as a loss in MSR valuation adjustments, net). In addition, early payoff protection expense decreased by $3.0 million in 2023 in connection with our MSR sale transactions.
Originations
We originate and purchase loans and MSRs through multiple channels, including retail, wholesale, correspondent, flow MSR purchase agreements, the Agency Cash Window and Co-issue programs and bulk MSR purchases.
We originate and purchase conventional loans (conforming to the underwriting standards of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac; collectively referred to as Agency loans) and government-insured (FHA, VA or USDA) forward mortgage loans. The GSEs and Ginnie Mae guarantee these mortgage securitizations. We originate HECM loans, or reverse mortgages, which are mostly insured by the FHA and we are an approved issuer of HMBS that are guaranteed by Ginnie Mae. We originate non-Agency loans to applicable investor guidelines that we sell on a whole loan basis to investors.
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Within retail, our Consumer Direct channel for forward mortgage loans focuses on targeting existing servicing customers by offering them competitive mortgage refinance opportunities, where permitted by the governing servicing and pooling agreement. In doing so, we generate revenues for our forward lending business and protect the servicing portfolio by retaining these customers. A portion of our servicing portfolio is susceptible to refinance activity during periods of declining interest rates. Origination recapture volume and related gains are a natural economic hedge, to a certain degree, to the impact of declining MSR values as interest rates decline. In addition to rate and term refinance activities, our Consumer Direct channel targets purchase mortgage loans, cash-out, debt consolidation, mortgage insurance premium reduction, and new customer acquisition.
Our forward lending correspondent channel drives higher servicing portfolio replenishment. We purchase closed loans that have been underwritten to investor guidelines from our network of correspondent sellers and sell and securitize them, on a servicing retained basis. We offer correspondent sellers the choice to take out mandatory or best efforts contracts, under which the seller's obligation to deliver the mortgage loan becomes mandatory only when and if the mortgage is closed and funded. Additionally, we offer correspondent sellers the opportunity to leverage a non-delegated underwriting option for best-efforts deliveries. As of December 31, 2023, we have relationships with 712 approved correspondent sellers, or 112 net new sellers since December 31, 2022.
We originate and purchase reverse mortgage loans through our retail, wholesale and correspondent lending channels, under the guidelines of the HECM reverse mortgage insurance program of the FHA. Loans originated under this program are generally insured by the FHA, which provides protection against risk of borrower default.
After origination, we generally sell the loans in the secondary mortgage market, through GSE and Ginnie Mae securitizations on a servicing retained basis, or to investors on a whole loan basis, i.e., servicing released. Origination revenue mostly includes gain on sale, which represents the difference between the origination or purchase value and the sale value of the loan including its MSR value, and fee income earned at origination. As the securitizations of reverse mortgage loans do not achieve sale accounting treatment and the loans are classified as Loans held for investment, at fair value, originations revenue mostly include the fair value changes of the loan from lock date to securitization date that are reported in Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net and fee income that is reported in Other revenue, net.
We provide customary origination representations and warranties to investors in connection with our loan sales and securitization activities. We receive customary origination representations and warranties from our network of approved correspondent lenders. We recognize the fair value of the liability for our representations and warranties at the time of sale. In the event we cannot remedy a breach of a representation or warranty, we may be required to repurchase the loan or provide an indemnification payment to the mortgage loan investor. To the extent that we have recourse against a third-party originator, we may recover part or all of any loss we incur. We actively monitor our counterparty risk associated with our network of correspondent sellers.
We purchase MSRs through flow purchase agreements, the Agency Cash Window co-issue programs and bulk MSR purchases. The Agency Cash Window programs we participate in, and purchase MSR from, allow mortgage companies and financial institutions to sell whole loans servicing released to the respective agency and sell the MSR to the winning bidder. In addition, we partner with other originators to replenish our MSRs through flow purchase agreements. We do not provide or assume any origination representations and warranties in connection with our MSR purchases. As of December 31, 2023, we have relationships with 280 approved sellers through the Agency Cash Window co-issue programs, or 42 net new sellers since December 31, 2022.
We initially recognize our MSR originations and purchases with the associated economics in our Originations segment, and transfer the MSR to our Servicing segment once the MSR is initially recognized on our balance sheet with all subsequent performance associated with the MSR, including funding cost, run-off and other fair value changes reflected in our Servicing segment.
We source additional servicing volume through our subservicing and interim servicing agreements, through our existing relationships and our enterprise sales initiatives. We do not report any revenue or gain associated with subservicing within the Originations segment as the impact is captured in the Servicing segment. However, sales efforts and certain costs - marginal compensation and benefits - are managed and reported within the Originations segment.
For 2023, our Originations business originated or purchased forward and reverse mortgage loans with a UPB of $12.5 billion and $0.7 billion, respectively. In addition, we purchased $9.1 billion UPB MSR through the Agency Cash Window and flow purchase programs during 2023.
Significant Variables
The following factors could significantly impact the results of our Originations segment from period to period.
Mortgage Rates. Changes in mortgage rates, primarily the 30-year fixed rate mortgage, directly impact the demand for both purchase and refinance forward mortgages and therefore impact the production volumes and financial results of our
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Originations segment. Small changes in mortgage rates directly impact housing affordability for both first-time and move-up home buyers and affect their ability to purchase a home. For refinance loans, current market mortgage rates must be considered relative to the rates on the current mortgage debt outstanding.
Market Size and Composition. The volume of new or refinanced loans is impacted by changes to existing, or development of new, GSE or other government sponsored programs. Changes in GSE or HUD guidelines and costs and the availability of alternative financing sources, such as non-Agency proprietary loans and traditional home equity loans, impact borrower demand for forward and reverse mortgages and therefore can impact the volume of mortgage originations.
Margins. Changes in pricing margin for mortgages are closely correlated with changes in market size for mortgage loans. As loan demand and market capacity move out of alignment, pricing adjusts. In a growing market, margins expand and in a contracting market, margins tighten as lenders seek to keep their production at or close to full capacity. Managing capacity and cost is critical as volumes change. Among our channels, our margins per loan are highest in the retail channel and lowest in the correspondent channel. We work directly with the borrower to process, underwrite and close loans in our retail and reverse wholesale channels. In our retail channel, we also identify the customer and take loan applications. As a result, our retail channel is the most people- and cost-intensive and experiences the greatest volume volatility.
Investor Demand. The liquidity of the secondary market for mortgage loans impacts the size of the mortgage loan market by defining loan attributes and credit guidelines for loans that investors are willing to buy and at what price. In recent years, the GSEs have been the dominant providers of secondary market liquidity for forward mortgages, keeping the product and credit spectrum relatively homogeneous and risk averse (higher credit standards).
Economic Conditions. General economic conditions can impact the growth and revenue of our Originations segment by impacting the capacity for consumer credit and the supply of capital. More specifically, employment levels and home prices are variables that can each have a material impact on mortgage volume. Employment levels, the level of wages and the stability of employment are underlying factors that impact credit qualification. The effect of home prices on lending volumes is significant and complex. As home prices go up, home equity increases and this improves the position of existing homeowners either to refinance or to sell their home, which often leads to a new home purchase and a new forward mortgage loan, or in the case of a reverse mortgage, increase the size of the mortgage loan available and the number of potential borrowers. However, if home prices increase rapidly, the effect on affordability for first-time and move-up buyers can dampen the demand for mortgage loans. The more restrictive standards for loan to value (LTV) ratios, debt to income (DTI) ratios and employment that characterize the current market amplify the significance and sensitivity of the housing market and related mortgage lending volumes to employment levels and home prices. If home prices decline due to increased mortgage interest rates or for other reasons, home sales may decline and it may be more difficult for homeowners to refinance existing mortgages, thereby negatively impacting mortgage volume.
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The following table presents the results of operations of our Originations segment. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our other segments:

| Years Ended December 31, |  |  | % Change |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021 |
Revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Gain on loans held for sale, net | $ | 30.3 |  |  | $ | 52.9 |  |  | $ | 124.5 |  |  |  | (43) | % |  | (58) | % |
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net | 23.2 |  |  | 61.2 |  |  | 82.0 |  |  |  | (62) |  |  | (25) |  |
Other revenue, net (1) | 18.6 |  |  | 27.0 |  |  | 43.4 |  |  |  | (31) |  |  | (38) |  |
Total revenue | 72.1 |  |  | 141.1 |  |  | 249.9 |  |  |  | (49) |  |  | (44) |  |
MSR valuation adjustments, net | 11.7 |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | 19.6 |  |  |  | 18 |  |  | (50) |  |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 43.0 |  |  | 85.1 |  |  | 101.6 |  |  |  | (49) |  |  | (16) |  |
Origination expense | 2.7 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  |  | (76) |  |  | (26) |  |
Technology and communications | 7.0 |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  |  | (24) |  |  | (5) |  |
Professional services | 1.9 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  |  | (60) |  |  | (53) |  |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing | 2.2 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  |  | (52) |  |  | (35) |  |
Corporate overhead allocations | 18.7 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | 20.0 |  |  |  | (13) |  |  | 8 |  |
Other expenses | 5.3 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  |  | (56) |  |  | 30 |  |
Total operating expenses | 80.8 |  |  | 148.5 |  |  | 172.8 |  |  |  | (46) |  |  | (14) |  |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 51.8 |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  |  | 66 |  |  | 76 |  |
Interest expense | (56.6) |  |  | (29.0) |  |  | (22.3) |  |  |  | 95 |  |  | 30 |  |
Other, net | (0.2) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (2.3) |  |  |  | (89) |  |  | (21) |  |
Other income (expense), net | (5.0) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (6.9) |  |  |  | n/m |  | (106) |  |
Income (loss) before income taxes | $ | (2.0) |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | 89.8 |  |  |  | (168) |  |  | (97) |  |

(1)Includes $2.1 million, $2.1 million and $8.5 million ancillary fee income related to MSR acquisitions reported as Servicing and subservicing fees at the consolidated level for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
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The following table provides selected statistics for our Originations segment:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Loan Production by Channel (in billions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward loans |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Correspondent | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 16.6 |  |  | (22) | % |  | (6) | %
Consumer Direct | 0.4 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (71) |  |  | (49) |
| $ | 12.5 |  |  | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | (26) |  |  | (12) |
% Purchase production | 85 |  |  | 71 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 122 |
% Refinance production | 15 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 68 |  |  | (48) |  |  | (58) |
Reverse loans (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Correspondent | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 0.8 |  |  | (38) | % |  | (14) | %
Wholesale | 0.2 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | (52) |  |  | 22 |
Retail | 0.1 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (77) |  |  | (8) |
| $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | (51) |  |  | (7) |
MSR Purchases by Channel (in billions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Agency Cash Window / Flow MSR | 9.1 |  |  | 11.3 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | (20) |  |  | (45) |
Bulk purchases | 0.4 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 55.1 |  |  | (91) |  |  | (92) |
Bulk reverse purchases | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | — |  |  | (62) |  |  | n/m
| $ | 9.6 |  |  | $ | 15.8 |  |  | $ | 75.6 |  |  | (39) |  |  | (79) |
Total | $ | 22.8 |  |  | $ | 34.0 |  |  | $ | 96.1 |  |  | (33) |  |  | (65) |
Short-term loan commitment (at year end; in millions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward loans | $ | 592.5 |  |  | $ | 540.1 |  |  | 1,022.0 |  |  | 10 | % |  | (47) | %
Reverse loans | 22.1 |  |  | 13.8 |  |  | 63.3 |  |  | 60 |  |  | (78) |
Average Headcount - Originations | 501 |  |  | 993 |  |  | 1,053 |  |  | (50) |  |  | (6) |

(1)Loan production excludes reverse mortgage loan draws by borrowers disbursed subsequent to origination that are reported within the Servicing segment.
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Gain on Loans Held for Sale, Net
The following table provides information regarding Gain on loans held for sale by channel and the related forward loan origination volumes and margins (excluding fees that are presented in Other revenue, net):

| Years Ended December 31, | % Change
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Origination UPB (1) (in billions) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Correspondent | $ | 12.2 |  |  | $ | 15.6 |  |  | $ | 16.6 |  |  | (22) | % |  | (6) | %
Consumer Direct | 0.4 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | (71) |  |  | (49) |
| $ | 12.5 |  |  | $ | 16.8 |  |  | $ | 19.0 |  |  | (26) | % |  | (11) | %
% Gain on Sale Margin (2) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Correspondent | 0.15 | % |  | 0.16 | % |  | 0.11 | % |  | (2) | % |  | 45 | %
Consumer Direct | 3.22 |  |  | 2.30 |  |  | 4.39 | % |  | 40 |  |  | (48) |
| 0.24 | % |  | 0.31 | % |  | 0.66 | % |  | (23) | % |  | (52) | %
Gain on Loans Held for Sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Correspondent | $ | 18.8 |  |  | $ | 24.6 |  |  | $ | 18.5 |  |  | (24) | % |  | 33 | %
Consumer Direct | 11.5 |  |  | 28.3 |  |  | 106.0 |  |  | (59) |  |  | (73) |
| $ | 30.3 |  |  | $ | 52.9 |  |  | $ | 124.5 |  |  | (43) | % |  | (58) | %

(1)Defined as the UPB of loans funded in the period.
(2)Ratio of gain on Loans held for sale to funded UPB. Note that the ratio differs from the day-one gain on sale margin upon lock.
Gain on loans held for sale, net, declined $22.6 million, or 43%, as compared to 2022 with a $16.8 million decrease in our Consumer Direct channel and a $5.8 million decrease in our Correspondent channel. The lower gain in 2023 is due to a 26% decrease in total volume and a more pronounced volume decline in Consumer Direct that is a higher margin channel. While the Correspondent margin remained relatively flat and the Consumer Direct margin increased, the aggregate margin declined due to the change in the channel mix. The elevated interest rate environment continues to adversely impact both purchase and refinance borrower activities due to a lack of affordability. We continue to expand higher margin products such as Ginnie Mae loans and best efforts deliveries.
Gain on Reverse Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-Related Borrowings, Net
The following table provides information regarding Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net of the Originations segment that comprises fair value changes of the pipeline and unsecuritized reverse mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value, together with volume and margin (including loan fees):

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Origination UPB (1) (in billions) | $ | 0.7 |  |  | $ | 1.4 |  |  | $ | 1.5 |  |  | (53) | % |  | (6) | %
Origination margin (2) | 3.41 | % |  | 4.25 | % |  | 5.37 | % |  | (20) |  |  | (21) | %
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net (Originations) | $ | 23.2 |  |  | $ | 61.2 |  |  | $ | 82.0 |  |  | (62) | % |  | (25) | %

(1)Defined as the UPB of loans funded in the period.
(2)Ratio of origination gain to funded UPB. Note that the ratio includes loan fees.
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net decreased $38.0 million, or 62% as compared to 2022 as both total origination volume and aggregate margin declined. $28.1 million of the decrease is attributed to our higher margin Retail channel with a 77% decline in volume and a relatively flat margin. $9.9 million of the decrease is attributed to the Wholesale and Correspondent channels that experienced significantly lower volumes too due to elevated market interest rates. Industry-wide HECM securitization volume saw a 62% decrease in volumes when comparing 2023 to 2022, and industry-wide HECM endorsements were similarly down 48%. By comparison, our total funded volumes were down 53% in this same time period. Higher rates directly reduce HECM loan proceeds available to borrowers and have been a material driving force in reducing HECM market volume. Our aggregate margin decreased with our Retail and Wholesale channels generating lower margins, partially offset by a higher margin generated by our Correspondent channel and a different channel mix. The lower margins were mostly due to increased competition and lessened market opportunity for reverse mortgages in 2023.
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Other revenue, net
Other revenue, net for 2023 declined $8.4 million as compared to 2022 primarily due to a $5.0 million decline in setup fees earned for loans boarded on our servicing platform, mostly related to a decline in Consumer Direct volume, and a $2.6 million decrease in correspondent and broker fees due to the decline in production volume.
MSR Valuation Adjustments, Net
MSR valuation adjustments, net includes revaluation gains on certain MSRs opportunistically purchased through the Agency Cash Window programs, and flow purchases. As an aggregator of MSRs, we may purchase MSRs from smaller originators with a purchase price at a discount to fair value and we recognize valuation adjustments for differences in exit markets in accordance with the accounting fair value guidance. We record such valuation adjustments as MSR valuation adjustments, net within the Originations segment since the segment’s business objective is the sourcing of new MSRs at targeted returns.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses for 2023 decreased $67.7 million, or 46%, as compared to 2022. Compensation and benefits decreased by $42.1 million, or 49%, as a result of our efforts to right size our resources to lower market opportunities initiated in 2022. The decline in Compensation and benefits includes a $25.3 million decrease in salary and benefits, a $10.7 million decrease in commissions due to lower production volume and headcount and a $4.3 million decrease in severance expense. The decrease in salaries and benefits expense is primarily driven by the 50% decrease in Originations average total headcount as compared to 2022, and the effect of relatively lower-cost resources with an 8 percentage-point increase of offshore-to-total average headcount ratio from 2022 to 2023.
Other operating expenses (total operating expenses less Compensation and benefit expense) decreased $25.6 million primarily attributed to the decline in production volumes and average headcount and our cost initiatives. All expense categories decreased, including an $8.4 million decrease in Originations expense driven by lower production volume and a provision release for representation and warranty indemnification in 2023 due to favorable resolution of demands, a $5.5 million decrease in advertising expense, and a $2.9 million decrease in Professional services driven by lower outsourced resources.
Other Income (Expense)
Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on newly-originated and purchased loans during the pipeline period prior to securitization or sale to investors. Interest expense is incurred to finance the mortgage loans during the same pipeline period, which is generally approximately 20 days. We finance mortgage loans with repurchase and participation agreements, commonly referred to as warehouse lines. Our net interest margin is driven by the difference between the average mortgage note rate and the average warehouse line cost of funds, and by the average number of days loans remain in the pipeline.
Interest income for 2023 increased $20.6 million as compared to 2022 largely due to higher interest rates with higher average loans held for sale balances. Similarly, Interest expense for 2023 increased $27.6 million as compared to 2022 primarily due to an increase in short term interest rates and an increase in average warehouse financing debt balance, consistent with higher average loans held for sale balances.
Corporate Items and Other
Corporate Items and Other includes revenues and expenses of corporate support services, inactive entities, and our other business activities that are currently individually insignificant, revenues and expenses that are not directly related to other reportable segments, interest income on short-term investments of cash, gain or loss on repurchases of debt, interest expense on unallocated corporate debt and foreign currency exchange gains or losses. Interest expense on corporate debt is allocated to the Servicing segment and the Originations segment based on relative financing requirements, with the exception of the OFC Senior Secured Notes. Accordingly, the financing cost of the Servicing and Originations segments reflects and is consistent with the financing structure of the licensed entity PHH that carries out these businesses and does not depend on the financing structure strategy of its parent, as a holding company.
Corporate support services include finance, facilities, human resources, internal audit, legal, risk and compliance, capital markets, corporate development and technology functions. Certain expenses incurred by corporate support services are allocated to the Servicing and Originations segments using various methodologies intended to approximate the utilization of such services. Various measurements of utilization of corporate support services are maintained, primarily time studies, personnel volumes and service consumption levels. Support service costs not allocated to the Servicing and Originations segments are retained in the Corporate Items and Other segment along with certain other costs including certain litigation and settlement related expenses or recoveries, and other costs related to operating as a public company. Effective in the fourth quarter of 2023, CRL, our wholly-owned captive reinsurance subsidiary, is reported in the Servicing segment. Segment results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast to conform to the current segment presentation.
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The following table presents selected results of operations of Corporate Items and Other. The amounts presented are before the elimination of balances and transactions with our other segments:

| Years Ended December 31, |  | % Change
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2023 vs 2022 |  | 2022 vs 2021
Revenue | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | n/m |  | n/m
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 79.0 |  |  | 78.1 |  |  | 88.1 |  |  | 1 | % |  | (11) | %
Professional services | (14.7) |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | 39.8 |  |  | (182) |  |  | (55) |
Technology and communications | 20.9 |  |  | 23.9 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | (12) |  |  | 6 |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing | 1.6 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | (73) |  |  | 103 |
Servicing and origination | 1.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 48 |  |  | (677) |
Other expenses | 5.9 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | (38) |  |  | 30 |
Total operating expenses before corporate overhead allocations | 93.8 |  |  | 136.1 |  |  | 160.5 |  |  | (31) |  |  | (15) |
Corporate overhead allocations |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing segment | (45.5) |  |  | (46.2) |  |  | (47.7) |  |  | (2) |  |  | (3) |
Originations segment | (18.7) |  |  | (21.6) |  |  | (20.0) |  |  | (13) |  |  | 8 |
Total operating expenses | 29.6 |  |  | 68.3 |  |  | 92.8 |  |  | (57) |  |  | (26) |
Other income (expense), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 4.5 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 229 |
Interest expense | (43.7) |  |  | (42.2) |  |  | (40.9) |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt | 1.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (15.5) |  |  | 36 |  | (106) |
Other, net | 1.4 |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | (41) |  |  | 4 |
Other income (expense), net | (36.4) |  |  | (37.4) |  |  | (53.6) |  |  | (3) |  |  | (30) |
Loss before income taxes | $ | (66.1) |  |  | $ | (105.7) |  |  | $ | (146.3) |  |  | (38) |  |  | (28) |
n/m: not meaningful |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Compensation and Benefits
Compensation and benefits expense for 2023 was mostly flat as compared to 2022. A $10.1 million increase in incentive compensation was offset by a $5.6 million decline in severance expense and a $3.6 million decline in salaries and benefit expense. The increase in incentive compensation related to our management performance-based plans is primarily due to an increase in equity classified share-based awards expense associated with new awards granted and lower forfeitures in 2023, and an increase in cash awards. The decline in salaries and benefit expense and severance expense is due to headcount reduction as part of our cost-reduction efforts. The average Corporate headcount declined by 10% and the offshore-to-total average headcount ratio increased by 1 percentage point from 2022 to 2023.
Professional Services
Professional services expense for 2023 declined $32.6 million as compared to 2022, primarily due to a $27.7 million decrease in legal expenses and a $4.8 million decline in other professional fees. The net decline in legal expenses is mostly due to the reversal of our accrual related to the CFPB and other matters resolved in 2023, offset in part by lower reimbursements received from mortgage loan investors related to prior year legal expenses. The decline in other professional fees is mostly due to lower insurance expense driven by cost reduction initiatives and lower utilization of consulting services related to corporate strategy and business initiatives.
Other Operating Expenses
Technology and communications expense for 2023 decreased $3.0 million, or 12%, as compared to 2022, primarily due to cost reduction initiatives. Occupancy, equipment and mailing expense for 2023 decreased $4.4 million or 73%, as compared to 2022, primarily due to exit or downsize of certain leased office facilities in 2022. As compared to 2022, Other expenses for 2023 decreased $3.6 million primarily driven by cost reduction initiatives and a reduction in bank charges due to higher earnings credits as a result of higher interest rates.
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Other Income (Expense)
Interest income for 2023 increased $3.1 million, or 207%, primarily due to higher interest rates on interest-earning cash and term deposits.
Interest expense for 2023 increased $1.5 million, or 3%, as compared to 2022, due to the increase in the debt balance of the Corporate segment that is not allocated to the Servicing and Originations segments.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Overview
In the normal course of business, we are actively engaged with existing and potential lenders and as a result add, terminate, replace or extend our debt agreements to the extent necessary to finance our operations and optimize our financing costs.
In addition, we completed the following transactions during 2023:
•Opportunistically repurchased $15.0 million of our PMC Senior Secured Notes in the open market for a price of $13.5 million, and recognized a $1.3 million net gain on debt extinguishment;
•Completed a private placement securitization of HECM loans that are insured by the FHA and REO properties, also referred to as reverse mortgage buyouts. Different classes of asset-backed notes with an initial principal amount of $264.9 million were issued at a discount, with a stated interest rate of 3.0% and a mandatory call date of June 2026;
•Entered into ESS financing transactions and MSR financing transactions with MSR capital partners for aggregated proceeds of $68.7 million and $181.0 million, respectively. ESS financing transactions require PHH to remit to a third party a specified percentage of future servicing fee collections on reference pools of mortgage loans which PHH is entitled to as owner of the related MSRs. MSR financing transactions with MSR capital partners, including MAV, consist of MSR sales, where MSR title and ownership have generally passed, while PHH retains subservicing; and
•Increased our GSE advance facility capacity to facilitate our implementation of the new Agency liquidity rules.
A summary of borrowing capacity under our advance facilities, mortgage warehouse facilities and MSR financing facilities is as follows (see Note 14 — Borrowings to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information):

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Total Borrowing Capacity (1) |  | Available Borrowing Capacity - Committed (1) |  | Available Borrowing Capacity - Uncommitted (1) |  | Total Borrowing Capacity (1) |  | Available Borrowing Capacity - Committed (1) |  | Available Borrowing Capacity - Uncommitted (1)
Advance facilities | $ | 714.4 |  | $ | 151.1 |  | $ | 63.5 |  | $ | 554.4 |  | $ | 27.5 |  | $ | 13.2
Mortgage loan financing facilities | 2,696.1 |  | 372.7 |  | 1,591.7 |  | 2,133.0 |  | 332.6 |  | 1,097.6
MSR financing facilities | 1,082.2 |  | 128.2 |  | 37.5 |  | 1,025.0 |  | 143.4 |  | 17.1
Total | $ | 4,492.7 |  | $ | 652.1 |  | $ | 1,692.8 |  | $ | 3,712.4 |  | $ | 503.5 |  | $ | 1,128.0

(1)Total Borrowing Capacity represents the maximum amount which can be borrowed, subject to eligible collateral. Available Borrowing Capacity represents Total Borrowing Capacity less outstanding borrowings.
At December 31, 2023, none of the available borrowing capacity under our advance financing facilities could be funded based on the amount of eligible collateral that had been pledged to such facilities. Also, none of our uncommitted borrowing capacity was available to fund advances at December 31, 2023 under our Ginnie Mae MSR financing facility based on the amount of eligible collateral. We may utilize committed borrowing capacity under our mortgage loan financing facilities and MSR financing facilities to the extent we have sufficient eligible collateral to borrow against and otherwise satisfy the applicable conditions to funding. At December 31, 2023, we had $39.2 million committed borrowing capacity under our mortgage loan financing facilities and $0.7 million committed borrowing capacity under our MSR financing facilities, based on the amount of eligible collateral. Uncommitted amounts can be advanced at the discretion of the lender, and there can be no assurance that any uncommitted amounts will be available to us at any particular time.
At December 31, 2023, our total liquidity was $241.6 million compared to $219.1 million at December 31, 2022, which comprised an unrestricted cash position of $201.6 million compared to $208.0 million at December 31, 2022, and the available borrowing capacity discussed above.
Effective September 30, 2023, we implemented the revised minimum tangible net worth and liquidity requirements for GSE and Ginnie Mae seller/servicers. We believe that we are in compliance with these requirements as of December 31, 2023. Ginnie Mae announced a new risk-based capital ratio effective on December 31, 2024 for Ginnie Mae issuers. PHH would not
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be in compliance with the upcoming risk-based capital requirements if they were in effect as of December 31, 2023. We have identified, and are commencing activities to implement, a course of actions intended to achieve compliance with the requirements. If we are unable to execute this solution in a timely and cost-effective manner that allows us to continue the Ginnie Mae related businesses and are unable to replace the lost income from these activities, or if we misjudge the magnitude of the costs and benefits and their impacts on our business, our financial results, liquidity, financing activities and reputation could be negatively impacted. Also refer to Note 24 — Regulatory Requirements.
We optimize our daily cash position to reduce financing costs while closely monitoring our liquidity needs and ongoing funding requirements. We regularly monitor and project cash flows over various time horizons to anticipate and mitigate liquidity risk. We maintain liquidity buffers to be responsive to the level of risks, including stressed market interest rate conditions and operational risk.
Use of Funds
Our primary near-term uses of funds in the normal course include:
•Payment of operating costs and corporate expenses;
•Payments for servicing advances in excess of collections;
•Investment in MSRs (purchased and originated), other asset acquisitions and MAV Canopy equity contributions;
•Originated, purchased and repurchased loans, including reverse mortgage buyouts;
•Payment of margin calls under our MSR financing facilities and derivative instruments;
•Debt service and repayments of borrowings, including under our MSR financing, advance financing and warehouse facilities, and payment of interest expense; and
•Net negative working capital and other general corporate cash outflows.
We have short-term commitments to lend $614.6 million in connection with our forward and reverse mortgage loan IRLCs, respectively, outstanding at December 31, 2023. In addition, we have originated floating-rate reverse mortgage loans under which the borrowers have additional borrowing capacity of $1.8 billion at December 31, 2023. During 2023, we funded $258.4 million out of the $1.8 billion borrowing capacity available as of December 31, 2022. As an HMBS issuer, we are required to repurchase loans out of the Ginnie Mae securitization pools once the outstanding principal balance of the loan is equal to or greater than 98% of the maximum claim amount (MCA repurchases).We carry these repurchases until reimbursement by HUD and/or property liquidation if inactive. Our reverse subservicing clients bear the financial obligation and risks associated with purchasing loans out of securitization pools within the portfolio we subservice. See Note 25 — Commitments to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Regarding the current maturities of our borrowings, as of December 31, 2023, we have approximately $1.0 billion of debt outstanding that would either come due, begin amortizing or require partial repayment in the next 12 months. This amount is comprised of $567.2 million of borrowings under forward and reverse mortgage loan warehouse facilities, $455.4 million outstanding under GSE and Ginnie Mae MSR financing facilities maturing in the next 12 months, and $13.8 million of scheduled principal amortization on the PLS Notes secured by PLS MSRs.
With respect to liquidity management, we consider our servicing advance requirements during each investor remittance period and the uncertainties of daily margin calls on our collateralized debt facilities and derivative instruments due to interest rate fluctuations.
As servicer, we are required to advance to investors the loan P&I installments not collected from borrowers for those delinquent loans, including those on forbearance plans. Loan payoffs and prepayments are a source of additional liquidity and are dependent on the interest rate environment. We also advance T&I and Corporate advances primarily on properties that are in default or have been foreclosed. Our obligations to make these advances are governed by servicing agreements or guides, depending on investors or guarantor. Refer to Note 25 — Commitments to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further description of our servicer advance obligations. As subservicer, we are also required to make P&I, T&I and Corporate advances on behalf of servicers following the servicing agreements or guides. However, servicers are generally required to reimburse us within 30 days of our advancing under the terms of the subservicing agreements, and we are generally reimbursed by Rithm the same day we fund P&I advances, or within no more than three days for certain servicing advances.
We are generally subject to daily margining requirements under the terms of our MSR financing facilities and daily cash calls for our TBAs, interest rate swap futures or other derivatives. Declines in fair value of our MSRs due to declines in market interest rates, assumption updates or other factors require that we provide additional collateral to our lenders under MSR financing facilities. Similarly, declines in fair value of our derivative instruments require that we provide additional collateral to the clearing counterparties. While the objective of our hedging strategy is to reduce volatility due to interest rates, it is also designed to address cash and liquidity considerations. Refer to the sensitivity analysis in the Market Risk section of Risk Management for our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.
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Our medium- and long-term requirements for cash include:
•Payment of interest and principal repayment of our PLS Notes that mature in 2025 and our senior secured notes that mature in 2026 and 2027;
•Any payments associated with the confirmation of loss contingencies; and
•Any other payments required under contractual obligations discussed above that extend beyond one year.
We are focused on ensuring that we have sufficient liquidity sources to continue to operate and support our business initiatives. We continuously evaluate alternative financings to diversify our sources of funds, optimize maturities and reduce our funding cost. In addition, we evaluate investment and capital allocation opportunities for any excess liquidity, including a partial repurchase of our senior secured notes as one of our objectives is to de-risk and deleverage our balance sheet.
Sources of Funds
Our primary sources of funds for near-term liquidity in normal course include:
•Collections of servicing and subservicing fees and ancillary revenues;
•Collections of advances in excess of new advances;
•Proceeds from match funded advance financing facilities;
•Proceeds from other borrowings, including warehouse facilities, MSR financing facilities, MSR transfers and ESS financing;
•Proceeds from sales and securitizations of originated loans and purchased loans; and
•Net positive working capital from changes in other assets and liabilities.
Servicing advances are an important component of our business and represent amounts that we, as servicer, are required to advance to, or on behalf of, our servicing clients if we do not receive such amounts from borrowers. Our use of advance financing facilities is integral to our cash and liquidity management strategy. Additionally, certain of our financing and subservicing agreements permit us to retain advance collections for a period ranging from one to two business days before remittance, thus providing a source of short-term liquidity.
We use mortgage loan repurchase and participation facilities (commonly called warehouse lines) to fund newly-originated or purchased loans on a short-term basis until they are sold or securitized to secondary market investors, including GSEs or other third-party investors, and to fund repurchases of certain Ginnie Mae forward loans, HECM loans, second-lien loans and other types of loans. These facilities contain eligibility criteria that include aging and concentration limits by loan type among other provisions. Currently, our financing agreements generally have maximum terms of 364-days. The funds are typically repaid using the proceeds from the sale of the loans to the secondary market investors, usually within 30 days.
We also rely on the secondary mortgage market as a source of consistent liquidity to support our lending operations. Substantially all of the mortgage loans that we originate or purchase are sold or securitized in the secondary mortgage market in the form of residential mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac and, in the case of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, are mortgage loans insured or guaranteed by the FHA, VA or United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). As disclosed above, in 2023 we issued a private placement securitization of reverse mortgage buyouts with an initial principal amount of $264.9 million, expanding our access to capital markets and reducing our reliance on warehouse financing facilities. In February 2024, we issued a second private placement securitization of reverse mortgage buyouts, refer to Note 27 — Subsequent Events to our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We regularly evaluate financing structure options that we believe will most effectively provide the necessary capacity to support our investment plans, address upcoming debt maturities and accommodate our business needs. We strive to diversify our sources of funds and reduce our reliance on existing asset-backed financing facilities. We continuously evaluate the allocation of our capital to MSR investments, the related returns, funding and liquidity requirements. The relationships with MAV and other MSR capital partners may continue to provide PHH with additional means to grow servicing volume and finance MSRs while maintaining capital and liquidity.
Covenants
Our debt agreements contain various qualitative and quantitative covenants including financial covenants, covenants to operate in material compliance with applicable laws and regulations, monitoring and reporting obligations and restrictions on our ability to engage in various activities, including but not limited to incurring or guarantying additional debt, paying dividends or making distributions on or purchasing equity interests of Ocwen and its subsidiaries, repurchasing or redeeming capital stock or junior capital, repurchasing or redeeming subordinated debt prior to maturity, issuing preferred stock, selling or transferring assets or making loans or investments or other restricted payments, entering into mergers or consolidations or sales of all or substantially all of the assets of Ocwen and its subsidiaries, creating liens on assets to secure debt, and entering into transactions with affiliates. These covenants may limit the manner in which we conduct our business and may limit our ability to engage in favorable business activities or raise additional capital to finance future operations or satisfy future liquidity needs.
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In addition, breaches or events that may result in a default under our debt agreements include, among other things, nonpayment of principal or interest, noncompliance with our covenants, breach of representations, the occurrence of a material adverse change, insolvency, bankruptcy, certain material judgments and litigation and changes of control. See Note 14 — Borrowings to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our covenants. The most restrictive liquidity requirement under our debt agreements, excluding additional Agency minimum liquidity requirements, is for a minimum of $75.0 million in consolidated liquidity, as defined, under certain of our mortgage loan financing and MSR financing facilities agreements. At December 31, 2023, we held unrestricted cash in excess of this minimum amount. The minimum liquidity requirements for PHH contained in some debt agreements are also subject to the minimum requirement set forth by the Agencies. Refer to Note 24 — Regulatory Requirements.
In addition, our debt agreements generally include cross default provisions such that a default under one agreement could trigger defaults under other agreements. If we fail to comply with our debt agreements and are unable to avoid, remedy or secure a waiver of any resulting default, we may be subject to adverse action by our lenders, including termination of further funding, acceleration of outstanding obligations, enforcement of liens against the assets securing or otherwise supporting our obligations, and other legal remedies, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. We believe that we are in compliance with the covenants in our debt agreements as of December 31, 2023.
Credit Ratings
Credit ratings are intended to be an indicator of the creditworthiness of a company’s debt obligations. Lower ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs and reduced access to capital markets. The following table summarizes our current ratings and outlook by the respective nationally recognized rating agencies. A credit rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time.

Rating Agency |  |  |  | Long-term Corporate Rating |  |  |  | Review Status / Outlook |  | Date of last action
Moody’s |  |  |  | Caa1 |  |  |  | Positive |  | August 15, 2022
S&P |  |  |  | B- |  |  |  | Stable |  | January 25, 2024

On August 15, 2022, Moody’s reaffirmed their ratings of Caa1 and revised their outlook to Positive from Stable. In its affirmation of PHH’s ratings, Moody’s referenced weak but improving profitability and modest capital levels. In its change in PHH’s outlook to Positive from Stable, Moody’s cited the progress the company is making in transitioning its strategy to focus on originations and servicing of non-delinquent forward and reverse mortgages from the servicing of seriously delinquent loans, which should lead to a more resilient business model and more stable earnings profile. The Positive outlook also reflects Moody's expectation that PHH will maintain stable financial metrics in the next 12-18 months with respect to capitalization and liquidity, continue to strengthen its servicing and origination franchises and make progress with respect to its strategic plan to improve profitability.
On January 25, 2024, S&P affirmed the long-term corporate rating of Ocwen at B- and affirmed the “B” rating of the PMC Senior Secured Notes. In affirming the ratings, S&P noted Ocwen's leverage has improved due to improving operating margins and continued subservicing growth. However, S&P also noted a reliance on warehouse facilities continues to weigh on the rating.
It is possible that additional actions by credit rating agencies could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and funding position, including materially changing the terms on which we may be able to borrow money.
Cash Flows
Our operating cash flow is primarily impacted by operating results, changes in our servicing advance balances, the level of mortgage loan production, the timing of sales and securitizations of mortgage loans, and the margin calls required under our MSR financing facilities or derivative instruments. As one of the main differences between proceeds from sale and origination or purchase of loans held for sale, newly originated MSRs are effectively classified as operating cash flows. Purchases of MSRs through flow purchase agreements, Agency Cash Window and bulk acquisitions are classified as investing activity. MSR investments, whether originated or purchased, represent a key indicator of our ability to generate future income in our Servicing business.
We classify changes in HECM loans held for investment as investing activity and changes in the related HMBS borrowings as financing activity. Our MSR transfer agreements with MAV, Rithm and others have a significant impact on our consolidated statements of cash flows. Because the payments we received in connection with the HECM loan securitizations and MSR transfer agreements are recorded as secured financings, additions to, and reductions in, the balance of those secured financings are presented as financing activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows, excluding the changes in fair value attributable to inputs and assumptions.
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Our cash flows are summarized as follows:

$ in millions | Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 10 |  |  | $ | 173 |
Net cash used in investing activities | (100) |  |  | (149) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 71 |  |  | (13) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | $ | (19) |  |  | $ | 11 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period | $ | 255 |  |  | $ | 274 |

Cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023
Our operating activities provided a net $10.4 million of cash during the year, after $257.9 million net cash paid on loans held for sale, with loan production volumes exceeding sales, $183.0 million of which was used to finance newly originated MSRs. Operating cash flows included $76.1 million net collections of servicing advances and earnings distributions of $7.3 million received from our equity method investee MAV Canopy.
Our investing activities used $100.3 million of cash. The primary use of cash in our investing activities was $120.0 million to purchase MSRs, $42.2 million to acquire advances in connection with MSR transactions, and $10.7 million to purchase real estate. Offsetting cash inflows include $44.6 million net cash inflows in connection with our HECM reverse mortgages, $18.5 million proceeds from the sale of real estate, and $4.4 million of capital distributions received, net of contributions, from our equity method investee MAV Canopy.
Our financing activities provided $70.8 million of cash. Financing cash inflows are primarily comprised of $174.7 million of proceeds from the sale of MSRs accounted for as a financing in connection with sales of MSRs and $68.7 million of proceeds from ESS financings. Offsetting cash outflows include $95.3 million of net payments on the financing liabilities related to MSRs transferred and ESS financings due to runoff, $36.0 million net repayments of borrowings under our MSR financing facilities, and $13.9 million of net repayments on advance match funded liabilities. We also paid $13.5 million to repurchase $15.0 million of our 7.875% PHH Senior Secured Notes. Cash inflows of $1.05 billion received in connection with our reverse mortgage securitizations, which are accounted for as secured financings, were more than offset by repayments on the related financing liability of $1.07 billion.
Cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2022
Our operating activities provided $173.2 million of cash, including net collections of servicing advances of $28.3 million and net cash received on loans held for sale of $8.1 million, due to lower forward loan production volumes. In addition, we received earnings distributions of $18.5 million from our equity method investee MAV Canopy.
Our investing activities used $149.1 million of cash. The primary uses of cash in our investing activities include $199.4 million to purchase MSRs, $77.0 million net cash outflows in connection with our HECM reverse mortgages, $6.9 million acquisition of reverse mortgage subservicing intangible assets and $19.0 million of capital contributions, net of distributions, to our equity method investee MAV Canopy. Offsetting cash inflows include $155.7 million proceeds from the sale of MSRs to unrelated third-parties.
Our financing activities used $13.4 million of cash. Cash outflows include a $327.1 million net repayment of borrowings under our mortgage loan financing and MSR financing facilities due to decline in loans held for sale and $111.9 million of net payments on the financing liabilities related to MSRs transferred due to runoff. We also paid $23.6 million to repurchase $25.0 million of our 7.875% PHH Senior Secured Notes and $50.0 million to repurchase 1,750,557 shares of our common stock, Cash inflows include $1.8 billion received in connection with our reverse mortgage securitizations, which are accounted for as secured financings, largely offset by repayments on the related financing liability of $1.6 billion, $86.2 million of proceeds from sale of MSRs accounted for as a financing in connection with sales of MSRs to MAV, $200.9 million of proceeds from the new ESS financings and $1.4 million of net proceeds on advance match funded liabilities.
CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Our ability to measure and report our financial position and operating results is influenced by the need to estimate the impact or outcome of future events based on information available at the date of the financial statements. An accounting estimate is considered critical if it requires that management make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made. In developing estimates and assumptions, management uses all available information; however, actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions. If actual results differ from our judgments and assumptions, then it may have an adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows. We have processes in place to monitor these judgments and assumptions, and management is required to review critical accounting policies and estimates with
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the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The following is a summary of certain accounting policies and estimates involving significant judgments. Our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates are described in Note 1 — Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Fair Value Measurements
We use fair value for recognition, subsequent measurement and disclosure of certain instruments. Refer to Note 3 — Fair Value to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the fair value hierarchy, descriptions of valuation methodologies used to measure significant assets and liabilities at fair value and details of the valuation models, key inputs to those models, significant assumptions utilized, and sensitivity analyses. We follow the fair value hierarchy to prioritize the inputs utilized to measure fair value and classify instruments as Level 3 when the valuation technique requires significant unobservable inputs or assumptions. We review and modify, as necessary, our fair value hierarchy classifications on a quarterly basis. The determination of the fair value of these Level 3 financial assets and liabilities and MSRs requires significant management judgment and estimation. See Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for a sensitivity analysis reflecting the estimated change in the fair value of our MSRs, HECM loans held for investment and loans held for sale carried at fair value as well as any related derivatives at December 31, 2023, given hypothetical instantaneous parallel shifts in the yield curve.
The following table summarizes assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis and the amounts measured using Level 3 inputs:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Loans held for sale | $ | 677.3 |  |  | $ | 622.7 |
Loans held for investment - Reverse mortgages | 7,970.0 |  |  | 7,504.1 |
MSRs | 2,272.2 |  |  | 2,665.2 |
Derivatives and other | 27.1 |  |  | 13.7 |
Assets at fair value | $ | 10,946.6 |  |  | $ | 10,805.7 |
As a percentage of total assets | 87 | % |  | 87 | %
Assets at fair value using Level 3 inputs | $ | 10,459.6 |  |  | $ | 10,212.2 |
As a percentage of assets at fair value | 96 | % |  | 95 | %
HMBS-related borrowings | 7,797.3 |  |  | 7,326.8 |
Other financing liabilities | 900.0 |  |  | 1,137.4 |
Derivatives | 7.0 |  |  | 15.0 |
Liabilities at fair value | $ | 8,704.3 |  |  | $ | 8,479.2 |
As a percentage of total liabilities | 72 | % |  | 71 | %
Liabilities at fair value using Level 3 inputs | $ | 8,697.2 |  |  | $ | 8,464.1 |
As a percentage of liabilities at fair value | 100 | % |  | 100 | %

We have various internal controls in place to ensure the appropriateness of fair value measurements. Significant fair value measures are subject to analysis and management review and approval. Additionally, we utilize a number of controls to ensure the results are reasonable, including comparison, or “back testing,” of model results against actual performance and monitoring the market for recent trades, including our own price discovery in connection with potential and completed sales, and other market information that can be used to benchmark inputs or outputs. Considerable judgment is used in forming conclusions about Level 3 inputs such as prepayment speeds and discount rates. Changes to these inputs could have a significant effect on fair value measurements.
Valuation of Reverse Mortgage Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-related Borrowings
Reverse mortgage loans are insured by the FHA and transferred into Ginnie Mae guaranteed securities (or HMBS). Loan transfers in these Ginnie Mae securitizations do not qualify for sale accounting and are recorded as secured financings. We record both loans held for investment and the corresponding HMBS borrowings at fair value. Our net exposure to reverse mortgages and the HMBS-related borrowings is limited to the residual value we retain, including future draw commitments and servicing value. Changes in the fair value of the loans held for investment are largely offset by changes in the value of the related secured financing. As of December 31, 2023, we reported $7.9 billion securitized loans held for investment at fair value and $7.8 billion HMBS-related borrowings at fair value, with a residual, net asset value of $71.2 million. In 2023, we recorded
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a net $23.5 million gain on change in fair value of securitized loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings reported in Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in our Servicing segment.
The fair value of both reverse mortgage loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings is based primarily on discounted cash flow methodologies. Inputs to the discounted cash flows of these assets include future draws and tail securitization spreads, conditional prepayment rate (including voluntary and involuntary prepayments) and discount rate. The determination of fair value requires management judgment due to the significant unobservable assumptions, including conditional prepayment rate and discount rate.
We engage third-party valuation experts to support our valuation and provide observations and assumptions related to market activities. We evaluate the reasonableness of our fair value estimate and assumptions using historical experience, or cash flow backtesting, adjusted for prevailing market conditions and benchmarks with third-party expert valuations. We believe that our back-testing and benchmarking procedures provide reasonable assurance that the fair value used in our consolidated financial statements complies with the accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures and reflect the assumptions that a market participant would use.
The following table provides the range and weighted average of significant unobservable assumptions used (expressed as a percentage of UPB) as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

| December 31,
Significant unobservable assumptions | 2023 |  | 2022
Life in years |  |  |
Range | 0.8 to 7.9 |  | 1.0 to 7.6
Weighted average | 5.2 |  |  | 5.0
Conditional prepayment rate (1) |  |  |
Range | 12.0% to 35.4% |  | 13.2% to 45.0%
Weighted average | 17.2 | % |  | 18.0 | %
Discount rate | 4.9 | % |  | 5.1 | %

(1)Includes voluntary and involuntary prepayments.
Valuation of MSRs and Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value
We originate MSRs from our lending activities and acquire MSRs through flow purchase agreements, Agency Cash Window programs or bulk purchases. We account for MSRs, pledged MSR liabilities and ESS financing liabilities at fair value (reported within Other financing liabilities, at fair value). As of December 31, 2023, we reported a $2.3 billion fair value of MSRs and $900.0 million Other financing liabilities. In 2023, we recorded a $230.8 million fair value loss on the revaluation of our MSRs, $12.9 million fair value gain on the revaluation of our pledged MSR liabilities and $11.1 million fair value loss on ESS financing liabilities.
We determine the fair value of MSRs, pledged MSR liabilities and ESS financing liabilities primarily using discounted cash flow methodologies. The significant estimated future cash inflows for MSRs include servicing fees, late fees, float earnings and other ancillary fees, and significant cash outflows include the cost of servicing, the cost of financing servicing advances and compensating interest payments. The determination of the fair value of MSRs, pledged MSR liabilities and ESS financing liabilities requires management judgment relating to the significant unobservable assumptions that underlie the valuation, including prepayment speed, delinquency rates, cost to service and discount rate. Our judgement is informed by the transactions we observe in the market, by our actual portfolio performance and by the advice and information we obtain from our valuation experts, amongst other factors.
To assist in the determination of fair value, we engage third-party valuation experts who generally utilize: (a) transactions involving instruments with similar collateral and risk profiles, adjusted as necessary based on specific characteristics of the asset or liability being valued; and/or (b) industry-standard modeling, such as a discounted cash flow model and a prepayment model, in arriving at their estimate of fair value. The prices provided by the valuation experts reflect their observations and assumptions related to market activity, generally the bulk market, incorporating available industry survey results and client feedback, and including risk premiums and liquidity adjustments. While interest rates are a key value driver, MSR fair value may change for other market-driven factors, including but not limited to the supply and demand of the market or the required yield or perceived value by investors of such MSRs. While the models and related assumptions used by the valuation experts are proprietary to them, we understand the methodologies and assumptions used to develop the prices based on our ongoing due diligence, which includes regular discussions with the valuation experts, and we perform additional verification and analytical procedures. We evaluate the reasonableness of our third-party experts’ assumptions using historical experience adjusted for
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prevailing market conditions and benchmarks with third-party expert valuation and market participant surveys. We believe that our procedures provide reasonable assurance that the fair value used in our consolidated financial statements comply with the accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures and reflect the assumptions that a market participant would use.
The following table provides the range and weighted average of significant unobservable assumptions used (expressed as a percentage of UPB) by MSR class projected for the five-year period beginning December 31, 2023:

| Conventional |  | Government-Insured |  | Non-Agency
Prepayment speed |  |  |  |  |
Range | 4.6% to 10.5% |  | 5.0% to 13.8% |  | 6.9% to 8.0%
Weighted average | 8.2% |  | 11.1% |  | 7.3%
Delinquency |  |  |  |  |
Range | 0.4% to 1.2% |  | 6.1% to 10.6% |  | 8.2% to 17.4%
Weighted average | 0.6% |  | 7.3% |  | 11.8%
Cost to service (in dollars) |  |  |  |  |
Range | $67 to $70 |  | $98 to $114 |  | $175 to $229
Weighted average | $68 |  | $105 |  | $195
Discount rate | 9.0% |  | 10.4% |  | 11.4%

Changes in these assumptions are generally expected to affect our results of operations as follows:
•Increases in prepayment speeds generally reduce the value of our MSRs as the underlying loans prepay faster which causes accelerated MSR portfolio runoff, higher compensating interest payments and lower overall servicing fees, partially offset by a lower overall cost of servicing, increased float earnings on higher float balances and lower interest expense on lower servicing advance balances.
•Increases in delinquencies generally reduce the value of our MSRs as the cost of servicing increases during the delinquency period, and the amounts of servicing advances and related interest expense also increase.
•Increases in the discount rate reduce the value of our MSRs due to the lower overall net present value of the net cash flows.
•Increases in interest rate assumptions will increase interest expense for financing servicing advances although this effect is partially offset by an increase in the amount of float earnings.
The fair value of Pledged MSR liabilities and ESS financing liabilities is generally expected to be impacted by the same assumptions as the underlying MSR, in opposite direction. Instrument or transaction specific assumption may apply and require our judgment, including the estimated life of the subservicing agreement when MSRs are sold subservicing retained, or the yield or discount rate to apply.
Allowance for Losses on Servicing Advances and Receivables
Credit losses on advances are expected to be nil, or de minimis, as advances are generally fully reimbursed under the terms of servicing agreements. However, servicing advances may include claimable (with investors) but non-recoverable expenses, for example due to servicer error, such as lack of reasonable documentation as to the type and amount of advances. We record an allowance for losses on servicing advances to the extent that a portion of advances are uncollectible under the provisions of each servicing contract taking into consideration, among other factors, our historical collection rates, probability of default, cure or modification, length of delinquency and the amount of the advance. We also assess collectability using proprietary cash flow projection models that incorporate a number of different factors, depending on the characteristics of the mortgage loan or pool, including, for example, the probable loan liquidation path, estimated time to a foreclosure sale, estimated costs of foreclosure action, estimated future property tax payments and the estimated value of the underlying property net of estimated carrying costs, commissions and closing costs. At December 31, 2023, the allowance for losses on servicing advances was $7.3 million, which represented 1% of total servicing advances. In 2023, we recorded an $8.5 million provision expense for losses on servicing advances.
We record an allowance for losses on receivables in our Servicing business, including related to defaulted FHA-, VA- or USDA-insured loans repurchased from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations (government-insured claims). This allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on relevant qualitative and quantitative information about past events, including historical collection and loss experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. The government-insured claims that do not exceed HUD, VA, FHA or USDA insurance limits are not subject to any allowance for losses as guaranteed by the U.S. government. At December 31, 2023, the allowance for losses on receivables related to
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government-insured claims was $24.6 million, which represented 23% of total government-insured claims receivables. In 2023, we recorded a $17.1 million provision expense on receivables related to government-insured claims.
Determining an allowance for losses involves management judgment and assumptions that, given similar information at any given point, may result in a different but reasonable estimate.
Income Taxes
We record a tax provision for the anticipated tax consequences of the reported results of operations. We compute the provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using the currently enacted tax rates in each jurisdiction that applies to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is believed more likely than not to be realized.
We conduct periodic evaluations of positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset can be realized in future periods. In these evaluations, we gave more significant weight to objective evidence, such as our actual financial condition and historical results of operations, as compared to subjective evidence, such as projections of future taxable income or losses.
For the three-year periods ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the U.S. filing jurisdiction was in a material cumulative loss position. We recognize that cumulative losses in recent years is an objective form of negative evidence in assessing the need for a valuation allowance and that such negative evidence is difficult to overcome. Other factors considered in these evaluations are estimates of future taxable income, future reversals of temporary differences, tax character and the impact of tax planning strategies that may be implemented, if warranted.
As a result of these evaluations, we recognized a full valuation allowance of $183.9 million and $177.5 million on our U.S. deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The U.S. jurisdictional deferred tax assets are not considered to be more likely than not realizable based on all available positive and negative evidence. We intend to continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets in the U.S. until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances. Release of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets and a decrease to income tax expense for the period in which the release is recorded. However, the exact timing and amount of the valuation allowance release are subject to change based on the profitability that we achieve.
We recognize tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
NOL carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (Section 382) (or comparable provisions of foreign or state law) in the event that certain changes in ownership were to occur. In addition, tax credit carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code Section 383 (Section 383). We periodically evaluate our NOL and tax credit carryforwards and whether certain changes in ownership have occurred as measured under Section 382 that would limit our ability to utilize a portion of our NOL and tax credit carryforwards. If it is determined that an ownership change(s) has occurred, there may be annual limitations on the use of these NOL and tax credit carryforwards under Sections 382 and 383 (or comparable provisions of foreign or state law).
Ocwen and PHH Corporation have both experienced historical ownership changes that have caused the use of certain tax attributes to be limited and have resulted in the write-off of certain of these attributes based on our inability to use them in the carryforward periods defined under the tax laws. Ocwen continues to monitor the ownership in its stock to evaluate whether any additional ownership changes have occurred that would further limit its ability to utilize certain tax attributes. As such, our analysis regarding the amount of tax attributes that may be available to offset taxable income in the future without restrictions imposed by Section 382 may continue to evolve.
Indemnification Obligations
We have exposure to representation, warranty and indemnification obligations because of our lending, loan sales and securitization activities, our acquisitions to the extent we assume one or more of these obligations, and in connection with our servicing practices. We initially recognize these obligations at fair value. Thereafter, the estimation of the liability considers probable future obligations based on industry data of loans of similar type segregated by year of origination, to the extent applicable, and estimated loss severity based on current loss rates for similar loans, our historical rescission rates and the current pipeline of unresolved demands. Loss severity considers the historical loss experience that we incur upon loan sale or collateral liquidation, as well as current market conditions. We monitor the adequacy of the overall liability and make adjustments, as
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necessary, after consideration of our historical losses and other qualitative factors including ongoing dialogue and experience with our counterparties. We do not provide or assume any origination representations and warranties in connection with our MSR purchases. As of December 31, 2023, we have recorded a liability for representation and warranty obligations and similar indemnification obligations of $32.9 million. In 2023, we recorded a $2.0 million net provision expense for indemnification. See Note 26 — Contingencies for additional information.
Litigation
In the ordinary course of business, we are a defendant in, or a party or potential party to, many threatened and pending litigation matters. We monitor our litigation matters, including advice from external legal counsel, and regularly perform assessments of these matters for potential loss accrual and disclosure. We establish liabilities for settlements, judgments on appeal and filed and/or threatened claims for which we believe it is probable that a loss has been or will be incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated based on current information regarding these matters. Where we determine that a loss is not probable but is reasonably possible or where a loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we disclose an estimate of the amount of the loss or range of possible losses for the claim if a reasonable estimate can be made, unless the amount of such reasonably possible loss is not material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Management’s assessment involves the use of estimates, assumptions, and judgments, including progress of the matter, prior experience, available defenses, and the advice of legal counsel and other experts. Accruals are adjusted as more information becomes available or when an event occurs requiring a change. In 2023, we recorded a $30.0 million provision reversal for loss contingencies. Our total accrual for probable and estimable legal and regulatory matters, including accrued legal fees, was $8.3 million at December 31, 2023. It is possible that we will incur losses relating to threatened and pending litigation that materially exceed the amount accrued. We cannot currently estimate the amount, if any, of reasonably possible losses above amounts that have been recorded at December 31, 2023.
RECENT ACCOUNTING DEVELOPMENTS
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
For additional information, see Note 1 — Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
Our adoption of the standards listed below in 2023 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements:
•Business Combinations (ASC 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (ASU 2021-08)
•Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (ASC 326): Troubled Debt Restructuring and Vintage Disclosures (ASU 2022-02)
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK (Dollars in millions unless otherwise indicated)
Interest Rates
Our principal market risk exposure is the impact of interest rate changes on our mortgage-related assets and commitments, including MSRs, loans held for sale, loans held for investment, interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) and other derivative instruments. In addition, changes in interest rates could materially and adversely affect the amount of escrow and float income, the volume of mortgage loan originations or result in MSR fair value changes. We also have exposure to the effects of changes in interest rates on our floating-rate borrowings, including MSR and advance financing facilities.
Our management-level Market Risk Committee establishes and maintains policies that govern our risk appetite and associated hedging programs, including such factors as duration and interest rate sensitivity measures, limits, targeted hedge coverage ratios, the hedge instruments that we are permitted to use in our hedging activities and the counterparties with whom we are permitted to enter into hedging transactions and our liquidity risk profile. See Note 17 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding our use of derivatives.
MSR Hedging Strategy
MSRs are carried at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in earnings in the period in which the changes occur. The fair value of MSRs is subject to changes in market interest rates, among other inputs and assumptions.
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The objective of our MSR interest rate risk management and hedging policy is to protect shareholders’ equity and earnings against the fair value volatility of interest-rate sensitive MSR portfolio exposure, considering market, liquidity, cost and other conditions. The interest-rate sensitive MSR portfolio exposure is defined as follows:
•Agency MSR portfolio,
•expected Agency MSR bulk transactions subject to letters of intent (LOI),
•less the Agency MSRs subject to our sale agreements with MAV, Rithm and others, also referred to as Pledged MSR liabilities (See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value),
•less the asset value for securitized HECM loans, net of the corresponding HMBS-related borrowings
•other interest-rate sensitive exposures, including our ESS financing liabilities, as deemed appropriate by the Market Risk Committee.
The hedge coverage ratio, defined as the ratio of hedge and asset rate sensitivity (referred to as DV01) is subject to lower and upper target thresholds under our policy. We regularly evaluate the hedge coverage ratio at the intended shock interval to determine if it is relevant or warrants adjustment based on market conditions, symmetry of interest rate risk exposure, liquidity impacts under shock scenarios, and other factors. As the market dictates, management may choose to maintain the hedge coverage ratio at different thresholds, with approval of the Market Risk Committee, in order to preserve liquidity and/or optimize asset returns.
Prior to September, 2022, the hedge coverage ratio was required to remain within a minimum of 40% and maximum of 60%. Effective September 2022, a minimum 25% and 30% hedge coverage ratios were required for interest rate declines less than, and more than 50 basis points, respectively. During the second quarter of 2023, management raised its minimum hedge coverage ratio to 60%. Effective December 2023, we established a targeted hedge coverage ratio range between 95% and 105%.
With a partial hedge coverage ratio, the changes in fair value of our hedging instruments may not fully offset the changes in fair value of our net MSR portfolio exposure attributable to interest rate changes. In addition, while DV01 measures may remain within the range of our hedging strategy’s objective, actual changes in fair value of the derivatives and MSR portfolio may not offset to the same extent, due to non-parallel changes in the interest rate curve, and the basis risk inherent in the MSR profile and hedging instruments, among other factors. We continuously evaluate the use of hedging instruments with the objective of enhancing the effectiveness of our interest rate hedging strategy.
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The following table illustrates the interest rate sensitivity of our MSR portfolio exposure and associated hedges at December 31, 2023. Hypothetical change in values of the MSR and hedges are presented under a set instantaneous +/- 25 basis point parallel move in rates. Refer to the description below under Sensitivity Analysis for more details. Changes in fair value cannot be extrapolated because the relationship to the change in fair value may not be linear and other factors may apply, such as change in yield, spreads or other assumptions. The amounts based on market risk sensitive measures are hypothetical and presented for illustrative purposes only.

| Fair value at December 31, 2023 |  | Hypothetical change in fair value due to 25 bps rate decrease (1) |  | Hypothetical change in fair value due to 25 bps rate increase (1)
Agency MSRs - interest rate sensitive (excluding MAV, Rithm and others) | $ | 1,496 |  | $ | (37) |  |  | $ | 37 |
Asset value of securitized HECM loans, net of HMBS-related borrowing (Reverse MSR) | 71 |  | 4 |  |  | (4) |
MSR hedging derivative instruments | 15 |  | 35 |  |  | (33) |
Total hedge position |  |  | 39 |  |  | (37) |
Hypothetical hedge coverage ratio (2) |  |  | 104 | % |  | 102 | %
Hypothetical residual exposure to changes in interest rates |  |  | $ | 2 |  |  | $ | (1) |

(1)The baseline for the hypothetical change in fair value is based on a 10-year swap rate of 3.76% at December 31, 2023.
(2)The hypothetical hedge coverage ratio above is calculated as the change in fair value of the total hedge position divided by the change in value of the Agency MSR position.
The above hypothetical hedge coverage ratio reflects the instrument sensitivities as of December 31, 2023. The actual hedge coverage ratio during the three months ended December 31, 2023, as monitored by Risk Management, may be summarized as follows:

| Fair value changes for the three months ended December 31, 2023
Change in 10-year swap (basis points) | (79) |
Agency MSRs - interest rate sensitive (excluding MAV, Rithm and others) | $ | (145) |
Asset value of securitized HECM loans, net of HMBS-related borrowing (Reverse MSR) | 13 |
MSR hedging derivative instruments | 87 |
Total hedge position | $ | 100 |
Actual hedge coverage ratio during the period | 69 | %
Residual (unhedged) fair value changes due to changes in interest rates | $ | (45) |

Our derivative instruments include forward trades of MBS or Agency TBAs with different banking counterparties, exchange-traded interest rate swap futures and interest rate options. These derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedges. TBAs, or To-Be-Announced securities are actively traded, forward contracts to purchase or sell Agency MBS on a specific future date. From time to time, we enter into exchange-traded options contracts with purchased put options financed by written call options. We report changes in fair value of these derivative instruments in MSR valuation adjustments, net in our consolidated statements of operations, within the Servicing segment. We may, from time to time, establish inter-segment derivative instruments between the MSR and pipeline hedging strategies to minimize the use of third-party derivatives (none in 2023). The fair value gains and losses of such inter-segment derivatives effectively reclassify certain derivative gains and losses between MSR valuation adjustments, net within the Servicing segment and Gain on loans held for sale, net within the Originations segment to reflect the performance of these economic hedging strategies in the appropriate segments (see Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting for the amount of such reclassification). Such inter-segment derivatives are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.
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The derivative instruments are subject to margin requirements, posted as either initial or variation margin. Ocwen may be required to post or may be entitled to receive cash collateral with its counterparties through margin calls, based on daily value changes of the instruments. Changes in market factors, including interest rates, and our credit rating may require us to post additional cash collateral and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and liquidity.
Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-related Borrowings
The fair value of our securitized HECM loan portfolio generally decreases as market interest rates rise and increases as market rates fall. As our HECM loan portfolio is predominantly comprised of ARMs, higher interest rates cause the loan balance to accrue and reach a 98% maximum claim amount liquidation event more quickly, while lower interest rates extend the timeline to reach maximum claim amount liquidation. Additionally, portfolio value is heavily influenced by market spreads for fixed and discount margin for ARMs.
The fair value of our securitized HECM loan portfolio net of the fair value of the HMBS-related borrowings represent a reverse mortgage economic MSR (HMSR) for risk management purposes. The fair value of our HMSR generally decreases as market interest rates rise and increases as market rates fall. As our HECM loan portfolio is predominantly comprised of ARMs, higher interest rates cause the loan balance to accrue and reach a 98% maximum claim amount liquidation event more quickly, with lower interest rates extending the timeline to liquidation. HECM loans have a longer duration than HMBS-related borrowings as a result of the future draw commitments, and our obligations as issuer of HMBS to purchase loans out of the Ginnie Mae securitization pools once the outstanding principal balance of the related HECM loan is equal to 98% of the maximum claim amount. This HMSR exposure is used as a partial offset to our forward MSR exposure and managed as part of our MSR hedging strategy described above.
Pipeline Hedging Strategy - Loans Held for Sale and IRLCs
In our Originations business, we are exposed to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of the interest rate lock commitment through (i) the lock commitment cancellation or expiration date or (ii) through the date of sale or securitization of the resulting loan into the secondary mortgage market. Loan commitments for forward loans generally range from 5 to 75 days, with the majority of our commitments to borrowers for 40 to 60 days and our commitments to correspondent sellers for 5 to 30 days. Loans held for sale are generally funded and sold within 5 to 30 days. This interest rate exposure of loans and IRLCs is economically hedged with derivative instruments, including forward sales of Agency TBAs. The objective of our pipeline hedging strategy is to reduce the volatility of the fair value of IRLCs and loans due to market interest rates, thus preserving the initial gain on sale margin at lock date. The net daily market risk position of net pull-though adjusted locks and loans held for sale, less the offsetting hedges of the forward and reverse pipelines, is monitored daily and its daily limit is +/- 5%. We report changes in fair value of these derivative instruments as gain or loss on economic hedge instruments within either Gain on loans held for sale, net or Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
EBO and Loan Modification Hedging – Loans Held for Sale, at fair value
In our Servicing business, effective February 2022, management started hedging certain Ginnie Mae EBO loans repurchased out of securitization pools for modification and reperformance with TBAs to manage the interest rate risk while these loans await redelivery.
Advance Match Funded Liabilities
We monitor the effect of increases in interest rates on the interest paid on our variable-rate advance financing debt. Earnings on cash and float balances are a partial offset to our exposure to changes in interest expense.
Sensitivity Analysis
Fair Value MSRs, Loans Held for Sale, Loans Held for Investment and Related Derivatives
We assess and manage our interest rate risk on a daily basis primarily using sensitivity analyses. We develop sensitivity analyses to determine the impact on our earnings and financial condition across various interest rate scenarios that could be expected over different time horizons. Our interest rate exposure spans from overnight rates to 30-year rates, with increased sensitivity related to the 5-, 10-, and 30-year rates. Sensitivity analyses are based on hypothetical change in values of different interest-rate sensitive assets and liabilities together with our hedges and are presented under a set instantaneous +/- 25 basis point parallel move in rates. Changes in fair value cannot be extrapolated because the relationship to the change in fair value may not be linear and other factors may apply, such as change in yield, spreads or other assumptions.
The following table summarizes the estimated change in the fair value of our MSRs, HECM loans held for investment and loans held for sale that we have elected to carry at fair value as well as any related derivatives at December 31, 2023, given hypothetical instantaneous parallel shifts in the yield curve. These sensitivities are hypothetical and presented for illustrative purposes only. Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be extrapolated because the relationship to the change in fair value may not be linear, among other factors.
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| Change in Fair Value
| Down 25 bps |  | Up 25 bps
Asset value of securitized HECM loans, net of HMBS-related borrowing | $ | 4 |  |  | $ | (4) |
Loans held for investment - Unsecuritized HECM loans and tails | — |  |  | — |
Loans held for sale | 5 |  |  | (6) |
Derivative instruments | 31 |  |  | (28) |
Total MSRs - Agency and non-Agency (1) | (38) |  |  | 37 |
IRLCs | (1) |  |  | 1 |
Total, net | $ | 1 |  |  | $ | — |

(1)Primarily reflects the impact of market interest rate changes on projected prepayments on the Agency MSR portfolio, Rithm and MAV pledged MSR financing liabilities and ESS financing liabilities.
The decrease in our net sensitivity from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2023 (from approximately $24 - $26 million to nil - $1 million for a 25 basis point parallel shift in the yield curve, up and down, respectively) is primarily due to our raising of the hedge coverage ratio to 100% at December 31, 2023.
Borrowings
The majority of the collateralized debt used to finance our operations is based on variable rates, but remains exposed to interest rate fluctuations between repricing dates. Our corporate debt is based on fixed interest rates. As servicer, we are also exposed to the impact of interest rate fluctuations on the float income we earn on balances held in trust from the date a loan payment is received from borrowers to the date funds are forwarded to investors.
Based on December 31, 2023 balances, if interest rates were to increase by 100 bps on our variable rate debt and cash and float balances, we estimate a net positive impact of approximately $0.8 million resulting from an increase of $18.3 million in annual interest income and other credits on deposits and an increase of $17.5 million in annual interest expense.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Our operations in India and the Philippines expose us to foreign currency exchange rate risk to the extent that our foreign exchange positions remain unhedged. Depending on the magnitude and risk of our positions we may enter into forward exchange contracts to hedge against the effect of changes in the value of the India Rupee or Philippine Peso. We did not enter into any foreign currency hedging derivative instruments during the three year period ended December 31, 2023.
Home Prices
Inactive reverse mortgage loans for which the maximum claim amount has not been met are generally foreclosed upon on behalf of Ginnie Mae with the REO remaining in the related HMBS until liquidation. Inactive MCA repurchased loans are generally foreclosed upon and liquidated by the HMBS issuer. Although active and inactive reverse mortgage loans are insured by FHA, we may incur expenses and losses in the process of repurchasing and liquidating these loans that are not reimbursable by FHA in accordance with program guidelines. In addition, in certain circumstances, we may be subject to real estate price risk to the extent we are unable to liquidate REO within the FHA program guidelines. As our reverse mortgage portfolio seasons, and the volume of MCA repurchases increases, our exposure to this risk will increase.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The information required by this section is contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements of Ocwen Financial Corporation and Report of Deloitte & Touche LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, beginning on Page F-1.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, under the supervision of and with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on such evaluation, management concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as that term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f).
Under the supervision of and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the framework set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, internal control over financial reporting is effective based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the COSO.
The effectiveness of Ocwen’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report that appears herein.
Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors, officers and employees as required by the New York Stock Exchange rules. We have also adopted a Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers that applies to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer. Any waivers for executive officers or directors of Ocwen from either the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers must be approved by our Board of Directors or a Board Committee and must be promptly disclosed. The Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers are available on our web site at www.ocwen.com in the “Shareholders” section under “Corporate Governance.” Any amendments to the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics or the Code of Ethics for Senior Financial Officers, as well as any waivers that are required to be disclosed under the rules of the SEC or the New York Stock Exchange, will be posted on our website.
The additional information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive Proxy Statement with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting, which we intend to file with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
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ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive Proxy Statement with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting, which we intend to file with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive Proxy Statement with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting, which we intend to file with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive Proxy Statement with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting, which we intend to file with the SEC no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our definitive Proxy Statement with respect to our 2024 Annual Meeting, which we intend to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2023.
PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(1) and (2) Financial Statements and Schedules. The information required by this section is contained in the Consolidated Financial Statements of Ocwen Financial Corporation and Report of Deloitte & Touche LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, beginning on Page F-1.

(3) |  | Exhibits.
|  | 3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, as amended (1 1)
|  | 3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of Ocwen Financial Corporation (12)
|  | 4.1 |  | Form of Certificate of Common Stock (1)
|  | 4.2 |  | The Company agrees to furnish to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request a copy of each instrument with respect to the issuance of long-term debt of the Company and its subsidiaries, the authorized principal amount of which does not exceed 10% of the consolidated assets of the Company and its subsidiaries.
|  | 4.3 |  | Description of Common Stock (16)
|  | 10.1* |  | Ocwen Financial Corporation 1998 Annual Incentive Plan, as amended (9)
|  | 10.2* |  | Ocwen Financial Corporation Deferral Plan for Directors, dated March 7, 2005 (3)
|  | 10.3* |  | Ocwen Financial Corporation 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, dated May 10, 2007 (4)
|  | 10.4* |  | Ocwen Financial Corporation 2017 Performance Incentive Plan, as amended (17)
|  | 10.5†† |  | Binding Term Sheet dated as of February 22, 2019 between Altisource S.à r.l., Ocwen Financial Corporation and Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. (1 1)
|  | 10.6 |  | Services Agreement, dated as of August 10, 2009, by and between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Altisource Solutions S.à r.l.,as amended (18)
|  | 10.7†††† |  | Binding Term Sheet among Ocwen Financial Corporation, Ocwen USVI Services, LLC and Altisource S.à r.l. dated as of May 5, 2021 (14)
|  | 10.8* |  | Form of Indemnification Agreement (14)
|  | 10.9* |  | Form of Undertaking to Repay Advancement of Indemnification Expenses (8)
|  | 10.10† |  | Transfer Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 by and between Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, New Residential Mortgage LLC, Ocwen Financial Corporation, and New Residential Investment Corp. (7)
|  | 10.11† |  | Amendment No. 1, dated as of January 18, 2018, to Transfer Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 by and among Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, New Residential Mortgage LLC, Ocwen Financial Corporation and New Residential Investment Corp. (2)

93

|  | 10.12† |  | Subservicing Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 by and between New Residential Mortgage LLC and Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (7)
|  | 10.13† |  | Amendment No. 1, dated as of August 17, 2018, to Subservicing Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 between New Residential Mortgage LLC and Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (8)
|  | 10.14 ††† |  | Amendment No. 2, dated as of October 5, 2020, to Subservicing Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 between New Residential Mortgage LLC and Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (1 1)
|  | 10.15†††† |  | Amendment No. 3, dated as of May 2, 2022, to Subservicing Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 between New Residential Mortgage LLC and PHH Mortgage Corporation (6)
|  | 10.16 †††† |  | Amendment No. 4, dated as of October 31, 2023, to Subservicing Agreement dated as of July 23, 2017 between New Residential Mortgage LLC and PHH Mortgage Corporation (filed herewith)
|  | 10.17† |  | New RMSR Agreement, dated as of January 18, 2018 by and among Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, HLSS Holdings, LLC, HLSS MSR - EBO Acquisition LLC, and New Residential Mortgage LLC (2)
|  | 10.18† |  | Amendment No. 1, dated as of August 17, 2018, to New RMSR Agreement dated as of January 18, 2018 by and among Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, HLSS Holdings, LLC, HLSS MSR-EBO Acquisition LLC, and New Residential Mortgage LLC (8)
|  | 10.19††† |  | Amendment No. 2, dated as of October 5, 2020, to New RMSR Agreement dated as of January 18, 2018 by and among Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, HLSS Holdings, LLC, HLSS MSR - EBO Acquisition LLC, and New Residential Mortgage LLC (11)
|  | 10.20†††† |  | Amendment No. 3, dated as of May 2, 2022, to New RMSR Agreement dated as of January 18, 2018 by and among PHH Mortgage Corporation, HLSS Holdings, LLC, HLSS MSR - EBO Acquisition LLC, and New Residential Mortgage LLC (6)
|  | 10.21†††† |  | Amendment No. 4, dated as of October 31, 2023, to New RMSR Agreement dated as of January 18, 2018 by and among PHH Mortgage Corporation, HLSS Holdings, LLC, HLSS MSR - EBO Acquisition LLC, and New Residential Mortgage LLC (filed herewith)
|  | 10.22* |  | Offer Letter, dated April 17, 2018, between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Glen Messina, as amended (18)
|  | 10.23* |  | Offer Letter dated May 11, 2022 between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Sean O’Neil (6)
|  | 10.24 † |  | Subservicing Agreement dated as of August 17, 2018 between New Penn Financial, LLC and Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC (8)
|  | 10.25††† |  | Amendment No. 1, dated as of October 5, 2020, Subservicing Agreement dated as of August 17, 2018 between New Penn Financial, LLC and PHH Mortgage Corporation (11)
|  | 10.26†††† |  | Amendment No. 2, dated as of May 2, 2022, to Subservicing Agreement dated as of August 17, 2018 between NewRez LLC D/B/A Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing and PHH Mortgage Corporation (6)
|  | 10.27†††† |  | Amendment No. 3, dated as of October 31, 2023, to Subservicing Agreement dated as of August 17, 2018 between NewRez LLC (Formerly Known as New Penn Financial, LLC) DBA Shellpoint Mortgage Servicing and PHH Mortgage Corporation (filed herewith)
|  | 10.28* |  | Form of Director Restricted Stock Unit Agreement (1)
|  | 10.29* |  | Amended and Restated Ocwen Financial Corporation United States Basic Severance Plan (10)
|  | 10.30* |  | Amended and Restated Ocwen Financial Corporation United States Change in Control Severance Plan (10)
|  | 10.31* |  | Ocwen Financial Corporation Executive Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Plan (19)
|  | 10.32* |  | Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award granted September 10, 2020 (11)
|  | 10.33 |  | Agreement Amending Notice Due Date among PHH Mortgage Corporation, New Residential Mortgage LLC and the other parties thereto, dated December 10, 2021 (18)
|  | 10.34††† |  | Transaction Agreement between Ocwen Financial Corporation and Oaktree Capital Management L.P. and affiliates, dated as of December 21, 2020 (16)
|  | 10.35††† |  | First Amendment to Transaction Agreement, dated as of March 4, 2021, by and among OCW MAV Holdings, LLC, Ocwen Financial Corporation, and affiliates of Oaktree Capital Management L.P. (15)
|  | 10.36††† |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement between Ocwen Financial Corporation, Opps OCW Holdings, LLC, and ROF8 OCW MAV PT, LLC (16)
|  | 10.37 |  | Form of Registration Rights Agreement between Ocwen Financial Corporation, Opps OCW Holdings, LLC, and ROF8 OCW MAV PT, LLC (16)
|  | 10.38 |  | Form of Warrant issuable to Opps OCW Holdings, LLC and ROF8 OCW MAV PT, LLC (16)
|  | 10.39* |  | Ocwen Financial Corporation 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended (13)
|  | 10.40††† |  | Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated as of February 9, 2021, by and among Ocwen Financial Corporation, the purchasers signatory thereto, and Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC, as collateral agent (15)

94

|  | 10.41††† |  | Second Lien Notes Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of March 4, 2021, among Ocwen Financial Corporation and Oaktree Fund Administration, LLC (15)
|  | 10.42 |  | Form of $199,500,000 aggregate principal amount Senior Secured Notes due 2027 (15)
|  | 10.43 |  | Form of Warrant issued March 4, 2021 (15)
|  | 10.44 |  | Registration Rights Agreement dated as of March 4, 2021 (15)
|  | 10.45††† |  | First Lien Notes Pledge and Security Agreement dated as of March 4, 2021 among PHH Mortgage Corporation, PHH Corporation, other guarantors thereto, and Wilmington Trust, National Association (15)
|  | 10.46††† |  | Indenture, dated as of March 4, 2021, among PHH Mortgage Corporation, as the issuer, Ocwen Financial Corporation, as the parent, and the other guarantors thereto, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as the trustee and collateral trustee (15)
|  | 10.47 |  | Form of $400,000,000 aggregate principal amount 7.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2026 (15)
|  | 10.48* |  | Form of Stock-Settled Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated March 2, 2021 (15)
|  | 10.49* |  | Form of Hybrid (Cash and Stock Settled) Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated March 2, 2021 (15)
|  | 10.50* |  | Form of Stock-Settled Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated March 2, 2021 (15)
|  | 10.51* |  | Form of Hybrid (Cash and Stock Settled) Time-Based Restricted Stock Unit Agreement dated March 2, 2021 (15)
|  | 10.52* |  | Form of 2023 Annual Performance-Based Cash Award Agreement (filed herewith)
|  | 10.53* |  | Form of 2023 Annual Performance-Based Stock Award Agreement (filed herewith)
|  | 10.54* |  | Form of 2023 Annual Time-Based Cash Award Agreement (filed herewith)
|  | 10.55* |  | Form of 2023 Annual Time-Based Stock Award Agreement (filed herewith)
|  | 1 9.1 |  | Insider Trading Prevention Policy (filed herewith)
|  | 21.1 |  | Subsidiaries (filed herewith)
|  | 23.1 |  | Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (filed herewith)
|  | 31.1 |  | Certification of the principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
|  | 31.2 |  | Certification of the principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
|  | 32.1 |  | Certification of the principal executive officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith)
|  | 32.2 |  | Certification of the principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (furnished herewith)
|  | 9 7.1 |  | O cwen Financial Corporat ion Incentive Compensation Clawback Policy (filed herewith)
|  | 101 |  | The following financial statements from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 were formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags.
|  | 104 |  | The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, formatted in iXBRL (included as Exhibit 101).

* Management contract or compensatory plan or agreement.
† Portions of this exhibit have been omitted pursuant to a request for confidential treatment.
†† Certain confidential information contained in this agreement has been omitted because it is not material and would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.
††† Certain schedules to the exhibits have been omitted in accordance with Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any referenced schedules will be furnished supplementally to the SEC upon request.
†††† Certain information has been omitted in accordance with Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K because it is both not material and is the type of information that the Registrant treats as private or confidential. An unredacted copy will be furnished supplementally to the SEC upon request.
(1)Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed for the year ended December 31, 2018 filed on February 27, 2019.
(2) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form
10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2018 filed on May 2, 2018.
(3) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2004 filed on March 16, 2005.
95

(4) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit to the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement with respect to its 2007 Annual Meeting of Shareholders as filed on March 30, 2007.
(5) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Form 8‑K filed on March 26, 2015.
(6) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2022 filed on August 4, 2022.
(7) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2017 filed on November 2, 2017.
(8) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the period ended September 30, 2018 filed on November 6, 2018.
(9) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the period ended March 31, 2016 filed on April 28, 2016.
(10) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form10‑Q for the period ended June 30, 2020 filed on August 4, 2020.
(11) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10‑Q for the period ended September 30, 2020 filed on November 3, 2020.
(12) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on February 25, 2019.
(13) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit to the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 23, 2023.
(14) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2021 filed on August 5, 2021.
(15) Incorporated by reference to the similarly described exhibit to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2021 filed on May 4, 2021.
(16) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed on February 19, 2021.
(17) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Form 8-K filed on May 24, 2017.
(18) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2021 filed on February 25, 2022.
(19) Incorporated by reference from the similarly described exhibit included with the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10‑K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed on February 28, 2023.
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
96

Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on our behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| Ocwen Financial Corporation
| By: | /s/ Glen A. Messina
|  | Glen A. Messina
|  | President and Chief Executive Officer
Date: February 27, 2024 |  |

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

/s/ Glen A. Messina |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Glen A. Messina, Chair of the Board of Directors, President and Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) |  |
/s/ Alan J. Bowers |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Alan J. Bowers, Director |  |
/s/ Jenne K. Britell |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Jenne K. Britell, Director |  |
/s/ Jacques J. Busquet |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Jacques J. Busquet, Director |  |
/s/ Phyllis R. Caldwell |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Phyllis R. Caldwell, Director |  |
/s/ DeForest B. Soaries, Jr. |  | Date: February 27, 2024
DeForest B. Soaries, Jr., Director |  |
/s/ Kevin Stein |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Kevin Stein, Director |  |
/s/ Sean B. O’ Neil |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Sean B. O’Neil, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer) |  |
/s/ Francois Grunenwald |  | Date: February 27, 2024
Francois Grunenwald, Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (principal accounting officer) |  |

97

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
December 31, 2023
98

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES
December 31, 2023

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) | F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control over Financial Reporting | F-4
Consolidated Financial Statements: |
Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022 | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 | F-9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Ocwen Financial Corporation:
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Ocwen Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 27, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Fair Value - Mortgage Servicing Rights — Refer to Notes 3, 7, and 9 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company has elected to account for its mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) at fair value. The determination of the fair value of MSRs requires management judgment due to the significant unobservable assumptions that underlie the valuation. The Company estimates the fair value of its MSRs with the assistance of independent third-party valuation experts that use discounted cash flow models and analysis of current market data. The significant unobservable assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs include prepayment speeds, cost to service, and discount rates. The Company’s MSRs balance was $2.3 billion at December 31, 2023, which are classified as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy. A change in the significant unobservable valuation assumptions utilized might result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
We identified the valuation of MSRs as a critical audit matter because of (i) the significant judgments made by management in determining the prepayment speeds, cost to service, and discount rates assumptions, and (ii) the high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the appropriateness of these significant unobservable valuation assumptions.
F-2

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the significant unobservable valuation assumptions used by management to estimate the fair value of the Company’s MSRs included the following, among others:
•We tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management’s valuation of MSRs and management’s evaluation of the reasonableness of the significant unobservable assumptions, including those related to the determination and supervision of their third-party valuation experts, data utilized in the third-party valuation expert's model, and the determination of (1) prepayment speeds (2) cost to service and (3) discount rate assumptions.
•We subjected the data utilized in determining the unobservable assumptions used in the valuation model to substantive audit procedures on a sample basis by confirming balances with borrowers, obtaining and inspecting loan origination documents, and obtaining and inspecting supporting documentation for loan activity.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodology and significant assumptions used, including whether significant assumptions were appropriate and consistent with what market participants would use.
•We evaluated management’s ability to reasonably estimate fair value by comparing management’s assumptions and the overall fair value to market surveys.
•We assessed the consistency by which management has applied significant valuation assumptions.
Fair Value – Loans Held for Investment — Refer to Notes 3 and 5 to the financial statements
Critical Audit Matter Description
The Company has elected to account for its reverse residential mortgage loans that are classified as loans held for investment (“reverse mortgages”) at fair value. The fair value of reverse mortgages is based on the expected future cash flows discounted over the expected life of the loans at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows, including future draw commitments on Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (“HECM”) reverse mortgage loans. The Company’s reverse mortgage balance was $8.0 billion at December 31, 2023, which is classified as Level 3 in the valuation hierarchy. A change in the valuation assumptions utilized might result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
We identified the valuation of reverse mortgages as a critical audit matter because of (i) the significant judgments made by management in determining the voluntary/involuntary prepayment speeds and discount rate assumptions, all of which are unobservable, and (ii) the high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort when performing audit procedures to evaluate the appropriateness of these significant unobservable valuation assumptions.
How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit
Our audit procedures related to the significant unobservable valuation assumptions used by management to estimate the fair value of the Company’s reverse mortgages included the following, among others:
•We tested the operating effectiveness of controls over management’s valuation of reverse mortgages and management’s evaluation of the reasonableness of the significant unobservable assumptions, data utilized in the valuation model, and their determination of (1) voluntary/involuntary prepayment speeds and (2) discount rate.
•We subjected the data utilized in determining the unobservable assumptions used in the valuation model to substantive audit procedures on a sample basis by confirming balances with borrowers, obtaining and inspecting loan origination documents, and obtaining and inspecting supporting documentation for loan activity.
•We inquired of the Company’s third-party valuation experts regarding the reasonableness of the valuation assumptions and the appropriateness of the valuation model.
•With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodology and significant assumptions used, including whether the significant assumptions were appropriate and consistent with what market participants would use.
•We assessed the consistency by which management has applied significant unobservable valuation assumptions.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
New York, NY
February 27, 2024
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.

F-3

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of Ocwen Financial Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Ocwen Financial Corporation and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2023, of the Company and our report dated February 27, 2024, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP
New York, NY
February 27, 2024

F-4

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Assets |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 201.6 |  |  | $ | 208.0 |
Restricted cash ($24.2 and $17.6 related to variable interest entities (VIEs)) | 53.5 |  |  | 66.2 |
Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs), at fair value | 2,272.2 |  |  | 2,665.2 |
Advances, net (amounts related to VIEs of $573.0 and $608.4) | 678.8 |  |  | 718.9 |
Loans held for sale ($674.2 and $617.8 carried at fair value) ($269.6 and $0.0 related to VIEs) | 677.3 |  |  | 622.7 |
Loans held for investment, at fair value ($5.6 and $6.7 related to VIEs) | 7,975.5 |  |  | 7,510.8 |
Receivables, net ($19.9 and $0.0 related to VIEs) | 154.8 |  |  | 180.8 |
Investment in equity method investee | 37.8 |  |  | 42.2 |
Premises and equipment, net | 13.1 |  |  | 20.2 |
Other assets ($22.0 and $8.0 carried at fair value) ($18.6 and $3.2 related to VIEs) | 449.2 |  |  | 364.2 |
Total assets | $ | 12,513.7 |  |  | $ | 12,399.2 |
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Liabilities |  |  |
Home Equity Conversion Mortgage-Backed Securities (HMBS) related borrowings, at fair value | $ | 7,797.3 |  |  | $ | 7,326.8 |
Other financing liabilities, at fair value ($409.2 and $329.8 due to related party) ($5.6 and $6.7 related to VIEs) | 900.0 |  |  | 1,137.4 |
Advance match funded liabilities ($498.9 and $512.5 related to VIEs) | 499.7 |  |  | 513.7 |
Mortgage loan financing facilities ($143.4 and $0.0 related to VIEs) | 710.6 |  |  | 702.7 |
MSR financing facilities, net | 916.2 |  |  | 953.8 |
Senior notes, net ($239.7 and $230.2 due to related parties) | 595.8 |  |  | 599.6 |
Other liabilities ($7.2 and $15.8 carried at fair value) | 692.3 |  |  | 708.5 |
Total liabilities | 12,111.9 |  |  | 11,942.5 |
Commitments and Contingencies (Notes 25 and 26) |  |  |
Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |
Common stock, $.01 par value; 13,333,333 shares authorized; 7,684,401 and 7,526,117 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |
Additional paid-in capital | 554.5 |  |  | 547.0 |
Accumulated deficit | (151.6) |  |  | (87.9) |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes | (1.2) |  |  | (2.5) |
Total stockholders’ equity | 401.8 |  |  | 456.7 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 12,513.7 |  |  | $ | 12,399.2 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
F-5

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in millions, except per share data)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenue |  |  |  |  |
Servicing and subservicing fees | $ | 947.3 |  |  | $ | 862.6 |  |  | $ | 781.9 |
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net | 46.7 |  |  | 36.1 |  |  | 79.7 |
Gain on loans held for sale, net | 40.6 |  |  | 22.0 |  |  | 145.8 |
Other revenue, net | 32.0 |  |  | 33.2 |  |  | 42.7 |
Total revenue | 1,066.7 |  |  | 953.9 |  |  | 1,050.1 |
MSR valuation adjustments, net | (232.2) |  |  | (10.4) |  |  | (98.5) |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits | 229.2 |  |  | 289.4 |  |  | 297.9 |
Servicing and origination | 57.3 |  |  | 64.9 |  |  | 113.6 |
Technology and communications | 52.5 |  |  | 57.9 |  |  | 56.0 |
Professional services | 22.3 |  |  | 49.3 |  |  | 81.9 |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing | 31.8 |  |  | 41.8 |  |  | 36.5 |
Other expenses | 19.0 |  |  | 29.1 |  |  | 23.3 |
Total operating expenses | 412.1 |  |  | 532.4 |  |  | 609.3 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |
Interest income | 78.0 |  |  | 45.6 |  |  | 26.4 |
Interest expense ($43.8, $42.1 and $31.7 due to related parties) | (273.6) |  |  | (186.0) |  |  | (144.0) |
Pledged MSR liability expense ($57.5, $59.1 and $16.6 due to related party) | (296.3) |  |  | (255.0) |  |  | (221.3) |
Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt | 1.3 |  |  | 0.9 |  |  | (15.5) |
Earnings of equity method investee | 7.3 |  |  | 18.5 |  |  | 3.6 |
Other, net | 2.8 |  |  | (10.2) |  |  | $ | 4.1 |
Other income (expense), net | (480.5) |  |  | (386.2) |  |  | $ | (346.7) |
Income (loss) before income taxes | (58.1) |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | $ | (4.4) |
Income tax expense (benefit) | 5.6 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | $ | (22.4) |
Net income (loss) | $ | (63.7) |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |
Earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Basic | $ | (8.34) |  |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |
Diluted | $ | (8.34) |  |  | $ | 2.85 |  |  | 1.93 |
Weighted average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |
Basic | 7,635,584 |  |  | 8,647,399 |  |  | 9,021,975 |
Diluted | 7,635,584 |  |  | 8,997,306 |  |  | 9,382,467 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
F-6

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Dollars in millions)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Net income (loss) | $ | (63.7) |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes |  |  |  |  |
Change in unfunded pension plan obligation liability | 1.2 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 6.5 |
Other | 0.1 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |
Comprehensive income (loss) | $ | (62.4) |  |  | $ | 25.6 |  |  | $ | 24.8 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
F-7

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021
(Dollars in millions, except share data)

| Common Stock |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Retained Earnings (Accumulated Deficit) |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Taxes |  |  |  | Total
| Shares |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |
Balance at January 1, 2021 | 8,687,750 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 556.1 |  |  | $ | (131.7) |  |  | $ | (9.1) |  |  |  |  | $ | 415.4 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 18.1 |
Issuance of common stock | 426,705 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 12.2 |
Issuance of common stock warrants, net of issuance costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 20.0 |
Equity-based compensation and other | 93,857 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4.4 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 6.7 |  |  |  |  | 6.7 |
Balance at December 31, 2021 | 9,208,312 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 592.6 |  |  | (113.6) |  |  | (2.4) |  |  |  |  | 476.7 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 25.7 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 25.7 |
Repurchase of common stock | (1,750,557) |  |  | — |  |  | (50.0) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (50.0) |
Equity-based compensation and other | 68,362 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 4.4 |
Other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  |  |  |  | (0.1) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | 7,526,117 |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | 547.0 |  |  | (87.9) |  |  | (2.5) |  |  |  |  | 456.7 |
Net loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (63.7) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (63.7) |
Equity-based compensation and other | 158,284 |  |  | — |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 7.5 |
Other comprehensive income, net of income taxes | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  |  |  | 1.3 |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | 7,684,401 |  |  | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | 554.5 |  |  | $ | (151.6) |  |  | $ | (1.2) |  |  |  |  | $ | 401.8 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
F-8

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in millions)

| For the Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (63.7) |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
MSR valuation adjustments, net | 326.4 |  |  | 121.1 |  |  | 187.8 |
Provision for bad debts (advances and receivables) | 25.7 |  |  | 20.5 |  |  | 22.7 |
Provision for indemnification obligations | 4.6 |  |  | 7.6 |  |  | 4.6 |
Depreciation | 7.0 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 10.3 |
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount | 18.0 |  |  | 10.1 |  |  | 7.8 |
Amortization of intangibles | 5.1 |  |  | 4.3 |  |  | 0.7 |
Loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt | (1.3) |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | 15.5 |
Equity-based compensation expense | 9.7 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 4.7 |
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net | (35.0) |  |  | (8.1) |  |  | (18.3) |
Gain on loans held for sale, net | (40.6) |  |  | (22.0) |  |  | (145.8) |
Origination and purchase of loans held for sale | (12,797.7) |  |  | (17,582.0) |  |  | (19,972.4) |
Proceeds from sale and collections of loans held for sale | 12,539.8 |  |  | 17,590.1 |  |  | 19,349.3 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Decrease in advances | 76.1 |  |  | 28.3 |  |  | 28.9 |
Decrease in receivables and other assets | 47.8 |  |  | 4.2 |  |  | 33.6 |
(Increase) decrease in derivatives | (37.3) |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | (12.5) |
Decrease in other liabilities | (65.0) |  |  | (47.6) |  |  | (1.4) |
Other, net | (9.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (2.0) |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities | 10.4 |  |  | 173.2 |  |  | (468.4) |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |
Origination of loans held for investment | (1,033.4) |  |  | (1,658.1) |  |  | (1,763.4) |
Principal payments received on loans held for investment | 1,078.0 |  |  | 1,581.1 |  |  | 1,628.3 |
Purchase of MSRs | (120.0) |  |  | (199.4) |  |  | (831.2) |
Proceeds from sale of MSRs | 0.9 |  |  | 155.7 |  |  | — |
Acquisition of loans held for investment, net | — |  |  | (4.5) |  |  | — |
Acquisition of reverse mortgage subservicing agreements | — |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (9.0) |
Distribution from (investment in) equity method investee, net | 4.4 |  |  | (19.0) |  |  | (23.3) |
Acquisition of advances in connection with MSR transactions | (42.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (6.3) |
Proceeds from sale of advances | 6.4 |  |  | 2.5 |  |  | 1.3 |
Purchase of real estate | (10.7) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | (6.5) |
Proceeds from sale of real estate | 18.5 |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 8.1 |
Additions to premises and equipment | (2.2) |  |  | (5.5) |  |  | (3.3) |
Other, net | 0.1 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 0.2 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | (100.3) |  |  | (149.1) |  |  | (1,005.1) |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from (repayment of) advance match funded liabilities, net | (13.9) |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (69.0) |
Proceeds from (repayment of) mortgage loan financing facilities, net | 6.0 |  |  | (382.3) |  |  | 633.4 |
Proceeds from MSR financing facilities | 978.6 |  |  | 652.1 |  |  | 715.7 |
Repayment of MSR financing facilities | (1,014.6) |  |  | (596.9) |  |  | (250.0) |
Repurchase and repayment of Senior notes | (13.5) |  |  | (23.6) |  |  | (319.2) |
Proceeds from issuance of Senior notes and warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 647.9 |
Repayment of senior secured term loan (SSTL) borrowings | — |  |  | — |  |  | (188.7) |
Payment of debt issuance costs | (4.2) |  |  | (1.3) |  |  | (16.2) |
Proceeds from other financing liabilities - Sale of MSRs accounted for as secured financing | 174.7 |  |  | 86.2 |  |  | 247.0 |
Proceeds from other financing liabilities - Excess Servicing Spread (ESS) liability | 68.7 |  |  | 200.9 |  |  | — |
Repayment of other financing liabilities | (95.3) |  |  | (111.9) |  |  | (91.2) |
Proceeds from sale of Home Equity Conversion Mortgages (HECM, or reverse mortgages) accounted for as a financing (HMBS-related borrowings) | 1,054.6 |  |  | 1,780.4 |  |  | 1,674.9 |
Repayment of HMBS-related borrowings | (1,070.1) |  |  | (1,568.4) |  |  | (1,614.3) |
Issuance of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 9.9 |
Repurchase of common stock | — |  |  | (50.0) |  |  | — |
Other, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | (0.5) |
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities | 70.8 |  |  | (13.4) |  |  | 1,379.8 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash | (19.1) |  |  | 10.7 |  |  | (93.7) |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year | 274.2 |  |  | 263.5 |  |  | 357.2 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year | $ | 255.1 |  |  | $ | 274.2 |  |  | $ | 263.5 |
Supplemental cash flow information |  |  |  |  |
Interest paid | $ | 253.8 |  |  | $ | 168.5 |  |  | $ | 125.1 |
Income tax payments (refunds), net |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 0.1 |  |  | $ | (25.8) |  |  | $ | (22.7) |
State | 0.5 |  |  | (4.1) |  |  | (3.1) |
Foreign | (5.2) |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 3.5 |
| $ | (4.6) |  |  | $ | (26.9) |  |  | $ | (22.3) |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment acquired at fair value | $ | — |  |  | $ | 224.1 |  |  | $ | — |
HMBS-related borrowings assumed at fair value | — |  |  | (219.5) |  |  | — |
Net cash paid to acquire loans held for investment | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.5 |  |  | $ | — |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities - (continued) |  |  |  |  |
Recognition (derecognition) of gross right-of-use asset and lease liability: |  |  |  |  |
Right-of-use asset | $ | (2.3) |  |  | $ | 11.4 |  |  | $ | 4.5 |
Lease liability | (2.3) |  |  | 11.4 |  |  | 4.2 |
Transfer from loans held for investment to loans held for sale | $ | 6.1 |  |  | $ | 8.0 |  |  | $ | 4.3 |
Transfers of loans held for sale to real estate owned (REO) | $ | 20.2 |  |  | $ | 3.5 |  |  | $ | 9.1 |
Derecognition of MSRs and Other financing liabilities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |
MSR, at fair value | $ | (454.3) |  |  | $ | (39.0) |  |  | $ | — |
Other financing liability, at fair value - MSR pledged liability | (454.3) |  |  | (35.9) |  |  | — |

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  | December 31, 2021
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 201.6 |  |  | $ | 208.0 |  |  | $ | 192.8 |
Restricted cash and equivalents: |  |  |  |  |
Debt service accounts | 32.3 |  |  | 22.3 |  |  | 10.0 |
Other restricted cash | 21.2 |  |  | 43.9 |  |  | 60.7 |
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported in the statements of cash flows | $ | 255.1 |  |  | $ | 274.2 |  |  | $ | 263.5 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements
F-9

OCWEN FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021
(Dollars in millions, except per share data and unless otherwise indicated)
Note 1 — Organization, Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Organization
Ocwen Financial Corporation (NYSE: OCN) (Ocwen, OFC, we, us and our) is a non-bank mortgage servicer and originator providing solutions to homeowners, clients, investors and others through its primary operating subsidiary, PHH Mortgage Corporation (PHH, formerly referred to as PMC). We are headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida with offices and operations in the United States (U.S.), the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), India and the Philippines. Ocwen is a Florida corporation organized in February 1988.
Ocwen directly or indirectly owns all of the outstanding common stock of its operating subsidiaries, including PHH since its acquisition on October 4, 2018, Ocwen Financial Solutions Private Limited (OFSPL) and Ocwen USVI Services, LLC (OVIS). Effective May 3, 2021, Ocwen holds a 15% equity interest in MAV Canopy HoldCo I, LLC (MAV Canopy) that invests in mortgage servicing assets through its licensed mortgage subsidiary MSR Asset Vehicle LLC (MAV). See Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions for additional information.
We perform servicing activities related to our own mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) portfolio (primary) and on behalf of other servicers (subservicing) and investors (primary and master servicing), including the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (collectively referred to as GSEs), the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae, and together with the GSEs, the Agencies) and private-label securitizations (PLS, or non-Agency).
We source our servicing portfolio through multiple channels, including retail, wholesale, correspondent, flow MSR purchase agreements, the Agency Cash Window programs and bulk MSR purchases. We originate, sell and securitize conventional (conforming to the GSE underwriting standards) loans and government-insured (Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) or United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)) forward mortgage loans, generally with servicing retained. The GSEs or Ginnie Mae guarantee these mortgage securitizations. We originate and purchase Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM) loans, or reverse mortgages, which are mostly insured by the FHA and we are an approved issuer of Home Equity Conversion Mortgage-Backed Securities (HMBS) that are guaranteed by Ginnie Mae.
We had a total of approximately 4,500 employees at December 31, 2023 of which approximately 3,000 were located in India and approximately 400 were based in the Philippines. Our operations in India and the Philippines provide internal support services to our loan servicing and originations businesses and our corporate functions.
Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies
Consolidation and Basis of Presentation
Principles of Consolidation
Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (GAAP).
Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Ocwen, its wholly-owned subsidiaries and any variable interest entity (VIE) for which we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary. We apply the equity method of accounting to investments where we are able to exercise significant influence, but not control, over the policies and procedures of the entity.
We have eliminated intercompany accounts and transactions in consolidation.
Foreign Currency Translation
The functional currency of each of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Re-measurement adjustments of foreign-denominated amounts to U.S. dollars are included in Other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
F-10

Change in Presentation
There were no changes to the presentation of our consolidated financial statements.
Without changing any amounts or classification, we changed the name of “Occupancy and equipment” expense to “Occupancy, equipment and mailing” within our consolidated statements of operations as mailing expenses accounted for an increasing proportion of the total “Occupancy and equipment” expense.
Use of Estimates and Assumptions
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that management make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Such estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, those that relate to fair value measurements, income taxes and the provision for losses that may arise from contingencies including litigation proceedings. In developing estimates and assumptions, management uses all available information; however, actual results could materially differ from those estimates and assumptions.
Significant Accounting Policies
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents includes both interest-bearing and non-interest-bearing demand deposits with financial institutions that have original maturities of 90 days or less.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash includes amounts specifically designated to repay debt, to provide over-collateralization for MSR financing facilities, mortgage loan warehouse facilities and match funded debt facilities, and to provide additional collateral to support certain obligations, including derivative instruments and letters of credit.
Mortgage Servicing Rights
MSRs are assets representing our right to service portfolios of mortgage loans. We recognize MSRs when originated or purchased loans are securitized or sold in the secondary market. We also acquire MSRs through flow purchase agreements, Agency Cash Window programs, and bulk acquisition transactions, or through asset purchases or business combination transactions. The unpaid principal balance (UPB) of the loans underlying the MSRs is not included on our consolidated balance sheets. For servicing retained in connection with the securitization of reverse mortgage loans accounted for as secured financings, we do not recognize an MSR.
All newly acquired or retained MSRs are initially measured at fair value. To the extent any portfolio contract is not expected to compensate us adequately for performing the servicing, we would recognize a servicing liability. We define contracts as GSE, government-insured or non-Agency (commonly referred to as non-prime, subprime or private-label loans) based on applicable servicing guidelines, underwriting standards and borrower risk characteristics.
We account for servicing assets and servicing liabilities at fair value, and report changes in fair value in earnings (MSR valuation adjustments, net) in the period in which the changes occur.
We earn fees for servicing and subservicing mortgage loans. We collect servicing and subservicing fees, generally expressed as a percent of UPB or fee per loan by loan performing status, from the borrowers’ payments or from the owner of the servicing in subservicing relationships. In addition to servicing and subservicing fees, we report late fees, prepayment penalties, float earnings and other ancillary fees as revenue in Servicing and subservicing fees in our consolidated statements of operations. We recognize servicing and subservicing fees as revenue when the fees are earned, which is generally when the borrowers’ payments are collected, when loans are modified or liquidated through the sale of the underlying real estate collateral, or when subservicing customers are invoiced.
Advances
During any period in which a borrower does not make payments, servicing and subservicing contracts may require that we advance our own funds to meet contractual principal and interest remittance requirements for the investors, to pay property taxes and insurance premiums and to process modifications and foreclosures. We also advance funds to maintain, repair and market foreclosed real estate properties on behalf of investors. These advances are made pursuant to the terms of each servicing and subservicing contract.
When we make an advance on a loan under each servicing or subservicing contract, we are entitled to recover that advance either from the borrower, for reinstated and performing loans, or from guarantors (GSEs), insurers (FHA/VA) and investors, for modified and liquidated loans in accordance with the governing servicing contract or published servicing guide. Most of our
F-11

servicing and subservicing contracts provide that the advances made under the respective agreement have priority over all other cash payments from the proceeds of the loan, and in the majority of cases, the proceeds of the pool of loans that are the subject of that servicing or subservicing contract. As a result, we are entitled to repayment from loan proceeds before any interest or principal is paid on the bonds, and in the majority of cases, advances in excess of loan proceeds may be recovered from pool level proceeds.
Servicing advances are financial assets subject to the credit loss allowance model under Financial Accounting Standards Board's Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (CECL). The allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on relevant qualitative and quantitative information about past events, including historical collection and loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. Expected credit losses on advances are expected to be nil, or de minimis, as advances are generally fully reimbursable or recoverable under the terms of the servicing agreements. GSE and government-insured advances are subject to implicit and government guarantees, respectively, regarding advance reimbursement and the non-Agency pooling and servicing agreement terms regarding advance recovery, the credit loss history and the expectation over the remaining life of the advance portfolio support a zero allowance for credit loss.
Servicing advances may also include claimable (with investors) but nonrecoverable expenses, for example due to servicer error, such as lack of reasonable documentation as to the type and amount of advances. Such servicer errors result in the determination that the advance is uncollectible and represent operational losses resulting from not complying with servicing guidelines as established by the respective party (i.e., trustee, master servicer, investor, mortgage insurer). We establish an allowance for such operational losses through a charge to earnings (Servicing and origination expense) to the extent that a portion of advances are uncollectible taking into consideration, among other factors, probability of default, cure or modification, length of delinquency and the amount of the advance. We also assess collectability using proprietary cash flow projection models that incorporate a number of different factors, depending on the characteristics of the mortgage loan or pool, including, for example, the probable loan liquidation path, estimated time to a foreclosure sale, estimated costs of foreclosure action, estimated future property tax payments and the estimated value of the underlying property net of estimated carrying costs, commissions and closing costs. Advances are charged off when determined to be non-recoverable.
Under the terms of our subservicing agreements, we are generally reimbursed by our subservicing clients on a monthly or more frequent basis. For those advances that have been reimbursed, i.e., that are off-balance sheet, if a loss contingency is probable and reasonably estimable, we recognize a loss contingency accrual for the amount of advances deemed uncollectible caused by our failure to comply with the subservicing agreements or our servicing practices. We report such loss contingency within Other liabilities - Liability for indemnification obligations.
Receivables
Receivables are financial assets subject to the expected credit loss allowance model under ASC 326: Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (CECL). The allowance for expected credit losses is estimated based on relevant qualitative and quantitative information about past events, including historical collection and loss experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectability. We generally charge off the receivable balance when management determines the receivable to be uncollectible and when the receivable has been classified as a loss by our servicing claims analysis process.
Loans repurchased from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations in connection with loan resolution activities are classified as receivables (government-insured claims). The government-insured claims that do not exceed HUD, VA, FHA or USDA insurance limits are not subject to any allowance for losses as guaranteed by the U.S. government. The receivable amount in excess of the guaranteed claim limits or recoverable amounts per insurer guidelines or as a result of servicer error, such as exceeding key filing or foreclosure timelines, is subject to an allowance for losses.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans held for sale include forward and reverse mortgage loans that we do not intend to hold until maturity. We report loans held for sale at fair value with changes in fair value in Gain on loans held for sale, net in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the changes occur. Loans repurchased by our Servicing business prior to January 1, 2020 are accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value. For those legacy loans measured at the lower of cost or fair value, we account for any excess of cost over fair value as a valuation allowance and include changes in the valuation allowance in Other, net, in the consolidated statements of operations in the period in which the change occurs.
We report any gain or loss on the sale of loans held for sale in Gain on loans held for sale, net in the consolidated statements of operations along with the changes in fair value of the loans and the gain or loss on any related derivatives. Gains or losses on sales or securitizations take into consideration any retained interests, including servicing rights and representation and warranty obligations, both of which are initially recorded at fair value at the date of sale in Gain on loans held for sale, net, in our consolidated statements of operations. We include all changes in loans held for sale and related derivative balances in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
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We accrue interest income as earned. We place loans on non-accrual status after any portion of principal or interest has been delinquent for more than 89 days, or earlier if management determines the borrower is unable to continue performance. When we place a loan on non-accrual status, we reverse the interest that we have accrued but not yet received. We return loans to accrual status only when we reinstate the loan and there is no significant uncertainty as to collectability.
Loans Held for Investment
Originated and purchased reverse mortgage loans that are insured by the FHA and pooled into Ginnie Mae guaranteed securities that we sell into the secondary market with servicing rights retained are classified as loans held for investment. We have elected to measure these loans at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Loan transfers in these Ginnie Mae securitizations do not meet the definition of a participating interest and as a result, the transfers of the reverse mortgages do not qualify for sale accounting. Therefore, we account for these transfers as financings, with the reverse mortgages classified as Loans held for investment, at fair value, on our consolidated balance sheets, with no gain or loss recognized on the transfer. We record the proceeds from the transfer of assets as secured borrowings (HMBS-related borrowings) and recognize no gain or loss on the transfer.
We report originations and collections of HECM loans in investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. We report net fair value gains on HECM loans and the related HMBS borrowings as an adjustment to the net cash provided by or used in operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Proceeds from securitizations of HECM loans and payments on HMBS-related borrowings are included in financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.
Gain on Reverse Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-Related Borrowings, Net
We measure the HECM loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair value gains and losses of the HECM loans and HMBS-related borrowings are included in Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in our consolidated statements of operations. Included in net fair value gains and losses on the securitized HECM loans and HMBS-related borrowings are the interest income on the securitized HECM loans and the interest expense on the HMBS-related borrowings, together with the realized gains or losses on tail securitization. In addition, Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net includes the fair value changes of the interest rate lock commitments related to new reverse mortgage loans through securitization date, reported in the Originations segment.
Upfront costs and fees related to loans held for investment, including broker fees, are recognized in Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred and are not capitalized. Premiums on loans purchased via the correspondent channel are capitalized upon origination because they represent part of the purchase price. However, the loans are subsequently measured at fair value on a recurring basis.
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net excludes subservicing fees and ancillary income associated with our subservicing agreements, that are reported in Servicing and subservicing fees in our consolidated statements of operations.
VIEs and Transfers of Financial Assets and MSRs
We securitize, sell and service forward and reverse residential mortgage loans. Securitization transactions typically involve the use of VIEs and are accounted for either as sales or as secured financings. We typically retain economic interests in the securitized assets in the form of servicing rights and obligations. In order to efficiently finance our assets and operations and create liquidity, we may sell servicing advances, MSRs or the right to receive certain servicing fees relating to MSRs.
In order to determine whether or not a VIE is required to be consolidated, we consider our ongoing involvement with the VIE. In circumstances where we have both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could be significant, we would conclude that we would consolidate the entity, which precludes us from recording an accounting sale in connection with the transfer of the financial assets. In the case of a consolidated VIE, we continue to report the underlying residential mortgage loans or servicing advances, and we record the securitized debt on our consolidated balance sheet.
In the case of transfers of financial assets where either one or both of the power or economic criteria above are not met, we evaluate whether a sale has occurred for accounting purposes.
In order to recognize a sale of financial assets, the transferred assets must be legally isolated, not be constrained by restrictions from further transfer and be deemed to be beyond our control. If the transfer does not meet any of these three criteria, the financial assets are not derecognized and the transaction is accounted for consistent with a secured financing. In certain situations, we may have continuing involvement in transferred loans through our retained servicing. Transactions involving retained servicing would still be eligible for sale accounting, as we have ceded effective control of these loans to the purchaser.
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A sale of MSRs shall be recognized as a sale for accounting purposes if substantially all the risks and rewards inherent in owning the MSRs have been effectively transferred to the buyer, title has transferred to the buyer and any protection provisions retained by the seller are minor and can be reasonably estimated. In the case of transfers of MSRs accounted for as a sale where we retain the right to subservice, we defer any related gain or loss and amortize the balance over the life of the subservicing agreement. A loss shall be recognized currently if the transferor determines that prepayments of the underlying mortgage loans may result in performing the future servicing at a loss.
Other Financing Liabilities and Pledged MSR Liability Expense
A sale of mortgage servicing rights with a subservicing contract may not be treated as a sale when the terms of the subservicing contract unduly limit the buyer's ability to exercise ownership control over the servicing rights or results in the seller retaining some of the risks and rewards of ownership. If the buyer cannot cancel or decline to renew the subservicing contract after a reasonable period of time, the buyer is precluded from exercising certain rights of ownership. Conversely, if the seller cannot cancel the subservicing contract after a reasonable period of time, the seller has not transferred substantially all of the risks of ownership. If the criteria for sale recognition are not met, the transferred MSRs are not derecognized and the transaction is accounted for consistent with a secured financing. Accordingly, when a transaction does not achieve sale treatment, we recognize the proceeds received and a corresponding liability, referred to as Pledged MSR liability within Other financing liabilities, that we subsequently remeasure at fair value with fair value gains and losses reported with in MSR valuation adjustments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. In the case of a sale of MSRs accounted for as a secured financing where we retain the right to subservice, no gain or loss is generally recognized on the transfer. A gain or loss may be recognized to the extent the estimated fair value of the pledged MSR liability differs from the total proceeds of the MSR transfer. If the criteria for MSR sale recognition are not met, the servicing fee collected on behalf of MSR transferee and related ancillary income remain reported within Servicing and subservicing fees. Servicing fee remittance, net of the subservicing fee we are entitled to, is reported within Pledged MSR liability expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
Subsequent to the determination that a transaction does not meet the accounting sale criteria, we may determine that we meet the criteria. In the event we subsequently meet the accounting sale criteria, we derecognize the transferred assets and related liabilities. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
In addition, we report within Other financing liabilities certain financing liabilities, including certain ESS liabilities collateralized by MSR portfolios, for which we elected to measure under the fair value option. The fair value gains and losses of these financial liabilities are reported with in MSR valuation adjustments, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The excess servicing spread remittance is reported within Pledged MSR liability expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Because the proceeds we received in connection with transfers of MSRs are accounted for as secured financings, additions to, and reductions in, the balance of the other financing liabilities are presented as financing activity in our consolidated statements of cash flows, excluding the changes in fair value attributable to inputs and assumptions.
Contingent Loan Repurchase Asset and Liability
In connection with the Ginnie Mae early buyout program, our agreements provide either that: (a) we have the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase previously transferred mortgage loans under certain conditions, including the mortgage loans becoming eligible for pooling under a program sponsored by Ginnie Mae; or (b) we have the obligation to repurchase previously transferred mortgage loans that have been subject to a successful trial modification before any permanent modification is made. Once these conditions are met, we have effectively regained control over the mortgage loan(s), and under GAAP, must re-recognize the loans on our consolidated balance sheets and establish a corresponding repurchase liability. With respect to those loans that we have the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase under the applicable agreement, this requirement applies regardless of whether we have any intention to repurchase the loan. We re-recognize the loans as Contingent loan repurchase in Other assets and a corresponding liability in Other liabilities.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We use derivative instruments to manage the fair value changes in our MSRs, interest rate lock commitments and loan portfolios which are exposed to interest rate risk. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. We recognize all derivative instruments at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets in Other assets and Other liabilities. Derivative instruments are generally entered into as economic hedges against changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability and are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. We generally report the changes in fair value of such derivative instruments in the same line item in the consolidated statements of operations as the changes in fair value of the related asset or liability. For all other derivative instruments not designated as a hedging instrument, we report changes in fair value in Other, net. Cash flows associated with derivative instruments and their related gains and losses are presented within Cash flows from operating activities.
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Premises and Equipment, Leases
We report premises and equipment at cost and, except for land, depreciate them over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis as follows:

Computer hardware and software | 2 – 3 years
Buildings | 40 years
Leasehold improvements | Term of the lease not to exceed useful life
Right of Use (ROU) assets | Term of the lease not to exceed useful life
Furniture and fixtures | 5 years
Office equipment | 5 years

Our leases include non-cancelable operating leases for premises and equipment. At lease commencement and renewal date, we estimate the ROU assets and lease liability at present value using our estimated incremental borrowing rate. We amortize the balance of the ROU assets and recognize interest on the lease liability. Our lease liability represents the present value of the lease payments and is reduced as we make cash payments on our lease obligations. Our ROU lease assets are evaluated for impairment in accordance with ASC 360: Premises and Equipment.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets are recorded at their estimated fair value at the date of acquisition. Intangible assets deemed to have a finite useful life are amortized on a basis representative of the time pattern over which the benefit is derived. Intangible assets subject to amortization are evaluated for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable, but no less than annually. An impairment loss is recognized if the carrying value of the intangible asset is not recoverable and exceeds fair value.
Intangible assets primarily consist of reverse subservicing contract intangible assets acquired in transactions with Mortgage Assets Management, LLC (formerly known as Reverse Mortgage Solutions, Inc.) (MAM (RMS)) and its then parent. The subservicing intangible assets are being amortized ratably over the five-year term of the respective subservicing contracts based on portfolio runoff. Intangible assets are included in Other assets, net of accumulated amortization, on our consolidated balance sheets, and amortization expense is included in Other expenses in our consolidated statements of operations.
Investments in Equity Method Investee
We account for our investments in unconsolidated entities using the equity method. These investments include our investment in MAV Canopy in which we hold a significant, but less than controlling, ownership interest. Under ASC 323: Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, an investment of less than 20 percent of the voting stock of an investee shall lead to a presumption that an investor does not have the ability to exercise significant influence unless such ability can be demonstrated. Ocwen determined it has significant influence over MAV Canopy based on its representation on the MAV Canopy Board of Directors and certain services it provides, amongst other factors. Accordingly, Ocwen accounts for its investment in MAV Canopy under the equity method.
Under the equity method of accounting, investments are initially recorded at cost and thereafter adjusted for additional investments, distributions and the proportionate share of earnings or losses of the investee. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an other-than‐temporary decline in value may have occurred. We present distributions received from MAV Canopy in our consolidated statements of cash flows using the cumulative earnings approach.
Litigation
We monitor our legal matters, including advice from external legal counsel, and periodically perform assessments of these matters for potential loss accrual and disclosure. We establish a liability for settlements, judgments on appeal and filed and/or threatened claims for which we believe that it is probable that a loss has been or will be incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. We recognize legal costs associated with loss contingencies in Professional services expense in the consolidated statements of operations as incurred.
Stock-Based Compensation
We initially measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for a stock-based award as the fair value of the award on the grant date. For awards which must be settled in cash and are therefore classified as liabilities rather than equity in the consolidated balance sheet, fair value is subsequently remeasured and fair value changes are reported as compensation expense at each reporting date. For equity-classified awards with a service condition, we recognize the cost as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period. For equity-classified awards with both a market condition and a service condition for vesting, we recognize cost as compensation expense over the requisite service period for each tranche of the award using the
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graded-vesting method. All compensation expense for an equity-classified award with a market condition is recognized if the requisite service period is fulfilled, even if the market condition is never satisfied.
Income Taxes
We file consolidated U.S. federal income tax returns. We allocate consolidated income tax among all subsidiaries included in the consolidated return as if each subsidiary filed a separate return or, in certain cases, a consolidated return.
We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Additionally, we adjust deferred taxes to reflect estimated tax rate changes. We conduct periodic evaluations of positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized in future periods. In these evaluations, we consider our sources of future taxable income as the deferred tax assets represent future tax deductions. Taxable income of the appropriate character, within the appropriate time frame, is necessary for the realization of deferred tax assets. Among the factors considered in this evaluation are estimates of future earnings, the future reversal of temporary differences and the impact of tax planning strategies that we can implement if warranted. We provide a valuation allowance for any portion of our deferred tax assets that, more likely than not, will not be realized.
We recognize the financial statement benefit of a tax position only after determining that the relevant tax authority would more likely than not sustain the position following an audit, based on the technical merits of the position. For tax positions meeting the more-likely-than-not threshold, the amount recognized in the consolidated financial statements is the largest benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. We recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in Income tax expense.
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share
We calculate basic earnings per share based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the year. We calculate diluted earnings per share based upon the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding and all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the year. The computation of diluted earnings per share includes the estimated impact of the exercise of outstanding options and warrants to purchase common stock using the treasury stock method.
Going Concern
In accordance with ASC 205-40: Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, we evaluate whether there are conditions that are known or reasonably knowable that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that our financial statements are issued.
Our financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards
Business Combinations (ASC 805) - Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities (ASU 2021-08)
The amendments in this Accounting Standards Update (ASU) apply to all entities that enter into a business combination within the scope of Subtopic 805-10, Business Combinations— Overall. The amendments in this ASU are issued to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination by addressing diversity in practice and inconsistency related to the following: (1) recognition of an acquired contract liability and (2) payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. The amendments in this ASU require that an entity (acquirer) recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC 606. At the acquisition date, an acquirer should account for the related revenue contracts in accordance with ASC 606 as if it had originated the contracts. To achieve this, an acquirer may assess how the acquiree applied ASC 606 to determine what to record for the acquired revenue contracts. Generally, this should result in an acquirer recognizing and measuring the acquired contract assets and contract liabilities consistent with how they were recognized and measured in the acquiree’s financial statements (if the acquiree prepared financial statements in accordance with GAAP).
Our adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2023 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (ASC 326) Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures (ASU 2022-02)
The amendments in this ASU are related to 1) troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) and 2) vintage disclosures which affect all entities after they have adopted ASU 2016-13. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for TDRs by creditors in Subtopic 310-40 Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancing and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Specifically, rather than
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applying the recognition and measurement guidance for TDRs, an entity must apply the loan refinancing and restructuring guidance in ASC 310-20-35-9 through 35-11 to determine whether a modification results in a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan. The amendments in this ASU also requires an entity to disclose current-period gross write-offs by year of origination for financing receivables and net investments in leases with the scope of ASC 326 – Financial Instruments – Credit Losses – Measured at Amortized Cost.
Our adoption of this ASU on January 1, 2023 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Accounting Standards Issued but Not Yet Adopted
Leases (ASC 842) Common Control Arrangements (ASU 2023-01)
Prior to the issuance of this ASU, ASC 842 required all lessees to amortize leasehold improvements over the shorter of their useful life or the remaining term of the lease. For leases between entities under common control, the amendment in this ASU requires amortization of leasehold improvements over the useful life of those assets to the common control group, regardless of the lease term. When the lessee no longer controls the use of the asset underlying the common control lease, the leasehold improvements are accounted for as a transfer between entities under common control whereby the lessee records a distribution to the common control lessor through an adjustment to equity.
Our adoption of this standard on January 1, 2024 did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (ASC 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement (ASU 2023-05)
The amendments in this ASU require a joint venture to apply a new basis of accounting upon formation for the initial contribution of nonmonetary and monetary assets, initially measured at fair value (with exceptions to fair value measurement consistent with business combinations guidance). This ASU does not amend the definition of a joint venture, the accounting by an equity method investor for its investment in a joint venture, or the accounting by a joint venture for contributions received after its formation.
The amendments in this ASU are effective prospectively for all joint venture formations with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025, with early adoption permitted. A joint venture formed prior to the adoption date may elect to apply the new guidance retrospectively back to the original formation date. We do not anticipate that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Segment Reporting (ASC 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07)
The amendments in this ASU were issued to improve annual and interim reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about expenses that are significant to the segment, regularly provided to or easily computed from information regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), and included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. This ASU also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual or the name of the group identified as the CODM in the consolidated financial statements, as well as how the CODM uses each reported measure of segment profit or loss to assess performance and allocate resources to the segment. The ASU allows the disclosure of additional optional measures of a segment’s profit or loss for each reportable segment if used by the CODM, subject to additional segment disclosures and the SEC’s non-GAAP financial measures requirements.
The amendments in this ASU are effective in the 2024 annual period and in 2025 for interim periods, and shall be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. Early adoption is permitted.
Income Taxes (ASC 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09)
The amendments in this ASU require disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation, including a tabular rate reconciliation for specified categories and additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold. The ASU also requires additional disaggregated information on income taxes paid to an individual jurisdiction equal to or greater than 5% of total income taxes paid.
The amendments are effective in the 2025 annual period and in 2026 for interim periods, and shall be applied on a prospective basis with the option to apply the standard retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted.
Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities
We securitize, sell and service forward and reverse residential mortgage loans and regularly transfer financial assets in connection with asset-backed financing arrangements. We have aggregated these transfers of financial assets and asset-backed financing arrangements using special purpose entities (SPEs) or VIEs into the following groups: (1) securitizations of residential mortgage loans, (2) financings of loans held for sale, (3) financings of advances and (4) MSR financings. Financing transactions that do not use SPEs or VIEs are disclosed in Note 14 — Borrowings.
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Securitizations of Residential Mortgage Loans
Transfers of Forward Loans
We sell or securitize forward loans that we originate or purchase from third parties, generally in the form of mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by the GSEs or Ginnie Mae. Securitization typically occurs within 30 days of loan closing or purchase. We act only as a fiduciary and do not have a variable interest in the securitization trusts. As a result, we account for these transactions as sales upon transfer.
The following table presents a summary of cash flows received from and paid to securitization trusts related to transfers of loans accounted for as sales that were outstanding:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Proceeds received from securitizations | $ | 12,344.0 |  |  | $ | 17,027.0 |  |  | $ | 19,293.2 |
Servicing fees collected (1) | 121.9 |  |  | 91.8 |  |  | 63.7 |
Purchases of previously transferred assets, net of claims reimbursed | (17.9) |  |  | (11.4) |  |  | (17.4) |
| $ | 12,448.0 |  |  | $ | 17,107.4 |  |  | $ | 19,339.5 |

(1)We receive servicing fees based upon the securitized loan balances and certain ancillary fees, all of which are reported in Servicing and subservicing fees in the consolidated statements of operations.
In connection with these transfers, we retained MSRs of $183.0 million, $234.7 million and $222.7 million during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Certain obligations arise from the agreements associated with our transfers of loans. Under these agreements, we may be obligated to repurchase the loans, or otherwise indemnify or reimburse the investor or insurer for losses incurred due to material breach of contractual representations and warranties. We receive customary origination representations and warranties from our network of approved correspondent lenders. To the extent that we have recourse against a third-party originator, we may recover part or all of any loss we incur. Also, refer to the Loan Put-Back and Related Contingencies section of Note 26 — Contingencies.
The following table presents the carrying amounts of our assets that relate to our continuing involvement with forward loans that we have transferred with servicing rights retained as well as an estimate of our maximum exposure to loss including the UPB of the transferred loans:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Carrying value of assets |  |  |
MSRs, at fair value | $ | 636.5 |  |  | $ | 524.3 |
Advances | 99.0 |  |  | 75.9 |
UPB of loans transferred (1) | 46,810.1 |  |  | 37,571.1 |
Maximum exposure to loss (2) | $ | 47,545.6 |  |  | $ | 38,171.2 |

(1)Includes $10.5 billion and $6.8 billion of loans delivered to Ginnie Mae as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and includes loan modifications repurchased and delivered through the Ginnie Mae Early Buyout Program (EBO).
(2)The maximum exposure to loss in the table above is primarily based on the remaining UPB of loans serviced and assumes all loans were deemed worthless as of the reporting date. It does not take into consideration the proceeds from the underlying collateral liquidation, recoveries or any other recourse available to us, including from mortgage insurance, guarantees or correspondent sellers. We do not believe the maximum exposure to loss from our involvement with these previously transferred loans is representative of the actual loss we are likely to incur based on our contractual rights and historical loss experience and projections. Also, refer to the Loan Put-Back and Related Contingencies section of Note 26 — Contingencies.
At December 31, 2023 and 2022, 2.8% and 2.5%, respectively, of the transferred residential loans that we service were 60 days or more past due, including 60 days or more past due loans under forbearance. This includes 8.0% and 8.3%, respectively, of loans delivered to Ginnie Mae that are 60 days or more past due.
Transfers of Reverse Mortgages
We pool HECM loans into HMBS that we sell into the secondary market with servicing rights retained. We have determined that loan transfers in the HMBS program do not meet the definition of a participating interest and the servicing requirements require the issuer/servicer to absorb some level of interest rate risk, cash flow timing risk and incidental credit risk. As a result, the transfers of the HECM loans do not qualify for sale accounting, and therefore, we account for these
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transfers as financings. Under this accounting treatment, the HECM loans are classified as Loans held for investment, at fair value, on our consolidated balance sheets. Holders of participating interests in the HMBS have no recourse against the assets of Ocwen, except with respect to standard representations and warranties and our contractual obligation to service the HECM loans and the HMBS.
Financing of Loans Held for Sale, Receivables and Other Assets using SPEs
In 2021, we consolidated an SPE (trust) in connection with a warehouse mortgage loan financing facility structured as a gestation repurchase facility whereby Agency mortgage loans are transferred by PHH to the trust for collateralization purposes. We have determined that the trust is a VIE for which we are the primary beneficiary. Therefore, we have included the trust in our consolidated financial statements. We have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance given we are the sole beneficial owner of the certificates issued by the trust and the servicer of the mortgage loans that result in cash flows to the trust. In addition, we designed the trust at inception to facilitate the funding facility. As of December 31, 2022, the certificates issued by the trust and pledged as collateral were reduced to zero. As of December 31, 2023, $150.1 million loans held for sale were pledged as collateral for $150.0 million debt certificates issued by the trust. See Note 14 — Borrowings.
In June 2023, we completed a private placement securitization of HECM loans that are insured by the FHA and REO properties, also referred to as reverse mortgage buyouts. The securitized assets include assets originated by PHH and assets acquired in April 2023. The securitization trust, Ocwen Loan Investment Trust 2023-HB1 (OLIT) issued senior and mezzanine class Notes to third party investors. We retain certain mezzanine class Notes and ownership interests and service the underlying assets. We determined we were the primary beneficiary, and thus consolidate the securitization trust, OLIT and related depositor. Recourse for the Notes is limited to the assets of OLIT. Also refer to Note 14 — Borrowings.
The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities reported on our consolidated balance sheet that are associated with the securitized reverse mortgage loans buyouts and financing liabilities:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  |
Mortgage loans (Loans held for sale, at fair value) | $ | 119.5 |  |  |
Receivables, net | 19.9 |  |  |
REO (Other assets) | 12.5 |  |  |
Debt service accounts (Restricted cash) | 6.3 |  |  |
Outstanding borrowings (Mortgage loan financing facilities, net) | 164.4 |  |  |
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs (Mortgage loan financing facilities, net) | 21.0 |  |  |
Interest Reserve Account (Restricted cash) | 0.4 |  |  |

Financings of Advances using SPEs
Match funded advances, i.e., advances that are pledged as collateral to our advance facilities, result from our transfers of residential loan servicing advances to SPEs in exchange for cash. We consolidate these SPEs because we have determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the SPEs. Through wholly-owned subsidiaries we hold the sole equity interests in the SPEs and service the mortgage loans that generate the advances. These SPEs issue debt supported by collections on the transferred advances, and we refer to this debt as Advance match funded liabilities.
We make transfers to these SPEs in accordance with the terms of our advance financing facility agreements. Debt service accounts require us to remit collections on pledged advances to the trustee within two days of receipt. Collected funds that are not applied to reduce the related Advance match funded debt until the payment dates specified in the indenture are classified as debt service accounts within Restricted cash in our consolidated balance sheets. The balances also include amounts that have been set aside from the proceeds of our match funded advance facilities to provide for possible shortfalls in the funds available to pay certain expenses and interest, as well as amounts set aside as required by our warehouse facilities as security for our obligations under the related agreements. The funds are held in interest earning accounts and those amounts related to match funded advance facilities are held in the name of the SPE created in connection with the facility.
The SPEs use collections of the pledged advances to repay principal and interest and to pay the expenses of the SPE. Holders of the debt issued by these entities have recourse only to the assets of the SPE for satisfaction of the debt. Amounts due to affiliates are eliminated in consolidation in our consolidated balance sheets.
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The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities of the advance financing facilities:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Match funded advances (Advances, net) | $ | 573.0 |  |  | $ | 608.4 |
Debt service accounts (Restricted cash) | 15.7 |  |  | 15.8 |
Advance match funded liabilities | 498.9 |  |  | 512.5 |

MSR Financings using SPEs
We consolidate two SPEs (PMC ESR Trusts) in connection with a third-party financing facility secured by certain of PHH’s Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac MSRs (GSE MSRs) and one SPE (PMC PLS ESR Issuer LLC) in connection with our PLS MSR financing facility (Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2022-PLS1 Class A), as further discussed below.
In 2019, we entered into a financing facility with a third-party secured by certain of PHH’s GSE MSRs. Two SPEs (PMC ESR Trusts) were established in connection with this facility. We also entered into an MSR Excess Spread Participation Agreement under which we created a 100% participation interest in the Portfolio Excess Servicing Fees, pursuant to which the holder of the participation interest is entitled to receive certain funds collected on the related portfolio of mortgage loans (other than ancillary income and advance reimbursement amounts) with respect to such Portfolio Excess Servicing Fees. This participation interest has been contributed to the trusts. In connection with this facility, we entered into repurchase agreements with a third-party pursuant to which we sold trust certificates of the PMC ESR Trusts representing certain indirect economic interests in the GSE MSRs and agreed to repurchase such certificates at a future date at the repurchase price set forth in the repurchase agreements. Our obligations under the facility are secured by a lien on the related GSE MSRs. In addition, Ocwen guarantees the obligations under the facility.
In 2019, we issued Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2019-PLS1 Class A (PLS Notes) secured by certain of PHH’s private label MSRs (PLS MSRs). The single class PLS Notes are an amortizing debt instrument with a fixed interest rate. The PLS Notes are issued by a trust that is included in our consolidated financial statements. The trust, PMC PLS ESR Issuer LLC (PLS Issuer) was established in this connection as a wholly-owned subsidiary of PHH. For collateralization purposes, PHH entered into an MSR Excess Spread Participation Agreement with PLS Issuer, whereby PHH created a participation interest in the Excess Servicing Fees, related float and REO fees associated with a PLS MSR portfolio PHH holds and granted a security interest to PLS Issuer in the underlying PLS MSRs. PLS Issuer’s obligations under the PLS Notes credit agreement are secured by a lien on the related PLS MSRs. The PLS Issuer assigned the security interest in the PLS MSRs to the collateral agent for the noteholders. On March 15, 2022, we replaced the existing PLS Notes with a new series of notes, Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2022-PLS1 Class A, at an initial principal amount of $75.0 million. Ocwen guarantees the obligations of PLS Issuer under the facility.
We determined that the PMC ESR Trusts established in connection with the GSE MSR financing facility, and PLS Issuer established in connection with the PLS MSR financing facility, are VIEs for which we are the primary beneficiary. Therefore, we have included the PMC ESR Trusts and PLS Issuer in our consolidated financial statements. We have the power to direct the activities of these VIEs that most significantly impact the respective VIE’s economic performance given that we are the servicer of the MSRs that result in cash flows to these VIEs. In addition, PHH has designed the PMC ESR Trusts and PLS Issuer at inception to facilitate these funding facilities under which we have the obligation to absorb the losses of the VIEs which could be potentially significant to the VIEs.
The table below presents the carrying value and classification of the assets and liabilities of the GSE MSR financing facility and the PLS Notes facility:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
MSRs pledged (MSRs, at fair value) | $ | 449.6 |  |  | $ | 696.9 |
Debt service account (Restricted cash) | 1.7 |  |  | 1.8 |
Outstanding borrowings (MSR financing facilities, net) | 282.1 |  |  | 366.5 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs (MSR financing facilities, net) | 0.4 |  |  | 0.8 |

Note 3 — Fair Value
Fair value is estimated based on a hierarchy that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Observable inputs are inputs that reflect the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the
F-20

asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques into three broad levels whereby the highest priority is given to Level 1 inputs and the lowest to Level 3 inputs.
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.
Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
We classify assets and liabilities in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The carrying amounts and the estimated fair values of our financial instruments and certain of our nonfinancial assets measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis or disclosed, but not measured, at fair value are as follows:

|  |  | December 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Financial assets: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value (a) (e) | 3, 2 |  | $ | 674.2 |  |  | $ | 674.2 |  |  | $ | 617.8 |  |  | $ | 617.8 |
Loans held for sale, at lower of cost or fair value (b) | 3 |  | 3.1 |  |  | 3.1 |  |  | 4.9 |  |  | 4.9 |
Total Loans held for sale |  |  | $ | 677.3 |  |  | $ | 677.3 |  |  | $ | 622.7 |  |  | $ | 622.7 |
Loans held for investment, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment - Reverse mortgages (a) | 3 |  | $ | 7,970.0 |  |  | $ | 7,970.0 |  |  | $ | 7,504.1 |  |  | $ | 7,504.1 |
Loans held for investment - Restricted for securitization investors (a) | 3 |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 6.7 |
Total Loans held for investment, at fair value |  |  | $ | 7,975.5 |  |  | $ | 7,975.5 |  |  | $ | 7,510.8 |  |  | $ | 7,510.8 |
Advances, net (c) | 3 |  | $ | 678.8 |  |  | $ | 678.8 |  |  | $ | 718.9 |  |  | $ | 718.9 |
Receivables, net (c) | 3 |  | $ | 154.8 |  |  | $ | 154.8 |  |  | $ | 180.8 |  |  | $ | 180.8 |
Financial liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Advance match funded liabilities (c) | 3 |  | $ | 499.7 |  |  | $ | 499.7 |  |  | $ | 513.7 |  |  | $ | 513.7 |
Financing liabilities, at fair value: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
HMBS-related borrowings (a) | 3 |  | $ | 7,797.3 |  |  | $ | 7,797.3 |  |  | $ | 7,326.8 |  |  | $ | 7,326.8 |
Other financing liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Financing liability - Pledged MSR liability (a) | 3 |  | 645.5 |  |  | 645.5 |  |  | 931.7 |  |  | 931.7 |
Financing liability - Excess Servicing Spread (ESS) (a) | 3 |  | 248.9 |  |  | 248.9 |  |  | 199.0 |  |  | 199.0 |
Financing liability - Owed to securitization investors (a) | 3 |  | 5.6 |  |  | 5.6 |  |  | 6.7 |  |  | 6.7 |
Total Other financing liabilities |  |  | $ | 900.0 |  |  | $ | 900.0 |  |  | $ | 1,137.4 |  |  | $ | 1,137.4 |
Mortgage loan financing facilities (c) (d) | 3 |  | $ | 710.6 |  |  | $ | 717.6 |  |  | $ | 702.7 |  |  | $ | 702.7 |
MSR financing facilities (c) (d) | 3 |  | $ | 916.2 |  |  | $ | 900.3 |  |  | $ | 953.8 |  |  | $ | 932.1 |
Senior notes: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PHH Senior secured notes due 2026 (c) (d) | 2 |  | $ | 356.1 |  |  | $ | 326.0 |  |  | $ | 369.4 |  |  | $ | 331.4 |
OFC Senior secured notes due 2027 (c) (d) | 3 |  | 239.7 |  |  | 230.5 |  |  | 230.2 |  |  | 223.9 |
Total Senior notes |  |  | $ | 595.8 |  |  | $ | 556.5 |  |  | $ | 599.6 |  |  | $ | 555.2 |

F-21

|  |  | December 31,
|  |  | 2023 |  | 2022
| Level |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value |  | Carrying Value |  | Fair Value
Derivative financial instrument assets (liabilities), net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) (a) | 3 |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |
Forward sales of loans (a) | 1 |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 0.5 |
TBA / Forward mortgage-backed securities (MBS) trades (a) | 1 |  | 9.6 |  |  | 9.6 |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (0.7) |
Interest rate swap futures (a) | 1 |  | 3.9 |  |  | 3.9 |  |  | (13.6) |  |  | (13.6) |
TBA forward pipeline trades (a) | 1 |  | (6.3) |  |  | (6.3) |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 6.6 |
Option contracts (a) | 1 |  | 1.9 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other (a) | 3 |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | (0.1) |
MSRs (a) | 3 |  | $ | 2,272.2 |  |  | $ | 2,272.2 |  |  | $ | 2,665.2 |  |  | $ | 2,665.2 |

(a)Measured at fair value on a recurring basis in our financial statements.
(b)Measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis in our financial statements.
(c)Disclosed, but not measured at fair value in our financial statements.
(d)The carrying values are net of unamortized debt issuance costs and discount. See Note 14 — Borrowings for additional information.
(e)The newly originated portfolio of GSE and forward Ginnie Mae loans held for sale pending securitization with the Agencies is classified as Level 2; all other loans are classified as Level 3.
The following tables present a reconciliation of the changes in fair value of certain Level 3 assets and liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis (refer to the respective notes for other Level 3 assets and liabilities):

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans Held for Sale - Fair Value |  |  |  | ESS Financing Liability |  | IRLCs |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (199.0) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  |  |  |
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 364.2 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Issuances (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (68.7) |  |  | 39.3 |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (102.4) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (60.5) |  |  |  |  | 29.9 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Transfers from (to): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (64.9) |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.5 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (34.7) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
REO (Other assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (15.2) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Advances (Capitalization upon Ginnie Mae modifications) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4.4 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.9) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net addition (disposition/derecognition) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 159.3 |  |  |  |  | (38.7) |  |  | (25.6) |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11.7 |  |  |  |  | (11.1) |  |  | 32.0 |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 203.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (248.9) |  |  | $ | 5.6 |  |  |  |  |

F-22

|  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Loans Held for Sale - Fair Value |  |  |  | ESS Financing Liability |  | IRLCs |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 220.9 |  |  |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18.1 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases and other |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 140.4 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Issuances (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (200.9) |  |  | 168.0 |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (318.0) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (141.5) |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (4.2) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.3) |  |  |  |  | (6.1) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net addition (disposition/derecognition) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (182.1) |  |  |  |  | (200.5) |  |  | 26.5 |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value (1) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (6.8) |  |  |  |  | 1.4 |  |  | (45.3) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 32.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | (199.0) |  |  | $ | (0.7) |  |  |  |  |

|  |  |  |  | Loans Held for Sale - Fair Value |  | Mortgage-Backed Securities |  |  |  | IRLCs |  |  |  |
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Beginning balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 51.1 |  |  | $ | 2.0 |  |  |  |  | $ | 22.7 |  |  |  |  |
Purchases, issuances, sales and settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Purchases |  |  |  |  | 436.2 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Issuances (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 627.7 |  |  |  |  |
Sales |  |  |  |  | (260.0) |  |  | (1.6) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Settlements |  |  |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value (1) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (591.7) |  |  |  |  |
Receivables, net |  |  |  |  | (1.6) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Other assets |  |  |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Net addition (disposition/derecognition) |  |  |  |  | 174.1 |  |  | (1.6) |  |  |  |  | 36.0 |  |  |  |  |
Included in earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Change in fair value (1) |  |  |  |  | (4.3) |  |  | (0.4) |  |  |  |  | (40.6) |  |  |  |  |
Ending balance |  |  |  |  | $ | 220.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 18.1 |  |  |  |  |

(1)IRLC activity (issuances and transfers) represent changes in fair value included in earnings. This activity is presented on a gross basis in the table for disclosure purposes. Total net change in fair value included in earnings attributed to IRLCs is a gain (loss) of $6.3 million, $(18.8) million and $(4.6) million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. See Note 17 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities.
A reconciliation from the beginning balances to the ending balances of Loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, MSRs and Pledged MSR liabilities that we measure at fair value on a recurring basis is disclosed in Note 5 – Reverse Mortgages, Note 7 — Mortgage Servicing and Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value, respectively.
The methodologies that we use and key assumptions that we make to estimate the fair value of financial instruments and other assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis and those disclosed, but not carried, at fair value are described below.
F-23

Loans Held for Sale
Residential forward and reverse mortgage loans that we intend to sell are carried at fair value as a result of a fair value election. Such loans are subject to changes in fair value due to fluctuations in interest rates from the closing or purchased date through the date of the sale or securitization of the loan into the secondary market. These loans are generally classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy because the primary component of the price is obtained from observable values of mortgage forwards for loans of similar terms and characteristics. We have the ability to access this market, and it is the market into which conventional and government-insured mortgage loans are typically sold.
We purchase certain loans from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations in connection with loan modifications, strategic EBO and loan resolution activity as part of our contractual obligations as the servicer of the loans. Effective January 1, 2020, we elected to classify any repurchased loans as loans held for sale at fair value as we expect to redeliver (sell) the loans into new Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations (in the case of modified loans) or sell the loans to a private investor (in the case of EBO loans). Modified and EBO loans purchased before January 1, 2020 are classified as loans held for sale at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of the loans we purchased from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitization is estimated using both observable and unobservable inputs, including published Ginnie Mae prices or existing sale contracts, as well as estimated default, prepayment, and discount rates. The significant unobservable input in estimating fair value is the estimated default rate. Accordingly, these repurchased Ginnie Mae loans are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy.
Loans repurchased in connection with loan resolution activities are classified as receivables. Because these loans are insured or guaranteed by the FHA or VA, the fair value of these loans represents the net recovery value taking into consideration the insured or guaranteed claim.
When we enter into an agreement to sell a loan or pool of loans to an investor at a set price, we value the loan or loans at the commitment price, unless facts and circumstances exist that could impact deal economics, at which point we use judgment to determine appropriate adjustments to recorded fair value, if any. We determine the fair value of loans for which we have no agreement to sell on the expected future cash flows discounted at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows.
Loans Held for Investment
Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages
We measure these loans at fair value based on the expected future cash flows discounted over the expected life of the loans at a rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows, including future draw commitments for HECM loans. Inputs of the discounted cash flows of these assets include future draws and tail securitization spreads, conditional prepayment rate (including voluntary and involuntary prepayments) and discount rate.
We engage third-party valuation experts in the determination of fair value. While the models and related assumptions used by the valuation experts are proprietary to them, we understand the methodologies, the significant inputs and the assumptions used to develop the prices based on our ongoing due diligence, which includes regular discussions with the valuation experts. We evaluate the reasonableness of our third-party experts’ assumptions using historical experience, or cash flow backtesting, adjusted for prevailing market conditions and benchmarks of assumptions and value estimates. The fair value is equal to the third-party valuation expert fair value mark.
Reverse mortgage loans are classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. Significant unobservable assumptions include conditional prepayment rate and discount rate. The conditional prepayment rate assumption displayed in the table below is inclusive of voluntary (repayment or payoff) and involuntary (inactive/delinquent status and default) prepayments. The discount rate assumption is primarily based on an assessment of current market yields on reverse mortgage loan and tail securitizations, expected duration of the asset and current market interest rates.

| December 31,
Significant unobservable assumptions | 2023 |  | 2022
Life in years |  |  |
Range | 0.8 to 7.9 |  | 1.0 to 7.6
Weighted average | 5.2 |  |  | 5.0 |
Conditional prepayment rate, including voluntary and involuntary prepayments |  |  |
Range | 12.0% to 35.4% |  | 13.2% to 45.0%
Weighted average | 17.2 | % |  | 18.0 | %
Discount rate | 4.9 | % |  | 5.1 | %

F-24

Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions in isolation could result in a significantly lower or higher fair value, respectively. The effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the securitized loans held for investment, excluding future draw commitments, are partially offset by the effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the HMBS-related borrowings that are associated with these loans.
MSRs
We determine the fair value of MSRs primarily using discounted cash flow methodologies. The significant components of the estimated future cash inflows for MSRs include servicing fees, late fees, float earnings and other ancillary fees. Significant cash outflows include the cost of servicing, the cost of financing servicing advances and compensating interest payments.
We engage third-party valuation experts who generally utilize: (a) transactions involving instruments with similar collateral and risk profiles, adjusted as necessary based on specific characteristics of the asset or liability being valued; and/or (b) industry-standard modeling, such as a discounted cash flow model and prepayment model, in arriving at their estimate of fair value. The prices provided by the valuation experts reflect their observations and assumptions related to market activity, generally the bulk market, incorporating available industry survey results and client feedback, and including risk premiums and liquidity adjustments. While interest rates are a key value driver, MSR fair value may change for other market-driven factors, including but not limited to the supply and demand of the market or the required yield or perceived value by investors of such MSRs. While the models and related assumptions used by the valuation experts are proprietary to them, we understand the methodologies and assumptions used to develop the prices based on our ongoing due diligence, which includes regular discussions with the valuation experts. We believe that the procedures executed by the valuation experts, supported by our verification and analytical procedures, provide reasonable assurance that the prices used in our consolidated financial statements comply with the accounting guidance for fair value measurements and disclosures and reflect the assumptions that a market participant would use.
We evaluate the reasonableness of our third-party experts’ assumptions using historical experience adjusted for prevailing market conditions and benchmarks of assumptions and value estimates. Assumptions used in the valuation of MSRs include:

• | Mortgage prepayment speeds | • | Delinquency rates
• | Cost of servicing | • | Interest rate used for computing float earnings
• | Discount rate | • | Compensating interest expense
• | Interest rate used for computing the cost of financing servicing advances | • | Collection rate of other ancillary fees
• | Curtailment on advances |  |

MSRs are carried at fair value and classified within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. The fair value is equal to the fair value mark provided by the third-party valuation experts, without adjustment, except in the event we have a potential or completed sale, including transactions where we have executed letters of intent, in which case the fair value of the MSRs is recorded at the estimated sale price.
A change in the valuation inputs or assumptions may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. Changes in market interest rates predominantly impact the fair value of Agency MSRs via prepayment speeds by altering the borrower refinance incentive and the non-Agency MSRs due to the impact on advance funding costs. In addition, changes in market interest rates impact float income. The significant unobservable assumptions used in the valuation of these MSRs include prepayment speeds, delinquency rates, cost to service and discount rates.

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Significant unobservable assumptions | Agency |  | Non-Agency |  | Agency |  | Non-Agency
Weighted average prepayment speed | 7.7 | % |  | 7.9 | % |  | 6.9 | % |  | 7.9 | %
Weighted average lifetime delinquency rate | 1.3 | % |  | 10.0 | % |  | 1.4 | % |  | 10.1 | %
Weighted average discount rate | 9.2 | % |  | 11.4 | % |  | 9.6 | % |  | 10.6 | %
Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 192 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 201 |

Because the mortgages underlying these MSRs permit the borrowers to prepay the loans, the value of the MSRs generally tends to diminish in periods of declining interest rates, an improving housing market or expanded product availability (as prepayments increase) and increase in periods of rising interest rates, a deteriorating housing market or reduced product availability (as prepayments decrease).
F-25

The following table summarizes the estimated change in the value of the MSRs as of December 31, 2023 given hypothetical increases in lifetime prepayments and yield assumptions:

Adverse change in fair value | 10% |  | 20%
Change in weighted average prepayment speeds (in percentage points) | 0.9 |  |  | 1.9 |
Change in fair value due to change in weighted average prepayment speeds | $ | (65.5) |  |  | $ | (127.3) |
Change in weighted average discount rate (in percentage points) | 0.9 |  |  | 1.9 |
Change in fair value due to change in weighted average discount rate | $ | (68.6) |  |  | $ | (131.9) |

Advances
We value advances at their net realizable value, which generally approximates fair value. Servicing advances have no stated maturity and do not bear interest. Principal and interest advances are generally realized within a relatively short period of time. The timing of recovery of taxes, insurance and other corporate advances depends on the underlying loan attributes, performance, and in many cases, foreclosure or liquidation timeline. The fair value adjustment to servicing advances associated with the estimated time to recover such advances is separately measured and reported as a component of the fair value of the associated MSR, consistent with actual market transactions. Refer to MSRs above for a description of the valuation methodology and assumptions related to the cost of financing servicing advances and discount rate, among other factors.
Receivables
The carrying value of receivables generally approximates fair value because of the relatively short period of time between their origination and realization.
Advance Match Funded Liabilities
For advance match funded liabilities that bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index, the carrying value approximates fair value. We assume the notes are refinanced at the end of their revolving periods, consistent with how we manage our advance facilities.
Financing Liabilities
HMBS-Related Borrowings
HMBS-related borrowings are carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. These borrowings are not actively traded, and therefore, quoted market prices are not available. We determine fair value using a discounted cash flow approach, by discounting the projected recovery of principal and interest over the estimated life of the borrowing at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows.
We engage third-party valuation experts to support our valuation and provide observations and assumptions related to market activities. The fair value is equal to the fair value mark provided by a third-party valuation expert. We evaluate the reasonableness of our fair value estimate and assumptions using historical experience, or cash flow backtesting, adjusted for prevailing market conditions and benchmarks of assumptions and value estimates.
Significant unobservable assumptions include yield spread and discount rate. The yield spread and discount rate assumption for these liabilities are primarily based on an assessment of current market yields for newly issued HMBS, expected duration and current market interest rates.

| December 31,
Significant unobservable assumptions | 2023 |  | 2022
Life in years |  |  |
Range | 0.8 to 7.9 |  | 1.0 to 7.6
Weighted average | 5.2 |  |  | 5.0
Conditional prepayment rate |  |  |
Range | 12.0% to 35.4% |  | 13.2% to 45.0%
Weighted average | 17.2 | % |  | 18.0 | %
Discount rate | 4.9 | % |  | 5.0 | %

Significant increases or decreases in any of these assumptions in isolation could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value, respectively. The effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the HMBS-related borrowings are partially offset
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by the effects of changes in the assumptions used to value the associated pledged loans held for investment, excluding future draw commitments.
Pledged MSR Liabilities
Pledged MSR liabilities are carried at fair value and classified as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. We recognize the proceeds received in connection with MSRs transferred or sold in transactions which do not qualify for sale accounting treatment as a secured financing that we account for at fair value. We determine the fair value of the pledged MSR liability following a similar approach as for the associated transferred MSRs. Fair value of the pledged MSR liability in connection with the MAV MSR transactions is determined using the fair value mark provided by third-party valuation expert, consistent with the associated MSR, using the same methodology and assumptions, while considering cash flows contractually retained by PHH and expected life of subservicing agreement, when applicable. Fair value for the portion of the borrowing attributable to the MSRs underlying the Rights to MSRs in connection with Rithm transactions is determined using the fair value mark provided by the third-party valuation experts.

| December 31,
Significant unobservable assumptions | 2023 |  | 2022
Weighted average prepayment speed | 6.5 | % |  | 7.6 | %
Weighted average delinquency rate | 2.8 | % |  | 7.1 | %
Weighted average subservicing life (in years) | 4.3 |  | 5.6
Weighted average discount rate | 9.6 | % |  | 10.2 | %
Weighted average cost to service (in dollars) | $ | 130 |  |  | $ | 174 |

Significant increases or decreases in these assumptions in isolation would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value.
ESS Financing Liability
The Excess Servicing Spread (ESS) financing liability consists of the obligation to remit to a third party a specified percentage of future servicing fee collections on reference pools of mortgage loans, which we are entitled to as owner of the related MSRs. We have elected to carry the ESS financing liability at fair value and have classified it as Level 3 within the valuation hierarchy. The fair value represents the net present value of the expected servicing spread cash flows, consistent with the valuation model and behavioral projections of the underlying MSR, as applicable. The fair value of the ESS financing liability is determined using a third-party valuation expert. The significant unobservable assumptions used in the valuation of the ESS financing liability include prepayment speeds, delinquency rates, and discount rates. The discount rate is initially determined based on the expected cash flows and the proceeds from each issuance, and is subsequently updated, at each issuance level, to incorporate discount rate assumption updates for the underlying MSR or other factors, as provided by third-party valuation expert. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the weighted average discount rate of the ESS financing liability was 9.4% and 7.6%, respectively. Refer to MSRs above for a description of other significant unobservable assumptions. Also see Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
Mortgage Loan Financing Facilities
Our mortgage loan warehouse facilities bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index. The carrying value of the outstanding borrowings under the revolving facilities approximates fair value. In June 2023, OLIT issued senior and mezzanine classes of notes, at a discount, with a stated interest rate of 3.0% and a mandatory call date of June 2026. We determine the fair value of these notes based on bid prices provided by third parties involved in the issuance and placement of the notes.
MSR Financing Facilities
Our MSR financing facilities bear interest at a rate that is adjusted regularly based on a market index. The carrying value of the outstanding borrowings under these facilities approximates fair value.
In 2014, we issued Ocwen Asset Servicing Income Series (OASIS), Series 2014-1 Notes secured by Ocwen-owned MSRs relating to Freddie Mac mortgages. In 2019, we issued Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2019-PLS1 notes secured by certain of PHH’s private label MSRs. In 2022, we refinanced these notes into a new Series 2022-PLS1 notes. We determine the fair value of these notes based on bid prices provided by third parties involved in the issuance and placement of the notes.
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Senior Notes
We base the fair value on quoted prices in a market with available limited trading activity, or on valuation data obtained from a pricing service in the absence of trading data. For Senior Notes with no pricing activity or trading data, we determine the fair value by discounting future principal and interest payments at a market rate commensurate with the risk of the estimated cash flows.
Derivative Financial Instruments
Interest rate lock commitments (IRLCs) represent an agreement to purchase loans from a third-party originator or an agreement to extend credit to a mortgage applicant (locked pipeline), whereby the interest rate is set prior to funding. Fair value amounts of IRLCs are adjusted for expected “fallout” (locked pipeline loans not expected to close) using models that consider cumulative historical fallout rates and other factors. IRLCs are classified as Level 3 assets as fallout rates were determined to be significant unobservable assumptions.
We use derivative instruments, including forward trades of MBS or Agency “to be announced” securities (TBAs) and exchange-traded interest rate swap futures, as economic hedging instruments of the fair value of our loans held for sale and MSR portfolio. Forward contracts, TBAs and interest rate swap futures are actively traded in the market and we obtain unadjusted market quotes for these derivatives; thus, they are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.
Note 4 — Loans Held for Sale - Fair Value
The following table presents the estimated fair value of Loans held for sale for which we elected the fair value option:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 678.8 |  |  | $ | 623.7 |  |  |
Premium (discount) | (2.4) |  |  | 7.4 |  |  |
Unrealized gain (loss) | (2.2) |  |  | (13.3) |  |  |
Total fair value | $ | 674.2 |  |  | $ | 617.8 |  |  |

The following table presents the composition of Loans held for sale, at fair value by type:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
GSE loans | $ | 219.3 |  |  | $ | 318.3 |
Government- Forward loans | 254.0 |  |  | 150.2 |
Forward loans repurchased from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitization (1) | 19.1 |  |  | 32.1 |
Reverse loans (2) | 166.6 |  |  | 102.5 |
Other residential mortgage loans | 15.2 |  |  | 14.8 |
Total fair value | $ | 674.2 |  |  | $ | 617.8 |

(1)Pursuant to Ginnie Mae servicing guidelines.
(2)Includes inactive reverse mortgage loans purchased from Ginnie Mae securitization pools that reached the 98% of maximum claim amount and are generally liquidated through foreclosure and subsequent sale of the REO properties. As of December 31, 2023, the balance includes $119.5 million loans pledged as collateral for the Asset-Backed Notes issued by OLIT. Also see Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities and Note 14 — Borrowings.
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The following table presents the activity of Loans held for sale, at fair value:

| Years Ended December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 617.8 |  |  | $ | 917.5 |  |  | $ | 366.4 |
Originations and purchases | 12,797.5 |  |  | 17,582.0 |  |  | 19,972.4 |
Proceeds from sales | (12,450.8) |  |  | (17,477.2) |  |  | (19,279.2) |
Principal collections | (87.5) |  |  | (106.9) |  |  | (58.6) |
Transfers from (to): |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment, at fair value | 6.1 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 4.3 |
Receivables | (33.2) |  |  | (13.2) |  |  | (33.6) |
REO (Other assets) | (19.4) |  |  | (3.1) |  |  | (8.4) |
Advances (capitalization upon Ginnie Mae modifications) | 6.4 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 24.8 |
Fair value gain (loss) on loans held for sale, at fair value (1) | (165.7) |  |  | (294.0) |  |  | (67.5) |
Other | 2.8 |  |  | (13.4) |  |  | (2.9) |
Ending balance | $ | 674.2 |  |  | $ | 617.8 |  |  | $ | 917.5 |

(1) Excludes retained MSR upon securitization. See below table of gain (loss) on loans held for sale, net.
The following table presents the components of Gain (loss) of loans held for sale at fair value, net:

| Years Ended December 31,
Gain (Loss) on Loans Held for Sale, Net | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
MSRs retained on transfers of forward mortgage loans | $ | 183.0 |  |  | $ | 234.7 |  |  | $ | 222.7 |
Gain (loss) on sale of forward mortgage loans (1)(2) | (178.8) |  |  | (278.0) |  |  | (87.8) |
Gain (loss) on sale of repurchased Ginnie Mae loans (1)(3) | (2.7) |  |  | (10.1) |  |  | 18.4 |
Change in fair value of loans held for sale (4) | 15.9 |  |  | (5.9) |  |  | 1.9 |
Gain (loss) on loans held for sale, at fair value | 17.3 |  |  | (59.3) |  |  | 155.2 |
Gain (loss) on economic hedge derivative instruments (5) | 18.6 |  |  | 101.7 |  |  | 1.5 |
Change in fair value of IRLCs | 6.4 |  |  | (17.4) |  |  | (6.2) |
Provision for representation and warranty obligations | (1.7) |  |  | (3.0) |  |  | (4.7) |
| $ | 40.6 |  |  | $ | 22.0 |  |  | $ | 145.8 |

(1)Realized gain (loss) on sale of loans, excluding retained MSRs.
(2)Includes $27.1 million gain in 2021 related to loans purchased through the exercise of our servicer call rights with respect to certain Non-Agency trusts and sold, servicing released.
(3)Includes an $8.8 million loss in 2022 on certain delinquent and aged loans repurchased (net of the associated Ginnie Mae MSR fair value adjustment) in connection with the Ginnie Mae EBO program with an aggregated UPB of $299.7 million, net of the associated MSR fair value adjustment.
(4)Includes a $10.9 million unrealized gain in 2023 related to the revaluation of inactive HECM loan buyouts opportunistically acquired at a discount and securitized in a private placement transaction completed in June 2023. Also see Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities.
(5)Excludes gains of $15.7 million and $25.3 million on inter-segment economic hedge derivatives presented within MSR valuation adjustments, net for 2022 and 2021, respectively. No such gains or losses were recognized during 2023. Third-party derivatives are hedging the net exposure of MSR and pipeline, and the change in fair value of derivatives are reported within MSR valuation adjustments, net. Inter-segment derivatives are established to transfer risk and allocate hedging gains/losses to the pipeline separately from the MSR portfolio and are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Refer to Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting.
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Note 5 – Reverse Mortgages
The following table presents the estimated fair value of reverse mortgage loans held for investment for which we elected the fair value option:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022 |  |
Unpaid principal balance | $ | 7,664.7 |  |  | $ | 7,261.2 |  |  |
Fair value adjustments | 305.3 |  |  | 242.9 |  |  |
Total fair value | $ | 7,970.0 |  |  | $ | 7,504.1 |  |  |

The following table presents the composition of reverse mortgage loans held for investment, at fair value by type:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
HECM loans - securitized, pledged to HMBS-related borrowings (1) | $ | 7,868.5 |  |  | $ | 7,392.6 |
New HECM loan originations and HECM loan tails (2) - unsecuritized | 101.5 |  |  | 111.5 |
Total fair value | $ | 7,970.0 |  |  | $ | 7,504.1 |

(1)The Ginnie Mae securitization of conventional, HECM loans does not qualify for sale accounting treatment and is accounted for as a secured financing transaction, with the recognition of both loans and HMBS-related borrowing on the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Tails represent the fair value of future scheduled and unscheduled draw commitments for HECM loans, mortgage insurance premium, servicing fee and other advances which we subsequently securitize.
The following table summarizes the activity in reverse mortgage loans held for investment and HMBS related borrowings that do not qualify for sale accounting and for which we elected the fair value option:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages |  | HMBS - Related Borrowings (2) |  | Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages |  | HMBS - Related Borrowings (2) |  | Loans Held for Investment - Reverse Mortgages |  | HMBS - Related Borrowings (2)
Beginning balance | $ | 7,504.1 |  |  | $ | (7,326.8) |  |  | $ | 7,199.8 |  |  | $ | (6,885.0) |  |  | $ | 6,997.1 |  |  | $ | (6,772.7) |
Originations | 1,033.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,658.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,763.4 |  |  | — |
Securitization of HECM loans accounted for as a financing | — |  |  | (1,054.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,780.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,674.9) |
Additional proceeds from securitization of HECM loans and tails | — |  |  | (11.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (25.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (44.6) |
Acquisition (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | 211.3 |  |  | (209.1) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Repayments (principal payments received) | (1,076.9) |  |  | 1,070.1 |  |  | (1,579.9) |  |  | 1,568.4 |  |  | (1,626.4) |  |  | 1,614.3 |
Transfers: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale, at fair value | (6.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (8.0) |  |  | — |  |  | (3.4) |  |  | — |
Receivables, net | (3.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 2.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |
REO (Other assets) | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |
Fair value gains (losses) included in earnings (3) | 519.0 |  |  | (475.0) |  |  | 21.1 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 69.7 |  |  | (7.1) |
Ending Balance | $ | 7,970.0 |  |  | $ | (7,797.3) |  |  | $ | 7,504.1 |  |  | $ | (7,326.8) |  |  | $ | 7,199.8 |  |  | $ | (6,885.0) |

(1)During 2022, we purchased a reverse mortgage servicing portfolio of HECM loans securitized in Ginnie Mae pools. As the Ginnie Mae HMBS program does not qualify for sale accounting, the transaction conveyed the HECM loans and associated HMBS-related borrowings to us. We have accounted for this transaction as a secured financing, as a purchase of loans held for investment and assumption of an HMBS securitization liability for the obligation to Ginnie Mae.
(2)Represents amounts due to the holders of beneficial interests in Ginnie Mae guaranteed HMBS that did not qualify for sale accounting treatment of HECM loans. Under this accounting treatment, the HECM loans securitized with Ginnie Mae remain on our consolidated balance sheets and the proceeds from the sale are recognized as a financing liability, which is recorded at fair value consistent with the related HECM loans. The beneficial interests in Ginnie Mae guaranteed HMBS have no maturity dates, and the borrowings mature as the related loans are repaid. The interest rate is the pass-through rate of the loans less applicable margin. See Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities.
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(3)See further breakdown of the net gain (loss) in the table below.
The following table presents the components of Gain (loss) on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net:

Gain (Loss) on Reverse Loans Held for Investment and HMBS-related Borrowings, Net | Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Gain on new originations (1) | $ | 20.5 |  |  | $ | 50.7 |  |  | $ | 65.0 |
Net interest income (servicing fee) (2) | 23.6 |  |  | 21.9 |  |  | 19.9 |
Other change in fair value of securitized loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net (3) | (0.1) |  |  | (47.1) |  |  | (22.2) |
Fair value gains (losses) included in earnings (3)(4) | 44.0 |  |  | 25.6 |  |  | 62.7 |
Loan fees and other | 2.8 |  |  | 10.5 |  |  | 17.0 |
| $ | 46.7 |  |  | $ | 36.1 |  |  | $ | 79.7 |

(1)Includes the changes in fair value of newly originated loans held for investment in the period from interest rate lock commitment date through securitization date.
(2)Includes the interest income on loans held for investment less the interest expense on HMBS-related borrowings (previously reported within Other change in fair value of securitized loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in the table above). The net interest income includes the servicing fee Ocwen is contractually entitled to on securitized loans.
(3)Includes the cash realized gains upon securitization of tails (previously separately reported the table above).
(4)See breakdown between Loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings in the table above within Fair value gains (losses) included in earnings.
Note 6 — Advances

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Principal and interest | $ | 212.5 |  |  | $ | 215.5 |
Taxes and insurance | 343.3 |  |  | 367.5 |
Foreclosures, bankruptcy, REO and other | 130.3 |  |  | 142.1 |
| 686.1 |  |  | 725.1 |
Allowance for losses | (7.3) |  |  | (6.2) |
Advances, net | $ | 678.8 |  |  | $ | 718.9 |

The following table summarizes the activity in net advances:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance - before Allowance for Losses | $ | 725.1 |  |  | $ | 779.5 |  |  | $ | 834.5 |
New advances | 779.8 |  |  | 784.8 |  |  | 831.2 |
Transfer from (to) Receivables | 14.7 |  |  | 6.5 |  |  | (3.7) |
Sales of advances | (6.3) |  |  | (2.9) |  |  | (1.3) |
Asset acquisition | 42.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 6.9 |
Collections of advances and other | (869.4) |  |  | (842.8) |  |  | (888.2) |
Ending balance - before Allowance for Losses | 686.1 |  |  | 725.1 |  |  | 779.5 |
Beginning balance - Allowance for Losses | $ | (6.2) |  |  | $ | (7.0) |  |  | $ | (6.3) |
Provision expense | (8.5) |  |  | (7.2) |  |  | (8.1) |
Net charge-offs and other | 7.3 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | 7.4 |
Ending balance - Allowance for Losses | (7.3) |  |  | (6.2) |  |  | (7.0) |
Ending balance, net | $ | 678.8 |  |  | $ | 718.9 |  |  | $ | 772.4 |

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Note 7 — Mortgage Servicing
During each period, we remeasure our MSRs at fair value, which contemplates the receipt or nonreceipt of the servicing income for that period. The servicing revenue, including expectations of future servicing cash flows, are inputs for the measurement of the MSR fair value. The net result on the statements of operations is that we record the contractual cash received in each period as revenue within Servicing and subservicing fees, partially offset by the remeasurement of the MSR fair value within MSR valuation adjustments, net.
The following table presents the composition of our MSR portfolio:
MSR UPB and Fair Value

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
| Fair Value |  | UPB ($ billions) |  | Fair Value |  | UPB ($ billions)
Owned MSRs | $ | 1,604.6 |  |  | $ | 122.7 |  |  | $ | 1,710.6 |  |  | $ | 126.2 |
Rithm and others transferred MSRs (1) (2) | 244.8 |  |  | 18.1 |  |  | 601.2 |  |  | 47.3 |
MAV transferred MSRs (1) | 422.8 |  |  | 28.8 |  |  | 353.4 |  |  | 26.1 |
Total transferred MSR, subject to Pledged MSR liability, at fair value (1) | 667.6 |  |  | 46.9 |  |  | 954.6 |  |  | 73.4 |
Total MSRs | $ | 2,272.2 |  |  | $ | 169.7 |  |  | $ | 2,665.2 |  |  | $ | 199.6 |

(1)MSRs subject to sale agreements that do not meet sale accounting criteria. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
(2)At December 31, 2023, the UPB of MSRs transferred to Rithm for which title is retained by Ocwen was $9.9 billion.

Mortgage Servicing Rights, At Fair Value |  | Years Ended December 31,
|  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance |  | $ | 2,665.2 |  |  | $ | 2,250.1 |  |  | $ | 1,294.8 |
Sales |  | 0.1 |  |  | (154.4) |  |  | — |
Additions: |  |  |  |  |  |
Recognized on the sale of residential mortgage loans |  | 183.0 |  |  | 234.7 |  |  | 222.7 |
Purchase of MSRs |  | 109.9 |  |  | 181.6 |  |  | 844.1 |
Servicing transfers and adjustments (1) (2) |  | (454.3) |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | (10.8) |
Net additions (sales) |  | (161.3) |  |  | 236.6 |  |  | 1,056.0 |
Changes in fair value recognized in earnings: |  |  |  |  |  |
Changes in valuation inputs or assumptions |  | 6.4 |  |  | 454.0 |  |  | 149.5 |
Realization of cash flows |  | (238.1) |  |  | (275.5) |  |  | (250.2) |
Fair value gains (losses) recognized in earnings |  | (231.7) |  |  | 178.5 |  |  | (100.7) |
Ending balance |  | $ | 2,272.2 |  |  | $ | 2,665.2 |  |  | $ | 2,250.1 |

(1)On December 31, 2023, we derecognized $421.7 million non-Agency MSRs and Pledged MSR liability associated with Rithm servicing agreements with a UPB of $33.4 billion for which MSR sale accounting criteria was met (specifically, the parties may cancel or decline to renew the servicing agreements after a reasonable period). See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
(2)During 2023 and 2022, upon the sale of GSE MSRs by MAV to third parties, we derecognized $32.5 million and $39.0 million, respectively, of those GSE MSRs that were previously sold to MAV in transactions and did not qualify for sale accounting treatment. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value for further information.
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The following table summarizes the delinquency status of loans underlying our MSRs:

| December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
Delinquent loans | GSE |  | GNMA |  | Non - Agency |  | Total |  | GSE |  | GNMA |  | Non - Agency |  | Total
Total MSR UPB (in billions) | $ | 127.3 |  |  | $ | 18.6 |  |  | $ | 23.8 |  |  | $ | 169.7 |  |  | $ | 124.5 |  |  | $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 62.0 |  |  | $ | 199.6 |
30 days | 1.2 | % |  | 6.1 | % |  | 9.4 | % |  | 3.7 | % |  | 0.9 | % |  | 6.4 | % |  | 8.5 | % |  | 4.8 | %
60 days | 0.2 |  |  | 2.0 |  |  | 3.6 |  |  | 1.2 |  |  | 0.2 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 3.3 |  |  | 1.8 |
90 days or more | 0.5 |  |  | 3.7 |  |  | 8.2 |  |  | 2.6 |  |  | 0.5 |  |  | 4.6 |  |  | 8.6 |  |  | 4.5 |
Total 30-60-90 days or more | 1.9 | % |  | 11.8 | % |  | 21.2 | % |  | 7.5 | % |  | 1.6 | % |  | 13.2 | % |  | 20.4 | % |  | 11.1 | %

The geographic concentration of the UPB of residential loans and real estate underlying our MSRs at December 31, 2023 was as follows:

(Dollars in billions) (Count in thousands) | Amount |  | Count
California | $ | 35.0 |  |  | 113.7 |
Texas | 16.0 |  |  | 77.2 |
Florida | 10.7 |  |  | 53.9 |
New York | 7.6 |  |  | 30.1 |
New Jersey | 8.3 |  |  | 32.6 |
Other | 92.1 |  |  | 456.9 |
| $ | 169.7 |  |  | 764.3 |

The following table summarizes the components of our servicing and subservicing fee revenue:

| Years Ended December 31,
Servicing Revenue | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Loan servicing and subservicing fees |  |  |  |  |
Servicing | $ | 347.7 |  |  | $ | 337.8 |  |  | $ | 339.2 |
Subservicing | 71.6 |  |  | 72.9 |  |  | 21.1 |
MAV - Subservicing | 7.9 |  |  | 5.2 |  |  | 1.5 |
MAV - Servicing / Transferred MSR (1) | 67.4 |  |  | 67.6 |  |  | 14.2 |
Rithm and others - Servicing / Transferred MSR (1) | 241.5 |  |  | 255.0 |  |  | 304.2 |
| 736.0 |  |  | 738.5 |  |  | 680.3 |
Ancillary income |  |  |  |  |
Late charges | 38.3 |  |  | 41.0 |  |  | 40.9 |
Custodial accounts (float earnings) | 110.7 |  |  | 26.2 |  |  | 4.7 |
Reverse subservicing ancillary fees | 33.5 |  |  | 20.4 |  |  | 1.4 |
Loan collection fees | 9.4 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 11.7 |
Recording fees | 4.9 |  |  | 8.5 |  |  | 16.0 |
Boarding and deboarding fees | 4.3 |  |  | 5.8 |  |  | 10.5 |
GSE forbearance fees | 0.8 |  |  | 0.8 |  |  | 1.5 |
Other | 9.4 |  |  | 10.3 |  |  | 14.8 |
| 211.3 |  |  | 124.1 |  |  | 101.6 |
Total Servicing and subservicing fees | $ | 947.3 |  |  | $ | 862.6 |  |  | $ | 781.9 |
Owned MSR and Subservicing | $ | 615.7 |  |  | $ | 525.4 |  |  | $ | 462.9 |
Transferred MSR (1) (2) | 331.6 |  |  | 337.2 |  |  | 319.0 |

(1)Includes servicing fees collected on behalf of respective parties related to transferred MSRs that do not achieve sale accounting. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
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(2)Includes $22.7 million, $14.7 million and $0.6 million of ancillary income in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, associated with transferred MSRs that do not achieve sale accounting.
Float balances on which we earn interest, referred to as float earnings (balances in custodial accounts, which represent collections of principal and interest that we receive from borrowers on behalf of investors and tax and insurance payments) are held in escrow by unaffiliated banks and are excluded from our consolidated balance sheets. Float balances amounted to $1.56 billion, $1.54 billion and $2.07 billion at December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value
The following tables presents financing liabilities carried at fair value which include pledged MSR liabilities recorded in connection with MSR transfers, subservicing retained, that do not qualify for sale accounting, liabilities of consolidated mortgage-backed securitization trusts and MSR excess servicing spread (ESS) financing liability carried at fair value (see Note 14 — Borrowings for ESS financing liability carried at amortized cost).

|  |  |  |  |  |  | Outstanding Balance at December 31,
Borrowing Type | Collateral |  |  |  | Maturity |  | 2023 |  | 2022
MSR transfers not qualifying for sale accounting (1): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Rights to MSRs Agreements, at fair value - Rithm | MSRs |  |  |  | (1) |  | $ | 121.0 |  |  | $ | 601.2 |
Pledged MSR liability, at fair value - MAV | MSRs |  |  |  | (1) |  | 409.2 |  |  | 329.8 |
Pledged MSR liability, at fair value - Others | MSRs |  |  |  | (1) |  | 115.3 |  |  | 0.7 |
Total Pledged MSR liability, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  | 645.5 |  |  | 931.7 |
Financing liability - Owed to securitization investors, at fair value: Residential Asset Securitization Trust 2003-A11 (RAST 2003-A11) (2) | Loans held for investment |  |  |  | October 2033 |  | 5.6 |  |  | 6.7 |
ESS financing liability, at fair value (3) | MSRs (3) |  |  |  | (3) |  | 248.9 |  |  | 199.0 |
Total Other financing liabilities, at fair value |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 900.0 |  |  | $ | 1,137.4 |

(1)MSRs transferred, subservicing retained, or sold in transactions which do not qualify for sale accounting treatment are accounted for as secured financings. Until such time as the transaction qualifies as a sale for accounting purposes, we continue to recognize the MSRs and the related financing liability (referred as Pledged MSR liability) on our consolidated balance sheets, as well as the full amount of servicing fee collected as revenue and the servicing fee remitted as Pledged MSR liability expense in our consolidated statements of operations. Fair value gains and losses of the Pledged MSR liability are recognized in MSR valuation adjustments, net in the consolidated statements of operations - See Note 7 — Mortgage Servicing and Note 9 — MSR Valuation Adjustments, Net.
(2)Consists of securitization debt certificates due to third parties that represent beneficial interests in trusts that are consolidated.
(3)Consists of the obligation to remit to third parties a specified percentage of future servicing fee collections (servicing spread) on reference pools of MSRs, which we are entitled to as owner of the related MSRs. The servicing spread remittance is reported in Pledged MSR liability expense and fair value gains and losses of the ESS financing liability are reported in MSR valuation adjustment, net.
With the exception of the MSRs for which title has not transferred to Rithm ($9.9 billion UPB at December 31, 2023 - discussed below), the MSR and Pledged MSR liability associated with Rithm servicing agreements were derecognized on December 31, 2023 as MSR sale accounting criteria were met (specifically, the parties may cancel or decline to renew the servicing agreements after a reasonable period). The statements of operations will prospectively reflect subservicing fee revenue as opposed to the current gross presentation of servicing fee revenue and separate presentation of servicing fee remittances within Pledged MSR liability expense.
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The following table presents the activity of the pledged MSR liability recorded in connection with the MSR transfer agreements with MAV, Rithm and others that do not qualify for sale accounting.

| Years Ended December 31,
Pledged MSR Liability | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 931.7 |  |  | $ | 797.1 |  |  | $ | 567.0 |
MSR transfers |  |  |  |  |
MSR transfers to MAV | 81.1 |  |  | 85.6 |  |  | 250.0 |
MSR transfers to Rithm | — |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | — |
MSR transfers to others | 100.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total MSR transfers | 181.0 |  |  | 86.3 |  |  | 250.0 |
Derecognition of financing liability |  |  |  |  |
Derecognition of financing liability - Rithm (1) | (421.7) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (8.5) |
Derecognition of financing liability - MAV (2) | (32.5) |  |  | (39.0) |  |  | — |
Total derecognition of financing liability | (454.3) |  |  | (39.7) |  |  | (8.5) |
Fair value (gain) loss |  |  |  |  |
Changes in fair value due to inputs and assumptions | 51.3 |  |  | 192.1 |  |  | 77.9 |
Realization of expected cash flows | (64.2) |  |  | (104.1) |  |  | (89.4) |
Total fair value (gain) loss (3) | (12.9) |  |  | 88.0 |  |  | (11.4) |
Ending balance (4) | $ | 645.5 |  |  | $ | 931.7 |  |  | $ | 797.1 |

(1)During 2023, we derecognized a portion of the Rithm Pledged MSR liability with a UPB of $33.4 billion as MSR sale accounting criteria were met upon the renewal of the servicing agreements. Amounts in 2022 and 2021 represent the carrying value of MSRs and pledged MSR liability derecognized in connection with call rights exercised by Rithm upon collapse of the securitization.
(2)During 2023 and 2022, we derecognized a portion of the MAV Pledged MSR liability upon sale of the related MSRs by MAV to a third party with a UPB of $2.3 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively.
(3)The changes in fair value of the MAV Pledged MSR liability includes a $14.1 million loss in 2022 associated with an amendment to the MAV Subservicing Agreement, resulting in lower contractual ancillary income retained by PHH. See Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions.
(4)The fair value of the Pledged MSR liability differs from the fair value of the associated transferred MSR asset mostly due to the portion of ancillary income that is contractually retained by PHH (shared between PHH and MAV) and other contractual cash flows.
The following tables present the Pledged MSR liability expense recorded in connection with the MSR sale agreements with MAV, Rithm and others that do not qualify for sale accounting and the ESS financing liabilities.

| Year Ended December 31, 2023
| Rithm and Others |  | MAV |  | Total
Servicing fees collected on behalf of MAV, Rithm and others | $ | 241.5 |  |  | $ | 67.4 |  |  | $ | 308.9 |
Less: Subservicing fee retained by Ocwen | (68.4) |  |  | (9.2) |  |  | (77.6) |
Ancillary fee/income and other settlement (incl. expense reimbursement) | 14.3 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | 13.5 |
Transferred MSR net servicing fee remittance | $ | 187.4 |  |  | $ | 57.5 |  |  | 244.8 |
ESS servicing spread remittance |  |  |  |  | 51.5 |
Pledged MSR liability expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 296.3 |

| Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |
| Rithm and Others |  | MAV |  | Total |
Servicing fees collected on behalf of MAV, Rithm and others | $ | 255.0 |  |  | 67.5 |  |  | $ | 322.5 |  |  |
Less: Subservicing fee retained by Ocwen | (74.0) |  |  | (8.8) |  |  | (82.8) |  |  |
Ancillary fee/income and other settlement (incl. expense reimbursement) | 5.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | 6.1 |  |  |
Transferred MSR net servicing fee remittance | $ | 186.7 |  |  | $ | 59.1 |  |  | 245.9 |  |  |
ESS servicing spread remittance |  |  |  |  | 9.1 |  |  |
Pledged MSR liability expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 255.0 |  |  |

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| Year Ended December 31, 2021
| Rithm |  | MAV |  | Total
Servicing fees collected on behalf of Rithm and MAV | $ | 304.2 |  |  | 14.2 |  |  | $ | 318.4 |
Less: Subservicing fee retained by Ocwen | (88.4) |  |  | (2.0) |  |  | (90.4) |
Ancillary fee/income and other settlement (incl. expense reimbursement) | (11.1) |  |  | 4.4 |  |  | (6.7) |
Transferred MSR net servicing fee remittance | $ | 204.7 |  |  | $ | 16.6 |  |  | 221.3 |
ESS servicing spread remittance |  |  |  |  | — |
Pledged MSR liability expense |  |  |  |  | $ | 221.3 |

MAV Transactions
PHH entered into agreements to sell MSR portfolios to its related party MAV, on a bulk and flow basis, for which PHH has been retained as subservicer. While MSR legal title has transferred to MAV, the transactions do not qualify for sale accounting treatment primarily due to the termination restrictions of the subservicing agreement. See Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions.
Rithm Transactions
Starting in 2012, Ocwen and PHH entered into agreements to sell MSRs and the related servicing advances to Rithm, and in all cases have been retained by Rithm as subservicer. Due to the length of the non-cancellable term of the subservicing agreements, the MSR transactions did not qualify for sale accounting treatment. In addition, the legal title of certain MSRs was retained by Ocwen and the third-party consents required for title to the MSRs to transfer were not obtained, causing the transactions to be accounted for as secured financings.
On May 2, 2022, Ocwen entered into amendments to its servicing agreements with Rithm to extend their terms to December 31, 2023 and provide for subsequent, automatic one-year renewals, unless Ocwen provides six months’ advance notice of termination (by July 1), or Rithm provides three months’ advance notice of termination (by October 1), among other changes. Ocwen and Rithm did not provide notice of termination in 2023. Accordingly, all servicing agreements with Rithm are extended through December 31, 2024, with subsequent, automatic one-year renewals.
As of December 31, 2023, the UPB of the servicing agreements with Rithm is $45.0 billion, including $35.1 billion subservicing and $9.9 billion of Rights to MSRs (or RMSR) for which title has not transferred to Rithm and continues to be reported on Ocwen’s financial statements since MSR sale accounting criteria are not met.
As stated above, Rithm has the right to terminate the $9.9 billion RMSR Agreements for convenience, in whole but not in part, subject to three months’ advance notice of termination. If Rithm exercises this termination right, Rithm has the option of seeking (i) the transfer of the MSRs through a sale to a third party of its Rights to MSRs (together with a transfer of Ocwen’s title to those MSRs) or (ii) a substitute RMSR arrangement that substantially replicates the Rights to MSRs structure under which we would transfer title to the MSRs to a successor servicer and Rithm would continue to own the economic rights and obligations related to the MSRs. In the case of option (i), we have a purchase option as specified in the RMSR Agreements. If Rithm is not able to sell the Rights to MSRs or establish a substitute RMSR arrangement with another servicer, Rithm has the right to revoke its termination notice and re-instate the applicable servicing addendum or to establish a subservicing arrangement whereby the MSRs remaining subject to the RMSR Agreements would be transferred to up to three subservicers who would subservice under Ocwen’s oversight. If such a subservicing arrangement were established, Ocwen would receive an oversight fee and reimbursement of expenses. We may also agree on alternative arrangements that are not contemplated under our existing agreements or that are variations of those contemplated under our existing agreements.
Other MSR Capital Partner Transactions
In 2022 and 2023, PHH entered into agreements to sell MSR portfolios to different unrelated third parties, referred to as MSR capital partners, on a bulk and flow basis, for which PHH has been retained as subservicer. The transactions do not qualify for sale accounting treatment primarily due to the termination restrictions of the subservicing agreements.
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Note 9 — MSR Valuation Adjustments, Net
The following table presents the components of MSR valuation adjustments, net, that include four MSR related instruments which we account for at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in earnings:
(i) the fair value changes of the total MSR portfolio (Total MSRs) recorded on our consolidated balance sheets, as detailed in Note 7 — Mortgage Servicing ($2.3 billion fair value asset at December 31, 2023). Total MSRs include owned MSRs and MSRs that have been sold or transferred to third parties in transactions that do not achieve sale accounting criteria. Owned MSRs include MSRs subject to ESS financing transactions;
(ii) the fair value changes of the Pledged MSR liabilities recorded as liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets when MSR sale accounting criteria are not achieved ($645.5 million fair value liability at December 31, 2023, see Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value);
(iii) the fair value changes of the ESS financing liabilities for which we elected the fair value option ($248.9 million fair value liability at December 31, 2023, see Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value); and
(iv) the fair value changes of the derivative instruments economically hedging the MSR exposure (see Note 17 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities):

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Total MSRs (1) | $ | (230.8) |  |  | $ | 176.5 |  |  | $ | (100.4) |
Pledged MSR liabilities (2) (3) (4) | 12.9 |  |  | (88.0) |  |  | 11.4 |
ESS financing liabilities (2) | 18.9 |  |  | 8.0 |  |  | — |
Derivative fair value gain (loss) (MSR economic hedges) | (33.1) |  |  | (106.9) |  |  | (9.5) |
MSR valuation adjustments, net | $ | (232.2) |  |  | $ | (10.4) |  |  | $ | (98.5) |

(1)Includes $0.8 million, $(2.0) million and $0.3 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of fair value changes on the reverse MSR liability and other.
(2)Also refer to Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value for additional information related to the ESS financing liability and Pledged MSR liability, including a tabular presentation of activity of the Pledged MSR liability for the reported years.
(3)MSR transfers that do not achieve sale accounting.
(4)Includes $3.1 million expense recognized in 2022, representing the fair value of the MSRs in excess of the Pledged MSR liability derecognized upon the sale of the related MSRs by MAV to a third party.
MSR valuation adjustments, net exclude fair value changes of reverse mortgage loans net of HMBS related-borrowings which are included in our economic MSR interest rate risk hedge strategy (refer to Note 17 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities), and are separately presented as Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net within our consolidated statement of operations (refer to Note 5 - Reverse Mortgages).

| Year Ended December 31, 2021

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Note 10 — Receivables

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Servicing-related receivables: |  |  |
Government-insured loan claims - Forward | $ | 43.6 |  |  | $ | 65.0 |
Government-insured loan claims - Reverse | 64.5 |  |  | 73.8 |
Due from custodial accounts | 13.8 |  |  | 16.3 |
Subservicing fees and reimbursable expenses | 11.2 |  |  | 11.6 |
Receivable from sale of MSRs (holdback) | 5.1 |  |  | 1.5 |
Subservicing fees and reimbursable expenses - Due from Rithm | 3.1 |  |  | 3.0 |
Subservicing fees, reimbursable expenses and other - Due from MAV | 3.4 |  |  | 1.0 |
Other | 4.5 |  |  | 5.9 |
| 149.2 |  |  | 178.1 |
Income taxes receivable (1) | 27.1 |  |  | 34.4 |
Other receivables | 3.6 |  |  | 2.6 |
| 179.9 |  |  | 215.1 |
Allowance for losses | (25.1) |  |  | (34.3) |
| $ | 154.8 |  |  | $ | 180.8 |

(1)Includes $25.2 million and $32.5 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from the USVI Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) for a refund of income taxes paid in prior years. In December 2022, we executed an agreement with the BIR for payment of the income tax refunds related to tax years 2013 through 2015, plus accrued interest, over a two-year period ending December 31, 2024. The BIR did not make the payment that was due on December 31, 2023 pursuant to the agreement. On February 8, 2024, we filed a lawsuit against the USVI for the refund of income taxes paid in prior years and for the USVI’s breach of the above-referenced agreement.

Allowance for Losses | Years Ended December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 34.3 |  |  | $ | 41.7 |  |  | $ | 39.0 |
Provision | 17.2 |  |  | 13.3 |  |  | 14.6 |
Charge-offs and other, net | (26.5) |  |  | (20.7) |  |  | (11.9) |
Ending balance | $ | 25.1 |  |  | $ | 34.3 |  |  | $ | 41.7 |

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the allowance for losses related to FHA-, VA- or USDA-insured loans repurchased from Ginnie Mae guaranteed securitizations (government-insured claims) was $24.6 million and $33.8 million, respectively.
Note 11 — Premises and Equipment

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Computer hardware | $ | 22.6 |  |  | $ | 25.6 |
Operating lease ROU assets | 17.2 |  |  | 21.0 |
Computer software | 15.0 |  |  | 15.7 |
Leasehold improvements | 6.1 |  |  | 5.3 |
Furniture and fixtures, office equipment and other | 2.5 |  |  | 3.3 |
| 63.4 |  |  | 70.9 |
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization | (50.3) |  |  | (50.7) |
| $ | 13.1 |  |  | $ | 20.2 |

Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions
Investment in MAV Canopy. On December 21, 2020, Ocwen formed a strategic relationship with Oaktree Capital Management L.P. and certain affiliates (collectively Oaktree) to invest in MSRs exclusively subserviced by PHH. The parties initially agreed to invest their pro rata portions of up to an aggregate of $250.0 million in an intermediate holding company,
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MAV Canopy, held 15% by Ocwen and 85% by Oaktree. MAV Canopy’s wholly owned subsidiary MAV is a licensed mortgage servicing company approved to purchase GSE MSRs. PHH and MAV entered into a number of definitive agreements which govern the terms of their business relationship, summarized below.
In 2022, Ocwen and Oaktree entered into an agreement modifying certain terms relating to the capitalization, management and operations of MAV Canopy. Ocwen and Oaktree agreed to increase the aggregate capital contributions to MAV Canopy by up to $250.0 million through May 2, 2024 (in addition to the then contributed capital), subject to extension. On November 1, 2023, Ocwen and Oaktree agreed to extend the commitment period through May 2, 2025, subject to an additional one-year extension by mutual agreement. Ocwen may elect to contribute its 15% pro rata share of the additional capital commitment. To the extent Ocwen does not contribute its pro rata share of the additional capital commitment, the ownership percentages held by Ocwen and Oaktree will be adjusted based on the parties’ current percentage interests, capital contributions and book value.
We account for our 15% investment in MAV Canopy under the equity method. Under the Amended & Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement with MAV Canopy, Ocwen is entitled to receive its 15% percentage interest share of MAV Canopy’s earnings, subject to certain adjustments. In addition, upon MAV Canopy liquidation or upon determination of the MAV Canopy Board of Directors to make advance distributions, Ocwen is entitled to receive a specified portion of the distribution amount available (Promote Distribution), after satisfaction of required distribution thresholds, including a specified internal rate of return threshold on the Oaktree member’s gross adjusted capital contributions. We determined that the Promote Distribution represents an incentive fee under our various service agreements with MAV with a variable consideration and is recognized in earnings when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen has not recognized any such Promote Distribution income.
Subservicing Agreement. PHH Mortgage entered into a Subservicing Agreement with MAV for exclusive rights to service the mortgage loans underlying MSRs owned by MAV. The Subservicing Agreement will continue until terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or for cause, as defined. MAV is permitted to sell the underlying MSR, in whole or in part, without Ocwen’s consent after May 3, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, PHH subserviced a total $55.9 billion UPB on behalf of MAV under the Subservicing Agreement, of which $28.8 billion of MSRs were previously sold by PHH to MAV and do not qualify for sale accounting and thus remain reported on the consolidated balance sheet of PHH, with a fair value of $422.8 million MSR and $409.2 million Pledged MSR liability - see Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value. The fair value of the Pledged MSR liability is determined using the fair value mark provided by third-party valuation experts, consistent with the associated MSR, using the same methodology and assumptions, while considering cash flows contractually retained by PHH during the expected life of the Subservicing Agreement.
Joint Marketing Agreement and Recapture Agreement. In conjunction with the subservicing agreement, PHH and MAV entered into a joint marketing agreement and a flow MSR sale agreement (MSR recapture), whereby PHH is entitled to the exclusive right to solicit and refinance borrowers with loans underlying the MSR owned by MAV, and is obligated to transfer to MAV the MSR associated with the loans so originated. Under the agreements, the parties share the recapture benefits, whereby PHH realizes gains or losses on loans sold and MAV is delivered the recaptured MSR for no cash consideration. The joint marketing agreement and flow MSR sale agreement will continue until terminated by mutual agreement of the parties or for cause, as defined, or at the option of either party if the subservicing agreement is terminated. During 2023 and 2022, PHH transferred UPB of $30.9 million and $275.1 million, respectively, under this agreement (nil in 2021).
Right of First Offer. Until such time as the MAV Canopy capital contributions have been fully funded, Ocwen and its affiliates may not acquire, without Oaktree’s prior written approval, GSE MSRs that meet certain underwriting and other criteria (such criteria are referred to as the “buy-box”) unless Ocwen notifies MAV of the opportunity and MAV does not pursue it by submitting a competitive bid to the MSR seller. In addition, until the earlier of (i) the time that MAV has been fully funded and (ii) May 3, 2025 (subject to one annual extension by mutual agreement), if Ocwen seeks to sell any GSE MSRs that meet the buy-box, Ocwen must first offer such MSRs to MAV before initiating a sale process with a third party. If MAV does not accept Ocwen’s offer, Ocwen may sell the MSRs to a third party on terms no more favorable to the purchaser than those offered to MAV. The price at which Ocwen and its affiliates will offer MSRs to MAV will be based on the valuation of an independent third-party. This first offer provision does not apply to MSRs acquired by PHH prior to May 3, 2021. In addition, MAV must provide Ocwen with reciprocal first offer rights prior to selling certain GSE MSRs originated by PHH after October 1, 2022 that are acquired by MAV under its own first offer rights. As a result of the extension of the commitment period through May 2, 2025 as disclosed above, MAV’s right of first offer to purchase certain GSE MSRs sold by PHH and Ocwen’s reciprocal right of first offer to purchase certain GSE MSRs sold by MAV which were acquired under MAV’s own first offer rights will remain in effect until May 2, 2025 or, if earlier, the date that MAV has been fully funded.
Forward Bulk Servicing Rights Purchase and Sale Agreement. On September 9, 2021, PHH and MAV entered into an MSR purchase and sale agreement whereby PHH sells MAV on a monthly basis certain Fannie Mae MSRs at the price acquired by PHH, subject to certain adjustments. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, PHH transferred MSRs with an aggregate UPB of nil , $6.6 billion and $4.3 billion, respectively, to MAV under this agreement.
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Bulk Mortgage Servicing Rights Purchase and Sale Agreements. During 2023, 2022 and 2021, PHH transferred to MAV certain MSRs in bulk transactions for an aggregate UPB of $6.8 billion, $0.6 billion and $20.7 billion, respectively.
While the MSR title has transferred to MAV, these MSR transfer transactions between PHH and MAV do not qualify for sale accounting primarily due to the termination restrictions of the subservicing agreement, and are accounted for as secured financings. See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
Administrative Services Agreement. Ocwen provides certain administrative services to MAV, including accounting, treasury, human resources, management information, MSR transaction management support, and certain licensing, regulatory and risk management support. Ocwen is entitled to a fee for such services, subject to an annual cap of $0.4 million.
MAV Canopy, MAV and Oaktree are deemed related parties to Ocwen. In addition to the transactions under the agreements described above, Ocwen issued common stock, warrants and senior secured notes to Oaktree in 2021 as described in Note 14 — Borrowings, Note 16 — Stockholders’ Equity, and Note 19 — Interest Expense.
Note 13 — Other Assets

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Contingent loan repurchase asset | $ | 343.0 |  |  | $ | 289.9 |
Prepaid expenses | 24.2 |  |  | 19.8 |
Derivatives, at fair value | 21.6 |  |  | 7.7 |
REO | 18.3 |  |  | 9.8 |
Derivative margin deposit | 12.8 |  |  | 1.5 |
Prepaid lender fees, net | 10.1 |  |  | 7.7 |
Intangible assets, net (net of accumulated amortization of $10.1 million and $5.0 million) | 6.2 |  |  | 14.7 |
Prepaid representation, warranty and indemnification claims - Agency MSR sale | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
Deferred tax assets, net | 3.1 |  |  | 2.6 |
Other | 5.0 |  |  | 5.5 |
| $ | 449.2 |  |  | $ | 364.2 |

Note 14 — Borrowings

Advance Match Funded Liabilities |  | Available Borrowing Capacity |  |  |  | Outstanding Balance at December 31,
Borrowing Type |  |  |  | Expected Repayment Date (1) |  | Un-committed |  | Committed |  |  |  | 2023 |  |  |  | 2022
$500 million Ocwen Master Advance Receivables Trust (OMART) - Advance Receivables Backed Notes - Series 2015-Variable Funding (VF) 5 (2) (3) |  |  |  | August 2025 |  | $ | 50.0 |  |  | $ | 40.2 |  |  |  |  | $ | 409.8 |  |  |  |  | $ | 422.5 |
$200 million Ocwen GSE Advance Funding (OGAF) - Advance Receivables Backed Notes, Series 2015-VF1 (2) (4) |  |  |  | August 2025 |  | — |  |  | 110.9 |  |  |  |  | 89.1 |  |  |  |  | 90.0 |
$14.4 million EBO Advance facility (5) |  |  |  | May 2026 |  | 13.5 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  |  | 1.2 |
|  |  |  |  |  | $ | 63.5 |  |  | $ | 151.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 499.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 513.7 |
Weighted average interest rate (6) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.07 | % |  |  |  | 7.09 | %

(1)The Expected Repayment Date of our facilities, as defined, is the date on which the revolving period ends under each advance facility note and repayment of the outstanding balance is required if the note is not renewed or extended. In certain of our advance facilities, there are multiple notes outstanding.
(2)The committed borrowing capacity under the OMART and OGAF facilities is available to us provided that we have sufficient eligible collateral to pledge. At December 31, 2023, none of the available borrowing capacity of the OMART and OGAF advance financing notes could be used based on the amount of eligible collateral.
(3)In August 2023, the Expected Repayment Date was extended to August 13, 2025 and the borrowing capacity was increased from $450.0 million to $500.0 million.
(4)In August 2023, the Expected Repayment Date was changed to August 22, 2025 and the borrowing capacity was increased from $90.0 million to $200.0 million.
(5)At December 31, 2023, none of the available borrowing capacity of the facility could be used based on the amount of eligible collateral.
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(6)The weighted average interest rate excludes the effect of the amortization of prepaid lender fees. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance of unamortized prepaid lender fees was $5.5 million and $2.3 million, respectively, and are included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

Mortgage Loan Financing Facilities |  |  |  | Available Borrowing Capacity |  | Outstanding Balance at December 31, |  |
Borrowing Type |  | Collateral |  |  |  | Maturity |  | Un-committed |  | Committed (1) |  | 2023 |  | 2022 |  |
$175 million Master repurchase agreement (2) |  | Loans held for sale (LHFS), Receivables and REO |  |  |  | October 2024 |  | $ | 125.0 |  |  | $ | 34.3 |  |  | $ | 15.7 |  | $ | 142.2 |  |
Master repurchase agreement (3) |  | LHFS and Loans held for investment (LHFI) |  |  |  | N/A |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | 100.3 |  |
$350 million Mortgage warehouse agreement (4) |  | LHFS |  |  |  | N/A |  | 350.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |
$400 million Participation agreement (5) |  | LHFS |  |  |  | September 2024 |  | 316.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 83.9 |  | 64.3 |  |
$200 million Master repurchase agreement (6) |  | LHFS, LHFI and receivables |  |  |  | September 2024 |  | — |  |  | 135.8 |  |  | 64.2 |  | 26.1 |  |  |
Master repurchase agreement (7) |  | LHFS |  |  |  | June 2024 |  | — |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |
$40 million Loan and security agreement (8) |  | LHFI |  |  |  | April 2024 |  | — |  |  | 40.0 |  |  | — |  | 7.8 |  |
$204 million Master purchase and servicing agreement (9) |  | LHFS and LHFI |  |  |  | March 2024 |  | 132.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 71.1 |  | 44.2 |  |  |
$230 million Mortgage warehouse agreement (10) |  | LHFS and Receivables |  |  |  | (10) |  | 217.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 12.2 |  | 21.9 |  |  |
Master repurchase agreement (11) |  | LHFS |  |  |  | (11) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 151.7 |  | — |  |  |
$50 million Loan and security agreement (12) |  | LHFS and Receivables |  |  |  | March 2024 |  | — |  |  | 50.0 |  |  | — |  | 7.2 |  |  |
$500 million Master repurchase agreement (13) |  | LHFS and LHFI |  |  |  | April 2024 |  | 250.0 |  |  | 81.6 |  |  | 168.4 |  | 288.8 |  |  |
$200 million Master repurchase agreement (14) |  | LHFS, Receivables and REO |  |  |  | April 2024 |  | 200.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |
OLIT Asset-Backed Notes (15) |  | Reverse LHFS, Receivables and REO |  |  |  | June 2036 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 164.4 |  | — |  |  |
$30 million Loan and security agreement (16) |  | LHFI |  |  |  | September 2024 |  | — |  |  | 30.0 |  |  | — |  | — |  |  |
Total Mortgage Loan Financing Facilities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,591.7 |  |  | $ | 372.7 |  |  | $ | 731.6 |  | $ | 702.7 |  |
Unamortized discount and debt issuance costs - OLIT Notes |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | (21.0) |  | $ | — |  |
Total Mortgage Loan Financing Facilities, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 710.6 |  | $ | 702.7 |  |
Weighted average interest rate (17) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.15 | % |  | 5.74 | % |  |

(1)Of the borrowing capacity on mortgage loan financing facilities extended on a committed basis, $39.2 million of the available borrowing capacity could be used at December 31, 2023 based on the amount of eligible collateral that could be pledged on a committed basis.
(2)In October 2023, the maturity date of the facility was extended to October 11,2024.
(3)On February 9, 2023, we voluntarily allowed the facility to mature.
(4)This agreement has no stated maturity date. In 2023, the uncommitted borrowing capacity was increased from $50.0 million to $350.0 million.
(5)In September 2023, the maturity date was extended to September 20, 2024 and the uncommitted borrowing capacity was reduced from $650.0 million to $400.0 million after November 30, 2023 upon mutual agreement.
(6)In September 2023, the maturity date was extended to September 20, 2024 and the committed borrowing capacity was increased from $173.0 million to $200.0 million.
(7)In June 2023, the maturity date was extended to June 22, 2024.
(8)In July 2023, the committed borrowing capacity was reduced from $50.0 million to $40.0 million. In January 2024, the maturity date was extended to April 9,2024.
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(9)In May 2023, the maturity date was extended to March 31, 2024 and the interest rate margin was revised.
(10)The agreement has no stated maturity date, however each transaction has a maximum duration of four years.
(11)This repurchase agreement provides borrowing at our discretion up to a certain maximum amount of capacity on a rolling 90-day committed basis. This facility is structured as a gestation repurchase facility whereby dry Agency mortgage loans are transferred to a trust which issues a trust certificate that is pledged as the collateral for the borrowings. Each certificate is renewed monthly and the interest rate for this facility is 1-Month (1M) Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) plus applicable margin. See Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities for additional information.
(12)This revolving facility agreement provides committed borrowing capacity secured by eligible HECM loans that are active buyouts, as defined in the agreement. In April 2023, the maturity date was extended to March 31, 2024.
(13)In June 2023, the total borrowing capacity was increased to $700.0 million until November 30,2023 after which the borrowing capacity was reduced to $500.0 million, of which $250.0 million is committed. In April 2023, the maturity date was extended to April 6, 2024.
(14)On April 3, 2023, we entered into a master repurchase agreement with a total uncommitted borrowing capacity of $200.0 million to finance the purchase of reverse mortgage loans held for sale, claim receivables from HUD and REOs at an interest rate of 1M Term SOFR plus applicable margin.
(15)In June 2023, OLIT issued different classes of Asset-Backed Notes with an initial principal amount of $264.9 million, at a discount, with a stated interest rate of 3.0% and a mandatory call date of June 2026. Payments of interest and principal are made from available funds from a pool of reverse mortgage buyout loans and REOs in accordance with the indenture priority of payments. Also see Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities.
(16)On September 22, 2023, we entered into a Loan and security agreement with a total committed borrowing capacity of $30.0 million to finance HECM tails at an interest rate of 1M Term SOFR plus applicable margin.
(17)The weighted average interest rate excludes the effect of the amortization of prepaid lender fees. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, unamortized prepaid lender fees were $1.0 million and $0.5 million, respectively, and are included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.

MSR Financing Facilities, net |  |  |  | Available Borrowing Capacity |  | Outstanding Balance at December 31,
Borrowing Type |  | Collateral |  |  |  | Maturity |  | Un-committed |  | Committed (1) |  | 2023 |  | 2022
$365 million GSE MSR financing facility (2) |  | MSRs |  |  |  | June 2024 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 122.1 |  |  | $ | 242.9 |  | $ | 309.8
$250 million Ginnie Mae MSR financing facility (3) |  | MSRs, Advances |  |  |  | April 2024 |  | 37.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 212.5 |  | 157.9
Ocwen Excess Spread-Collateralized Notes, Series 2022-PLS1 (4) |  | MSRs |  |  |  | February 2025 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39.2 |  | 56.7
Secured Notes, Ocwen Asset Servicing Income Series Notes, Series 2014-1 (5) |  | MSRs |  |  |  | February 2028 |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28.1 |  | 33.4
$400 million GSE MSR financing facility - (6) |  | MSRs |  |  |  | December 2025 |  | — |  |  | 6.1 |  |  | 393.9 |  | 396.8
Total MSR financing facilities |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 37.5 |  |  | $ | 128.2 |  |  | $ | 916.6 |  |  | $ | 954.6 |
Unamortized debt issuance costs - PLS Notes (7) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (0.4) |  | (0.8)
Total MSR financing facilities, net |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 916.2 |  | $ | 953.8
Weighted average interest rate (8) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8.18% |  | 7.31%

(1)Of the borrowing capacity on MSR financing facilities extended on a committed basis, $0.7 million of the available borrowing capacity could be used at December 31, 2023 based on the amount of eligible collateral that could be pledged on a committed basis.
(2)PHH’s obligations under this facility are secured by a lien on certain related MSRs. Ocwen guarantees the obligations of PHH under this facility. See Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities for additional information. We are subject to daily margining requirements under the terms of the facility. In June 2023, the maturity date of this facility was extended to June 28, 2024, the committed borrowing capacity was reduced by $185.0 million to $265.0 million, and the interest rate margin was revised. In December 2023, the committed borrowing capacity was increased to $365.0 million.
(3)In connection with this facility, PHH entered into a repurchase agreement pursuant to which PHH has sold a participation certificate representing certain economic interests in the Ginnie Mae MSRs and servicing advances and has agreed to repurchase such participation certificate at a future date at the repurchase price set forth in the repurchase agreement. PHH’s obligations under this facility are secured by a lien on the related Ginnie Mae MSRs and servicing advances. Ocwen guarantees the obligations of PHH under the facility. We are subject to daily margining requirements under the terms of the facility. In April 2023, the maturity date of this facility was extended to April 26, 2024. On September 29,2023, we entered into a joint assignment and assumption agreement and the total borrowing capacity of the facility was increased from $200.0 million to $250.0 million and the committed borrowing capacity was voluntarily reduced from $100.0 million to zero.
(4)The single class PLS Notes are an amortizing debt instrument with an original principal amount of $75.0 million and a fixed interest rate of 5.114%. The PLS Notes are issued by a trust (PLS Issuer) that is included in our consolidated financial statements, and PLS Issuer’s obligations under the facility are secured by a lien on the related PLS MSRs. Ocwen guarantees the obligations of PLS Issuer under the
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facility. The principal balance amortizes in accordance with a predetermined schedule subject to modification under certain events, with a final payment due in February 2025. See Note 2 — Securitizations and Variable Interest Entities for additional information.
(5)OASIS noteholders are entitled to receive a monthly payment equal to the sum of: (a) 21 basis points of the UPB of the reference pool of Freddie Mac mortgages; (b) any termination payment amounts; (c) any excess refinance amounts; and (d) the note redemption amounts, each as defined in the indenture supplement for the notes. Monthly amortization of the liability is estimated using the proportion of monthly projected service fees on the underlying MSRs as a percentage of lifetime projected fees, adjusted for the term of the notes.
(6)This facility is secured by a lien on certain of PHH’s Agency MSRs and is subject to daily margining requirements. Any outstanding borrowings on the revolving loan will convert into a term loan in November 2024.
(7)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, unamortized prepaid lender fees related to revolving-type MSR financing facilities were $3.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively, and are included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
(8)The weighted average interest rate excludes the effect of the amortization of debt issuance costs and prepaid lender fees.

Senior Notes |  |  |  |  | Outstanding Balance at December 31,
| Interest Rate (1) |  | Maturity |  | 2023 |  | 2022
PMC Senior Secured Notes | 7.875% |  | March 2026 |  | $ | 360.0 |  |  | $ | 375.0 |
OFC Senior Secured Notes (due to related parties) | 12% paid in cash or 13.25% paid-in-kind |  | March 2027 |  | 285.0 |  |  | 285.0 |
Principal balance |  |  |  |  | 645.0 |  |  | 660.0 |
Discount (2) |  |  |  |  | (0.9) |  |  | (1.3) |
Unamortized debt issuance costs (2) |  |  |  |  | (3.0) |  |  | (4.3) |
PMC Senior Secured Notes |  |  |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | (5.6) |
Discount (2) (3) |  |  |  |  | (39.1) |  |  | (47.3) |
Unamortized debt issuance costs (2) |  |  |  |  | (6.2) |  |  | (7.5) |
OFC Senior Secured Notes |  |  |  |  | (45.3) |  |  | (54.8) |
|  |  |  |  | $ | 595.8 |  |  | $ | 599.6 |

(1)Excluding the effect of the amortization of debt issuance costs and discount.
(2)The discount and debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense through the maturity of the respective notes.
(3)Includes original issue discount (OID) and additional discount related to the concurrent issuance of warrants and common stock. See below for additional information.
Issuance of 7.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2026
On March 4, 2021, PHH (formerly referred to as PMC) completed the issuance and sale of $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 7.875% senior secured notes due March 15, 2026 (the PMC Senior Secured Notes) at a discount of $2.1 million. The PMC Senior Secured Notes are guaranteed on a senior secured basis by Ocwen and PHH Corporation and were sold in an offering exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act). Interest on the PMC Senior Secured Notes accrues at a rate of 7.875% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2021.
PHH may redeem some or all of the PMC Senior Secured Notes at its option at the following redemption prices, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, on the notes redeemed to, but excluding, the redemption date if redeemed during the 12-month period beginning on March 15th of the years indicated below:

Redemption Year |  | Redemption Price
2023 |  | 103.938 | %
2024 |  | 101.969 |
2025 and thereafter |  | 100.000 |

The Indenture contains customary covenants for debt securities of this type that limit the ability of PHH Corporation and its restricted subsidiaries (including PHH) to, among other things, (i) incur or guarantee additional indebtedness, (ii) incur liens, (iii) pay dividends on or make distributions in respect of PHH Corporation’s capital stock or make other restricted payments, (iv) make investments, (v) consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of certain assets, and (vi) enter into transactions with Ocwen’s affiliates.
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In 2023 and 2022, we repurchased and extinguished a total of $15.0 million and $25.0 million, respectively, of the PMC Senior Secured Notes in the open market for a price of $13.5 million and $23.6 million, and recognized a gain of $1.3 million and $0.9 million on debt extinguishment, net of the respective write-off of unamortized discount and debt issuance costs.
Issuance of OFC Senior Secured Notes
On March 4, 2021, Ocwen completed the private placement of $199.5 million aggregate principal amount of senior secured notes (the OFC Senior Secured Notes) with an OID of $24.5 million to certain entities owned by funds and accounts managed by Oaktree Capital Management, L.P. (the Oaktree Investors). Concurrent with the issuance of the OFC Senior Secured Notes, Ocwen issued to the Oaktree Investors warrants to purchase shares of its common stock. The $158.5 million proceeds were allocated to the OFC Senior Secured Notes on a relative fair value basis resulting in an initial discount.
On May 3, 2021, Ocwen issued to Oaktree the second tranche of the OFC Senior Secured Notes in an aggregate principal amount of $85.5 million with an OID of $10.5 million. Concurrent with the issuance of the second tranche of OFC Senior Secured Notes, Ocwen issued to the Oaktree Investors shares and warrants to purchase shares of its common stock. The $68.0 million proceeds were allocated to the OFC Senior Secured Notes on a relative fair value basis resulting in an initial discount. See Note 16 — Stockholders’ Equity for additional information regarding the issuance of common stock and warrants.
The OFC Senior Secured Notes mature on March 4, 2027 with no amortization of principal. Interest is payable quarterly in arrears on the last business day of each March, June, September and December and accrues at the rate of 12% per annum to the extent interest is paid in cash or 13.25% per annum to the extent interest is “paid-in-kind” through an increase in the principal amount or the issuance of additional notes (PIK Interest). A minimum amount of interest is required to be paid in cash equal to the lesser of (i) 7% per annum of the outstanding principal amount of the OFC Senior Secured Notes and (ii) the total amount of unrestricted cash of Ocwen and its subsidiaries less the greater of $125.0 million and the minimum liquidity amounts required by any agency.
The OFC Senior Secured Notes are solely the obligation of Ocwen and are secured by a pledge of substantially all of the assets of Ocwen, including a pledge of the equity of Ocwen’s directly held subsidiaries. The lien on Ocwen’s assets securing the OFC Senior Secured Notes is junior to the lien securing Ocwen’s guarantee of the 7.875% PMC Senior Secured Notes described above. The OFC Senior Secured Notes are not guaranteed by any of Ocwen’s subsidiaries nor are they secured by a pledge or lien on any assets of Ocwen’s subsidiaries.
Prior to March 4, 2026, we are permitted to redeem the OFC Senior Secured Notes in whole or in part at any time at a redemption price equal to par, plus a make-whole premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest. The make-whole premium represents the present value of all scheduled interest payments due through March 4, 2026. On and after March 4, 2026, we will be permitted to redeem the OFC Senior Secured Notes in whole or in part at any time at a redemption price equal to par plus accrued and unpaid interest.
Credit Ratings
Credit ratings are intended to be an indicator of the creditworthiness of a company’s debt obligations. On January 25, 2024, S&P affirmed the issuer credit rating for Ocwen of “B-” and the “B” rating of the PMC Senior Secured Notes. On August 15, 2022, Moody’s affirmed PHH’s long-term corporate family ratings of Caa1 and revised their outlook to Positive from Stable. It is possible that additional actions by credit rating agencies could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity and funding position, including materially changing the terms on which we may be able to borrow money.
Covenants
Under the terms of our debt agreements, we are subject to various affirmative and negative covenants. Collectively, these covenants include:
•Financial covenants, including, but not limited to, specified levels of net worth, liquidity and leverage;
•Covenants to operate in material compliance with applicable laws;
•Restrictions on our ability to engage in various activities, including but not limited to incurring or guarantying additional forms of debt, paying dividends or making distributions on or purchasing equity interests of Ocwen and its subsidiaries, repurchasing or redeeming capital stock or junior capital, repurchasing or redeeming subordinated debt prior to maturity, issuing preferred stock, selling or transferring assets or making loans or investments or other restricted payments, entering into mergers or consolidations or sales of all or substantially all of the assets of Ocwen and its subsidiaries or of PHH Corporation or PHH and their respective subsidiaries, creating liens on assets to secure debt, and entering into transactions with affiliates;
•Monitoring and reporting of various specified transactions or events, including specific reporting on defined events affecting collateral underlying certain debt agreements; and
•Requirements to provide audited financial statements within specified timeframes, including requirements that Ocwen’s financial statements and the related audit report be unqualified as to going concern.
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The most restrictive consolidated net worth requirement contained in our debt agreements with borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2023, excluding additional Agency minimum requirements, is a minimum of $275.0 million and $300.0 million tangible net worth for Ocwen and PHH, respectively. The most restrictive liquidity requirement under our debt agreements with borrowings outstanding at December 31, 2023, excluding additional Agency minimum requirements, is for a minimum of $75.0 million for both Ocwen and PHH consolidated liquidity. The minimum tangible net worth and liquidity requirements at PHH contained in some debt agreements are also subject to the minimum requirements set forth by the Agencies, refer to Note 24 — Regulatory Requirements.
As a result of the covenants to which we are subject, we may be limited in the manner in which we conduct our business and may be limited in our ability to engage in favorable business and investment activities or raise certain types of capital to finance future operations or satisfy future liquidity needs. In addition, breaches or events that may result in a default under our debt agreements include, among other things, nonpayment of principal or interest, noncompliance with our covenants, breach of representations, the occurrence of a material adverse change, insolvency, bankruptcy, certain material judgments and changes of control.
Covenants and default provisions of this type are commonly found in debt agreements such as ours. Certain of these covenants and default provisions are open to subjective interpretation and, if our interpretation was contested by a lender, a court may ultimately be required to determine compliance or lack thereof. In addition, our debt agreements generally include cross default provisions such that a default under one agreement could trigger defaults under other agreements. If we fail to comply with our debt agreements and are unable to avoid, remedy or secure a waiver of any resulting default, we may be subject to adverse action by our lenders, including termination of further funding, acceleration of outstanding obligations, enforcement of liens against the assets securing or otherwise supporting our obligations and other legal remedies. Our lenders can waive their contractual rights in the event of a default.
We believe we were in compliance with all of the covenants in our debt agreements as of the date of these consolidated financial statements.
Collateral
Our assets held as collateral for secured borrowings and other unencumbered assets which may be subject to a lien under various collateralized borrowings are as follows at December 31, 2023:

| Assets |  | Pledged Assets |  | Collateralized Borrowings |  |  |  | Unencumbered Assets (1) |  |  |
Cash | $ | 201.6 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  |  | $ | 201.6 |  |  |  |
Restricted cash | 53.5 |  |  | 53.5 |  |  | 6.3 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Loans held for sale | 677.3 |  |  | 618.4 |  |  | 605.0 |  |  |  |  | 58.8 |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment - securitized (2) | 7,868.5 |  |  | 7,868.5 |  |  | 7,797.3 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Loans held for investment - unsecuritized | 101.5 |  |  | 63.1 |  |  | 56.1 |  |  |  |  | 38.3 |  |  |  |
MSRs (3) | 1,604.6 |  |  | 1,616.2 |  |  | 1,119.5 |  |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  |
Advances, net | 678.8 |  |  | 574.5 |  |  | 545.6 |  |  |  |  | 104.2 |  |  |  |
Receivables, net | 154.8 |  |  | 50.8 |  |  | 51.1 |  |  |  |  | 103.9 |  |  |  |
REO | 18.3 |  |  | 12.5 |  |  | 13.0 |  |  |  |  | 5.7 |  |  |  |
Total (4) | $ | 11,358.8 |  |  | $ | 10,857.7 |  |  | $ | 10,194.1 |  |  |  |  | $ | 513.5 |  |  |  |

(1)Certain assets are pledged as collateral to the PMC Senior Secured Notes and OFC Senior Secured (second lien) Notes.
(2)Reverse mortgage loans and real estate owned are pledged as collateral to the HMBS beneficial interest holders, and are not available to satisfy the claims of our creditors. Ginnie Mae, as guarantor of the HMBS, is obligated to the holders of the HMBS in an instance of PHH’s default on its servicing obligations, or if the proceeds realized on HECMs are insufficient to repay all outstanding HMBS related obligations. Ginnie Mae has recourse to PHH in connection with certain claims relating to the performance and obligations of PHH as both issuer of HMBS and servicer of HECMs underlying HMBS.
(3)Excludes MSRs transferred to MAV, Rithm and others, and associated Pledged MSR liability recorded as sale accounting criteria are not met. Pledged assets exceed the MSR asset balance due to the netting of certain PLS MSR portfolios with negative and positive fair values as eligible collateral.
(4)The total of selected assets disclosed in the above table does not represent the total consolidated assets of Ocwen. For example, the total excludes premises and equipment and certain other assets.
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The OFC Senior Secured Notes due 2027 have a second lien priority on specified security interests, as defined under the OFC Senior Secured Note Agreement and summarized in the table below, and have a priority lien on the following assets: investments by OFC in subsidiaries not guaranteeing the PMC Senior Secured Notes, including PHH Corporation and MAV; cash and investment accounts at OFC; and certain other assets, including receivables.

| As of December 31, 2023
Specified net servicing advances | $ | 177.9
Specified deferred servicing fee | 4.1
Specified MSR value less borrowings | 586.2
Specified unrestricted cash balances | 124.2
Specified advance facility reserves | 15.7
Specified loan value | 116.1
Specified residual value | —
Total | $ | 1,024.1

Maturities of Borrowings and Management’s Plans to Address Maturing Borrowings
Certain of our borrowings mature within one year of the date of issuance of these financial statements. Based on management’s evaluation, we expect to renew, replace or extend all such borrowings to the extent necessary to finance our business on or prior to their respective maturities consistent with our historical experience.

| Expected Maturity/Repayment Date (1) |  |  |  |
| 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2026 |  | 2027 |  | 2028 |  | Thereafter |  | Total Balance |  | Fair Value
Advance match funded liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | 498.9 |  |  | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 499.7 |  |  | $ | 499.7 |
Mortgage loan financing facilities | 567.2 |  |  | — |  |  | 164.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 731.6 |  |  | 717.6 |
MSR financing facilities | 469.3 |  |  | 419.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 28.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 916.6 |  |  | 900.3 |
Senior notes | — |  |  | — |  |  | 360.0 |  |  | 285.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 645.0 |  |  | 556.5 |
| $ | 1,036.5 |  |  | $ | 918.1 |  |  | $ | 525.2 |  |  | $ | 285.0 |  |  | $ | 28.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,792.9 |  |  | $ | 2,674.1 |

(1)Amounts are exclusive of any related discount, unamortized debt issuance costs or fair value adjustment.
Our MSR financing facilities provide funding based on an advance rate of MSR value that is subject to periodic mark-to-market valuation adjustments. In the normal course, MSR value is expected to decline over time due to runoff of the loan balances in our servicing portfolio. As a result, we anticipate having to repay a portion of our MSR debt over a given time period. The requirements to repay MSR debt including those due to unfavorable fair value adjustment, for example due to a decline in market interest rates, may require us to allocate a substantial amount of our available liquidity or future cash flows to meet these requirements.
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Note 15 — Other Liabilities

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Contingent loan repurchase liability | $ | 343.0 |  |  | $ | 289.9 |
Other accrued expenses | 67.5 |  |  | 75.9 |
Checks held for escheat | 52.0 |  |  | 48.1 |
Due to Rithm - Advance collections and servicing fees | 50.3 |  |  | 64.4 |
Servicing-related obligations | 48.4 |  |  | 40.1 |
Liability for indemnification obligations | 35.5 |  |  | 43.8 |
Accrued interest payable | 14.3 |  |  | 13.7 |
Liability for uncertain tax positions | 12.2 |  |  | 10.9 |
Derivative related payables | 10.7 |  |  | 6.0 |
Lease liability | 10.2 |  |  | 16.6 |
Liability for unfunded pension obligation and India gratuity plan | 9.2 |  |  | 9.3 |
Accrued legal fees and settlements | 8.3 |  |  | 42.2 |
Income taxes payable | 8.2 |  |  | 6.2 |
Derivatives, at fair value | 7.0 |  |  | 15.7 |
Mortgage insurance premium payable | 5.0 |  |  | 5.0 |
MSR purchase price holdback | 3.8 |  |  | 13.9 |
Excess servicing fee spread payable | 3.6 |  |  | 3.4 |
Other | 3.2 |  |  | 3.4 |
| $ | 692.3 |  |  | $ | 708.5 |

The following table presents the activity related to the Accrued legal fees and settlements:

Accrued Legal Fees and Settlements | Years Ended December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 42.2 |  |  | $ | 44.0 |  |  | $ | 38.9 |
Accrual for (reversal of) probable losses (1) | (30.0) |  |  | 6.6 |  |  | 9.4 |
Payments (2) | (3.8) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (5.5) |
Net increase (decrease) in accrued legal fees | (0.1) |  |  | (1.5) |  |  | 1.2 |
Ending balance | $ | 8.3 |  |  | $ | 42.2 |  |  | $ | 44.0 |

(1)Consists of amounts accrued for probable losses or reversed in connection with legal and regulatory settlements and judgments. Such amounts are reported in Professional services expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
(2)Includes cash payments made in connection with resolved legal and regulatory matters.
Note 16 — Stockholders’ Equity
Common Stock
As disclosed in Note 14 — Borrowings, concurrent with the issuance of the OFC Senior Secured Notes on March 4, 2021, Ocwen issued to Oaktree warrants to purchase 1,184,768 shares of its common stock (which amount, upon exercise of the warrants, would be equal to 12% of Ocwen’s outstanding common stock as of the date of issuance of such warrants) at an exercise price of $26.82 per share, subject to antidilution adjustments. The warrants may be exercised at any time from the date of issuance through March 4, 2027, in cash or pursuant to a cashless exercise, as defined. On March 4, 2021, the $16.5 million allocated fair value of the warrants was reported as Additional Paid-in Capital in our consolidated balance sheet, net of allocated debt issuance costs of $0.8 million.
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On May 3, 2021, concurrent with the issuance of the second tranche of OFC Senior Secured Notes described above, and in connection with the closing of the Transaction Agreement dated December 21, 2020 and disclosed in Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions, we issued to Oaktree 426,705 shares of our common stock, representing 4.9% of our then outstanding common stock, at a price per share of $23.15 for an aggregate purchase price of $9.9 million, and warrants to purchase 261,248 shares of our common stock (which amount was equal to 3% of Ocwen’s outstanding common stock as of the date of issuance of such warrants) at a price per share of $24.31 in consideration of the transaction. The warrants may be exercised at any time from the date of issuance through May 3, 2025, in cash or pursuant to a cashless exercise, as defined. On May 3, 2021, the $12.6 million allocated fair value of the common stock and $4.3 million allocated fair value of the warrants was reported as Common stock, at par value of the shares issued, and Additional Paid-in Capital in our consolidated balance sheet, net of allocated debt issuance costs of $0.5 million.
Pursuant to a registration rights agreement with Oaktree, we registered with the SEC for resale the issued shares of common stock and the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants described above.
On May 20, 2022, Ocwen’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program for an aggregate amount of up to $50.0 million of Ocwen’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock. The repurchase program is intended to qualify for the affirmative defense provided by Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Prior to the expiration of the program on November 20, 2022, we completed the repurchase of 1,750,557 shares of our common stock in the open market under this program at prevailing market prices for a total purchase price of $50.0 million (including commissions) at an average price per share of $28.53. The repurchased shares were retired in tranches throughout the term of the program.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL), net of income taxes, were as follows:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Unfunded pension plan obligation, net | $ | 0.9 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |
Unrealized losses on cash flow hedges, net | 0.4 |  |  | 0.5 |
Other | (0.2) |  |  | (0.1) |
| $ | 1.2 |  |  | $ | 2.5 |

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Note 17 — Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities
The table below summarizes the fair value, notional and maturity of our derivative instruments. The notional amount of our contracts does not represent our exposure to credit loss. None of the derivatives were designated as a hedge for accounting purposes as of or during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

|  | December 31, 2023 |  | December 31, 2022
|  | Maturities | Notional | Fair Value |  | Maturities | Notional | Fair Value
Derivative Assets (Other assets) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward sales of Reverse loans |  | NA | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | January 2023 | $ | 20.0 |  | $ | 0.1 |
Forward loans IRLCs |  | January - May 2024 | 592.5 |  | 5.1 |  |  | N/A | — |  | — |
Reverse loans IRLCs |  | February 2024 | 22.1 |  | 0.6 |  |  | January 2023 | 13.8 |  | 0.6 |
TBA forward MBS trades |  | January - March 2024 | 1,818.6 |  | 10.1 |  |  | January - March 2023 | 804.0 |  | 6.6 |
Forward sales of Forward loans |  | January 2024 | 5.5 |  | — |  |  | January 2023 | 100.0 |  | 0.4 |
Interest rate swap futures |  | March 2024 | 790.0 |  | 3.9 |  |  | N/A | — |  | — |
Interest rate option contracts |  | January 2024 | 750.0 |  | 1.9 |  |  | N/A | — |  | — |
Total |  |  | $ | 3,978.7 |  | $ | 21.6 |  |  |  | $ | 937.8 |  | $ | 7.7 |
Derivative Liabilities (Other liabilities) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward loans IRLCs |  | NA | $ | — |  | $ | — |  |  | January - April 2023 | $ | 540.1 |  | $ | (1.3) |
Forward sales of Reverse loans |  | January 2024 | 50.0 |  | (0.1) |  |  | January 2023 | 20.0 |  | (0.1) |
TBA forward MBS trades |  | January - March 2024 | 854.9 |  | (6.8) |  |  | January - February 2023 | 85.0 |  | (0.7) |
Interest rate swap futures |  | NA | — |  | — |  |  | January 2023 | 670.0 |  | (13.6) |
Other |  | N/A | 15.3 |  | (0.1) |  |  | N/A | 56.4 |  | (0.1) |
Total |  |  | $ | 920.2 |  | $ | (7.0) |  |  |  | $ | 1,371.4 |  | $ | (15.7) |

The table below summarizes the net gains and losses of our derivative instruments recognized in our consolidated statements of operations.

| Years Ended December 31, |  |
Gain (Loss) | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Financial Statement Line
Derivative Instruments |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Forward loans IRLCs | $ | 6.4 |  |  | $ | (17.4) |  |  | $ | (6.2) |  |  | Gain on loans held for sale, net
Reverse loans IRLCs | (0.1) |  |  | (1.4) |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net
TBA trades (economically hedging forward pipeline trades and EBO pipeline) | 19.1 |  |  | 101.3 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | Gain on loans held for sale, net (Economic hedge)
Forward trades (economically hedging forward pipeline trades and EBO pipeline) | (0.4) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | Gain on loans held for sale, net (Economic hedge)
TBA trades (economically hedging reverse pipeline trades) | — |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | — |  |  | Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net
Interest rate swap futures, TBA trades and interest rate option contracts | (33.1) |  |  | (106.9) |  |  | (9.5) |  |  | MSR valuation adjustments, net
Forward sales of Reverse loans | (0.2) |  |  | (0.3) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net
Other | 0.2 |  |  | 1.0 |  |  | (1.1) |  |  | Other, net
Total | $ | (8.2) |  |  | $ | (23.5) |  |  | $ | (13.3) |  |  |

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Interest Rate Risk
MSR Hedging
MSRs are carried at fair value with changes in fair value being recorded in earnings in the period in which the changes occur. The fair value of MSRs is subject to changes in market interest rates among other inputs and assumptions.
The objective of our MSR interest rate risk management and hedging policy is to protect shareholders’ equity and earnings against the fair value volatility of interest-rate sensitive MSR portfolio exposure, considering market, liquidity, cost and other conditions. The interest-rate sensitive MSR portfolio exposure is defined as follows:
•Agency MSR portfolio,
•expected Agency MSR bulk transactions subject to letters of intent (LOI),
•less the Agency MSRs subject to our sale agreements with MAV, Rithm and others, also referred to as Pledged MSR liabilities (See Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value),
•less the asset value for securitized HECM loans, net of the corresponding HMBS-related borrowings,
•other interest-rate sensitive exposures, including our ESS financing liabilities, as deemed appropriate by the Market Risk Committee.
The hedge coverage ratio, defined as the ratio of hedge and asset rate sensitivity (referred to as DV01) is subject to lower and upper target thresholds under our policy. We regularly evaluate the hedge coverage ratio at the intended shock interval to determine if it is relevant or warrants adjustment based on market conditions, symmetry of interest rate risk exposure, liquidity impacts under shock scenarios and other factors. As the market dictates, management may choose to maintain the hedge coverage ratio at different thresholds, with approval of the Market Risk Committee, in order to preserve liquidity and/or optimize asset returns.
Prior to September 2022, the hedge coverage ratio was required to remain within a minimum of 40% and maximum of 60%. Effective September 2022, a minimum 25% and 30% hedge coverage ratios were required for interest rate declines less than, and more than 50 basis points, respectively. During the second quarter of 2023, management raised its minimum hedge coverage ratio to 60%. Effective December 2023, we established a targeted hedge coverage ratio range between 95% and 105%.
With a partial hedge coverage ratio, the changes in fair value of our hedging instruments may not fully offset the changes in fair value of our net MSR portfolio exposure attributable to interest rate changes. In addition, while DV01 measures may remain within the range of our hedging strategy’s objective, actual changes in fair value of the derivatives and MSR portfolio may not offset to the same extent, due to non-parallel changes in the interest rate curve and the basis risk inherent in the MSR profile and hedging instruments, among other factors. We continuously evaluate the use of hedging instruments with the objective of enhancing the effectiveness of our interest rate hedging strategy.
Our derivative instruments include forward trades of MBS or Agency TBAs with different banking counterparties, exchange-traded interest rate swap futures and interest rate options. These derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedges. TBAs, or To-Be-Announced securities, are actively traded, forward contracts to purchase or sell Agency MBS on a specific future date. From time to time, we enter into exchange-traded options contracts with purchased put options financed by written call options. We report changes in fair value of these derivative instruments in MSR valuation adjustments, net in our consolidated statements of operations, within the Servicing segment. We may, from time to time, establish inter-segment derivative instruments between the MSR and pipeline hedging strategies to minimize the use of third-party derivatives. The fair value gains and losses of such inter-segment derivatives effectively reclassify certain derivative gains and losses between MSR valuation adjustments, net within the Servicing segment and Gain on loans held for sale, net within the Originations segment to reflect the performance of these economic hedging strategies in the appropriate segments (see Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting for the amount of such reclassification). Such inter-segment derivatives are eliminated in our consolidated financial statements.
The derivative instruments are subject to margin requirements, posted as either initial or variation margin. Ocwen may be required to post or may be entitled to receive cash collateral with its counterparties through margin calls, based on daily value changes of the instruments. Changes in market factors, including interest rates, and our credit rating may require us to post additional cash collateral and could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and liquidity.
Pipeline Hedging - Interest Rate Lock Commitments and Loans Held for Sale, at Fair Value
In our Originations business, we are exposed to interest rate risk and related price risk during the period from the date of the interest rate lock commitment through (i) the lock commitment cancellation or expiration date or (ii) through the date of sale or securitization of the resulting loan into the secondary mortgage market. Loan commitments for forward loans generally range from 5 to 75 days, with the majority of our commitments to borrowers for 40 to 60 days and our commitments to correspondent sellers for 5 to 30 days. Loans held for sale are generally funded and sold within 5 to 30 days. This interest rate exposure of loans and IRLCs is economically hedged with derivative instruments, including forward sales of Agency TBAs. The objective
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of our pipeline hedging strategy is to reduce the volatility of the fair value of IRLCs and loans due to market interest rates, thus to preserve the initial gain on sale margin at lock date. We report changes in fair value of these derivative instruments as gain or loss on economic hedge instruments within either Gain on loans held for sale, net or Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
Note 18 — Interest Income

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Loans held for sale | $ | 71.3 |  |  | $ | 43.9 |  |  | $ | 25.9 |
Interest earning cash deposits and other | 6.7 |  |  | 1.7 |  |  | 0.5 |
| $ | 78.0 |  |  | $ | 45.6 |  |  | $ | 26.4 |

Note 19 — Interest Expense

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
OFC Senior Secured Notes (1) | $ | 43.8 |  |  | $ | 42.1 |  |  | $ | 31.7 |
PHH senior notes | 30.8 |  |  | 31.8 |  |  | 31.9 |
Mortgage loan financing facilities | 77.8 |  |  | 37.8 |  |  | 30.6 |
MSR financing facilities | 70.6 |  |  | 47.0 |  |  | 26.0 |
Advance match funded liabilities | 41.4 |  |  | 19.8 |  |  | 14.2 |
SSTL | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.0 |
Escrow | 9.3 |  |  | 7.5 |  |  | 6.5 |
| $ | 273.6 |  |  | $ | 186.0 |  |  | $ | 144.0 |

(1)Notes issued to Oaktree affiliates, inclusive of amortization of debt issuance costs and discount of $9.6 million, $7.9 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Note 20 — Income Taxes
The components of income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Domestic | $ | (68.3) |  |  | $ | 14.0 |  |  | $ | (13.9) |
Foreign | 10.2 |  |  | 10.9 |  |  | 9.5 |
| $ | (58.1) |  |  | $ | 24.9 |  |  | $ | (4.4) |

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The components of income tax expense (benefit) were as follows:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | 0.2 |  |  | $ | (20.1) |
State | 0.3 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (1.3) |
Foreign | 3.6 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 1.6 |
| 6.0 |  |  | (0.8) |  |  | (19.8) |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | (14.6) |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | (2.3) |
State | (2.6) |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | — |
Foreign | (0.5) |  |  | 0.6 |  |  | 0.2 |
Provision for (reversal of) valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | 17.3 |  |  | (3.9) |  |  | 2.3 |
| (0.4) |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | 0.2 |
Other | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (2.8) |
Total | $ | 5.6 |  |  | $ | (0.8) |  |  | $ | (22.4) |

The following table presents a reconciliation of the Income tax provision at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to our Income tax provision at our actual effective income tax rate:

| Years Ended December 31, |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| $ | % |  | $ | % |  | $ | %
Expected income tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate | $ | (12.2) |  | 21 | % |  | $ | 5.2 |  | 21 | % |  | $ | (0.9) |  | 21 | %
Differences between expected and actual income tax expense: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
CARES Act (1) | — |  | — |  |  | (0.1) |  | — |  |  | (12.6) |  | 289 |
Provision for (reversal of) valuation allowance on deferred tax assets | 17.3 |  | (30) |  |  | (3.9) |  | (16) |  |  | 2.3 |  | (54) |
Provision for (reversal of) liability for uncertain tax positions | 1.1 |  | (2) |  |  | (3.4) |  | (14) |  |  | (8.7) |  | 199 |
Interest on refund claims due from tax authorities | — |  | — |  |  | (0.7) |  | (3) |  |  | (2.8) |  | 64 |
Other provision to return differences | (0.1) |  | — |  |  | (0.2) |  | (1) |  |  | (1.0) |  | 22 |
Foreign tax differential including effectively connected income and foreign withholding taxes (2) | 1.2 |  | (2) |  |  | 2.3 |  | 9 |  |  | 1.4 |  | (31) |
State tax, after Federal tax benefit | (1.8) |  | 3 |  |  | (0.3) |  | (1) |  |  | 0.2 |  | (5) |
Benefit of state NOL carryback claims and amended return filings | — |  | — |  |  | (1.2) |  | (5) |  |  | (1.8) |  | 41 |
Executive compensation disallowance | 1.6 |  | (3) |  |  | 1.6 |  | 6 |  |  | 1.4 |  | (32) |
Excess tax benefits from share-based compensation | (1.9) |  | 3 |  |  | (0.4) |  | (2) |  |  | (0.5) |  | 12 |
Other permanent differences | — |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  | (3) |
Foreign tax credit (generation) utilization | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |
U.S. Tax Reform - Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income (GILTI) inclusion | — |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  | (4) |
Other | 0.3 |  | — |  |  | — |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |  | (5) |
Actual income tax expense (benefit) | $ | 5.6 |  | (10) | % |  | $ | (0.8) |  | (3) | % |  | $ | (22.4) |  | 514 | %

(1) We recognized $12.6 million of income tax benefit in 2021 relating to CARES Act claims that represents the release of valuation allowances against certain NOL deferred tax assets that became more likely than not to be realizable as a result of certain provisions of the CARES Act as well as a permanent income tax benefit related to the carryback of NOLs created in a tax year that was subject to U.S. federal tax at 21% to a tax year subject to tax at 35%. During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we collected nil, $11.3 million and $24.6 million, respectively, of these tax refunds associated with the NOLs generated in 2018, 2019 and 2020 carried back to prior tax years in application of the CARES Act.
(2) Ocwen is a global company with operations in the U.S., USVI, India and the Philippines, among other jurisdictions. In the effective tax rate reconciliation above, we first calculate income tax expense attributable to worldwide continuing operations at the U.S. statutory tax
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rate. The foreign tax rate differential therefore represents the difference in tax expense between jurisdictional income taxed at the U.S. statutory rate and each respective jurisdictional statutory rate.
Net deferred tax assets were comprised of the following:

| December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022
Deferred tax assets |  |  |
Net operating loss carryforwards - federal and foreign | $ | 106.8 |  |  | $ | 107.9 |
Net operating loss carryforwards and credits - state and local | 82.0 |  |  | 90.3 |
Interest expense disallowance | 123.0 |  |  | 72.6 |
Reserve for servicing exposure | 5.8 |  |  | 5.7 |
Accrued legal settlements | 4.8 |  |  | 10.0 |
Partnership losses | — |  |  | 5.4 |
Stock-based compensation expense | 11.4 |  |  | 10.4 |
Accrued incentive compensation | 4.5 |  |  | 3.7 |
Accrued other liabilities | 4.4 |  |  | 5.4 |
Lease liabilities | 0.9 |  |  | 1.0 |
Intangible asset amortization | 7.2 |  |  | 6.3 |
Foreign deferred assets | 3.4 |  |  | 3.2 |
Tax residuals and deferred income on tax residuals | 1.4 |  |  | 1.5 |
Bad debt and allowance for loan losses | 11.0 |  |  | 8.2 |
Other | 1.7 |  |  | 4.1 |
| 368.3 |  |  | $ | 335.7 |
Deferred tax liabilities |  |  |
Mortgage servicing rights amortization | 175.0 |  |  | 153.1 |
Partnership losses | 3.9 |  |  | — |
Other | 1.2 |  |  | 1.5 |
| 180.1 |  |  | 154.6 |
| 188.2 |  |  | 181.1 |
Valuation allowance | (185.1) |  |  | (178.5) |
Deferred tax assets, net | $ | 3.1 |  |  | $ | 2.6 |

As of December 31, 2023, we had a deferred tax asset, net of deferred tax liability, of $188.2 million including $183.9 million in the U.S. As of December 31, 2022, we had a deferred tax asset, net of deferred tax liability, of $181.1 million including $177.5 million in the U.S.
Valuation Allowances
We conduct periodic evaluations of positive and negative evidence to determine whether it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset can be realized in future periods. In these evaluations, we gave more significant weight to objective evidence, such as our actual financial condition and historical results of operations, as compared to subjective evidence, such as projections of future taxable income or losses. The U.S. jurisdiction is in a three-year cumulative loss position as of December 31, 2023. We recognize that cumulative losses in recent years is an objective form of negative evidence in assessing the need for a valuation allowance and that such negative evidence is difficult to overcome. Other factors considered in these evaluations are estimates of future taxable income, future reversals of temporary differences, taxable income in prior carryback years, tax character and the impact of tax planning strategies that may be implemented, if warranted.
As a result of these evaluations, we recorded a full valuation allowance of $183.9 million and $177.5 million on our U.S. net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These U.S. jurisdictional deferred tax assets are not considered to be more likely than not realizable based on all available positive and negative evidence. We intend to continue maintaining a full valuation allowance on our net deferred tax assets in the U.S. until there is sufficient evidence to support the reversal of all or some portion of these allowances.
Net Operating Loss Carryforwards
At December 31, 2023, we had U.S. federal NOL carryforwards of $504.8 million, and state NOL and tax credit carryforwards valued at $82.0 million.
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These U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards will expire beginning 2024 through 2043 with U.S. federal NOLs generated after 2017 never expiring. We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards will not be realized. In recognition of this risk, we have provided a total valuation allowance of $106.0 million and $82.0 million on the deferred tax assets relating to the U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards, respectively. If our assumptions change and we determine we will be able to realize these NOLs, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2023 will be accounted for as a reduction of income tax expense. Additionally, $334.5 million of USVI NOLs have been carried back to offset prior period tax due in the USVI and we recognized the tax-effect of this attribute as a $12.9 million income taxes receivable, of which we received $7.1 million in 2023 from the USVI. We also have disallowed interest carryforwards under Section 163(j) of $498.7 million and U.S. capital loss carryforwards of $0.1 million at December 31, 2023, against which a valuation allowance has been recorded.
Change of Control: Annual Limitations on Utilization of Tax Attributes
NOL carryforwards may be subject to annual limitations under Internal Revenue Code Section 382 (Section 382) (or comparable provisions of foreign or state law) in the event that certain changes in ownership were to occur. We periodically evaluate our NOL carryforwards and whether certain changes in ownership have occurred that would limit our ability to utilize a portion of our NOL and tax credit carryforwards. If it is determined that an ownership change(s) has occurred, there may be annual limitations on the use of these NOL and tax credit carryforwards under Section 382 (or comparable provisions of foreign or state law).
Ocwen and PHH Corporation have both experienced historical ownership changes that have caused the use of certain tax attributes to be limited and have resulted in the write-off of certain of these attributes based on our inability to use them in the carryforward periods defined under the tax laws. Ocwen continues to monitor the ownership in its stock to evaluate whether any additional ownership changes have occurred that would further limit its ability to utilize certain tax attributes. As such, our analysis regarding the amount of tax attributes that may be available to offset taxable income in the future without restrictions imposed by Section 382 may continue to evolve.
Uncertain Tax Positions
Our major jurisdiction tax years that remain subject to examination are our U.S. federal tax return for the years ended December 31, 2018 through the present, our USVI corporate tax return for the years ended December 31, 2020 through the present, and our India corporate tax returns for the years ended March 31, 2012 through the present. During 2021, we concluded our audit in the USVI jurisdiction for tax years 2013 - 2016 related to the carryback of losses generated in 2015 and 2016 to tax years 2013 and 2014, respectively, without any adjustment, and in December 2022, we executed a closing agreement with the BIR that calls for payment of the income tax refunds, plus accrued interest, over a two-year period ending December 31, 2024.
The following table presents the activity related to unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |  |  | $ | 20.6 |
Additions for tax positions of current year | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Additions for tax positions of prior years | — |  |  | — |  |  | 0.2 |
Reductions for tax positions of prior years | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6.4) |
Reductions for settlements | — |  |  | (2.1) |  |  | (0.6) |
Lapses in statute of limitations | — |  |  | (0.7) |  |  | (2.4) |
Ending balance (1) | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 8.7 |  |  | $ | 11.5 |

(1)At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the balance is included in the Liability for uncertain tax positions in Other liabilities.
We recognized total interest and penalties of $1.2 million, $(1.0) million and $0.1 million as income tax expense or benefit in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, accruals for interest and penalties were $3.4 million and $2.2 million, respectively, and are included in the Liability for uncertain tax positions in Other liabilities. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, excluding accrued interest and penalties, of $8.7 million and $8.7 million, respectively, all of which if recognized would affect the effective tax rate.
It is reasonably possible that there could be a change in the amount of our unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months due to activities of the Internal Revenue Service or other taxing authorities, including proposed assessments of additional tax, possible settlement of audit issues, or the expiration of applicable statutes of limitations.
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Undistributed Foreign Earnings and Non-U.S. Jurisdictions
As of December 31, 2023, we have recognized a deferred tax liability of $0.4 million for foreign subsidiary undistributed earnings. We do not consider our foreign subsidiary undistributed earnings to be indefinitely invested outside the U.S.
Global Tax Reform
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion Profit Shifting (BEPS) has introduced rules to establish a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% for multinational enterprises with a turnover of more than €750 million, commonly referred to as the Pillar Two rules. Numerous foreign countries have enacted legislation to implement the Pillar Two rules, effective beginning in 2024, or are expected to enact similar legislation. Based upon the current OECD rules and administrative guidance, we do not expect adoption of Pillar Two rules to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements in 2024. We will continue to monitor the potential impact of the Pillar Two proposals and developments on our consolidated financial statements.
Note 21 — Basic and Diluted Earnings (Loss) per Share
Basic earnings or loss per share excludes common stock equivalents and is calculated by dividing net income or loss attributable to Ocwen common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year. We calculate diluted earnings or loss per share by dividing net income or loss attributable to Ocwen by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding including the potential dilutive common shares related to outstanding restricted stock awards, stock options and warrants as determined using the treasury stock method. For 2023, we have excluded the effect of all stock options, common stock awards, and warrants from the computation of diluted loss per share because of the anti-dilutive effect of our reported net loss.

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Basic earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (63.7) |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding | 7,635,584 |  |  | 8,647,399 |  |  | 9,021,975 |
Basic earnings (loss) per share | $ | (8.34) |  |  | $ | 2.97 |  |  | $ | 2.00 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Net income (loss) | $ | (63.7) |  |  | $ | 25.7 |  |  | $ | 18.1 |
Weighted average shares of common stock | 7,635,584 |  |  | 8,647,399 |  |  | 9,021,975 |
Effect of dilutive elements |  |  |  |  |
Contingent issuance of common stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | 38,685 |
Common stock warrants | — |  |  | 158,542 |  |  | 152,208 |
Stock option awards | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 60 |
Common stock awards | — |  |  | 191,347 |  |  | 169,539 |
Dilutive weighted average shares of common stock | 7,635,584 |  |  | 8,997,306 |  |  | 9,382,467 |
Diluted earnings (loss) per share | $ | (8.34) |  |  | $ | 2.85 |  |  | $ | 1.93 |
Stock options and common stock awards excluded from the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share |  |  |  |  |
Anti-dilutive (1) | 66,710 |  |  | 222,602 |  |  | 143,593 |
Market-based (2) | 58,397 |  |  | 62,867 |  |  | 87,509 |

(1)Includes stock options and stock awards that are anti-dilutive based on the application of the treasury stock method.
(2)Shares that are issuable upon the achievement of certain market-based performance criteria related to Ocwen’s stock price.
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Note 22 — Employee Compensation and Benefit Plans
We maintain defined contribution plans to provide post-retirement benefits to our eligible employees and one non-contributory defined benefit pension plan which is frozen and covers certain eligible active and former employees. We also maintain additional incentive compensation plans for certain employees. We designed these plans to facilitate a pay-for-performance culture, further align the interests of our officers and key employees with the interests of our shareholders and to assist in attracting and retaining employees vital to our long-term success. These plans are summarized below.
Defined Contribution Savings Plans
We sponsor defined contribution savings plans for eligible employees in the U.S (401(k) plans) and India (Provident Fund).
Contributions of participating employees to the plans are matched on the basis specified by these plans. For the 401(k) plans, we match 50% of the first 6% of each eligible participant’s contribution to the 401(k) plans with maximum aggregate matching of $9,900 for 2023. For the Provident Fund, both the employee and the employer are required to make minimum contributions to the fund at a predetermined rate (currently 12%) applied to a portion of the employee's salary. Employers are not required to make contributions beyond this minimum.
Our contributions to these plans were $4.3 million, $5.0 million and $5.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
As of December 31, 2023, Ocwen sponsors a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan for which benefits are based on an employee’s years of credited service and a percentage of final average compensation, or as otherwise described by the Plan. The Plan is frozen and only accrues additional benefits for a limited number of employees while no additional employees are eligible for participation in the plan.
The following table shows the total change in the benefit obligation, plan assets and funded status for the pension plan(s):

| December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Projected benefit obligation | $ | 42.2 |  |  | $ | 40.9 |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets | 39.6 |  |  | 37.5 |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded status recognized in Other liabilities | $ | (2.6) |  |  | $ | (3.4) |  |  |  |  |
Amounts recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | 1.0 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  |  |  |

The rate used to discount the projected benefit obligation of the PHH Corporation Plan decreased from 5.25% in 2022 to 4.75% in 2023, resulting in an increase of $1.9 million in the PHH Corporation Plan’s benefit obligation. The net periodic benefit cost related to the defined benefit pension plans, included in Other expenses, was $0.4 million, $(0.9) million and $(0.9) million for 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively.
As of December 31, 2023, future expected benefit payments to be made from the assets of the PHH Corporation Plan is $3.5 million, for each of the years ending December 31, 2024 and 2025, $3.0 million for the year ending December 31, 2026, and $3.1 million for each of the years ending December 31, 2027 and 2028. The expected benefit payments to be made for the subsequent five years ending December 31, 2028 through 2032 are $15.4 million.
Ocwen contributes to the defined benefit pension plans amounts sufficient to meet minimum funding requirements as set forth in employee benefit and tax laws as well as additional amounts at their discretion. Our contributions to the defined benefit pension plans were $0, $0.1 million and $1.0 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Gratuity Plan
In accordance with India law, OFSPL provides for a defined benefit retirement plan (Gratuity Plan) covering all of its employees in India. The Gratuity Plan provides a lump-sum payment to vested employees at retirement or termination of employment based upon the respective employee’s salary and years of employment. OFSPL provides for the gratuity benefit through actuarially determined valuations.
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The following table shows the total change in the benefit obligation, plan assets and funded status for the Gratuity Plan:

| December 31, |  |  |  |
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  |  |  |
Benefit obligation | $ | 6.7 |  |  | $ | 5.9 |  |  |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  |
Unfunded status recognized in Other liabilities | $ | (6.7) |  |  | $ | (5.9) |  |  |  |  |

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, benefits of $0.5 million, $0.7 million, and $0.8 million were paid by OFSPL. As of December 31, 2023, future expected benefit payments to be made from the assets of the Gratuity Plan, which reflect expected future service, is $0.9 million, $0.8 million, $0.8 million, $0.8 million and $0.7 million for the years ending December 31, 2024, 2025, 2026, 2027 and 2028, respectively. The expected benefit payments to be made for the subsequent five years ending December 31, 2028 through 2032 are $2.9 million.
Annual Incentive Plan
The Ocwen Financial Corporation Amended 1998 Annual Incentive Plan and the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2021 Equity Plan) are our primary incentive compensation plans for executives, management and other eligible employees. Previously issued equity awards remain outstanding under the 2017 Performance Incentive Plan (the 2017 Equity Plan) and the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2007 Equity Plan). Under the terms of these plans, participants can earn cash and equity-based awards as determined by the Compensation and Human Capital Committee of the Board of Directors (the Committee). The awards are based on objective and subjective performance criteria established by the Committee. The Committee may at its discretion adjust performance measurements to reflect significant unforeseen events. We recognized $18.7 million, $13.1 million and $23.6 million of compensation expense during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, related to annual incentive compensation awarded in cash.
The 2007 Equity Plan, the 2017 Equity Plan and the 2021 Equity Plan authorize the grant of stock options, restricted stock, stock units or other equity-based awards, including cash-settled awards, to employees. Effective with the approval of the 2021 Equity Plan by Ocwen shareholders on May 25, 2021, no new awards have been, or will be, granted under the 2017 Equity Plan. The number of remaining shares available for award grants under the 2017 Equity Plan became available for award grants under the 2021 Equity Plan effective upon shareholder approval. At December 31, 2023, there were 334,763 shares of common stock remaining available for future issuance under these plans.
Equity Awards
Outstanding equity awards granted under the 2007 Equity Plan, the 2017 Equity Plan and 2021 Equity Plan had the following characteristics in common:

Type of Award |  | Percent of Total Equity Award |  | Vesting Period
2014 Awards: |  |  |  |
Options: |  |  |  |
Servicing Condition - Time-based |  | 25 | % |  | Ratably over four years (25% on each of the four anniversaries of the grant date)
Market Condition: |  |  |  |
Market performance-based |  | 50 |  |  | Over three years beginning with 25% vesting on the date that the stock price has at least doubled over the exercise price and the compounded annual gain over the exercise price is at least 20% and then ratably over three years (25% on each of the next three anniversaries of the achievement of the market condition)
Extraordinary market performance-based |  | 25 |  |  | Over three years beginning with 25% vesting on the date that the stock price has at least tripled over the exercise price and the compounded annual gain over the exercise price is at least 25% and then ratably over three years (25% on each of the next three anniversaries of the achievement of the market condition)
Total Award |  | 100 | % |  |

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Type of Award |  | Percent of Total Equity Award |  | Vesting Period
2015 - 2023 Awards: |  |  |  |
Options: |  |  |  |
Service Condition - Time-based |  | 1 | % |  | Ratably over four years (25% vesting on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date.)
Service Condition - Time-based |  | 3.2 |  |  | Ratably over three years (one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date).
Stock Units: |  |  |  |
Service Condition - Time-based |  | 30 |  |  | Ratably over three years with one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date.
Service Condition - Time-based |  | 5 |  |  | Ratably over four years with 25% vesting on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date.
Market Condition: |  |  |  |
Time-based vesting schedule and Market performance-based vesting date |  | 50 |  |  | Cliff-vest 100% after three years. Vesting of units credited based on Total Shareholder Return (TSR) for any performance period is subject to continued service through the third anniversary of the grant. There is no interim or ratable vesting. The number of performance-based awards that will vest is determined by Ocwen’s TSR, either absolute or relative to a performance peer group, during each performance period.
Time-based vesting schedule and Market performance-based vesting date |  | 10 |  |  | Cliff-vest 100% after one year. Vesting of units credited based on TSR for any performance period is subject to continued service through the first anniversary of the grant.
Total Award |  | 100 | % |  |

The contractual term of all options granted is ten years from the grant date, except where employment terminates by reason of death, disability or retirement, in which case, the agreement may provide for an earlier termination of the options. The terms of the market-based options do not include a retirement provision. Stock units have a one year, three-year or four-year term. All our market-based stock units provide that if the market conditions are not met by the end of the applicable performance measurement period of the award, those units terminate on that date.

| Years Ended December 31,
Stock Options | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year | 39,157 |  |  | $ | 141.27 |  |  | 114,658 |  |  | $ | 281.89 |  |  | 124,866 |  |  | $ | 274.30 |
Forfeited / Expired (1) | — |  |  | — |  |  | (75,501) |  |  | 354.83 |  |  | (10,208) |  |  | 189.00 |
Outstanding at end of year (2)(3) | 39,157 |  |  | $ | 141.27 |  |  | 39,157 |  |  | $ | 141.27 |  |  | 114,658 |  |  | $ | 281.89 |
Exercisable at end of year (2)(3)(4) | 34,657 |  |  | $ | 94.46 |  |  | 34,657 |  |  | $ | 94.46 |  |  | 108,754 |  |  | $ | 273.97 |

(1)Includes 74,834 and 10,208 options which expired unexercised in 2022 and 2021, respectively, because their exercise price was greater than the market price of Ocwen’s stock.
(2)At December 31, 2023, 4,500 options with a market condition for vesting based on an average common stock trading price of $501.75, had not met their performance criteria. Outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2023 have a net aggregate intrinsic value of zero . A total of 4,500 market-based options were outstanding at December 31, 2023, of which none were exercisable.
(3)At December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining contractual term of options outstanding and options exercisable was 2.56 years and 2.84 years, respectively.
(4)The total fair value of stock options that vested and became exercisable during 2023, 2022 and 2021, based on grant-date fair value, was $0.0 million, $0.0 million and $0.3 million, respectively.
In 2019, Ocwen established an annual Long-Term Incentive (LTI) program in connection with changes made by the Committee to the compensation structure of Ocwen’s executives and management. The LTI program is designed to promote
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actions and decisions aligned with our strategic objectives and reward our executives and other program participants for long-term value creation for our shareholders in a manner that is consistent with our pay-for-performance philosophy. The program includes both a time-vesting component for retention purposes and a performance component to align with pay-for-performance objectives, using TSR as the performance metric. For annual awards granted during 2020 through 2023, market-based performance is measured based on TSR relative to performance peer groups. The LTI awards are granted under the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan and 2017 Equity Plan.
The CEO's PRSU award granted in 2021 under the LTI contains a provision that will allow Ocwen to settle a portion of the units in cash in the unlikely event of above-target market-based performance levels resulting in a shortfall of shares available in the equity plan. This will only occur if market-based performance is significantly above target. The hybrid awards granted to certain Ocwen executives contain a provision that will allow Ocwen to settle some or all share units in shares rather than cash, subject to the availability of shares for issuance under the 2017 Equity Plan. We determined that in the case of the hybrid awards, Ocwen has sole discretion in the choice of settlement in shares or cash and it has both the intent and the ability to deliver the shares, therefore we accounted for the hybrid awards as equity-settled awards.
Of the annual awards granted under the LTI program in 2023, 2022 and 2021, 50% were performance-based with a market condition and the remaining were time-based. The time-based awards vest equally on the first, second and third anniversaries of the award grant date if the continued employment condition is met. The recurring annual performance-based awards cliff-vest 100% after three years subject to meeting the market-based performance conditions and continuing employment. Because the cash-settled awards must be settled in cash, they are classified as liabilities (Other liabilities) in the consolidated balance sheets and remeasured at fair value at each reporting date with adjustments recorded as Compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations.
In addition to the annual awards granted under the LTI program in 2023, 89,664 performance-based awards with a market condition were granted under the 2021 Equity Plan in July 2023. These awards cliff-vest 100% after one year subject to meeting the market-based performance conditions and continuing employment.

Stock Units - Equity-Classified Awards | Years Ended December 31,
2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
| Number of Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Number of Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |  | Number of Stock Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested at beginning of year | 603,889 |  |  | $ | 27.19 |  |  | 416,226 |  |  | $ | 25.97 |  |  | 261,647 |  |  | $ | 21.74 |
Granted (1) (2) | 421,074 |  |  | 31.40 |  |  | 373,614 |  |  | 28.43 |  |  | 236,593 |  |  | 33.50 |
Vested (3)(4) | (251,810) |  |  | 17.17 |  |  | (109,077) |  |  | 23.11 |  |  | (71,855) |  |  | 33.43 |
Forfeited/Cancelled (5) | (16,215) |  |  | 36.22 |  |  | (76,874) |  |  | 32.42 |  |  | (10,159) |  |  | 39.74 |
Unvested at end of year (6)(7) | 756,938 |  |  | $ | 32.67 |  |  | 603,889 |  |  | $ | 27.19 |  |  | 416,226 |  |  | $ | 25.97 |

(1)Stock units granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 include 168,950, 147,058 and 115,173 units, respectively, granted to Ocwen’s CEO. Stock units granted in 2023, 2022 and 2021 include 57,515, 13,091 and 4,623 units, respectively, added as a result of a performance factor. Stock units granted in 2022 includes 436 units reclassified from liability-classified awards.
(2)Includes 89,664 one-time market performance based awards granted in 2023 to certain employees in connection with their employment. Also, includes 57,187 one-time equity-classified awards granted in 2022, of which 51,546 vest ratably over four years (25% vesting on each of the first four anniversaries of the grant date) and 5,641 awards vest ratably over four years (one-third vesting on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date). Stock units granted in 2021 includes 117,233 hybrid awards granted to certain Ocwen executives.
(3)The total intrinsic value of stock units vested, which is defined as the weighted market value of the stock on the date of vesting, was $6.5 million, $2.2 million and $2.1 million for 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(4)The total fair value of the stock units that vested during 2023, 2022 and 2021, based on grant-date fair value, was $4.3 million, $2.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively.
(5)Stock units forfeited/cancelled in 2023 and 2022 includes 11,319 and 42,885 units, respectively, forfeited due to market-based performance under the LTI program.
(6)Excluding the 478,263 market-based stock awards that have not met their market-based performance criteria (and time-vesting requirements, where applicable), the net aggregate intrinsic value of stock awards outstanding at December 31, 2023 was $8.6 million. At December 31, 2023, the market-based performance for 396,507 stock units is measured based on TSR relative to Ocwen’s compensation peer group TSR over the four performance periods.
(7)At December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining contractual term of share units outstanding was 1.7 years.
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| Years Ended December 31,
Stock Units - Liability-Classified Awards | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Unvested units at beginning of year | 620,559 |  |  | 758,626 |  |  | 728,373 |
Granted | 198,624 |  |  | 246,018 |  |  | 233,056 |
Vested | (410,752) |  |  | (191,728) |  |  | (105,974) |
Forfeited/Cancelled (1) | (61,093) |  |  | (204,158) |  |  | (111,507) |
Other (2) | 119,083 |  |  | 11,801 |  |  | 14,678 |
Unvested units at end of year | 466,421 |  |  | 620,559 |  |  | 758,626 |

(1)Units forfeited/cancelled in 2023, 2022 and 2021 include 6,005, 105,552 and 35,000 units, respectively, forfeited due to market-based performance under the LTI program.
(2)Includes 118,834, 12,204 and 14,681, units added during 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, as a result of market-based performance.
The number of performance-based awards that will vest under the annual LTI program awards for 2023, 2022 and 2021 is determined by Ocwen’s TSR relative to a performance peer group (15-18 companies selected by the Committee, unique group for each grant year) during each performance period. Median (50 th percentile) TSR performance will earn the target number of performance-based awards. The awards use four distinct weighted performance periods to measure overall market-based performance – for example for 2023, the period would be three annual periods ending April 3, 2024, 2025, 2026 and one three-year period ending April 3, 2026. Note that the awards do not vest at the end of each performance period. Vesting of units credited based on the TSR for any performance period is subject to continued service through the third anniversary of the grant date. There is no interim or ratable vesting.
For all performance-based awards, the number of units earned depends on the level of market-based performance achieved (Threshold = 50%; Target = 100%; Maximum = 200%, with results between levels interpolated). No units will be awarded for performance below the Threshold level. TSR is calculated using the average closing stock prices during the 30 trading days up to and including the beginning and end date of each performance period.
The performance-based awards granted in July 2023 will vest on the first anniversary of the grant date based on Ocwen’s TSR compared to the same performance peer group selected for the annual awards, as outlined above for the annual awards. For these awards, the number of units earned depends on the level of market-based performance achieved (Threshold = 50%; Target = 100%; Maximum = 150%, with results between levels interpolated). For performance below the Threshold level, 50% of the target units will be earned.
Compensation expense related to all stock-based awards is initially measured at fair value on the grant date using an appropriate valuation model based on the vesting conditions of the awards. Awards classified as liabilities are subsequently remeasured at fair value at each reporting date, as described above. The fair value of the time-based option awards was determined using the Black-Scholes options pricing model. Stock unit awards with only a service condition are valued at their intrinsic value, which is the market value of the stock on the date of the award. The fair value of stock unit awards with both a service condition and a market-based vesting condition is based on the output of a Monte Carlo simulation.
The following assumptions were used to value awards:

Monte Carlo | 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Risk-free interest rate | 3.73% - 5.37% |  | 1.31% - 4.66% |  | 0.01% - 0.77%
Expected stock price volatility (1) | 55.5% - 75.4% |  | 93.8% - 94.7% |  | 95% - 96.4%
Expected dividend yield | —% |  | —% |  | —%
Expected life (in years) | (2) |  | (2) |  | (2)
Fair value | $36.91 - $37.07 |  | $26.53 - $50.99 |  | 36.09 - $62.03

(1)We generally estimate volatility based on the historical volatility of Ocwen’s common stock over the most recent period that corresponds with the estimated expected life of the option. For awards valued using a Monte Carlo simulation, volatility is computed as a blend of historical volatility based on daily stock price returns and implied volatility based on traded options on Ocwen’s common stock.
(2)The stock units that contain both a service condition and a market-based condition are valued using the Monte Carlo simulation. The expected term is derived from the output of the simulation and represents the expected time to meet the market-based vesting condition. For equity awards with both service and market conditions, the requisite service period is the longer of the derived or explicit service period. In this case, the explicit service condition (vesting period) is the requisite service period, and the graded vesting method is used for expense recognition.
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The following table summarizes Ocwen's stock-based compensation expense included as a component of Compensation and benefits expense in the consolidated statements of operations:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Compensation expense - Equity-classified awards |  |  |  |  |
Stock option awards | $ | — |  |  | $ | (0.1) |  |  | $ | 0.3 |
Stock awards | 9.7 |  |  | 4.7 |  |  | 4.5 |
| $ | 9.7 |  |  | $ | 4.6 |  |  | $ | 4.7 |
Compensation expense - Liability-classified awards | $ | 2.7 |  |  | $ | 2.2 |  |  | $ | 15.1 |
Excess tax benefit related to share-based awards | $ | 1.9 |  |  | $ | 0.4 |  |  | $ | 0.5 |

As of December 31, 2023, no unrecognized compensation costs remained related to non-vested stock options. Unrecognized compensation costs related to non-vested stock units as of December 31, 2023 amounted to $12.3 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average remaining life of 1.7 years. Unrecognized compensation costs related to unvested liability awards as of December 31, 2023 amounted to $6.8 million, which will be recognized over a weighted-average remaining life of 1.0 years.
Note 23 — Business Segment Reporting
Our business segments reflect the internal reporting that our Chief Executive Officer uses to evaluate our operating and financial performance and to assess the allocation of our resources. A brief description of our current reportable business segments is as follows:
Servicing. This segment is primarily comprised of our residential mortgage servicing and subservicing business and accounted for 93% of our total revenues in 2023. We provide residential and commercial forward mortgage loan servicing, reverse mortgage servicing, special servicing and asset management services. We earn fees for providing these services to owners of the mortgage loans and foreclosed real estate. We provide these services either because we purchased the MSRs from the owner of the mortgage, retained the MSRs on the sale or securitization of residential mortgage loans or because we entered into a subservicing or special servicing agreement with the entity that owns the MSR. Our residential servicing portfolio includes both forward and reverse conventional, government-insured and non-Agency mortgage loans, including the reverse mortgage loans classified as loans held for investment on our balance sheet. Non-Agency loans include subprime loans, which represent residential loans that generally did not qualify under GSE guidelines or have subsequently become delinquent. The Servicing segment also includes the earnings of our equity-method investment in MAV Canopy and, effective in the fourth quarter of 2023, CR Limited (CRL), our wholly-owned captive reinsurance subsidiary previously included in the Corporate Items and Other segment. CRL provides re-insurance related to coverage on foreclosed real estate properties owned or serviced by us. Segment results for 2022 and 2021 have been recast to conform to the current segment presentation.
Originations. The Originations segment purchases and originates conventional and government-insured residential forward and reverse mortgage loans through multiple channels. The loans are typically sold shortly after origination on a servicing retained basis. We originate forward mortgage loans directly with customers (consumer direct channel) as well as through correspondent lending arrangements. We originate reverse mortgage loans in all three channels through our correspondent lending arrangements, broker relationships (wholesale) and retail channels. In addition to our originated MSRs, we acquire MSRs through multiple channels, including flow purchase agreements, the Agency Cash Window programs and bulk MSR purchases.
Corporate Items and Other. Corporate Items and Other includes revenues and expenses of corporate support services, inactive entities, and our other business activities that are currently individually insignificant, revenues and expenses that are not directly related to other reportable segments, interest income on short-term investments of cash, gain or loss on extinguishment of debt, interest expense on unallocated corporate debt and foreign currency exchange gains or losses.
Revenues and expenses directly associated with each respective business segments are included in determining its results of operations. We allocate certain expenses incurred by corporate support services to each business segment using various methodologies intended to approximate the utilization of such services, primarily based on time studies, personnel volumes and service consumption levels. Support service costs not allocated to the Servicing and Originations segments are retained in the Corporate Items and Other segment along with certain other costs including certain litigation and settlement related expenses or recoveries, and other costs related to operating as a public company. Interest expense on direct asset-backed financings is recorded in the respective Servicing and Originations segments. We allocate interest expense on corporate debt from Corporate Items and Other to the business segments based on relative financing requirements, with the exception of the OFC Senior
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Secured Notes.
As a result of our risk management strategy to hedge the interest rate risk of our net MSR portfolio, the fair value changes of third-party derivative instruments were reported within MSR valuation adjustments, net. For management segment reporting purposes, we established inter-segment derivative instruments to transfer the risks and allocate the associated fair value changes of derivatives between Servicing and Originations, and specifically between MSR valuation adjustments, net and Gain on loans held for sale, net (Gain/loss on economic hedge instruments). In the second quarter of 2021, we began separately hedging our MSR portfolio and pipeline. However, we may, from time to time, continue to establish intersegment derivative instruments between our MSR and pipeline hedging strategies to optimize the use of third-party derivatives. The inter-segment derivative fair value changes are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements in the Corporate Eliminations column in the table below.
Financial information for our segments is as follows:

Results of Operations |  | Servicing |  | Originations |  | Corporate Items and Other |  | Corporate Eliminations (1) |  | Business Segments Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2023 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing and subservicing fees |  | $ | 945.2 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 947.3 |
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net |  | 23.5 |  |  | 23.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 46.7 |
Gain (loss) on loans held for sale, net (1) |  | 10.3 |  |  | 30.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 40.6 |
Other revenue, net |  | 15.5 |  |  | 16.4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 32.0 |
Revenue |  | 994.6 |  |  | 72.1 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,066.7 |
MSR valuation adjustments, net (1) |  | (243.9) |  |  | 11.7 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (232.2) |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 107.2 |  |  | 43.0 |  |  | 79.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 229.2 |
Servicing and origination |  | 53.5 |  |  | 2.7 |  |  | 1.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 57.3 |
Technology and communications |  | 24.6 |  |  | 7.0 |  |  | 20.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 52.5 |
Professional services (2) |  | 35.1 |  |  | 1.9 |  |  | (14.7) |  |  | — |  |  | 22.3 |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing |  | 28.1 |  |  | 2.2 |  |  | 1.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 31.8 |
Corporate overhead allocations |  | 45.5 |  |  | 18.7 |  |  | (64.2) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other expenses |  | 7.8 |  |  | 5.3 |  |  | 5.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 19.0 |
Operating expenses |  | 301.7 |  |  | 80.8 |  |  | 29.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 412.1 |
Other income (expense) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 21.7 |  |  | 51.8 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 78.0 |
Interest expense |  | (173.3) |  |  | (56.6) |  |  | (43.7) |  |  | — |  |  | (273.6) |
Pledged MSR liability expense |  | (296.4) |  |  | — |  |  | 0.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (296.3) |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 1.3 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entity |  | 7.3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 7.3 |
Other, net |  | 1.7 |  |  | (0.2) |  |  | 1.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 2.8 |
Other income (expense), net |  | (439.0) |  |  | (5.0) |  |  | (36.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (480.5) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 9.9 |  |  | $ | (2.0) |  |  | $ | (66.1) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (58.1) |

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Results of Operations |  | Servicing |  | Originations |  | Corporate Items and Other |  | Corporate Eliminations (1) |  | Business Segments Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2022 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing and subservicing fees |  | $ | 860.5 |  |  | $ | 2.1 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 862.6 |
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net |  | (25.1) |  |  | 61.2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 36.1 |
Gain on loans held for sale, net (1) |  | (15.1) |  |  | 52.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (15.7) |  |  | 22.0 |
Other revenue, net |  | 8.3 |  |  | 24.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33.2 |
Revenue |  | 828.5 |  |  | 141.1 |  |  | — |  |  | (15.7) |  |  | 953.9 |
MSR valuation adjustments, net (1) | (36.0) |  |  | 9.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 15.7 |  |  | (10.4) |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 126.2 |  |  | 85.1 |  |  | 78.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 289.4 |
Servicing and origination |  | 53.1 |  |  | 11.1 |  |  | 0.7 |  |  | — |  |  | 64.9 |
Technology and communications |  | 24.7 |  |  | 9.2 |  |  | 23.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 57.9 |
Professional services (2) |  | 26.6 |  |  | 4.8 |  |  | 17.9 |  |  | — |  |  | 49.3 |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing |  | 31.2 |  |  | 4.5 |  |  | 6.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 41.8 |
Corporate overhead allocations |  | 46.2 |  |  | 21.6 |  |  | (67.8) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other expenses |  | 7.6 |  |  | 12.2 |  |  | 9.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 29.1 |
Operating expenses |  | 315.6 |  |  | 148.5 |  |  | 68.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 532.4 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 12.9 |  |  | 31.2 |  |  | 1.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 45.6 |
Interest expense |  | (114.8) |  |  | (29.0) |  |  | (42.2) |  |  | — |  |  | (186.0) |
Pledged MSR liability expense |  | (255.0) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (255.0) |
Gain on extinguishment of debt |  |  |  |  |  | 0.9 |  |  |  |  | 0.9 |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entity |  | 18.5 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 18.5 |
Other, net |  | (10.8) |  |  | (1.8) |  |  | 2.4 |  |  | — |  |  | (10.2) |
Other expense, net |  | (349.2) |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | (37.4) |  |  | — |  |  | (386.2) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 127.7 |  |  | $ | 2.9 |  |  | $ | (105.7) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 24.9 |

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Results of Operations |  | Servicing |  | Originations |  | Corporate Items and Other |  | Corporate Eliminations (1) |  | Business Segments Consolidated
Year Ended December 31, 2021 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Servicing and subservicing fees |  | $ | 773.5 |  |  | $ | 8.5 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 781.9 |
Gain on reverse loans held for investment and HMBS-related borrowings, net |  | (2.3) |  |  | 82.0 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 79.7 |
Gain on loans held for sale, net (1) |  | 46.6 |  |  | 124.5 |  |  | — |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | 145.8 |
Other revenue, net |  | 7.8 |  |  | 34.9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 42.7 |
Revenue |  | 825.5 |  |  | 249.9 |  |  | — |  |  | (25.3) |  |  | 1,050.1 |
MSR valuation adjustments, net (1) |  | (143.4) |  |  | 19.6 |  |  | — |  |  | 25.3 |  |  | (98.5) |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Compensation and benefits |  | 108.2 |  |  | 101.6 |  |  | 88.1 |  |  | — |  |  | 297.9 |
Servicing and origination |  | 98.8 |  |  | 15.0 |  |  | (0.1) |  |  | — |  |  | 113.6 |
Technology and communications |  | 23.8 |  |  | 9.8 |  |  | 22.5 |  |  | — |  |  | 56.0 |
Professional services |  | 31.9 |  |  | 10.2 |  |  | 39.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 81.9 |
Occupancy, equipment and mailing |  | 26.6 |  |  | 6.9 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | — |  |  | 36.5 |
Corporate overhead allocations |  | 47.7 |  |  | 20.0 |  |  | (67.7) |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other expenses |  | 6.7 |  |  | 9.4 |  |  | 7.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 23.3 |
Operating expenses |  | 343.7 |  |  | 172.8 |  |  | 92.8 |  |  | — |  |  | 609.3 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  | 8.2 |  |  | 17.7 |  |  | 0.4 |  |  | — |  |  | 26.4 |
Interest expense |  | (80.8) |  |  | (22.3) |  |  | (40.9) |  |  | — |  |  | (144.0) |
Pledged MSR liability expense |  | (221.3) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (221.3) |
Loss on extinguishment of debt |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15.5) |  |  | — |  |  | (15.5) |
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated entity |  | 3.6 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3.6 |
Other, net |  | 4.1 |  |  | (2.3) |  |  | 2.3 |  |  | — |  |  | 4.1 |
Other expense, net |  | (286.2) |  |  | (6.9) |  |  | (53.6) |  |  | — |  |  | (346.7) |
Income (loss) before income taxes |  | $ | 52.2 |  |  | $ | 89.8 |  |  | $ | (146.3) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (4.4) |

(1)Corporate Eliminations for 2022 and 2021 includes inter-segment derivatives eliminations of $15.7 million and $25.3 million reported as Gain on loans held for sale, net, respectively, with a corresponding offset in MSR valuation adjustments, net in Servicing. No such derivatives eliminations were recognized during 2023.
(2)Professional services expense for 2023 includes the reversal of accruals following the resolution of litigation matters within Corporate Items and Other. Included in Professional services expense for 2022 are reimbursements received from mortgage loan investors related to prior years legal expenses and payments received following resolution of legacy litigation matters of $27.6 million ($19.8 million Servicing and $7.8 million Corporate Items and Other).

Total Assets |  | Servicing |  | Originations |  | Corporate Items and Other |  |  |  | Business Segments Consolidated
December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 11,687.6 |  |  | $ | 551.9 |  |  | $ | 274.3 |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,513.7 |
December 31, 2022 |  | 11,537.7 |  |  | 570.5 |  |  | 291.1 |  |  |  |  | 12,399.2 |
December 31, 2021 |  | 11,001.5 |  |  | 823.5 |  |  | 322.1 |  |  |  |  | 12,147.1 |

Note 24 — Regulatory Requirements
Our business is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by federal, state, local and foreign governmental authorities, including the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), HUD, the SEC and various state agencies that license our servicing and lending activities. Accordingly, we are regularly subject to examinations, inquiries and requests, including civil investigative demands and subpoenas. The GSEs and their conservator, the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), Ginnie
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Mae, the United States Treasury Department, various investors, non-Agency securitization trustees and others also subject us to periodic reviews and audits.
We must comply with a large number of federal, state and local consumer protection and other laws and regulations, including, among others, the CARES Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Dodd-Frank Act), the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA), the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA), the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA), the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA), the Federal Trade Commission Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, as well as individual state and local laws, and federal and local bankruptcy rules. These laws and regulations apply to all facets of our business, including, but not limited to, licensing, loan originations, consumer disclosures, default servicing and collections, foreclosure, filing of claims, registration of vacant or foreclosed properties, handling of escrow accounts, payment application, interest rate adjustments, assessment of fees, loss mitigation, use of credit reports, handling of unclaimed property, safeguarding of non-public personally identifiable information about our customers, and the ability of our employees to work remotely. These complex requirements can and do change as laws and regulations are enacted, promulgated, amended, interpreted and enforced. The general trend among federal, state and local legislative bodies and regulatory agencies as well as state attorneys general has been toward increasing laws, regulations, investigative proceedings and enforcement actions with regard to residential real estate lenders and servicers, which could increase the possibility of adverse regulatory action against us.
In addition, a number of foreign laws and regulations apply to our operations outside of the U.S., including laws and regulations that govern licensing, privacy, employment, safety, payroll and other taxes and insurance and laws and regulations that govern the creation, continuation and the winding up of companies as well as the relationships between shareholders, our corporate entities, the public and the government in these countries. Our foreign subsidiaries are subject to inquiries and examinations from foreign governmental regulators in the countries in which we operate outside of the U.S.
Our licensed entities are required to renew their licenses, typically on an annual basis, and to do so they must satisfy the license renewal requirements of each jurisdiction, which generally include financial requirements such as providing audited financial statements and satisfying minimum net worth requirements and non-financial requirements such as satisfactory completion of examinations relating to the licensee’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
We are also subject to seller/servicer obligations under agreements with the GSEs, HUD, FHA, VA and Ginnie Mae, including capital requirements related to tangible net worth, as defined by the applicable agency, liquidity requirements, an obligation to provide audited financial statements within 90 days of the applicable entity’s fiscal year end as well as extensive requirements regarding servicing, selling and other matters. PHH’s minimum financial eligibility requirements for GSE seller/servicers and Ginnie Mae issuers were updated by the GSEs and Ginnie Mae effective September 30, 2023, including the following:

| GSEs | Ginnie Mae
Minimum tangible net worth | •$2.5 million plus 0.35% of the Ginnie Mae servicing portfolio, plus 0.25% of the GSE and other single family servicing portfolios | •$2.5 million plus 0.35% of the Ginnie Mae total effective single-family outstanding obligations, as defined, plus 0.25% of the GSE and other servicing portfolios, and •$5.0 million plus 1.0% of the Ginnie Mae total effective HMBS outstanding obligations, as defined
Minimum liquidity | •0.15%* of the outstanding Ginnie Mae single-family servicing UPB, plus •0.09%* of the outstanding GSE single-family servicing UPB with scheduled/scheduled or scheduled/actual remittance types, plus •0.055%* of the outstanding GSE single-family servicing UPB, with actual/actual remittance types, plus •0.035% of the outstanding other servicing UPB (*) includes a 0.05% and 0.02% supplemental liquidity requirements for Ginnie Mae and GSEs, respectively due to PHH status as a large non-depository seller/servicer | •0.10% of the outstanding Ginnie Mae single-family servicing UPB plus •0.07% of the outstanding GSE single-family servicing UPB, if PMC remits the principal or interest, or both, as scheduled, regardless of whether principal or interest has been collected from the borrower, plus •0.035% of the outstanding GSE single-family servicing UPB, if PHH remits the principal and interest only as actually collected from the borrower and the outstanding non-Agency single-family servicing UPB, and •20% of minimum net worth required for HMBS issuer (defined above)

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We believe our licensed entities were in compliance with all of their minimum net worth requirements at December 31, 2023. Our non-Agency servicing agreements also contain requirements regarding servicing practices and other matters, and a failure to comply with these requirements could have a material adverse impact on our business.
The most restrictive of the various net worth and liquidity requirements for licensing and seller/servicer obligations referenced above are mostly based on the UPB of assets serviced by PHH. Under the applicable formula, the required minimum net worth was $448.3 million at December 31, 2023. PHH’s adjusted net worth was $517.8 million at December 31, 2023. The most restrictive of the various liquidity requirements for licensing and seller/servicer obligations referenced above pertains to PHH and the required minimum liquidity was $115.3 million at December 31, 2023. PHH’s eligible liquidity, as defined, for licensing and seller/servicer obligations was $238.9 million at December 31, 2023.
Ginnie Mae announced a new risk-based capital ratio effective on December 31, 2024 for Ginnie Mae issuers. PHH would not be in compliance with the upcoming risk-based capital requirements if they were in effect as of December 31, 2023. We have identified, and are commencing activities to implement, a course of actions intended to achieve compliance with the requirements. If we are unable to execute this solution in a timely and cost effective manner that allows us to continue the Ginnie Mae related businesses and are unable to replace the lost income from these activities, or if we misjudge the magnitude of the costs and benefits and their impacts on our business, our financial results, liquidity, financing activities and reputation could be negatively impacted. As of December 31, 2023, our forward owned servicing portfolio included government-insured loans with a UPB of $18.6 billion, 11% of our total forward owned MSR servicing portfolio or 6% of our total UPB serviced and subserviced.
New York Department of Financial Services (NY DFS). We operate pursuant to certain regulatory requirements with the NY DFS, including obligations arising under a consent order entered into in March 2017 (the NY Consent Order) and the terms of the NY DFS’ conditional approval in September 2018 of our acquisition of PHH Corporation. The conditional approval restricts our ability to acquire MSRs with respect to New York loans, so that Ocwen may not increase its aggregate portfolio of New York loans serviced or subserviced by Ocwen by more than 2% per year. This restriction will remain in place until the NY DFS determines that all loans serviced on the Ocwen legacy REALServicing system have been successfully migrated to Black Knight MSP and that Ocwen has developed a satisfactory infrastructure to board sizable portfolios of MSRs. We transferred all loans onto Black Knight MSP in 2019 and have not serviced any loans on the REALServicing system since then. We continue to work with the NY DFS to address matters they raise with us as well as to fulfill our commitments under the NY Consent Order and PHH Corporation acquisition conditional approval. We believe we have complied with all terms of the PHH Corporation acquisition conditional approval and the NY Consent Order to date.
Note 25 — Commitments
Servicer Advance Obligations
In the normal course of business as servicer or master servicer, we are required to advance loan principal and interest payments (P&I), property taxes and insurance premiums (T&I) on behalf of the borrower, if delinquent. We also advance legal fees, inspection, maintenance, and preservation costs (Corporate advances) on properties that are in default or have been foreclosed. Our obligations to make these advances are governed by servicing agreements or guides, depending on investors or guarantor. Advances made by us as primary servicer are generally recovered from the borrower or the mortgage loan investor. To the extent there are funds held for future distribution in the custodial accounts, generally we are permitted to borrow from these amounts if P&I advances are required. Advances are primarily recovered from the borrower via a cure of the delinquency, proceeds from sale of loan collateral, mortgage insurance proceeds, or the investor.
For PLS loans, generally, we may stop advancing for P&I once future advances are deemed non-recoverable from the anticipated net proceeds of the property, although we are generally obligated to continue T&I and Corporate advances until the loan delinquency is cured or until a completion of a foreclosure and sale of the REO.
For Ginnie Mae loans, we are required to make advances for the life of the loan without regard to whether we will be able to recover those payments from cure, liquidation proceeds, insurance proceeds, or late payments. We may stop advancing P&I by purchasing loans out of the pool when they are more than 90 days delinquent. We are also required to advance both T&I and Corporate advances until cure or liquidation.
For GSE loans, we are required to advance P&I until the borrower is 120 days delinquent for Fannie Mae loans, but advance only interest payments for the same length of delinquency for Freddie Mac loans. For Freddie Mac loans, servicers may submit claims for T&I and Corporate advances upon borrower resolution or liquidation. For Fannie Mae loans, we can submit reimbursement claims for certain T&I and Corporate advances after incurring the expense. T&I and Corporate advancing on GSE loans continues until the completion of the foreclosure sale.
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As master servicer, we collect mortgage payments from primary servicers and distribute the funds to investors in the mortgage-backed securities. To the extent the primary servicer does not advance the scheduled principal and interest, as master servicer we are responsible for advancing the shortfall, subject to certain limitations.
As subservicer, we are required to make T&I and Corporate advances and in some cases P&I advances on behalf of servicers in accordance with the servicing agreements or guides. Servicers are generally required to reimburse us within 30 days of our advancing under the terms of the subservicing agreements. We are generally reimbursed by Rithm the same day we fund P&I advances, or within no more than three days for servicing advances and certain P&I advances under the Ocwen agreements.
Rithm is obligated to fund new servicing advances with respect to the MSRs underlying the Rights to MSRs (RMSR), pursuant to the servicing agreements. Rithm has the responsibility to fund advances for loans where they own the MSR, i.e., are the servicer of record. We are dependent upon Rithm for funding the servicing advance obligations for Rights to MSRs where we are the servicer of record. As the servicer of record, we are contractually required under our servicing agreements to make certain servicing advances even if Rithm does not perform its contractual obligations to fund those advances.
Unfunded Lending Commitments
We have originated floating-rate reverse mortgage loans under which the borrowers have additional borrowing capacity of $1.8 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. This additional borrowing capacity is available on a scheduled or unscheduled payment basis. In 2023, we funded $258.4 million out of the $1.8 billion borrowing capacity as of December 31, 2022. In 2022, we funded $246.1 million out of the $1.5 billion borrowing capacity as of December 31, 2021. We also had short-term commitments to lend $592.5 million and $22.1 million in connection with our forward and reverse mortgage loan IRLCs, respectively, outstanding at December 31, 2023. We finance originated and purchased forward and reverse mortgage loans with repurchase and participation agreements, also referred to as warehouse lines.
HMBS Issuer Obligations
As an HMBS issuer, we assume certain obligations related to each security issued. The most significant obligation is the requirement to purchase loans out of the Ginnie Mae securitization pools once the outstanding principal balance of a reverse mortgage loan is equal to or greater than 98% of the maximum claim amount (MCA repurchases). Active repurchased loans or buyouts are assigned to HUD and payment is received from HUD, typically within 90 days of repurchase. HUD reimburses us for the outstanding principal balance on the loan up to the maximum claim amount. We bear the risk of exposure if the amount of the outstanding principal balance on a loan exceeds the maximum claim amount. Inactive repurchased loans (the borrower is deceased, no longer occupies the property or is delinquent on tax and insurance payments) are generally liquidated through foreclosure and subsequent sale of REO, with a claim filed with HUD for recoverable remaining principal and advance balances. The recovery timeline for inactive repurchased loans depends on various factors, including foreclosure status at the time of repurchase, state-level foreclosure timelines, and the post-foreclosure REO liquidation timeline. We have no such exposure with our subservicing portfolio as our subservicing clients bear the financial obligation and risks associated with purchasing loans out of securitization pools within the portfolio of loans we subservice.
The timing and amount of our obligation with respect to MCA repurchases is uncertain as repurchase is dependent largely on circumstances outside of our control including the amount and timing of future draws and the status of the loan. MCA repurchases are expected to continue to increase due to the increased flow of HECMs and REO that are reaching 98% of their maximum claim amount.
The table below provides the breakdown of the portfolio UPB with respect to the percentage of the MCA at December 31, 2023.

Securitized HECM loans at less than 92% MCA | $ | 7,106.1 |
Securitized HECM loans at equal to or greater than 92% and less than 95% MCA | 238.6 |
Securitized HECM loans at equal to or greater than 95% MCA and less than 98% MCA | 260.8 |
Total Securitized HECM loans UPB | $ | 7,605.5 |

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For 2023, 2022 and 2021, we repurchased HECM loans from Ginnie Mae securitizations in the amount of $274.6 million, $235.7 million and $147.3 million, respectively. Activity with regard to HMBS repurchases for 2023 is as follows:

|  |  | Active |  |  |  | Inactive |  |  |  | Total
Beginning balance |  |  | $ | 70.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 107.7 |  |  |  |  | $ | 178.5 |
Additions |  |  | 189.9 |  |  |  |  | 84.8 |  |  |  |  | 274.6 |
Recoveries, net (1) |  |  | (209.5) |  |  |  |  | (53.3) |  |  |  |  | (262.8) |
Transfers |  |  | 4.1 |  |  |  |  | (4.1) |  |  |  |  | — |
Changes in value |  |  | 0.2 |  |  |  |  | (4.5) |  |  |  |  | (4.3) |
Ending balance |  |  | $ | 55.4 |  |  |  |  | $ | 130.6 |  |  |  |  | $ | 186.0 |

(1)Includes amounts received upon assignment of loan to HUD, loan payoff, REO liquidation and claim proceeds less any amounts charged off as unrecoverable.
Active loan repurchases are classified as Receivables, as reimbursement from HUD is generally received within 90 days and are initially recorded at fair value. Inactive loan repurchases are classified as Loans held for sale and recorded at fair value. Loans are reclassified to REO in Other assets or Receivables as the loans move through the resolution process and permissible claims are submitted to HUD for reimbursement. Receivables are valued at net realizable value. REO is valued at the estimated value of the underlying property less cost to sell.
Lease Commitments
We lease certain of our premises and equipment under non-cancelable operating leases with terms expiring through 2029 exclusive of renewal option periods. At December 31, 2023, the weighted average remaining term of our leases was 3.9 years. A maturity analysis of our lease liability as of December 31, 2023 is summarized as follows:

2024 | $ | 3.7 |
2025 | 2.5 |
2026 | 2.3 |
2027 | 2.3 |
2028 | 0.9 |
Thereafter | 0.2 |
Total lease payments | 11.9 |
Less: Adjustment to present value (1) | (1.8) |
Lease liability | $ | 10.2 |

(1)At December 31, 2023, the weighted average of the discount rate used to estimate the present value was 9.7% based on our incremental borrowing rate.
Operating lease cost for 2023, 2022 and 2021 was $5.3 million, $8.3 million and $8.8 million, respectively. The operating lease cost for 2023, 2022 and 2021 includes $0.7 million, $1.0 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of variable lease expense.
Client Concentration
Our Servicing segment has exposure to concentration risk and client retention risk.
For 2023, servicing and subservicing fees from Rithm amounted to $230.2 million, or 31% of total servicing and subservicing fees (excluding ancillary income). As of December 31, 2023, Rithm represented 16% and 27% of our total servicing and subservicing portfolio UPB and loan count, respectively, and approximately 67% of all delinquent loans that Ocwen services. Our Subservicing Agreements and Servicing Addendum with Rithm provide for automatic one-year renewals, unless Ocwen or Rithm provide advance notice of termination. Ocwen and Rithm did not provide their respective notice of termination in 2023. Accordingly, the servicing agreements with Rithm are extended through December 31, 2024, with subsequent, automatic one-year renewals. If Rithm exercises its right to terminate all or some of the agreements (for convenience by October 2024 or for cause at any time), we might need to right-size certain aspects of our servicing business as well as the related corporate support functions, and we may need to adjust our daily liquidity management due to the reduction of servicing float balances associated with the Rithm servicing agreements. The impacts to our consolidated statements of operations in connection with our Rithm agreements are disclosed in Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value. Receivables and Other liabilities recorded on our consolidated balance sheets are disclosed in Note 10 — Receivables and Note 15 — Other Liabilities, respectively.
In addition, for 2023, servicing and subservicing fees from MAV amounted to $75.3 million or 10% of total servicing and subservicing fees (excluding ancillary income). As of December 31, 2023, our servicing and subservicing portfolio with MAV
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represented $55.9 billion UPB, or 19% of the UPB and 15% of the loan count in our total servicing and subservicing portfolio. While our servicing agreement with MAV is non-cancellable and provides us with exclusivity, MAV is permitted to sell the underlying MSR without Ocwen’s consent after May 3, 2024. See Note 12 — Investment in Equity Method Investee and Related Party Transactions and Note 8 — Other Financing Liabilities, at Fair Value.
Note 26 — Contingencies
When we become aware of a matter involving uncertainty for which we may incur a loss, we assess the likelihood of any loss. If a loss contingency is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an accrual for the loss. In such cases, there may be an exposure to potential loss in excess of the amount accrued. Where a loss is not probable but is reasonably possible or where a loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we disclose an estimate of the amount of the loss or range of possible losses for the claim if a reasonable estimate can be made, unless the amount of such reasonably possible loss is not material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. If a reasonable estimate of loss cannot be made, we do not accrue for any loss or disclose any estimate of exposure to potential loss even if the potential loss could be material and adverse to our business, reputation, financial condition and results of operations. An assessment regarding the ultimate outcome of any such matter involves judgments about future events, actions and circumstances that are inherently uncertain. The actual outcome could differ materially. Where we have retained external legal counsel or other professional advisers, such advisers assist us in making such assessments.
Litigation
In the ordinary course of business, we are a defendant in, or a party or potential party to, many threatened and pending legal proceedings, including proceedings brought by borrowers, regulatory agencies (discussed further under “Regulatory” below), current or former employees, those brought on behalf of various classes of claimants, and those brought derivatively on behalf of Ocwen against certain current or former officers and directors or others, and those brought under the False Claims Act by private citizens on behalf of the U.S. In addition, we may be a party or potential party to threatened or pending legal proceedings brought by fair-housing advocates, current and former commercial counterparties and market competitors, including, among others, claims related to the sale or purchase of loans, MSRs or other assets, and breach of contract actions, parties on whose behalf we service or serviced mortgage loans, parties who provide ancillary services including property preservation and other post-foreclosure related services, and parties who provide or provided consulting, subservicing, or other services to Ocwen.
The majority of these proceedings are based on alleged violations of federal, state and local laws and regulations governing our mortgage servicing and lending activities, including, among others, the Dodd-Frank Act, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the FDCPA, the RESPA, the TILA, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, the Homeowners Protection Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, the TCPA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, as well as individual state licensing and foreclosure laws, federal and local bankruptcy rules, federal and local tax regulations, and state deceptive trade practices laws. Such proceedings include wrongful foreclosure and eviction actions, bankruptcy violation actions, payment misapplication actions, allegations of wrongdoing in connection with lender-placed insurance and mortgage reinsurance arrangements, claims relating to our property preservation activities, claims related to REO management, claims relating to our written and telephonic communications with our borrowers such as claims under the TCPA and individual state laws, claims related to our payment, escrow and other processing operations, claims relating to fees imposed on borrowers relating to inspection fees, foreclosure attorneys’ fees, reinstatement fees, foreclosure registration fees, payment processing, payment facilitation or payment convenience fees, claims related to ancillary products marketed and sold to borrowers, claims related to loan modifications and loan assumptions, claims related to call recordings, claims regarding certifications of our legal compliance related to our participation in certain government programs, claims related to improper occupancy inspections, and claims related to untimely recording of mortgage satisfactions. In some of these proceedings, claims for substantial monetary damages are asserted against us. For example, we are currently a defendant in various matters alleging that (1) certain fees imposed on borrowers relating to payment processing, payment facilitation or payment convenience violate the FDCPA and similar state laws, (2) certain fees we assess on borrowers are improperly assessed and/or marked up improperly in violation of applicable state and federal law, (3) we breached fiduciary duties we purportedly owe to benefit plans due to the discretion we exercise in servicing certain securitized mortgage loans, (4) certain legacy mortgage reinsurance arrangements violated RESPA, and (5) we failed to subservice loans appropriately pursuant to subservicing and other agreements. In the future, we are likely to become subject to other private legal proceedings alleging failures to comply with applicable laws and regulations, including putative class actions, in the ordinary course of our business.
In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of any threatened or pending legal proceedings, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, including punitive damages, or where the matters present novel legal theories or involve a large number of parties, we generally cannot predict what the eventual outcome of such proceedings will be, what the timing of the ultimate resolution will be, or what the eventual loss, if any, will be. Any material adverse resolution could materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
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Where we determine that a loss contingency is probable in connection with a pending or threatened legal proceeding and the amount of our loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an accrual for the loss. We have accrued for losses relating to threatened and pending litigation that we believe are probable and reasonably estimable based on current information regarding these matters. Where we determine that a loss is not probable but is reasonably possible or where a loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we disclose an estimate of the amount of the loss or range of possible losses for the claim if a reasonable estimate can be made, unless the amount of such reasonably possible loss is not material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. It is possible that we will incur losses relating to threatened and pending litigation that materially exceed the amount accrued. Our accrual for probable and estimable legal and regulatory matters, including accrued legal fees, was $8.3 million at December 31, 2023. We cannot currently estimate the amount, if any, of reasonably possible losses above amounts that have been recorded at December 31, 2023.
As previously disclosed, we are subject to individual lawsuits relating to our FDCPA compliance and putative state law class actions based on the FDCPA and similar state statutes. We are currently defending class actions challenging, under state and federal law, our practice of charging borrowers a fee to use certain optional payment methods, including Forest v. PHH Mortg. Corp., et al. (D. RI), in which the court in August 2023 granted preliminary approval of the parties’ settlement agreement, and Jones v. PHH Mortg. Corp., et al. (D. NJ), which we have filed a motion to dismiss. In addition, between November 2022 and June 2023, we settled the previously disclosed cases of Morris v. PHH Mortg. Corp., et al. (S.D. FL), Torliatt v. PHH Mortg. Corp., et al. (N.D. CA), Thacker v. PHH Mortg. Corp., et al. (N.D. WV) and Williams v. PHH Mortg. Corp., et al. (S.D. TX).
In addition, we continue to be involved in legacy matters arising prior to Ocwen’s October 2018 acquisition of PHH Corporation, including a putative class action filed in 2008 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California against PHH Corporation and related entities alleging that PHH Corporation’s legacy mortgage reinsurance arrangements between its captive reinsurer, Atrium Insurance Corporation, and certain mortgage insurance providers violated RESPA. See Munoz v. PHH Mortgage Corp. et al. (Eastern District of California). In June 2015, the court certified a class of borrowers who obtained loans with private mortgage insurance through PHH’s captive reinsurance arrangement between June 2007 and December 2009. PHH Corporation asserted numerous defenses to the merits of the case. Following pre-trial developments in August 2020, the only issues remaining for trial were whether the plaintiffs had standing to bring their claims and whether the reinsurance services provided by PHH Corporation’s captive reinsurance subsidiary, Atrium, were actually provided in order for the safe harbor provision of RESPA to apply. In January 2022, the Court denied a motion by the plaintiffs to enter new evidence and a motion by PHH to decertify the class, which motion PHH Corporation may renew if the case ultimately goes to trial. Following the entry of this order, at the request of the parties, the Court dismissed all of the plaintiffs’ claims for lack of standing and entered judgment in favor of PHH. The plaintiffs appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, and in February 2023 that court reversed and remanded for further proceedings. Ocwen will continue to vigorously defend itself. Our current accrual with respect to this matter is included in the $8.3 million legal and regulatory accrual referenced above. At this time, Ocwen is unable to predict the outcome of this lawsuit or the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of such lawsuit. If our efforts to defend this lawsuit are not successful, our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.
Ocwen is a defendant in a certified class action in the U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of California where the plaintiffs claim Ocwen marked up fees for property valuations and title searches in violation of California state law. See Weiner v. Ocwen Financial Corp., et al. In May 2020, the court ruled that plaintiff’s recoverable damages are limited to out-of-pocket costs, i.e., the amount of marked-up fees actually paid, rather than the entire cost of the valuation that plaintiffs sought. In October 2023, the parties reached a tentative settlement to resolve the lawsuit prior to trial. A hearing on the parties’ motion for preliminary approval is scheduled for February 29, 2024. If the proposed settlement is not ultimately approved, Ocwen will vigorously defend itself. Ocwen is unable to predict the outcome of this lawsuit, the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of such lawsuit or the potential impact on us or our operations. If our efforts to settle or defend this lawsuit are not successful, our business, financial condition liquidity and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Ocwen may have affirmative indemnification rights and/or other claims against third parties related to the allegations in the lawsuit. Although we may pursue these claims, we cannot currently estimate the amount, if any, of recoveries from these third parties.
We are currently involved in a dispute with a former subservicing client, HSBC Bank USA, N.A. (HSBC). See HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. PHH Mortgage Corp. (Supreme Court of the State of New York). HSBC’s claims relate to alleged breaches of agreements entered into under a prior subservicing arrangement and origination assistance agreement. In its complaint, HSBC also asserted a claim for fraud, which was dismissed by the Court. PHH has answered the complaint and has asserted counterclaims against HSBC for breach of contract. We believe we have strong factual and legal defenses to the remaining claims and are vigorously defending the action. Ocwen is currently unable to predict the outcome of this dispute or estimate the size of any loss which could result from a potential resolution reached through litigation or otherwise.
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Over the past several years, lawsuits have been filed by RMBS trust investors alleging that the trustees and master servicers breached their contractual and statutory duties by (i) failing to require loan servicers to abide by their contractual obligations; (ii) failing to declare that certain alleged servicing events of default under the applicable contracts occurred; and (iii) failing to demand that loan sellers repurchase allegedly defective loans, among other things. Ocwen has received several letters from trustees and master servicers purporting to put Ocwen on notice that the trustees and master servicers may ultimately seek indemnification from Ocwen in connection with the litigations. Ocwen has not yet been impleaded into any of these cases, but it has produced and continues to produce documents to the parties in response to third-party subpoenas.
Ocwen has, however, been impleaded as a third-party defendant into five consolidated loan repurchase cases first filed against Nomura Credit & Capital, Inc. in 2012 and 2013. Ocwen is vigorously defending itself in those cases against allegations by the mortgage loan seller-defendant that Ocwen failed to inform its contractual counterparties that it had discovered defective loans in the course of servicing them and had otherwise failed to service the loans in accordance with accepted standards. In September 2023, the Court granted in part Ocwen’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing Nomura’s “failure to notify” claim in its entirety; the Court, however, denied Ocwen’s motion with respect to Nomura’s second claim alleging failure to service loans in accordance with accepted standards. We are currently considering our appellate options. The scope of any resulting trial is uncertain, and thus Ocwen is unable at this time to predict the ultimate outcome of these matters, the possible loss or range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of these matters or any potential impact they may have on us or our operations. If, however, we were required to compensate claimants for losses related to the alleged loan servicing breaches, then our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations could be adversely affected.
In addition, several RMBS trustees have received notices of events of default alleging material failures by servicers to comply with applicable servicing agreements. Although Ocwen has not been sued by an RMBS trustee in response to an event of default notice, there is a risk that Ocwen could be replaced as servicer as a result of said notices, that the trustees could take legal action on behalf of the trust certificate holders, or, under certain circumstances, that the RMBS investors who issue notices of event of default could seek to press their allegations against Ocwen, independent of the trustees. We are unable at this time to predict what, if any, actions any trustee will take in response to an event of default notice, nor can we predict at this time the potential loss or range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of any event of default notice or the potential impact on our operations. If Ocwen were to be terminated as servicer, or other related legal actions were pursued against Ocwen, it could have an adverse effect on Ocwen’s business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
Regulatory
We are subject to a number of ongoing federal and state regulatory examinations, orders, inquiries, subpoenas, civil investigative demands, requests for information and other actions. We may also on occasion be subject to foreign regulatory actions in the countries where we operate outside the U.S. Where we determine that a loss contingency is probable in connection with a regulatory matter and the amount of our loss can be reasonably estimated, we record an accrual for the loss. Where we determine that a loss is not probable but is reasonably possible or where a loss in excess of the amount accrued is reasonably possible, we disclose an estimate of the amount of the loss or range of possible losses for the claim if a reasonable estimate can be made, unless the amount of such reasonably possible loss is not material to our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. It is possible that we will incur losses relating to regulatory matters that materially exceed any accrued amount. Predicting the outcome of any regulatory matter is inherently difficult and we generally cannot predict the eventual outcome of any regulatory matter or the eventual loss, if any, associated with the outcome.
To the extent that an examination, audit or other regulatory engagement results in an alleged failure by us to comply with applicable laws, regulations or licensing requirements, or if allegations are made that we have failed to comply with applicable laws, regulations or licensing requirements or the commitments we have made in connection with our regulatory settlements (whether such allegations are made through administrative actions such as cease and desist orders, through legal proceedings or otherwise) or if other regulatory actions of a similar or different nature are taken in the future against us, this could lead to (i) administrative fines and penalties and litigation, (ii) loss of our licenses and approvals to engage in our servicing and lending businesses, (iii) governmental investigations and enforcement actions, (iv) civil and criminal liability, including class action lawsuits and actions to recover incentive and other payments made by governmental entities, (v) breaches of covenants and representations under our servicing, debt or other agreements, (vi) damage to our reputation, (vii) inability to raise capital or otherwise fund our operations and (viii) inability to execute on our business strategy. Any of these occurrences could increase our operating expenses and reduce our revenues, hamper our ability to grow or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.
CFPB
In April 2017, the CFPB filed a lawsuit in the federal district court for the Southern District of Florida against Ocwen, Ocwen Mortgage Servicing, Inc. (OMS) and OLS alleging violations of federal consumer financial laws relating to our servicing business dating back to 2014. The CFPB sought consumer relief, disgorgement of allegedly improper gains, and civil money penalties. Following numerous pre-trial proceedings, in May 2023 the court entered final judgment granting Ocwen’s
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motion for summary judgment, denied all pending motions as moot, and closed the case. The CFPB did not appeal the court’s order and therefore the case will remain closed. Our prior accrual with respect to this matter was reversed in 2023.
State Licensing and Other Matters
Our licensed entities are required to renew their licenses, typically on an annual basis, and to do so they must satisfy the license renewal requirements of each jurisdiction, which generally include financial requirements such as providing audited financial statements or satisfying minimum net worth requirements and non-financial requirements such as satisfactorily completing examinations as to the licensee’s compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Failure to satisfy any of the requirements to which our licensed entities are subject could result in a variety of regulatory actions ranging from a fine, a directive requiring a certain step to be taken, entry into a consent order, a suspension or ultimately a revocation of a license, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, we receive information requests and other inquiries, both formal and informal in nature, from our state financial regulators as part of their general regulatory oversight of our servicing and lending businesses, as well as from state attorneys general, the CFPB and other federal agencies, including the Department of Justice and various inspectors general. For example, we have received requests regarding the charging of certain fees to borrowers (including our practice of charging borrowers a fee to use certain optional payment methods); the post-boarding process to verify loan and payment terms are properly implemented, calculated, and applied; bankruptcy practices; COVID-19-related forbearance and post-forbearance options; and Homeowner Assistance Fund participation and implementation. Many of our regulatory engagements arise from a complaint that the entity is investigating, although some are formal investigations or proceedings. The GSEs (and their conservator, FHFA), HUD, FHA, VA, Ginnie Mae, the United States Treasury Department, and others also subject us to periodic reviews and audits, and engage with us on various matters. We have in the past resolved, and may in the future resolve, matters via consent orders, payments of monetary amounts and other agreements in order to settle issues identified in connection with examinations or other oversight activities, and such resolutions could have material and adverse effects on our business, reputation, operations, results of operations and financial condition.
Loan Put-Back and Related Contingencies
Our contracts with purchasers of originated loans contain provisions that require indemnification or repurchase of the related loans under certain circumstances. While the language in the purchase contracts varies, they generally contain provisions that require us to indemnify purchasers of related loans or repurchase such loans if:
•representations and warranties concerning loan quality, contents of the loan file or loan underwriting circumstances are inaccurate;
•adequate mortgage insurance is not secured within a certain period after closing;
•a mortgage insurance provider denies coverage; or
•there is a failure to comply, at the individual loan level or otherwise, with regulatory requirements.
We received origination representations and warranties from our network of approved originators in connection with loans we purchased through our correspondent lending channel. To the extent that we have recourse against a third-party originator, we may recover part or all of any loss we may incur.
In our Originations business, we have exposure to indemnification risks and repurchase requests. In our Servicing business, claims alleging that we did not comply with our servicing obligations may require us to repurchase mortgage loans, make whole or otherwise indemnify investors or other parties. If home values were to decrease, our realized losses from loan repurchases and indemnifications may increase as well. As a result, our liability for repurchases may increase beyond our current expectations. If we are required to indemnify or repurchase loans that we originate and sell, or where we have assumed this risk on loans that we service, as discussed above, in either case resulting in losses that exceed our related liability, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We have exposure to representation, warranty and indemnification obligations relating to our Originations business, including lending, loan sales and securitization activities. We initially recognize these obligations at fair value. Thereafter, the estimation of the liability considers probable future obligations based on industry data of loans of similar type segregated by year of origination, to the extent applicable, and estimated loss severity based on current loss rates for similar loans, our historical rescission rates and the current pipeline of unresolved demands. Our historical loss severity considers the historical loss experience that we incur upon loan sale or collateral liquidation as well as current market conditions. We have exposure to servicing representation, warranty and indemnification obligations relating to our servicing practices. We record an accrual for a loss contingency if the loss contingency is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. We monitor the adequacy of the overall liability and make adjustments, as necessary, after consideration of our historical losses and other qualitative factors including ongoing dialogue and experience with our counterparties. We do not provide or assume any origination representations and warranties in connection with our MSR purchases.
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At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had outstanding representation and warranty repurchase demands of $20.7 million UPB (71 loans) and $66.7 million UPB (354 loans), respectively. We review each demand and monitor through resolution, primarily through rescission, loan repurchase or make-whole payment.
The following table presents the changes in our liability for representation and warranty obligations and similar indemnification obligations:

| Years Ended December 31,
| 2023 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Beginning balance (1) | $ | 41.5 |  |  | $ | 49.4 |  |  | $ | 40.4 |
Provision for representation and warranty obligations | 0.3 |  |  | 0.3 |  |  | 3.2 |
Provision for representation and warranty obligations - New production | 1.7 |  |  | 3.0 |  |  | 4.7 |
Charge-offs and other (2) | (10.6) |  |  | (11.2) |  |  | 1.1 |
Ending balance (1) | $ | 32.9 |  |  | $ | 41.5 |  |  | $ | 49.4 |

(1)The liability for representation and warranty obligations and compensatory fees for foreclosures is reported in Other liabilities (a component of Liability for indemnification obligations) on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Includes reclassification of principal and interest losses in connection with repurchased loans, make-whole, indemnification and fee payments and settlements net of recoveries, if any.
We believe that it is reasonably possible that losses beyond amounts currently recorded for potential representation and warranty obligations and other claims described above could occur, and such losses could have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or cash flows. However, based on currently available information, we are unable to estimate a range of reasonably possible losses above amounts that have been recorded at December 31, 2023.
Other
We may, from time to time, have affirmative indemnification and other claims against service providers, parties from whom we purchased MSRs or other assets, investors or other parties. Although we pursue these claims, we cannot currently estimate the amount, if any, of further recoveries. Similarly, from time to time, indemnification and other claims are made against us by parties to whom we sold MSRs or other assets or by parties on whose behalf we service mortgage loans. We cannot currently estimate the amount, if any, of reasonably possible loss above amounts recorded.
Note 27 — Subsequent Events
On February 22, 2024, we entered into a mortgage loan purchase agreement (MLPA) for active and inactive reverse mortgage loan buyouts that we currently subservice on behalf of the seller. The purchased assets include reverse loans and related claim receivables from HUD and real estate properties. Ocwen agreed to assume the repurchase obligations associated with the purchased assets. The transaction was settled on February 22, 2024 for a net purchase price of $99.4 million, and was concurrently financed through a private placement securitization. The securitization trust, Ocwen Loan Investment Trust 2024-HB1 issued senior and mezzanine class Notes to third party investors with an initial principal amount of $268.6 million at a discount of $20.8 million, with a stated interest rate of 3% and a mandatory call date of February 2027. We retain certain mezzanine and subordinate class Notes and ownership interests and service the underlying assets. The securitized assets include the purchased assets under the MLPA and assets previously originated or purchased by PHH, for an aggregated UPB of $274.6 million, and will remain on our consolidated balance sheet.
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