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Income Taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

The components of income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit) and the income tax provision (benefit) for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

	2019				2018
Income (loss) before income tax provision (benefit)
Domestic	$	40,742			$	45,170
Foreign	2,657				(3,007		)
	$	43,399			$	42,163
Income tax provision (benefit)
Current income tax provision (benefit):
Federal	$	(6,473	)		$	(2,296	)
State	939				393
Foreign	603				—
Total current	(4,931		)		(1,903		)
Deferred income tax provision:
Federal	8,125				8,585
State	573				696
Total deferred	8,698				9,281
	$	3,767			$	7,378

Effective Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

A reconciliation of the federal statutory and effective income tax rate for the years ended December 31 is as follows:

	2019				2018
Income before income tax provision	$	43,399			$	42,163
Statutory taxes at 21.0%	$	9,114			$	8,854
State and local income taxes	1,129				1,241
Non-deductible expenses	736				663
Percentage depletion	(4,451		)		(4,199		)
R&D and other federal credits	(255		)		(37		)
Settlements	(2,377		)		323
Other, net	(129		)		533
Income tax provision	$	3,767			$	7,378
Effective income tax rate	8.7		%		17.5		%

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

A detailed summary of the total deferred tax assets and liabilities in the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets resulting from differences in the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities follows:

	December 31
	2019				2018
Deferred tax assets
Lease liabilities	$	30,875			$	—
Tax carryforwards	16,305				19,058
Inventories	1,704				2,041
Accrued liabilities	10,020				9,860
Employee benefits	4,853				4,892
Other	9,005				9,347
Total deferred tax assets	72,762				45,198
Less: Valuation allowance	12,296				14,219
	60,466				30,979
Deferred tax liabilities
Lease right-of-use assets	30,875				—
Depreciation and depletion	28,061				27,299
Partnership investment - development costs	9,949				5,146
Accrued pension benefits	3,919				1,380
Total deferred tax liabilities	72,804				33,825
Net deferred liability	$	(12,338	)		$	(2,846	)

Summary of Tax Credit Carryforwards

The following table summarizes the tax carryforwards and associated carryforward periods and related valuation allowances where the Company has determined that realization is uncertain:

	December 31, 2019
	Net deferred tax asset				Valuation allowance				Carryforwards expire during:
State net operating loss	$	16,531			$	13,668			2020-2039
Federal research credit	1,455				—				2034-2038
Federal foreign tax credit	463				463				2029
Alternative minimum tax credit	1,596				—				(1)
Total	$	20,045			$	14,131

	December 31, 2018
	Net deferred tax asset				Valuation allowance				Carryforwards expire during:
Non-U.S. net operating loss	$	2,340			$	2,340			2024-2026
State net operating loss	16,624				13,182				2019-2038
Federal research credit	1,198				—				2034-2038
Alternative minimum tax credit	2,310				—				(1)
Total	$	22,472			$	15,522

(1) This credit is refundable in 2021, if not fully utilized prior to 2021.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits Roll Forward

The following is a reconciliation of the Company's total gross unrecognized tax benefits, defined as the aggregate tax effect of differences between tax return positions and the benefits recognized in the financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Approximately $2.3 million and $1.1 million of these gross amounts as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, relate to permanent items that, if recognized, would impact the effective income tax rate. This amount differs from the gross unrecognized tax benefits presented in the table below due to the decrease in U.S. federal income taxes which would occur upon the recognition of the state tax benefits included herein.

	2019				2018
Balance at January 1	$	1,280			$	997
Additions based on tax positions related to prior years	1,172				283
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year	408				—
Balance at December 31	$	2,860			$	1,280

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Tabular disclosure of the components of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for each year presented including, but not limited to: current tax expense (benefit), deferred tax expense (benefit), investment tax credits, government grants, the benefits of operating loss carryforwards, tax expense that results from allocating certain tax benefits either directly to contributed capital or to reduce goodwill or other noncurrent intangible assets of an acquired entity, adjustments of a deferred tax liability or asset for enacted changes in tax laws or rates or a change in the tax status of the entity, and adjustments of the beginning-of-the-year balances of a valuation allowance because of a change in circumstances that causes a change in judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset in future years.

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Tabular disclosure of the reconciliation using percentage or dollar amounts of the reported amount of income tax expense attributable to continuing operations for the year to the amount of income tax expense that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to pretax income from continuing operations.

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