On December 31, 2017, the Company adopted the updated guidance on revenue from contracts with customers using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of December 31, 2017. Results for reporting periods beginning after December 31, 2017 are presented under the updated guidance, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the Company’s historical revenue accounting.

The Company recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of $2,145 as of December 31, 2017 due to the cumulative impact of adopting the updated guidance, inclusive of a $3,501 decrease to deferred revenue, a decrease of $568 to prepaid expenses and other current assets and an increase to the deferred income tax liability of $788.

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised services or goods is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services or goods.

The Company earns revenue from subscriptions for its digital products and by conducting workshops, for which it charges a fee, predominantly through commitment plans, prepayment plans or the “pay-as-you-go” arrangement. The Company also earns revenue by selling consumer products (including publications) in its workshops, online through its ecommerce platform and to its franchisees, collecting commissions from franchisees, collecting royalties related to licensing agreements, selling magazine subscriptions, publishing, selling advertising space on its websites and in copies of its publications and By Mail product sales.

Commitment plan revenues, prepaid workshop fees and magazine subscription revenue are recorded to deferred revenue and amortized into revenue as control is transferred over the period earned since these performance obligations are satisfied over time. Digital subscription revenues, consisting of the fees associated with subscriptions for the Company’s Digital products, including its Personal Coaching + Digital product, are deferred and recognized on a straight-line basis as control is transferred over the subscription period. One-time Digital sign-up fees are considered immaterial in the context of the contract and the related revenue is recorded to deferred revenue and amortized into revenue over the commitment period. In the Studio + Digital business, the Company generally charges non-refundable registration and starter fees in exchange for access to the Company’s digital subscription products, an introductory information session and materials it provides to new members. Revenue from these registration and starter fees is considered immaterial in the context of the contract and is recorded to deferred revenue and amortized into revenue over the commitment period. Revenue from “pay-as-you-go” workshop fees, consumer product sales and By Mail, commissions and royalties is recognized at the point in time control is transferred, which is when services are rendered, products are shipped to customers and title and risk of loss passes to the customers, and commissions and royalties are earned, respectively. Revenue from advertising in magazines is recognized when advertisements are published. Revenue from magazine sales is recognized when the magazine is sent to the customer. For revenue transactions that involve multiple performance obligations, the amount of revenue recognized is determined using the relative fair value approach, which is generally based on each performance obligation’s stand-alone selling price. Discounts to customers, including free registration offers, are recorded as a deduction from gross revenue in the period such revenue was recognized. Revenue from advertising on its websites is recognized when the advertisement is viewed by the user.

The Company grants refunds in aggregate amounts that historically have not been material. Because the period of payment of the refund generally approximates the period revenue was originally recognized, refunds are recorded as a reduction of revenue over the same period.

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by revenue source:

	Three Months Ended
	March 30,		March 31,
	2019		2018
Digital Subscription Revenues	$	148,855	$	138,547
Studio + Digital Fees		157,871		190,122
Service Revenues, net	$	306,726	$	328,669
Product sales and other, net		56,438		79,554
Revenues, net	$	363,164	$	408,223

	Three Months Ended March 30, 2019
	North		Continental		United
	America		Europe		Kingdom		Other		Total
Digital Subscription Revenues	$	98,760	$	40,183	$	6,418	$	3,494	$	148,855
Studio + Digital Fees		117,599		23,949		11,263		5,060		157,871
Service Revenues, net	$	216,359	$	64,132	$	17,681	$	8,554	$	306,726
Product sales and other, net		33,652		12,025		6,930		3,831		56,438
Revenues, net	$	250,011	$	76,157	$	24,611	$	12,385	$	363,164

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
	North		Continental		United
	America		Europe		Kingdom		Other		Total
Digital Subscription Revenues	$	92,240	$	36,161	$	6,563	$	3,583	$	138,547
Studio + Digital Fees		140,152		29,080		14,382		6,508		190,122
Service Revenues, net	$	232,392	$	65,241	$	20,945	$	10,091	$	328,669
Product sales and other, net		46,787		17,290		9,339		6,138		79,554
Revenues, net	$	279,179	$	82,531	$	30,284	$	16,229	$	408,223

For Service Revenues, the Company typically collects payment in advance of providing services. Any amounts collected in advance of services being provided are recorded in deferred revenue. In the case where amounts are not collected, but the service has been provided and the revenue has been recognized, the amounts are recorded in accounts receivable. The opening and ending balances of the Company’s deferred revenues are as follows:

Revenue recognized from amounts included in current deferred revenue as of December 29, 2018 was $47,869 for the first quarter ended March 30, 2019. The Company’s long-term deferred revenue, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet, had a balance of $694 at March 30, 2019 related to upfront payments received as an inducement for entering into certain sales-based royalty agreements with third party licensees. This revenue is amortized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreements.

The Company elected to apply the updated guidance only to contracts that were not completed as of December 31, 2017, the date of adoption. The Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected length of one year or less. The Company expenses sales commissions when incurred (amortization period would have been one year or less) and these expenses are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company treats shipping and handling fees as fulfillment costs and not as a separate performance obligation, and as a result, any fees received from customers are included in the transaction price allocated to the performance obligation of providing goods with a corresponding amount accrued within cost of product sales and other for amounts paid to applicable carriers. Sales tax, value-added tax, and other taxes the Company collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities are excluded from revenue.