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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies) | 9 Months Ended
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Sep. 30, 2012
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, (ii) all obligations have been substantially performed pursuant to the terms of the arrangement, (iii) amounts are fixed or determinable, and (iv) the collectibility of amounts is reasonably assured. In general, revenue arrangements provide for the payment of contractually determined fees in consideration for the grant of certain intellectual property rights for patented technologies owned or controlled by Acacia’s operating subsidiaries. These rights typically include some combination of the following: (i) the grant of a non-exclusive, retroactive and future license to manufacture and/or sell products covered by patented technologies owned or controlled by Acacia’s operating subsidiaries, (ii) a covenant-not-to-sue, (iii) the release of the licensee from certain claims, and (iv) the dismissal of any pending litigation. The intellectual property rights granted may be perpetual in nature, extending until the expiration of the related patents, or can be granted for a defined, relatively short period of time, with the licensee possessing the right to renew the agreement at the end of each contractual term for an additional minimum upfront payment. Pursuant to the terms of these agreements, Acacia’s operating subsidiaries have no further obligation with respect to the grant of the non-exclusive retroactive and future licenses, covenants-not-to-sue, releases, and other deliverables, including no express or implied obligation on Acacia’s operating subsidiaries’ part to maintain or upgrade the technology, or provide future support or services. Generally, the agreements provide for the grant of the licenses, covenants-not-to-sue, releases, and other significant deliverables upon execution of the agreement, or upon receipt of the minimum upfront payment for term agreement renewals. As such, the earnings process is complete and revenue is recognized upon the execution of the agreement, when collectibility is reasonably assured, or upon receipt of the minimum upfront fee for term agreement renewals, and when all other revenue recognition criteria have been met.
Cost of Revenues | Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues include the costs and expenses incurred in connection with Acacia’s patent licensing and enforcement activities, including inventor royalties paid to original patent owners, contingent legal fees paid to external patent counsel, other patent-related legal expenses paid to external patent counsel, licensing and enforcement related research, consulting and other expenses paid to third parties and the amortization of patent-related acquisition costs. These costs are included under the caption “Cost of revenues” in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.
Inventor Royalties and Contingent Legal Expenses | Inventor Royalties and Contingent Legal Expenses. Inventor royalties are expensed in the consolidated statements of operations in the period that the related revenues are recognized. In certain instances, pursuant to the terms of the underlying inventor agreements, costs paid by Acacia’s operating subsidiaries to acquire patents are recoverable from future net revenues. Patent acquisition costs that are recoverable from future net revenues are amortized over the estimated economic useful life of the related patents, or as the prepaid royalties are earned by the inventor, as appropriate, and the related expense is included in amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Any unamortized patent acquisition costs recovered from net revenues are expensed in the period recovered, and included in amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Contingent legal fees are expensed in the consolidated statements of operations in the period that the related revenues are recognized. In instances where there are no recoveries from potential infringers, no contingent legal fees are paid; however, Acacia’s operating subsidiaries may be liable for certain out of pocket legal costs incurred pursuant to the underlying legal services agreement. Legal fees advanced by contingent law firms that are required to be paid in the event that no license recoveries are obtained are expensed as incurred and included in liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2012 and 2011, Acacia entered into agreements with unrelated third parties resolving pending patent matters that resulted in the grant of certain intellectual property rights and recognition of revenues, a portion of which were not subject to inventor royalty and contingent legal fee arrangements, as well as the grant of certain intellectual property rights from certain of Acacia’s operating subsidiaries and recognition of revenues that were subject to inventor royalties and contingent legal fee arrangements. Revenues recognized subject to inventor royalties and contingent legal fees are based on a determination by the respective operating subsidiaries.
Use of Estimates | Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Acacia believes that, of the significant accounting policies described herein, the accounting policies associated with revenue recognition, stock-based compensation expense, impairment of marketable securities and intangible assets, the determination of the economic useful life of amortizable intangible assets, income taxes and valuation allowances against net deferred tax assets and the application of the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, require its most difficult, subjective or complex judgments.
Concentrations | Concentrations. Five licensees individually accounted for 30%, 13%, 10%, 10% and 10% of revenues recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2012, and four licensees individually accounted for 29%, 20%, 11% and 10% of revenues recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2012. Two licensees individually accounted for 59% and 26% of revenues recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2011, and three licensees individually accounted for 30%, 20% and 16% of revenues recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2011. Three licensees individually represented approximately 27%, 21% and 20% of accounts receivable at September 30, 2012. Five other licensees individually represented approximately 18%, 15%, 14%, 13% and 10% of accounts receivable at December 31, 2011. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2012, 12% and 45%, respectively, of revenues were attributable to licensees domiciled in foreign jurisdictions. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2011, 59% and 56%, respectively, of revenues were attributable to licensees domiciled in foreign jurisdictions.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation. The compensation cost for all stock-based awards is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense, on a straight-line basis, over the employee’s requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity award) which is generally two to four years. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards is determined by the product of the number of shares or units granted and the grant date market price of the underlying common stock. Stock-based compensation expense is recorded only for those awards expected to vest using an estimated forfeiture rate.
Fair Value Measurements | Fair Value Measurements. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles define fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or the exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, and also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available. The three-level hierarchy of valuation techniques established to measure fair value is defined as follows:
| ● | Level 1 - Observable Inputs: Quoted prices in active markets for identical investments;
| ● | Level 2 - Pricing Models with Significant Observable Inputs: Other significant observable inputs, including quoted prices for similar investments, interest rates, credit risk, etc.; and
| ● | Level 3 - Unobservable Inputs: Significant unobservable inputs, including the entity’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of investments.
Whenever possible, the Company is required to use observable market inputs (Level 1 - quoted market prices) when measuring fair value.
Investments in and Impairment of Marketable Securities | Investments in Marketable Securities. Investments in securities with original maturities of greater than three months and less than one year and other investments representing amounts that are available for current operations are classified as short-term investments, unless there are indications that such investments may not be readily sold in the short term. The fair values of these investments approximate their carrying values. At September 30, 2012, all of Acacia’s short term investments were classified as available-for-sale, which are reported at fair value on a recurring basis using significant observable inputs (Level 1), with related unrealized gains and losses in the value of such securities recorded as a separate component of comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity until realized. Realized and unrealized gains and losses are recorded based on the specific identification method. Interest on all securities is included in interest income. At September 30, 2012, short term investments were comprised of equity investments in the common stock of certain technology companies and investments in highly liquid, AAA, U.S. government fixed income securities with maturity dates ranging from 2012 to 2013. Short term marketable securities for the periods presented were comprised of the following: (in thousands):
| September 30, 2012
Security Type | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
U.S. government fixed income securities | $ | 143,002 |  |  | $ | 44 |  |  | $ | (354 | ) |  | $ | 142,692 |
Equity securities of certain technology companies | 3,254 |  |  | 757 |  |  | (56 | ) |  | 3,955 |
Total short-term investments | $ | 146,256 |  |  | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | (410 | ) |  | $ | 146,647 |
| December 31, 2011
Security Type | Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
U.S. government fixed income securities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Equity securities of certain technology companies | 8,427 |  |  | 169 |  |  | (1,999 | ) |  | 6,597 |
Total short-term investments | $ | 8,427 |  |  | $ | 169 |  |  | $ | (1,999 | ) |  | $ | 6,597 |
Impairment of Marketable Securities. Acacia evaluates its investments in marketable securities for potential impairment, employing a methodology on a quarterly basis that considers available quantitative and qualitative evidence. If the cost or carrying value of an investment exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company evaluates, among other factors, general market conditions, credit quality of instrument issuers, the duration and extent to which the fair value is less than cost, and the Company’s intent and ability to hold, or plans or ability to sell. Fair value is estimated based on publicly available market information or other estimates determined by management. Investments are considered to be impaired when a decline in fair value is estimated to be other-than-temporary. Acacia reviews impairments associated with its investments in marketable securities and determines the classification of any impairment as temporary or other-than-temporary. An impairment is deemed other-than-temporary unless (a) Acacia has the ability and intent to hold an investment for a period of time sufficient for recovery of its carrying amount and (b) positive evidence indicating that the investment’s carrying amount is recoverable within a reasonable period of time outweighs any evidence to the contrary. All available evidence, both positive and negative, is considered to determine whether, based on the weight of such evidence, the carrying amount of the investment is recoverable within a reasonable period of time. For investments classified as available-for-sale, unrealized losses that are other-than-temporary are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Patents | Patents. Patents includes the cost of patents or patent rights (hereinafter, collectively “patents”), acquired from third-parties or acquired in connection with business combinations. Patent acquisition costs are amortized utilizing the straight-line method over their remaining economic useful lives, ranging from one to nine years.
Goodwill | Goodwill. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level (operating segment or one level below an operating segment) on an annual basis (December 31 for Acacia) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. Acacia considers its market capitalization and the carrying value of its assets and liabilities, including goodwill, when performing its goodwill impairment test. When conducting its annual goodwill impairment assessment, the Company initially performs a qualitative evaluation of whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. If it is determined by a qualitative evaluation that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired, the Company then applies a two-step impairment test. The two-step impairment test first compares the fair value of the Company's reporting unit to its carrying or book value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is not impaired and the Company is not required to perform further testing. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company determines the implied fair value of the reporting unit's goodwill and if the carrying value of the reporting unit's goodwill exceeds its implied fair value, then an impairment loss equal to the difference is recorded in the consolidated statement of operations. Acacia uses the management approach, which designates the internal organization that is used by management for making operating decisions and assessing performance as the basis of Acacia’s reportable segments. Acacia’s intellectual property licensing and enforcement business constitutes its single reportable segment.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes. Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in Acacia’s consolidated financial statements or consolidated tax returns. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if all, or some portion, of such assets will more than likely not be realized. The provision for income taxes for interim periods is determined using an estimate of Acacia’s annual effective tax rate, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. Each quarter, Acacia updates the estimate of the annual effective tax rate, and if the estimated tax rate changes, a cumulative adjustment is made. As of September 30, 2012, Acacia’s estimated annual effective tax rate is approximately 40%, mainly comprised of U.S. federal and state incomes taxes, foreign withholding taxes and nondeductible permanent expenses. Acacia’s effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 was 25%. The difference between the effective tax rate and the estimated annual effective tax rate is mainly due to the benefit associated with the release of valuation allowance in the first quarter of 2012 in connection with the acquisition of ADAPTIX, as described below. Tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 included foreign withholding taxes totaling $11,890,000 withheld by the applicable foreign tax authority on revenue agreements executed with third party licensees domiciled in certain foreign jurisdictions. The tax provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 provides for the utilization (subject to certain limitations, if applicable) of the foreign taxes withheld as a credit against income tax expense calculated for financial statement purposes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2011, the provision for income taxes included foreign withholding taxes totaling $7,586,000. Excluding the impact of foreign withholding taxes, the 2011 annual effective tax rate was estimated to be lower than the 35% U.S. federal statutory rate due primarily to the anticipated utilization of available net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards to reduce U.S. taxable income. Tax expense for the periods presented reflects the impact of the calculation of tax expense for financial reporting purposes without the excess tax benefit related to the exercise and vesting of equity-based incentive awards. Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, if a deduction reported on a tax return for an equity-based incentive award exceeds the cumulative compensation cost for such instruments recognized for financial reporting purposes, any resulting realized tax benefit that exceeds the previously calculated and recognized compensation expense for such instruments is considered an excess tax benefit, and is recognized as a credit to additional paid-in capital, not taxes payable. The deduction related to the exercise and vesting of equity-based incentive awards is available to offset taxable income, if any, on Acacia’s future consolidated tax returns. Accordingly, the noncash tax expense calculated without the benefit related to the exercise and vesting of equity-based incentive awards totaling $7,554,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2012 was credited to additional paid-in capital, not taxes payable, and therefore does not reflect cash taxes payable. As of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2012, taxes paid or payable totaled approximately $12,300,000, primarily comprised of foreign withholding taxes, as described above, and other state related taxes payable. At December 31, 2011, Acacia had U.S. federal and state income tax net operating losses (“NOLs”) totaling approximately $69,062,000 and $61,493,000, expiring between 2020 and 2030, and 2015 and 2030, respectively. Utilization of NOLs and credit carryforwards can be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, as well as similar state provisions. Release of Valuation Allowance. As of December 31, 2011, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets. The net deferred tax liability resulting from the acquisition of ADAPTIX created an additional source of income to utilize against Acacia’s existing consolidated net deferred tax assets. Under the acquisition method of accounting, the impact on the acquiring company’s deferred tax assets is recorded outside of acquisition accounting. In addition, the Company estimated that certain other deferred tax assets related to foreign tax credits and other state related deferreds, totaling approximately $1,900,000, were more likely than not realizable in future periods. Accordingly, the valuation allowance on the majority of Acacia’s net deferred tax assets was released, resulting in an income tax benefit of approximately $10,237,000, recorded as a credit to income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2012. The offsetting amounts reduced net deferred tax liabilities, approximately $8,300,000 of which reduced the net deferred tax liability established in connection with the application of the acquisition method of accounting for the ADAPTIX acquisition. Refer to Note 8 to these consolidated financial statements.

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