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FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2023
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract] |
FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS | FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS U.S. GAAP defines fair value as the price that would be received for an asset or the exit price that would be paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date, and also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs, where available. The three-level hierarchy of valuation techniques established to measure fair value is defined as follows: (i)Level 1 - Observable Inputs: Quoted prices in active markets for identical investments; (ii)Level 2 - Pricing Models with Significant Observable Inputs: Other significant observable inputs, including quoted prices for similar investments, interest rates, credit risk, etc.; and (iii)Level 3 - Unobservable Inputs: Unobservable inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model. Management estimates include certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs, including the entity’s own assumptions in determining the fair value of derivatives and certain investments. Whenever possible, the Company is required to use observable market inputs (Level 1) when measuring fair value. In such cases, the level at which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The assessment of the significance of a particular input requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability being measured. In certain cases, inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. The Company held the following types of financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2023 and 2022: Equity Securities. Equity securities includes investments in public company common stock and are recorded at fair value based on the quoted market price of each share on the valuation date. The fair value of these securities are within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Equity investments that do not have regular market pricing, but for which fair value can be determined based on other data values or market prices, are recorded at fair value within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. T he Company has elected to apply the fair value method to one equity securities investment that would otherwise be accounted for under the equity method of accounting. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate carrying amount of this investment was $57.1 million, and is included in equity securities, in the consolidated balance sheet (r efer to Note 4 for additional information). Commodity Derivative Instruments: Commodity derivative instruments are recorded at fair value using industry standard models using assumptions and inputs which are substantially observable in active markets throughout the full term of the instruments. These include market price curves, quoted market prices in active markets, credit risk adjustments, implied market volatility and discount factors. The fair value of these instruments are within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy. During 2023, Benchmark executed derivative contracts with a single counterparty and also executed an International Swap Dealers Association Master Agreement ("ISDA") with its counterparty, the terms of which provide Benchmark and its counterparty with rights of offset. As of December 31, 2023, the aggregate fair value of the open commodity derivatives was $2.7 million and is included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and other non-current assets, in the consolidated balance sheet (refer to Note 2 for additional information). Series B Warrants. Series B Warrants are recorded at fair value, using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model (Level 3). On October 28, 2022, the cash exercise feature of the Unadjusted Series B Warrants expired, which resulted in a fair value of zero for such warrants (refer to Note 10 for additional information). The fair value of the remaining Series B Warrants as of July 13, 2023 was estimated based on the following significant assumptions: volatility of 120 percent, risk-free rate of 5.24 percent, term of 0.04 years and a dividend yield of 0 percent. On July 13, 2023, further to the terms of the Recapitalization Agreement and in accordance with the terms of the Series B Warrants, the remaining Series B Warrants were exercised, which also resulted in a fair value of zero as of December 31, 2023 (refer to Note 10 for additional information). The fair value of the remaining Series B Warrants as of December 31, 2022 was estimated based on the following significant assumptions: volatility of 53 percent, risk-free rate of 4.76 percent, term of 0.54 years and a dividend yield of 0 percent. Refer to the "Embedded derivative liabilities" discussion below for additional information on assumptions. Embedded derivative liabilities. Embedded derivatives that are required to be bifurcated from their host contract are evaluated and valued separately from the host instrument. During the quarter ended December 31, 2022 in connection with the Recapitalization Agreement, the Company changed its methodology from a binomial lattice framework to an as-converted value (Level 3), based on an expected Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock conversion date on or prior to July 14, 2023 (refer to Note 10 for additional information). The volatility of the Company’s common stock is estimated by analyzing the Company’s historical volatility, implied volatility of publicly traded stock options, and the Company’s current asset composition and financial leverage. Prior to December 31, 2022, the selected volatility, as described herein, represented a haircut from the Company’s actual realized historical volatility. A volatility haircut is a concept used to describe a commonly observed occurrence in which the volatility implied by market prices involving options, warrants and convertible debt is lower than historical actual realized volatility. Prior to December 31, 2022, the assumed base case term used in the valuation models was the period remaining until November 15, 2027, the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock maturity date. The risk-free interest rate was based on the yield on the U.S. Treasury with a remaining term equal to the expected term of the conversion and early redemption options. The fair value of the embedded derivative as of July 13, 2023 was estimated based on the following significant assumptions: coupon rate of 8.00 percent, conversion ratio of 27.40, conversion date of July 14, 2023 and a discount rate of 14.80 percent. On July 13, 2023, in accordance with the terms of the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, as amended, and the Recapitalization Agreement, Starboard converted the Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock into common stock, which resulted in a fair value of zero as of December 31, 2023 (refer to Note 10 for additional information). The fair value of the embedded derivative as of December 31, 2022 was estimated based on the following significant assumptions: coupon rate of 8.00 percent, conversion ratio of 27.40, conversion date of July 14, 2023 and a discount rate of 16.30 percent. Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:
| Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 63,068 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 63,068 |
Commodity derivative instruments | — |  |  | 2,723 |  |  | — |  |  | 2,723 |
Total | $ | 63,068 |  |  | $ | 2,723 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 65,791 |
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Equity securities | $ | 61,608 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 61,608 |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |
December 31, 2023: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A embedded derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Series B warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
December 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Series A embedded derivative liabilities | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 16,835 |  |  | $ | 16,835 |
Series B warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | 84,780 |  |  | 84,780 |
Total | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 101,615 |  |  | $ | 101,615 |
Benchmark realized derivative gain of $396,000 and unrealized derivative gain of $781,000 for the period from November 13, 2023 through December 31, 2023 and the realized and unrealized derivative gain are included in other income or (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations. No amounts are netted under the terms of the ISDA. The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the estimated fair value of the Company’s Level 3 liabilities, which are measured at fair value as a on a recurring basis:
| Series A Warrant Liabilities |  | Series A Embedded Derivative Liabilities |  | Series B Warrant Liabilities |  | Total
| (In thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2021 | $ | 11,291 |  |  | $ | 18,448 |  |  | $ | 96,378 |  |  | $ | 126,117 |
Exercise of warrants | (9,396) |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (9,396) |
Remeasurement to fair value | (1,895) |  |  | (1,613) |  |  | (11,598) |  |  | (15,106) |
Balance at December 31, 2022 | — |  |  | 16,835 |  |  | 84,780 |  |  | 101,615 |
Exercise of warrants | — |  |  | — |  |  | (82,018) |  |  | (82,018) |
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock | — |  |  | (12,881) |  |  | — |  |  | (12,881) |
Remeasurement to fair value | — |  |  | (3,954) |  |  | (2,762) |  |  | (6,716) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, from time to time, the Company measures certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company reviews the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair value, equity method investments and patents on a quarterly basis for indications of impairment, and other long-lived assets at least annually. When indications of potential impairment are identified, the Company may be required to determine the fair value of those assets and record an adjustment for the carrying amount in excess of the fair value determined. Any fair value determination would be based on valuation approaches, which are appropriate under the circumstances and utilize Level 2 and Level 3 measurements as required.

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- Definition The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information. + References Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/disclosureRef -Topic 820 -SubTopic 10 -Name Accounting Standards Codification -Section 50 -Paragraph 2 -Publisher FASB -URI https://asc.fasb.org//1943274/2147482106/820-10-50-2 + Details
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