<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193805-25-000683.txt : 20250516
<SEC-HEADER>0001193805-25-000683.hdr.sgml : 20250516
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20250516213038
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193805-25-000683
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	4
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		1
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20250516
FILED AS OF DATE:		20250516
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20250516

REPORTING-OWNER:	

	OWNER DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Feld Peter A
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001410600
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		4
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37721
		FILM NUMBER:		25961352

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		201 E LAS OLAS BOULEVARD, SUITE 1000
		CITY:			FORT LAUDERDALE
		STATE:			FL
		ZIP:			33301

REPORTING-OWNER:	

	OWNER DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Smith Jeffrey C
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001362697
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		4
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37721
		FILM NUMBER:		25961351

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		201 E LAS OLAS BOULEVARD, SUITE 1000
		CITY:			FORT LAUDERDALE
		STATE:			FL
		ZIP:			33301

REPORTING-OWNER:	

	OWNER DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Starboard Principal Co GP LLC
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001517140
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		4
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37721
		FILM NUMBER:		25961353

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		777 THIRD AVENUE, 18TH FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10017
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(212) 845-7977

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		777 THIRD AVENUE, 18TH FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10017

REPORTING-OWNER:	

	OWNER DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			Starboard Principal Co LP
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001517139
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		4
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	001-37721
		FILM NUMBER:		25961354

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		777 THIRD AVENUE, 18TH FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10017
		BUSINESS PHONE:		(212) 845-7977

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		777 THIRD AVENUE, 18TH FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10017

ISSUER:		

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			ACACIA RESEARCH CORP
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0000934549
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	PATENT OWNERS & LESSORS [6794]
		ORGANIZATION NAME:           	05 Real Estate & Construction
		EIN:				954405754
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		767 3RD AVENUE, 6TH FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10017
		BUSINESS PHONE:		332-236-8500

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		767 3RD AVENUE, 6TH FLOOR
		CITY:			NEW YORK
		STATE:			NY
		ZIP:			10017
</SEC-HEADER>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>4
<SEQUENCE>1
<FILENAME>e664526_4-actg.xml
<TEXT>
<XML>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<ownershipDocument>

    <schemaVersion>X0508</schemaVersion>

    <documentType>4</documentType>

    <periodOfReport>2025-05-16</periodOfReport>

    <notSubjectToSection16>0</notSubjectToSection16>

    <issuer>
        <issuerCik>0000934549</issuerCik>
        <issuerName>ACACIA RESEARCH CORP</issuerName>
        <issuerTradingSymbol>ACTG</issuerTradingSymbol>
    </issuer>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001517139</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Starboard Principal Co LP</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>777 THIRD AVENUE, 18TH FLOOR</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>NEW YORK</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>NY</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>10017</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>0</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>1</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>1</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText>See Footnote 2</otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001517140</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Starboard Principal Co GP LLC</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>777 THIRD AVENUE, 18TH FLOOR</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>NEW YORK</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>NY</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>10017</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>0</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>1</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>1</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText>See Footnote 2</otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001410600</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Feld Peter A</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>201 E LAS OLAS BOULEVARD, SUITE 1000</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>FORT LAUDERDALE</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>FL</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>33301</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>0</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>1</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>1</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText>See Footnote 2</otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <reportingOwner>
        <reportingOwnerId>
            <rptOwnerCik>0001362697</rptOwnerCik>
            <rptOwnerName>Smith Jeffrey C</rptOwnerName>
        </reportingOwnerId>
        <reportingOwnerAddress>
            <rptOwnerStreet1>201 E LAS OLAS BOULEVARD, SUITE 1000</rptOwnerStreet1>
            <rptOwnerStreet2></rptOwnerStreet2>
            <rptOwnerCity>FORT LAUDERDALE</rptOwnerCity>
            <rptOwnerState>FL</rptOwnerState>
            <rptOwnerZipCode>33301</rptOwnerZipCode>
            <rptOwnerStateDescription></rptOwnerStateDescription>
        </reportingOwnerAddress>
        <reportingOwnerRelationship>
            <isDirector>0</isDirector>
            <isOfficer>0</isOfficer>
            <isTenPercentOwner>1</isTenPercentOwner>
            <isOther>1</isOther>
            <officerTitle></officerTitle>
            <otherText>See Footnote 2</otherText>
        </reportingOwnerRelationship>
    </reportingOwner>

    <aff10b5One>0</aff10b5One>

    <nonDerivativeTable>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2025-05-16</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <deemedExecutionDate></deemedExecutionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>J</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F9"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionTimeliness></transactionTimeliness>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>290000</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>3.71</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>D</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>3255169</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard Value and Opportunity C LP</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F6"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2025-05-16</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <deemedExecutionDate></deemedExecutionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>J</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F9"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionTimeliness></transactionTimeliness>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>3255169</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>3.71</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>D</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>0</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard Value and Opportunity C LP</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F6"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2025-05-16</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <deemedExecutionDate></deemedExecutionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>J</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F9"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionTimeliness></transactionTimeliness>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>290000</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>3.71</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>A</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>4954889</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard X Master Fund Ltd</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F8"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
        <nonDerivativeTransaction>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <transactionDate>
                <value>2025-05-16</value>
            </transactionDate>
            <deemedExecutionDate></deemedExecutionDate>
            <transactionCoding>
                <transactionFormType>4</transactionFormType>
                <transactionCode>J</transactionCode>
                <equitySwapInvolved>0</equitySwapInvolved>
                <footnoteId id="F9"/>
            </transactionCoding>
            <transactionTimeliness></transactionTimeliness>
            <transactionAmounts>
                <transactionShares>
                    <value>3255169</value>
                </transactionShares>
                <transactionPricePerShare>
                    <value>3.71</value>
                </transactionPricePerShare>
                <transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
                    <value>A</value>
                </transactionAcquiredDisposedCode>
            </transactionAmounts>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>8210058</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard X Master Fund Ltd</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F8"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeTransaction>
        <nonDerivativeHolding>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>33048368</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard Value and Opportunity Master Fund Ltd</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F3"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeHolding>
        <nonDerivativeHolding>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>6112360</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard Value and Opportunity S LLC</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F4"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeHolding>
        <nonDerivativeHolding>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>10391011</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Managed Account of Starboard Value LP</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F5"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeHolding>
        <nonDerivativeHolding>
            <securityTitle>
                <value>Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share</value>
                <footnoteId id="F1"/>
                <footnoteId id="F2"/>
            </securityTitle>
            <postTransactionAmounts>
                <sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
                    <value>3361798</value>
                </sharesOwnedFollowingTransaction>
            </postTransactionAmounts>
            <ownershipNature>
                <directOrIndirectOwnership>
                    <value>I</value>
                </directOrIndirectOwnership>
                <natureOfOwnership>
                    <value>By Starboard Value and Opportunity Master Fund L LP</value>
                    <footnoteId id="F7"/>
                </natureOfOwnership>
            </ownershipNature>
        </nonDerivativeHolding>
    </nonDerivativeTable>

    <footnotes>
        <footnote id="F1">This Form 4 is filed jointly by Starboard Value and Opportunity Master Fund Ltd (&quot;Starboard V&amp;O Fund&quot;), Starboard Value and Opportunity S LLC (&quot;Starboard S LLC&quot;), Starboard Value and Opportunity C LP (&quot;Starboard C LP&quot;), Starboard Value and Opportunity Master Fund L LP (&quot;Starboard L Master&quot;), Starboard X Master Fund Ltd (&quot;Starboard X Master&quot;), Starboard Value R LP (&quot;Starboard R LP&quot;), Starboard Value L LP (&quot;Starboard L LP&quot;), Starboard Value LP (&quot;Starboard Value LP&quot;), Starboard Value GP LLC (&quot;Starboard Value GP&quot;), Starboard Value R GP LLC (&quot;Starboard R GP&quot;), Starboard Principal Co LP (&quot;Principal Co&quot;), Starboard Principal Co GP LLC (&quot;Principal GP&quot;), Peter A. Feld and Jeffrey C. Smith (collectively, the &quot;Reporting Persons&quot;).</footnote>
        <footnote id="F2">To enable all of the Reporting Persons to gain access to the Securities and Exchange Commission's electronic filing system (which only accepts a maximum of 10 joint filers per report), this report is the second of two identical reports relating to the same transactions being filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Each Reporting Person may be deemed to be a member of a Section 13(d) group that owns more than 10% of the Issuer's outstanding shares of Common Stock. Each Reporting Person disclaims beneficial ownership of the securities reported herein except to the extent of his or its pecuniary interest therein, and this report shall not be deemed to be an admission that any Reporting Person is the beneficial owner of such securities for purposes of Section 16 or for any other purpose.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F3">Securities beneficially owned by Starboard V&amp;O Fund. Starboard Value LP, as the investment manager of Starboard V&amp;O Fund, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard V&amp;O Fund. Each of Starboard Value GP, as the general partner of Starboard Value LP, Principal Co, as a member of Starboard Value GP, Principal GP, as the general partner of Principal Co, and Messrs. Smith and Feld, as members of Principal GP and as members of each of the Management Committee of Starboard Value GP and the Management Committee of Principal GP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard V&amp;O Fund.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F4">Securities beneficially owned by Starboard S LLC. Starboard Value LP, as the manager of Starboard S LLC, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard S LLC. Each of Starboard Value GP, as the general partner of Starboard Value LP, Principal Co, as a member of Starboard Value GP, Principal GP, as the general partner of Principal Co, and Messrs. Smith and Feld, as members of Principal GP and as members of each of the Management Committee of Starboard Value GP and the Management Committee of Principal GP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard S LLC.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F5">Securities held in a certain account managed by Starboard Value LP (the &quot;Starboard Value LP Account&quot;). Each of Starboard Value GP, as the general partner of Starboard Value LP, Principal Co, as a member of Starboard Value GP, Principal GP, as the general partner of Principal Co, and Messrs. Smith and Feld, as members of Principal GP and as members of each of the Management Committee of Starboard Value GP and the Management Committee of Principal GP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard Value LP and held by the Starboard Value LP Account.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F6">Securities beneficially owned by Starboard C LP. Each of Starboard R LP, as the general partner of Starboard C LP, and Starboard R GP, as the general partner of Starboard R LP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard C LP. Starboard Value LP, as the investment manager of Starboard C LP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard C LP. Each of Starboard Value GP, as the general partner of Starboard Value LP, Principal Co, as a member of Starboard Value GP, Principal GP, as the general partner of Principal Co, and Messrs. Smith and Feld, as members of Principal GP and as members of each of the Management Committee of Starboard Value GP and the Management Committee of Principal GP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard C LP. As of May 16, 2025, Starboard C LP no longer beneficially owns any securities of the Issuer.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F7">Securities beneficially owned by Starboard L Master. Each of Starboard L LP, as the general partner of Starboard L Master, Starboard R LP, as the general partner of Starboard L LP, and Starboard R GP, as the general partner of Starboard R LP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard L LP. Starboard Value LP, as the investment manager of Starboard L Master, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard L Master. Each of Starboard Value GP, as the general partner of Starboard Value LP, Principal Co, as a member of Starboard Value GP, Principal GP, as the general partner of Principal Co, and Messrs. Smith and Feld, as members of Principal GP and as members of each of the Management Committee of Starboard Value GP and the Management Committee of Principal GP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard L Master.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F8">Securities beneficially owned by Starboard X Master. Starboard Value LP, as the investment manager of Starboard X Master, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard X Master. Each of Starboard Value GP, as the general partner of Starboard Value LP, Principal Co, as a member of Starboard Value GP, Principal GP, as the general partner of Principal Co, and Messrs. Smith and Feld, as members of Principal GP and as members of each of the Management Committee of Starboard Value GP and the Management Committee of Principal GP, may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the securities beneficially owned by Starboard X Master.</footnote>
        <footnote id="F9">Represents an internal transfer from Starboard C LP to Starboard X Master, which did not affect the Reporting Persons' holdings in the aggregate.</footnote>
    </footnotes>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>Starboard Principal Co LP, By: /s/ Jeffrey C. Smith, Authorized Signatory</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2025-05-16</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>Starboard Principal Co GP LLC, By: /s/ Jeffrey C. Smith, Authorized Signatory</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2025-05-16</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>Peter A. Feld; By: /s/ Jeffrey C. Smith, Attorney in Fact</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2025-05-16</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>

    <ownerSignature>
        <signatureName>By: /s/ Jeffrey C. Smith</signatureName>
        <signatureDate>2025-05-16</signatureDate>
    </ownerSignature>
</ownershipDocument>
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</SEC-DOCUMENT>
