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Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-Q

x | Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended May 31, 2022
OR
o | Transmission Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from ______ to ______

Commission file number: 001-32046
Simulations Plus, Inc.
(Name of registrant as specified in its charter)

California | 95-4595609
(State or other jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer identification No.)

42505 10th Street West
Lancaster, CA 93534-7059
(Address of principal executive offices including zip code)
(661) 723-7723
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

Title of Each Class Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share | Trading Symbol SLP | Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):

x | Large accelerated Filer | o | Accelerated Filer
o | Non-accelerated Filer | o | Smaller reporting company
o | Emerging Growth Company |  |

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, as of June 30, 2022, was 20,235,562.

Table of Contents
Simulations Plus, Inc.
FORM 10-Q
For the Quarterly Period Ended May 31, 2022
Table of Contents

| PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION |
|  | Page
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements |
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021 | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 | 4
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 | 5
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 | 6
| Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 7
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 26
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk | 34
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 34
| PART II. OTHER INFORMATION |
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 36
Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 36
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 37
Item 3. | Defaults upon Senior Securities | 37
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 37
Item 5. | Other Information | 37
Item 6. | Exhibits | 38
| Signatures | 39

2

Table of Contents
Part I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
SIMULATIONS PLUS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | (Unaudited) |  | (Audited)
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts) |  | May 31, 2022 |  | August 31, 2021
ASSETS |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 42,353 |  |  | $ | 36,984 |
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $12 and $78 |  | 18,587 |  |  | 9,851 |
Prepaid income taxes |  | 322 |  |  | 1,012 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  | 3,472 |  |  | 4,846 |
Short-term investments |  | 80,120 |  |  | 86,620 |
Total current assets |  | 144,854 |  |  | 139,313 |
Long-term assets |  |  |  |
Capitalized computer software development costs, net of accumulated amortization of $15,376 and $14,438 |  | 8,974 |  |  | 7,646 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 607 |  |  | 1,838 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets |  | 1,533 |  |  | 1,276 |
Intellectual property, net of accumulated amortization of $7,585 and $6,516 |  | 9,400 |  |  | 10,469 |
Other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $2,635 and $2,186 |  | 7,717 |  |  | 6,464 |
Goodwill |  | 12,921 |  |  | 12,921 |
Other assets |  | 217 |  |  | 51 |
Total assets |  | $ | 186,223 |  |  | $ | 179,978 |
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 426 |  |  | $ | 387 |
Accrued payroll and other expenses |  | 2,947 |  |  | 5,604 |
Contracts payable - current portion |  | — |  |  | 4,550 |
Operating lease liability - current portion |  | 459 |  |  | 382 |
Deferred revenue |  | 2,083 |  |  | 651 |
Total current liabilities |  | 5,915 |  |  | 11,574 |
Long-term liabilities |  |  |  |
Deferred income taxes, net |  | 1,680 |  |  | 1,726 |
Operating lease liability |  | 1,069 |  |  | 896 |
Total liabilities |  | 8,664 |  |  | 14,196 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Shareholders' equity |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued and outstanding |  | — |  |  | — |
Common stock, $0.001 par value and additional paid-in capital —50,000,000 shares authorized, 20,234,654 and 20,141,521 shares issued and outstanding |  | 137,556 |  |  | 133,418 |
Retained earnings |  | 40,297 |  |  | 32,407 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (294) |  |  | (43) |
Total shareholders' equity |  | 177,559 |  |  | 165,782 |
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity |  | $ | 186,223 |  |  | $ | 179,978 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

Table of Contents
SIMULATIONS PLUS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
For the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021
(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per common share amounts) |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software |  | $ | 9,647 |  |  | $ | 8,298 |  |  | $ | 26,767 |  |  | $ | 22,337 |
Services |  | 5,312 |  |  | 4,479 |  |  | 15,405 |  |  | 14,288 |
Total revenues |  | 14,959 |  |  | 12,777 |  |  | 42,172 |  |  | 36,625 |
Cost of revenues |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Software |  | 730 |  |  | 800 |  |  | 2,245 |  |  | 2,448 |
Services |  | 1,829 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 5,900 |  |  | 5,367 |
Total cost of revenues |  | 2,559 |  |  | 2,471 |  |  | 8,145 |  |  | 7,815 |
Gross profit |  | 12,400 |  |  | 10,306 |  |  | 34,027 |  |  | 28,810 |
Operating expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Research and development |  | 655 |  |  | 670 |  |  | 2,439 |  |  | 2,771 |
Selling, general, and administrative |  | 6,799 |  |  | 5,094 |  |  | 17,371 |  |  | 14,960 |
Total operating expenses |  | 7,454 |  |  | 5,764 |  |  | 19,810 |  |  | 17,731 |
Income from operations |  | 4,946 |  |  | 4,542 |  |  | 14,217 |  |  | 11,079 |
Other income (expense), net |  | (112) |  |  | (51) |  |  | 6 |  |  | (169) |
Income before income taxes |  | 4,834 |  |  | 4,491 |  |  | 14,223 |  |  | 10,910 |
Provision for income taxes |  | (747) |  |  | (704) |  |  | (2,701) |  |  | (1,433) |
Net income |  | $ | 4,087 |  |  | $ | 3,787 |  |  | $ | 11,522 |  |  | $ | 9,477 |
Earnings per share |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.47 |
Diluted |  | $ | 0.20 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.46 |
Weighted-average common shares outstanding |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic |  | 20,212 |  |  | 20,105 |  |  | 20,180 |  |  | 20,014 |
Diluted |  | 20,768 |  |  | 20,802 |  |  | 20,731 |  |  | 20,750 |
Other Comprehensive income, net of tax |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 24 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (251) |  |  | 36 |
Comprehensive Income |  | $ | 4,111 |  |  | $ | 3,827 |  |  | $ | 11,271 |  |  | $ | 9,513 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

Table of Contents
SIMULATIONS PLUS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
For the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021
(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except per common share amounts) |  | Three Months Ended |  | Nine Months Ended
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Common stock and additional paid in capital |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 135,472 |  |  | $ | 130,713 |  |  | $ | 133,418 |  |  | $ | 128,541 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 152 |  |  | 576 |  |  | 693 |  |  | 1,412 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 679 |  |  | 618 |  |  | 2,016 |  |  | 1,784 |
Shares issued to Directors for services |  | 87 |  |  | 87 |  |  | 263 |  |  | 257 |
Shares issued - Lixoft |  | 1,166 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,166 |  |  | — |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 137,556 |  |  | $ | 131,994 |  |  | $ | 137,556 |  |  | $ | 131,994 |
Retained earnings |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | 37,422 |  |  | $ | 30,730 |  |  | $ | 32,407 |  |  | $ | 27,436 |
Declaration of dividend |  | (1,212) |  |  | (1,207) |  |  | (3,632) |  |  | (3,603) |
Net income |  | 4,087 |  |  | 3,787 |  |  | 11,522 |  |  | 9,477 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | 40,297 |  |  | $ | 33,310 |  |  | $ | 40,297 |  |  | $ | 33,310 |
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance, beginning of period |  | $ | (318) |  |  | $ | 54 |  |  | $ | (43) |  |  | $ | 58 |
Other comprehensive income (loss) |  | 24 |  |  | 40 |  |  | (251) |  |  | 36 |
Balance, end of period |  | $ | (294) |  |  | $ | 94 |  |  | $ | (294) |  |  | $ | 94 |
Total shareholders’ equity |  | 177,559 |  |  | 165,398 |  |  | 177,559 |  |  | 165,398 |
Cash dividends declared per common share |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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SIMULATIONS PLUS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
(in thousands) |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 11,522 |  |  | $ | 9,477 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 2,724 |  |  | 2,662 |
Change in value of contingent consideration |  | 283 |  |  | 364 |
Amortization of investment premiums |  | 1,493 |  |  | 1,752 |
Stock-based compensation |  | 2,279 |  |  | 2,041 |
Deferred income taxes |  | (46) |  |  | (84) |
Currency translation adjustments |  | (251) |  |  | 36 |
(Increase) decrease in |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable |  | (8,736) |  |  | (5,540) |
Prepaid income taxes |  | 690 |  |  | 478 |
Prepaid expenses and other assets |  | 1,208 |  |  | (796) |
Increase (decrease) in |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | 32 |  |  | (51) |
Accrued payroll and other expenses |  | (2,657) |  |  | 363 |
Deferred revenue |  | 1,432 |  |  | 228 |
Net cash provided by operating activities |  | 9,973 |  |  | 10,930 |
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (740) |  |  | (966) |
Purchases of short-term investments |  | (70,924) |  |  | (63,964) |
Proceeds from sale of short-term investments |  | 75,932 |  |  | 68,068 |
Capitalized computer software development costs |  | (2,266) |  |  | (2,273) |
Net cash provided by investing activities |  | 2,002 |  |  | 865 |
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |
Payment of dividends |  | (3,632) |  |  | (3,603) |
Payments on contracts payable |  | (3,667) |  |  | — |
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options |  | 693 |  |  | 1,412 |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (6,606) |  |  | (2,191) |
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents |  | 5,369 |  |  | 9,604 |
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year |  | 36,984 |  |  | 49,207 |
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period |  | $ | 42,353 |  |  | $ | 58,811 |
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information |  |  |  |
Income taxes paid |  | $ | 2,001 |  |  | $ | 893 |
Non-cash investing and financing activities |  |  |  |
Right of use assets capitalized |  | $ | 624 |  |  | $ | 905 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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SIMULATIONS PLUS, INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
NOTE 1: GENERAL
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended May 31, 2022 should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on October 27, 2021. As contemplated by the SEC under Article 8 of Regulation S-X, the accompanying consolidated financial statements and footnotes have been condensed and therefore do not contain all disclosures required by generally accepted accounting principles. The interim financial data are unaudited; however, in the opinion of Simulations Plus, Inc., the interim data include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair statement of the results for the interim periods. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of those to be expected for the full year.
Organization
Simulations Plus, Inc. (“Simulations Plus”) was incorporated on July 17, 1996. In September 2014, Simulations Plus acquired all of the outstanding equity interests of Cognigen Corporation (“Cognigen”) and Cognigen became a wholly owned subsidiary of Simulations Plus, Inc. In June 2017, Simulations Plus acquired DILIsym Services, Inc. (“DILIsym”) as a wholly owned subsidiary. In April 2020, Simulations Plus, Inc. acquired Lixoft, a French société par actions simplifiée (“Lixoft”), as a wholly owned subsidiary pursuant to a stock purchase and contribution agreement (Simulations Plus together with its subsidiaries, collectively, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” “our”).
Effective September 1, 2021, the Company merged Cognigen and DILIsym with and into Simulations Plus, Inc. through short form mergers (the “Mergers”). To effectuate the Mergers, the Company filed Certificates of Ownership with the Secretaries of State of the states of Delaware (Cognigen’s and DILIsym’s state of incorporation) and California (Simulation Plus’ state of incorporation). Consummation of the Mergers was not subject to approval of the Company’s stockholders and did not impact the rights of the Company’s stockholders.
Lines of Business
We are a premier developer of drug discovery and development software for modeling and simulation, and for the prediction of molecular properties utilizing artificial intelligence (“AI”) and machine-learning-based technology. We also provide consulting services ranging from early drug discovery through preclinical and clinical trial data analysis and for submissions to regulatory agencies. Our software and consulting services are provided to major pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, cosmetics, and food industry companies. They are also provided to academic agencies for use in the conduct of industry-based research and to regulatory agencies for product approval.
NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Simulations Plus and its wholly owned subsidiaries as applicable for the periods presented. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Use of Estimates
Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Preparing financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses. These estimates and assumptions are affected by management’s application of accounting policies. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant accounting policies for us include revenue recognition, accounting for capitalized computer software development costs, valuation of stock options, and accounting for income taxes.
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Reclassifications
Certain numbers in the prior year have been reclassified to conform to the current year's presentation.
Revenue Recognition
We generate revenue primarily from the sale of software licenses and by providing consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry for drug development.
In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 ("ASC Topic 606"), “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, we determine revenue recognition through the following steps:
i.Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer
ii.Identification of the performance obligations in the contract
iii.Determination of the transaction price
iv.Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract
v.Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation
Remaining Performance Obligations
Transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized, which includes deferred revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. As of May 31, 2022, remaining performance obligations were approximately $13.2 million. Approximately 89% of the remaining performance obligations are expected to be recognized over the next 12 months, with the remainder recognized thereafter. Remaining performance obligations estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including contract terminations and changes in the scope of contracts.
Disaggregation of Revenue
The components of disaggregation of revenue for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Software licenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Point in time |  | $ | 9,380 |  |  | $ | 8,098 |  |  | $ | 25,980 |  |  | $ | 21,570 |
Over time |  | 267 |  |  | 200 |  |  | 787 |  |  | 703 |
Consulting services: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over time |  | 5,312 |  |  | 4,479 |  |  | 15,405 |  |  | 14,352 |
Total revenue |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | $ | 42,172 |  |  | $ | 36,625 |

Contract Balances
We receive payments from customers based upon contractual billing schedules, while we recognize revenue when, or as, we satisfy our performance obligations. This timing difference results in accounts receivable, contract assets, and contract liabilities. We record accounts receivable when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. We record a contract asset if the right to consideration is conditioned on something other than the passage of time, such as our future performance. Contract assets are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. We record a contract liability when we have an obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which we have received consideration from a customer. We refer to contract liabilities as deferred revenue on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Contract asset balances as of May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021 were $1.8 million and $3.2 million, respectively.
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During the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, we recognized $68 thousand and $608 thousand, respectively, of revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of August 31, 2021, and during the three and nine months ended May 31, 2021, we recognized $30 thousand and $430 thousand, respectively, of revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of August 31, 2020.
Deferred Commissions
Sales commissions earned by our sales force and our commissioned sales representatives are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer. We apply the practical expedient as described in ASC 340-40-25-4 to expense costs as incurred for sales commissions, since the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. This expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income as selling, general, and administrative expense.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
For purposes of the statements of cash flows, we consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Accounts Receivable and Allowances for Credit Losses
The Company extends credit to its customers in the normal course of business. The Company evaluates its allowance for credit losses based on its estimate of the collectability of its trade accounts receivable. As part of this assessment, the Company considers various factors including the financial condition of the individual companies with which it does business, the aging of receivable balances, historical experience, changes in customer payment terms, current market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. In times of economic turmoil, the Company’s estimates and judgments with respect to the collectability of its receivables is subject to greater uncertainty than in more stable periods. Accounts receivable balances will be charged off against the allowance for credit losses after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.
Investments
The Company may invest excess cash balances in short-term and long-term marketable debt securities. Investments may consist of certificates of deposit, money market accounts, government-sponsored enterprise securities, corporate bonds, and/or commercial paper within the parameters of our Investment Policy and Guidelines. The Company accounts for its investments in marketable securities in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. This statement requires debt securities to be classified into three categories:
Held-to-maturity—Debt securities that the entity has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are measured at amortized cost and are presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Any change in the allowance for credit losses during the period is reflected in earnings. Discounts and premiums to par value of the debt securities are amortized to interest income/expense over the term of the security.
Trading Securities—Debt securities that are bought and held primarily for the purpose of selling in the near term are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings.
Available-for-Sale—Debt securities not classified as either securities held-to-maturity or trading securities are reported at fair value. For available-for-sale debt securities in an unrealized loss position, we evaluate as of the balance sheet date whether the unrealized losses are attributable to a credit loss or other factors. The portion of unrealized losses related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings, and the portion of unrealized loss not related to a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income.
We classify our investments in marketable debt securities based on the facts and circumstances present at the time of purchase of the securities. We subsequently reassess the appropriateness of that classification at each reporting date. During the quarter ended May 31, 2022, all of our investments were classified as held-to-maturity.
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Capitalized Computer Software Development Costs
Software development costs are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 985-20, Costs of Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed. Capitalization of software development costs begins upon the establishment of technological feasibility and is discontinued when the product is available for sale.
The establishment of technological feasibility and the ongoing assessment for recoverability of capitalized software development costs require considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors including, but not limited to, technological feasibility, anticipated future gross revenue, estimated economic life, and changes in software and hardware technologies. Capitalized software development costs are comprised primarily of salaries and direct payroll-related costs and the purchase of existing software to be used in our software products.
Amortization of capitalized software development costs is calculated on a product-by-product basis on the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the products (not to exceed five years). Amortization of software development costs amounted to $314 thousand and $344 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $938 thousand and $1.0 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect future amortization expense to vary due to increases in capitalized computer software development costs.
We test capitalized computer software development costs for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives as follows:

Equipment |  | 5 years
Computer equipment |  | 3 to 7 years
Furniture and fixtures |  | 5 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements |  | Shorter of life of asset or lease

Internal-use Software
We have a service contract related to the implementation of internally used software. In accordance with ASC 350-40 “Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract”, we have capitalized certain internal-use software which are included in long-term assets.
The amortization is classified as selling, general, and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations, and maintenance and minor upgrades are also charged to selling, general, and administrative expense as incurred.
Leases
Supplemental information related to operating leases was as follows as of May 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  |
Right-of-use assets |  | $ | 1,533 |
Lease liabilities, current |  | $ | 459 |
Lease liabilities, long-term |  | $ | 1,069 |
Operating lease costs |  | $ | 394 |
Weighted average remaining lease term |  | 3.30 years
Weighted average discount rate |  | 3.41 | %

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Intangible Assets and Goodwill
We perform valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and recognize the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair value. Acquired intangible assets include customer relationships, software, trade names, and noncompete agreements. We determine the appropriate useful life by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed.
Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. Goodwill is not amortized; instead, it is tested for impairment annually or when events or circumstances change that would indicate that goodwill might be impaired. Events or circumstances that could trigger an impairment review include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations.
Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below or the same as an operating segment. As of May 31, 2022, we determined that we have four reporting units: Simulations Plus, Cognigen, DILIsym, and Lixoft. When testing goodwill for impairment, we first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is necessary to perform step one of a two-step annual goodwill impairment test for each reporting unit. We are required to perform step one only if it concludes that it is more likely than not that a reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying value. Should this be the case, the first step of the two-step process is to identify whether a potential impairment exists by comparing the estimated fair values of our reporting units with their respective book values, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit exceeds book value, goodwill is considered not to be impaired, and no additional steps are necessary. If, however, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than book value, then the second step is performed to determine if goodwill is impaired and to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The amount of the impairment loss is the excess of the carrying amount of the goodwill over its implied fair value. The estimate of implied fair value of goodwill is primarily based on an estimate of the discounted cash flows expected to result from that reporting unit but may require valuations of certain internally generated and unrecognized intangible assets such as our software, technology, patents, and trademarks. If the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the excess.
As of May 31, 2022, the entire balance of goodwill was attributed to three of our reporting units: Cognigen, DILIsym, and Lixoft. Intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. We did not recognize any impairment charges during the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.
Reconciliation of Goodwill as of May 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  | Cognigen |  | DILIsym |  | Lixoft |  | Total
Balance, August 31, 2021 |  | $ | 4,789 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,598 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | $ | 12,921 |
Addition |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Impairments |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance, May 31, 2022 |  | $ | 4,789 |  |  | $ | 5,598 |  |  | $ | 2,534 |  |  | $ | 12,921 |

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Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The categories, as defined by the standard, are as follows:

Level Input: |  | Input Definition:
Level I |  | Inputs that are unadjusted, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.
Level II |  | Inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level I, that are observable for the asset or liability through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.
Level III |  | Unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.

For certain of our financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued payroll and other expenses, the amounts approximate fair value due to their short maturities.
The following table summarizes fair value measurements at May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021 for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

May 31, 2022: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 42,353 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 42,353 |
Short-term investments |  | $ | 79,801 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 79,801 |
Acquisition-related contingent consideration obligations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

August 31, 2021: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
(in thousands) |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 36,984 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 36,984 |
Short-term investments |  | $ | 86,484 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 86,484 |
Acquisition-related contingent consideration obligations |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,217 |  |  | $ | 3,217 |

As of May 31, 2022, we had no liability for contingent consideration related to our acquisition of Lixoft, and as of August 31, 2021, we had a liability for contingent consideration related to our acquisition of Lixoft. The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration obligations is determined using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration obligations is based on a discounted cash flow model using a probability-weighted income approach. These fair value measurements represent Level 3 measurements as they are based on significant inputs not observable in the market. Significant judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of these assumptions as of the acquisition date and for each subsequent period. Accordingly, changes in assumptions could have a material impact on the amount of contingent consideration expense we record in any given period. The liability is recorded as contracts payable on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, and changes in the value of the contingent consideration obligations are recorded as other income (expense), net in our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Income.
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The following is a reconciliation of contingent consideration value:

(in thousands) |  |
Value at August 31, 2021 |  | $ | 3,217 |
Contingent consideration payments - cash |  | (2,334) |
Contingent consideration payments - stock |  | (1,166) |
Change in value of contingent consideration |  | 283 |
Value at May 31, 2022 |  | $ | — |

Research and Development Costs
Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. These costs include salaries, laboratory experiments, and purchased software that was developed by other companies and incorporated into, or used in the development of, our final products.
Income Taxes
We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740-10, “Income Taxes” which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns.
Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The provision for income taxes represents the tax payable for the period and the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Intellectual property
The following table summarizes intellectual property as of May 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  | Amortization Period |  | Acquisition Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
Royalty Agreement buy out-Enslein Research |  | Straight line 10 years |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | 75 |  |  | $ | — |
Termination/nonassertion agreement-TSRL Inc. |  | Straight line 10 years |  | 6,000 |  |  | 4,825 |  |  | 1,175 |
Developed technologies–DILIsym acquisition |  | Straight line 9 years |  | 2,850 |  |  | 1,583 |  |  | 1,267 |
Intellectual rights of Entelos Holding Corp. |  | Straight line 10 years |  | 50 |  |  | 19 |  |  | 31 |
Developed technologies–Lixoft acquisition |  | Straight line 16 years |  | 8,010 |  |  | 1,083 |  |  | 6,927 |
|  |  |  | $ | 16,985 |  |  | $ | 7,585 |  |  | $ | 9,400 |

The following table summarizes intellectual property as of August 31, 2021:

(in thousands) |  | Amortization Period |  | Acquisition Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
Royalty Agreement buy out-Enslein Research |  | Straight line 10 years |  | $ | 75 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 71 |  |  | $ | 4 |
Termination/nonassertion agreement-TSRL Inc. |  | Straight line 10 years |  | 6,000 |  | — |  | 4,375 |  |  | 1,625 |
Developed technologies–DILIsym acquisition |  | Straight line 9 years |  | 2,850 |  | — |  | 1,346 |  |  | 1,504 |
Intellectual rights of Entelos Holding Corp. |  | Straight line 10 years |  | 50 |  | — |  | 15 |  |  | 35 |
Developed technologies–Lixoft acquisition |  | Straight line 16 years |  | 8,010 |  | — |  | 709 |  |  | 7,301 |
|  |  |  | $ | 16,985 |  |  | $ | 6,516 |  |  | $ | 10,469 |

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Amortization expense for intellectual property agreements for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 was $354 thousand and $358 thousand, respectively, and amortization expense for intellectual property agreements for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 was $1.1 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Other intangible assets
The following table summarizes our other intangible assets as of May 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  | Amortization Period |  | Acquisition Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
Simulations Plus |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
ERP |  | Straight line 15 years |  | $ | 1,702 |  |  | $ | 52 |  |  | $ | 1,650 |
Cognigen |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | Straight line 8 years |  | 1,100 |  |  | 1,065 |  |  | 35 |
Trade name |  | None |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |
Covenants not to compete |  | Straight line 5 years |  | 50 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |
DILIsym |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | Straight line 10 years |  | 1,900 |  |  | 951 |  |  | 949 |
Trade name |  | None |  | 860 |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Covenants not to compete |  | Straight line 4 years |  | 80 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |
Lixoft |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | Straight line 14 years |  | 2,550 |  |  | 394 |  |  | 2,156 |
Trade name |  | None |  | 1,550 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,550 |
Covenants not to compete |  | Straight line 3 years |  | 60 |  |  | 43 |  |  | 17 |
|  |  |  | $ | 10,352 |  |  | $ | 2,635 |  |  | $ | 7,717 |

The following table summarizes our other intangible assets as of August 31, 2021:

(in thousands) |  | Amortization Period |  | Acquisition Value |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Net Book Value
Cognigen |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | Straight line 8 years |  | $ | 1,100 |  |  | $ | 963 |  |  | $ | 137 |
Trade name |  | None |  | 500 |  |  | — |  |  | 500 |
Covenants not to compete |  | Straight line 5 years |  | 50 |  |  | 50 |  |  | — |
DILIsym |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | Straight line 10 years |  | 1,900 |  |  | 807 |  |  | 1,093 |
Trade name |  | None |  | 860 |  |  | — |  |  | 860 |
Covenants not to compete |  | Straight line 4 years |  | 80 |  |  | 80 |  |  | — |
Lixoft |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Customer relationships |  | Straight line 14 years |  | 2,550 |  |  | 258 |  |  | 2,292 |
Trade name |  | None |  | 1,550 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,550 |
Covenants not to compete |  | Straight line 3 years |  | 60 |  |  | 28 |  |  | 32 |
|  |  |  | $ | 8,650 |  |  | $ | 2,186 |  |  | $ | 6,464 |

Amortization expense for other intangible assets for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 was $160 thousand and $137 thousand, respectively, and amortization expense for other intangible assets for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 was $449 thousand and $412 thousand, respectively. In addition to normal amortization, these assets are tested for impairment as needed.
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Earnings per Share
We report earnings per share in accordance with FASB ASC 260-10. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed similarly to basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. The components of basic and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income attributable to common shareholders |  | $ | 4,087 |  |  | $ | 3,787 |  |  | $ | 11,522 |  |  | $ | 9,477 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period |  | 20,212 |  |  | 20,105 |  |  | 20,180 |  |  | 20,014 |
Dilutive effect of stock options |  | 556 |  |  | 697 |  |  | 551 |  |  | 736 |
Common stock and common stock equivalents used for diluted earnings per share |  | 20,768 |  |  | 20,802 |  |  | 20,731 |  |  | 20,750 |

Stock-Based Compensation
Compensation costs related to stock options are determined in accordance with FASB ASC 718-10, “Compensation-Stock Compensation”. Compensation cost is calculated based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with FASB ASC 718-10, amortized on a straight-line basis over the options’ vesting period. Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, not including shares issued to directors for services, was $679 thousand and $618 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $2.0 million and $1.8 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. This expense is included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations as selling, general, and administration and research and development expense.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
We account for the impairment and disposition of long-lived assets in accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other” and ASC 360, “Property and Equipment”. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for events or changes in circumstances that indicate that their carrying value may not be recoverable. We measure recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to the expected future undiscounted net cash flows generated by the asset. If we determine that the asset may not be recoverable, or if the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge to the extent of the difference between the fair value and the asset's carrying amount. No impairment losses were recorded during the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements
In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (“ASU 2020-04”). The amendments in ASU 2020-04 provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contract modifications, hedging relationships, and other transactions to ease the potential accounting and financial reporting burden associated with transitioning away from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued, including the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). This ASU is effective as of March 12, 2020, through December 31, 2022. The adoption of the new standard has not had and is not expected to have, a material impact on our consolidated financial statements or related disclosures.
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In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU No. 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2021-08”). The amendment requires contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination to be recognized and measured in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as if the acquirer had originated the contract. The amendment is intended to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business combination, related to the recognition of an acquired contract liability, and to payment terms and their effect on subsequent revenue recognized by the acquirer. The amendment also provides certain practical expedients when applying the guidance. ASU 2021-08 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2022, on a prospective basis, with early adoption permitted. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2021-08 in the first quarter of fiscal year 2024. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of ASU 2021-08 to its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832), which requires business entities to disclose information about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution model by analogy (for example, IFRS guidance in IAS 20 or guidance on contributions for not-for-profit entities in ASC 958-605). For transactions within scope, the new standard requires the disclosure of information about the nature of the transaction, including significant terms and conditions, as well as the amounts and specific financial statement line items affected by the transaction. The new guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2021. The Company does not expect that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements; however, the Company expects to increase its disclosures with respect to government assistance beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2023.
NOTE 3: OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE), NET
The components of other income (expense), net for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Interest income |  | $ | 139 |  |  | $ | 37 |  |  | $ | 278 |  |  | $ | 156 |
Interest expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (22) |
Change in valuation of contingent consideration |  | (40) |  |  | (121) |  |  | (283) |  |  | (364) |
Gain on sale of assets |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | — |
Gain (loss) on currency exchange |  | (211) |  |  | 33 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 61 |
Total other income (expense), net |  | $ | (112) |  |  | $ | (51) |  |  | $ | 6 |  |  | $ | (169) |

NOTE 4: INVESTMENTS
We invest a portion of our excess cash balances in short-term debt securities within the parameters of our Investment Policy and Guidelines. Investments as of May 31, 2022, consisted of corporate bonds and term deposits with maturities remaining of less than twelve months. We may also invest excess cash balances in certificates of deposit, money market accounts, government-sponsored enterprise securities, corporate bonds, and/or commercial paper. We account for investments in accordance with FASB ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. As of May 31, 2022, all investments were classified as held-to-maturity securities.
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The following tables summarize our short-term investments as of May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021:

May 31, 2022
(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Commercial notes (due within one year) |  | $ | 75,620 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (319) |  |  | $ | 75,301 |
Term deposits (due within one year) |  | $ | 4,500 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,500 |
Total |  | $ | 80,120 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (319) |  |  | $ | 79,801 |

August 31, 2021
(in thousands) |  | Amortized Cost |  | Gross Unrealized Gains |  | Gross Unrealized Losses |  | Fair Value
Commercial notes (due within one year) |  | $ | 86,620 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | 86,484 |
Total |  | $ | 86,620 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (136) |  |  | $ | 86,484 |

NOTE 5: CONTRACTS PAYABLE
Lixoft Acquisition Liabilities:
On April 1, 2020, we acquired Lixoft. The agreement provided for a 24-month, $2.0 million holdback provision against certain representations and warranties, comprised of $1.3 million of cash and shares of common stock valued at $0.7 million issued and deposited into an escrow account at the date of the agreement. In April 2022, the shares of common stock were released from escrow and $1.3 million of cash was paid to settle the holdback liability. In addition, based on a revenue-growth formula for the two years subsequent to April 1, 2020, the agreement called for earnout payments of up to $5.5 million (two-thirds cash and one-third newly issued, unregistered shares of our common stock). The former shareholders of Lixoft could earn up to $2.0 million the first year and $3.5 million in year two. In June 2021, $2.0 million was paid out under the first earnout payment, which was comprised of $1.3 million of cash and shares of common stock valud at $0.7 million. In May 2022, $3.5 million was paid out under the second earnout payment, which was comprised of $2.3 million cash and shares of common stock valud at $1.2 million.
As of May 31, 2022 and August 31, 2021, the following liabilities have been recorded:

(in thousands) |  | May 31, 2022 |  | August 31, 2021
Holdback liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,333 |
Earnout liability |  | — |  |  | 3,217 |
Sub total |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4,550 |
Less: current portion |  | — |  |  | 4,550 |
Long-term portion |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

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NOTE 6: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Leases
We lease approximately 9,255 square feet of office space in Lancaster, California, where our corporate headquarters are located. The lease term extends to January 31, 2026, and the base rent is $17 thousand per month. The lease agreement gives the Company the right, upon 180 days’ prior notice, to opt out of all or part of the last four years of the term, with no penalty.
We lease approximately 4,317 square feet of office space in Buffalo, New York. The lease term extends to November 30, 2026, and the base rent is $7 thousand per month with an annual 2% increase. The lease agreement provides the Company with two five-year renewal options and the right to terminate the lease with one year’s prior written notice with certain penalties. We previously leased approximately 12,623 square feet of office space at a different location in Buffalo, New York. That lease term extended to November 2021 and the base rent was $16 thousand per month.
We lease approximately 3,386 square feet of office space in Durham, North Carolina. The lease term extends to September 30, 2023, and the base rent is $8 thousand per month with an annual 3% increase.
We lease approximately 2,300 square feet of office space in Paris, France. The lease term extends to November 2024 and the rent is $5 thousand per month and adjusted each December based on a consumer price index.
We lease approximately 64 square feet consisting of 3 server cabinets in a data center colocation space in Buffalo, New York. The lease term extends to November 30, 2026 and the rent is $4 thousand per month with an annual 3% increase.
Rent expense, including common area maintenance fees for the three months ended May 31 2022 and 2021, was $138 thousand and $167 thousand, respectively, and $414 thousand and $499 thousand for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
The following table presents maturities of operating lease liabilities on an undiscounted basis as of May 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  |
Years Ending May 31, |  |
2023 |  | $ | 509 |
2024 |  | 438 |
2025 |  | 363 |
2026 |  | 269 |
2027 |  | 50 |
Total undiscounted liabilities |  | 1,629 |
Less: imputed interest |  | (101) |
Total operating lease liabilities (including current portion) |  | $ | 1,528 |

Line of Credit
On March 31, 2020, we entered into a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The Credit Agreement provided us with a credit facility of $3.5 million through April 15, 2022 (the “Termination Date”), on which date the Credit Agreement terminated in accordance with its terms. As a result, we can no longer draw down against the line of credit. We chose not to renew or pursue an alternative credit facility as we do not foresee a need to utilize such credit facility within the next twelve months. As of the Termination Date, there were no amounts drawn against the line of credit.
Employment Agreements
In the normal course of business, we have entered into employment agreements with certain of our key management personnel that may require compensation payments upon termination.
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Income Taxes
We follow guidance issued by the FASB with regard to our accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. Such guidance prescribes a recognition threshold of more likely than not and a measurement process for financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. In making this assessment, a company must determine whether it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained upon examination, based solely on the technical merits of the position, and must assume that the tax position will be examined by taxing authorities. Our policy is to include interest and penalties related to income tax expense. We file income tax returns with the IRS and various state jurisdictions as well as with the countries of India and France. Our federal income tax returns for fiscal years 2018 through 2021 are open for audit, and our state tax returns for fiscal years 2017 through 2021 remain open for audit.
Our review of prior year tax positions using the criteria and provisions presented in guidance issued by FASB did not result in a material impact on our financial position or results of operations.
Litigation
We are not a party to any legal proceedings and are not aware of any pending, threatened, or unasserted legal proceedings of any kind.
NOTE 7: SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Shares Outstanding
Shares of common stock outstanding for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

|  | Three Months Ended May 31, |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |  | 2021
Common stock outstanding, beginning of the period |  | 20,181,784 |  |  | 20,059,528 |  |  | 20,141,521 |  |  | 19,923,277 |
Common stock issued during the period |  | 52,870 |  |  | 61,512 |  |  | 93,133 |  |  | 197,763 |
Common stock outstanding, end of the period |  | 20,234,654 |  |  | 20,121,040 |  |  | 20,234,654 |  |  | 20,121,040 |

Dividends
Our Board of Directors declared cash dividends during fiscal years 2022 and 2021. The details of the dividends paid are in the following tables:

(in thousands, except dividend per share) |  | Fiscal Year 2022 |  |  |  |
Record Date |  | Distribution Date |  | Number of Shares Outstanding on Record Date |  | Dividend per Share |  | Total Amount
10/25/2021 |  | 11/01/2021 |  | 20,148 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 1,209 |
1/31/2022 |  | 2/07/2022 |  | 20,178 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 1,211 |
4/25/2022 |  | 5/02/2022 |  | 20,207 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 1,212 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 3,632 |

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(in thousands, except dividend per share) |  | Fiscal Year 2021 |  |  |  |
Record Date |  | Distribution Date |  | Number of Shares Outstanding on Record Date |  | Dividend per Share |  | Total Amount
10/26/2020 |  | 11/02/2020 |  | 19,924 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | $ | 1,195 |
1/25/2021 |  | 2/01/2021 |  | 20,010 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 1,201 |
4/26/2021 |  | 5/03/2021 |  | 20,115 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 1,207 |
7/26/2021 |  | 8/02/2021 |  | 20,139 |  |  | $ | 0.06 |  |  | 1,208 |
Total |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 4,811 |

Stock Option Plans
On February 23, 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and its shareholders approved, the 2007 Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Plan”), under which a total of 1.0 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. On February 25, 2014, the shareholders approved an additional 1.0 million shares, increasing the total number of shares available to be granted under the 2007 Plan to 2.0 million. This plan terminated in February 2017 by its terms.
On December 23, 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and on February 23, 2017, its shareholders approved, the Company’s 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), under which a total of 1.0 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. The 2017 Plan will terminate in December 2026. The 2017 Plan was replaced by the Company’s 2021 Plan (as defined below), and as a result, no further issuances of shares may be made under the 2017 Plan.
On April 9, 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted, and on June 23, 2021, its shareholders approved, the Company’s 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan,” and together with the 2007 Plan and 2017 Plan, the “Plans”), under which 1.3 million shares of common stock were reserved for issuance. The 2021 Plan became effective as of April 9, 2021, and the Company may issue equity awards to permitted recipients thereunder. The maximum contractual life of the plan is ten years.
As of May 31, 2022, employees and directors hold Incentive Stock Options (“ISOs”) and Non-Qualified Stock Options (“NQSOs”) to purchase 1.3 million shares of common stock at exercise prices ranging from $6.85 to $66.14.
The following table summarizes information about stock options:

(in thousands, except per share and weighted-average amounts) |  | Number of Options |  | Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share |  | Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (Years)
Transactions during the nine months ended May 31, 2022 |  |  |
Outstanding, August 31, 2021 |  | 1,184 |  |  | $ | 25.63 |  |  | 6.47
Granted |  | 232 |  |  | $ | 41.40 |  |  |
Exercised |  | (76) |  |  | $ | 15.93 |  |  |
Cancelled/Forfeited |  | (64) |  |  | $ | 41.04 |  |  |
Outstanding, May 31, 2022 |  | 1,276 |  |  | $ | 28.31 |  |  | 6.33
Exercisable, May 31, 2022 |  | 722 |  |  | $ | 16.96 |  |  | 4.66

The total fair value of nonvested stock options as of May 31, 2022 was $7.5 million and is amortizable over a weighted average period of 3.33 years.
The fair value of these options was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-valuation model was developed for use in estimating the fair value of traded options, which do not have vesting restrictions and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility.
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The following table summarizes the fair value of the options, including both ISOs and NQSOs, granted during the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and fiscal year 2021:

(in thousands except pricing) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, 2022 |  | Fiscal Year 2021
Estimated fair value of awards granted |  | $ | 4,066 |  | $ | — |  | $ | 5,092 |
Unvested forfeiture rate |  | 1 | % |  | 0 | %
Weighted average grant price |  | $ | 41.40 |  |  | $ | 57.60 |
Weighted average market price |  | $ | 41.40 |  |  | $ | 57.60 |
Weighted average volatility |  | 42.71 | % |  | 40.49 | %
Weighted average risk-free rate |  | 1.62 | % |  | 0.64 | %
Weighted average dividend yield |  | 0.59 | % |  | 0.42 | %
Weighted average expected life |  | 6.59 years |  | 6.63 years

The exercise prices for the options outstanding at May 31, 2022 ranged from $6.85 to $66.14, and the information relating to these options is as follows:

(in thousands except prices)
Exercise Price |  | Awards Outstanding |  | Awards Exercisable
Low |  | High |  | Quantity |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Quantity |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price
$ | 6.85 |  |  | $ | 9.77 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 3.02 years |  | $ | 8.33 |  |  | 296 |  |  | 3.02 years |  | $ | 8.33 |
$ | 9.78 |  |  | $ | 18.76 |  |  | 208 |  |  | 4.58 years |  | $ | 10.37 |  |  | 207 |  |  | 4.58 years |  | $ | 10.35 |
$ | 18.77 |  |  | $ | 33.40 |  |  | 253 |  |  | 6.64 years |  | $ | 25.15 |  |  | 129 |  |  | 6.26 years |  | $ | 24.11 |
$ | 33.41 |  |  | $ | 47.63 |  |  | 240 |  |  | 8.86 years |  | $ | 38.37 |  |  | 34 |  |  | 7.31 years |  | $ | 35.75 |
$ | 47.64 |  |  | $ | 66.14 |  |  | 279 |  |  | 8.69 years |  | $ | 57.06 |  |  | 56 |  |  | 8.39 years |  | $ | 58.93 |
|  |  |  | 1,276 |  |  | 6.33 years |  | $ | 28.31 |  |  | 722 |  |  | 4.66 years |  | $ | 16.96 |

During the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022, the Company issued 1,875 and 5,326 shares of stock valued at $87 thousand and $263 thousand, respectively, to our non-management directors as compensation for board-related duties.
The balance of par value common stock and additional paid-in capital as of May 31, 2022, was $11 thousand and $137.5 million, respectively.
NOTE 8: CONCENTRATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentration of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, and short-term investments. In addition, we hold cash at a bank in France that is not FDIC-insured. Historically, we have not experienced any losses in such accounts. However, we are investigating alternative ways to minimize our exposure to such risks. While we may be exposed to credit losses due to the nonperformance of our counterparties, we do not expect the settlement of these transactions to have a material effect on our results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition. We maintain cash and cash equivalents at financial institutions that may, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
Revenue concentration shows that international sales accounted for 30% and 31% of net sales for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Four customers accounted for 5%, 4%, 3%, and 3% of net sales during the nine months ended May 31, 2022. Three customers accounted for 12%, 4%, and 4% of net sales during the nine months ended May 31, 2021.
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Accounts receivable concentration shows that four customers each comprised between 5% and 6% of accounts receivable as of May 31, 2022, compared to four customers each comprising between 7% and 10% of accounts receivable as of May 31, 2021.
We operate in the computer software industry, which is highly competitive and changes rapidly. Our operating results could be significantly affected by our ability to develop new products and find new distribution channels for new and existing products.
The majority of our customers are in the pharmaceutical industry. During economic downturns, we have seen consolidations in the pharmaceutical industry. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our business going forward will depend on numerous factors we cannot reliably predict, including the duration and scope of the pandemic; businesses and individuals' actions in response to the pandemic; and the impact on economic activity, including the possibility of recession or financial market instability. These factors may adversely impact consumer, business, and government spending as well as customers' ability to pay for our products and services on an ongoing basis. As a result, our growth rate could be affected by consolidation and downsizing in the pharmaceutical industry.
NOTE 9: SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC REPORTING
We account for segments and geographic revenue in accordance with guidance issued by the FASB. Our reportable segments are strategic business units that offer different products and services.
Results for each business unit segment and consolidated results for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31, 2022
|  | Software |  | Services |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 9,647 |  |  | $ | 5,312 |  |  | $ | 14,959 |
Cost of revenue |  | 730 |  |  | 1,829 |  |  | 2,559 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 8,917 |  |  | $ | 3,483 |  |  | $ | 12,400 |
Gross margin |  | 92 | % |  | 66 | % |  | 83 | %

Our software business and services business represented 64% and 36% of total revenue, respectively, for the three months ended May 31, 2022.

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31, 2021
|  | Software |  | Services |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 8,298 |  |  | $ | 4,479 |  |  | $ | 12,777 |
Cost of revenue |  | 800 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 2,471 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 7,498 |  |  | $ | 2,808 |  |  | $ | 10,306 |
Gross margin |  | 90 | % |  | 63 | % |  | 81 | %

Our software business and services business represented 65% and 35% of total revenue, respectively, for the three months ended May 31, 2021.

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, 2022
|  | Software |  | Services |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 26,767 |  |  | $ | 15,405 |  |  | $ | 42,172 |
Cost of revenue |  | 2,245 |  |  | 5,900 |  |  | 8,145 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 24,522 |  |  | $ | 9,505 |  |  | $ | 34,027 |
Gross margin |  | 92 | % |  | 62 | % |  | 81 | %

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Our software business and services business represented 63% and 37% of total revenue, respectively, for the nine months ended May 31, 2022.

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31, 2021
|  | Software |  | Services |  | Total
Revenue |  | $ | 22,337 |  |  | $ | 14,288 |  |  | $ | 36,625 |
Cost of revenue |  | 2,448 |  |  | 5,367 |  |  | 7,815 |
Gross profit |  | $ | 19,889 |  |  | $ | 8,921 |  |  | $ | 28,810 |
Gross margin |  | 89 | % |  | 62 | % |  | 79 | %

Our software business and services business represented 61% and 39% of total revenue, respectively, for the nine months ended May 31, 2021.
Revenue by product and consolidated revenue for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Software revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GastroPlus |  | $ | 6,434 |  |  | 67 | % |  | $ | 5,426 |  |  | 65 | %
MonolixSuite |  | 1,025 |  |  | 11 | % |  | 948 |  |  | 11 | %
ADMET Predictor |  | 1,593 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 1,488 |  |  | 18 | %
Other |  | 595 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 436 |  |  | 5 | %
Total software revenue |  | $ | 9,647 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 8,298 |  |  | 100 | %
Services revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PKPD |  | $ | 2,482 |  |  | 47 | % |  | $ | 1,925 |  |  | 43 | %
QSP/QST |  | 1,197 |  |  | 23 | % |  | 1,180 |  |  | 26 | %
PBPK |  | 1,351 |  |  | 25 | % |  | 739 |  |  | 17 | %
Other |  | 282 |  |  | 5 | % |  | 635 |  |  | 14 | %
Total services revenue |  | $ | 5,312 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 4,479 |  |  | 100 | %
Total consolidated revenue |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  |  |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  |

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(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Software revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
GastroPlus |  | $ | 15,869 |  |  | 59 | % |  | $ | 13,245 |  |  | 59 | %
MonolixSuite |  | 4,817 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 3,664 |  |  | 16 | %
ADMET Predictor |  | 4,419 |  |  | 17 | % |  | 3,872 |  |  | 17 | %
Other |  | 1,662 |  |  | 6 | % |  | 1,556 |  |  | 7 | %
Total software revenue |  | $ | 26,767 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 22,337 |  |  | 100 | %
Services revenue |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
PKPD |  | $ | 7,030 |  |  | 46 | % |  | $ | 6,755 |  |  | 47 | %
QSP/QST |  | 4,190 |  |  | 27 | % |  | 4,047 |  |  | 28 | %
PBPK |  | 3,158 |  |  | 20 | % |  | 2,312 |  |  | 16 | %
Other |  | 1,027 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 1,174 |  |  | 8 | %
Total services revenue |  | $ | 15,405 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 14,288 |  |  | 100 | %
Total consolidated revenue |  | $ | 42,172 |  |  |  |  | $ | 36,625 |  |  |

Revenue by division and consolidated revenue for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Simulations Plus |  | $ | 9,412 |  |  | 63 | % |  | $ | 7,916 |  |  | 62 | %
Cognigen |  | 2,745 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 2,536 |  |  | 20 | %
DILIsym |  | 1,723 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 1,331 |  |  | 10 | %
Lixoft |  | 1,079 |  |  | 7 | % |  | 994 |  |  | 8 | %
Total |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | 100 | %

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Simulations Plus |  | $ | 23,916 |  |  | 57 | % |  | $ | 19,994 |  |  | 55 | %
Cognigen |  | 7,685 |  |  | 18 | % |  | 7,987 |  |  | 22 | %
DILIsym |  | 5,542 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 4,817 |  |  | 13 | %
Lixoft |  | 5,029 |  |  | 12 | % |  | 3,827 |  |  | 10 | %
Total |  | $ | 42,172 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 36,625 |  |  | 100 | %

In addition, we allocate revenue to geographic areas based on the locations of our customers. Revenue for each geographical area and consolidated revenue for the three and nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Americas |  | $ | 11,163 |  |  | 75 | % |  | $ | 9,651 |  |  | 76 | %
EMEA |  | 1,925 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 1,462 |  |  | 11 | %
Asia Pacific |  | 1,871 |  |  | 13 | % |  | 1,664 |  |  | 13 | %
Total |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | 100 | %

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(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021
Americas |  | $ | 29,318 |  |  | 70 | % |  | $ | 25,436 |  |  | 69 | %
EMEA |  | 8,656 |  |  | 21 | % |  | 7,022 |  |  | 19 | %
Asia Pacific |  | 4,198 |  |  | 10 | % |  | 4,167 |  |  | 11 | %
Total |  | $ | 42,172 |  |  | 100 | % |  | $ | 36,625 |  |  | 100 | %

NOTE 10: EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN
We maintain a 401(k) Plan for all eligible employees, and we make matching contributions equal to 100% of the employee’s elective deferral, not to exceed 4% of total employee compensation. We can also elect to make a profit-sharing contribution. Our contributions to this 401(K) Plan amounted to $134 thousand and $151 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $442 thousand and $403 thousand for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
NOTE 11: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On Wednesday, July 6, 2022, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.06 per share to our shareholders. The dividend amount of approximately $1.2 million will be distributed on Monday, August 1, 2022, for shareholders of record as of Monday, July 25, 2022.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward-Looking Statements
This document and the documents incorporated in this document by reference contain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical fact contained in this document and the materials accompanying this document are forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to our management. Frequently, but not always, forward-looking statements are identified by the use of the future tense and by words such as “believes,” expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “will,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “projects,” “continues,” “estimates” or similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual results could differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our or our industry’s actual results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
The forward-looking statements contained or incorporated by reference in this document are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), and are subject to the safe harbor created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements include declarations regarding our plans, intentions, beliefs, or current expectations.
Among the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by forward-looking statements are the risks and uncertainties described under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended August 31, 2021, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on October 27, 2021, and elsewhere in this document and in our other filings with the SEC.
Forward-looking statements are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. The forward-looking statements included in this document are made as of the date of this document and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect new information, subsequent events, or otherwise.
General
BUSINESS
OVERVIEW
Simulations Plus, Inc., incorporated in 1996, is a premier developer of modeling and simulation software for drug discovery and development, including the prediction of properties of molecules utilizing artificial-intelligence and machine-learning-based technologies. We also provide consulting services ranging from early drug discovery through preclinical and clinical trial development to regulatory submissions in support of product approval. Our software and consulting services are provided to major pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical, cosmetics, and food industry companies. They are also provided to academic agencies for use in education and in the conduct of industry-based research and to regulatory agencies for product approval. The Company is headquartered in Southern California, with additional offices in Buffalo, NY; Durham, NC; and Paris, France. Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SLP” since May 13, 2021, prior to which it traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the same symbol.
We generate revenue by delivering relevant, cost-effective software and creative and insightful consulting services. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies use our software programs and scientific consulting services to guide early drug discovery (molecule design, screening, and lead optimization), preclinical and clinical development programs, and development of generic medicines after patent expiration, including using our software products and services to enhance their understanding of the properties of potential new medicines and to use emerging data to improve formulations, select and justify dosing regimens, support the generics industry, optimize clinical trial designs, and simulate outcomes in special populations, such as in elderly and pediatric patients.
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Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our Business
For a discussion of the impacts on, and risks to, our business from COVID-19, please refer to “Our business is subject to risks arising from epidemic diseases, such as the recent outbreak of the COVID-19 illness” included in Item 1A Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on October 27, 2021.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Short-Form Mergers
Effective September 1, 2021, the Company merged Cognigen Corporation and DILIsym, Services, Inc. (wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company) with and into Simulations Plus, Inc. through short-form mergers (the “Mergers”). To effectuate the Mergers, the Company filed Certificates of Ownership with the Secretaries of State of the states of Delaware (Cognigen’s and DILIsym’s state of incorporation) and California (the Company’s state of incorporation). Consummation of the Mergers was not subject to approval of the Company’s stockholders and did not impact the rights of the Company’s stockholders.
Summary Results of Operations
Comparison of Three Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021:

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | $ | 2,182 |  |  | 17 | %
Cost of revenue |  | 2,559 |  |  | 2,471 |  |  | 88 |  |  | 4 | %
Gross profit |  | 12,400 |  |  | 10,306 |  |  | 2,094 |  |  | 20 | %
Research and development |  | 655 |  |  | 670 |  |  | (15) |  |  | (2) | %
Selling, general and administrative |  | 6,799 |  |  | 5,094 |  |  | 1,705 |  |  | 33 | %
Total operating expenses |  | 7,454 |  |  | 5,764 |  |  | 1,690 |  |  | 29 | %
Income from operations |  | 4,946 |  |  | 4,542 |  |  | 404 |  |  | 9 | %
Other income (expense), net |  | (112) |  |  | (51) |  |  | (61) |  |  | 120 | %
Income before income taxes |  | 4,834 |  |  | 4,491 |  |  | 343 |  |  | 8 | %
Provision for income taxes |  | (747) |  |  | (704) |  |  | (43) |  |  | 6 | %
Net income |  | $ | 4,087 |  |  | $ | 3,787 |  |  | $ | 300 |  |  | 8 | %

Revenue
Consolidated revenue increased by $2.2 million or 17% to $15.0 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022, compared to consolidated revenue of $12.8 million for the three months ended May 31, 2021. This increase is primarily due to a $1.3 million or 16% increase in software-related revenue and a $833 thousand or 19% increase in service-related revenue when compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021.
Cost of Revenue
Consolidated cost of revenue increased by $88 thousand or 4% to $2.6 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022, compared to $2.5 million for the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to a $158 thousand or 9% increase in service-related cost of revenue, partially offset by a $70 thousand or 9% decrease in software-related cost of revenue when compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021.
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Gross Profit
Consolidated gross profit increased by $2.1 million or 20% to $12.4 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022, compared to $10.3 million for the three months ended May 31, 2021. The higher gross profit is primarily due to an increase in gross profit for our software business of $1.4 million or 19% and a $675 thousand or 24% increase in gross profit for our services business.
Overall gross margin percentage was 83% and 81% for the three months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Research and Development Costs
Total research and development costs decreased by $56 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2022, compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021. During the three months ended May 31, 2022, we incurred $1.4 million of research and development costs; of this amount, $759 thousand was capitalized and $655 thousand was expensed. During the three months ended May 31, 2021, we incurred $1.5 million of research and development costs; of this amount $800 thousand was capitalized and $670 thousand was expensed.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased by $1.7 million or 33% to $6.8 million for the three months ended May 31, 2022, up from $5.1 million for the three months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $537 thousand, driven largely by inflationary wage pressure and a tight labor market, an increase in travel costs of $193 thousand, and an increase in insurance expense of $154 thousand.
As a percent of revenue, consolidated selling, general, and administrative expenses increased from 40% to 45% for the same comparative periods.
Other Income (Expense), net
Total other expense was $112 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2022, compared to total other expense of $51 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2021. The variance of $61 thousand was primarily due to currency-exchange loss of $244 thousand, partially offset by an increase in interest income of $102 thousand and a decrease in loss due to change in value of contingent consideration of $81 thousand.
Provision for Income Taxes
Provision for income taxes was $747 thousand for the three months ended May 31, 2022, compared to $704 thousand for the same period in the previous year. Our effective tax rate decreased by less than 1% to 15% for the three months ended May 31, 2022, from 16% during the same period of the previous year.
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Comparison of Nine Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021:

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | $ Change |  | % Change
Revenue |  | $ | 42,172 |  |  | $ | 36,625 |  |  | $ | 5,547 |  |  | 15 | %
Cost of revenue |  | 8,145 |  |  | 7,815 |  |  | 330 |  |  | 4 | %
Gross profit |  | 34,027 |  |  | 28,810 |  |  | 5,217 |  |  | 18 | %
Research and development |  | 2,439 |  |  | 2,771 |  |  | (332) |  |  | (12) | %
Selling, general and administrative |  | 17,371 |  |  | 14,960 |  |  | 2,411 |  |  | 16 | %
Total operating expenses |  | 19,810 |  |  | 17,731 |  |  | 2,079 |  |  | 12 | %
Income from operations |  | 14,217 |  |  | 11,079 |  |  | 3,138 |  |  | 28 | %
Other income (expense), net |  | 6 |  |  | (169) |  |  | 175 |  |  | (104) | %
Income before income taxes |  | 14,223 |  |  | 10,910 |  |  | 3,313 |  |  | 30 | %
Provision for income taxes |  | (2,701) |  |  | (1,433) |  |  | (1,268) |  |  | 88 | %
Net income |  | $ | 11,522 |  |  | $ | 9,477 |  |  | $ | 2,045 |  |  | 22 | %

Revenue
Consolidated revenue increased by $5.5 million or 15% to $42.2 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022, compared to consolidated revenue of $36.6 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2021. This increase is primarily due to a $4.4 million or 20% increase in software-related revenue, as well as a $1.1 million or 8% increase in service-related revenue when c omparing the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.
Cost of Revenue
Consolidated cost of revenue increased by $330 thousand or 4% to $8.1 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022, compared to $7.8 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase is primarily due to a $533 thousand or 10% increase in service-related cost of revenue, partially offset by a decrease of $203 thousand in software-related cost of revenue w hen compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021.
Gross Profit
Consolidated gross profit increased by $5.2 million or 18% to $34.0 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022, compared to $28.8 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The higher gross profit is due to an increase in gross profit for our software business of $4.6 million or 23% and an increase in gross profit for our services business of $584 thousand or 7%.
Overall gross margin percentage was 81% and 79% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Research and Development Costs
Total research and development costs decreased by $366 thousand for the nine months ended May 31, 2022, compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021. During the nine months ended May 31, 2022, we incurred $4.7 million of research and development costs; of this amount, $2.3 million was capitalized and $2.4 million was expensed. During the nine months ended May 31, 2021, we incurred $5.1 million of research and development costs; of this amount $2.3 million was capitalized and $2.8 million was expensed.
Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general, and administrative expenses increased by $2.4 million or 16% to $17.4 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022, from $15.0 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $1.7 million, an increase in insurance costs of $442 thousand related to cyber and D&O premiums, and an increase in travel costs of $255 thousand.
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As a percent of revenue, consolidated selling, general, and administrative expenses remained consistent at 41% for the same comparative periods.
Other Income (Expense), net
Total other income was $6 thousand for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to total other expense of $169 thousand for the nine months ended May 31, 2021. The variance of $175 thousand was primarily due t o an increase in net interest income of $144 thousand.
Provision for Income Taxes
Provision for income taxes was $2.7 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022, compared to $1.4 million for the same period in the previous year. Our effective tax rate increased 6% to 19% for the nine months ended May 31, 2022 compared to 13% for the same period of the previous year.
Segment Results of Operations by Business Unit
Comparison of Three Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021:
Revenue

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%)
Software |  | $ | 9,647 |  |  | $ | 8,298 |  |  | $ | 1,349 |  |  | 16 | %
Services |  | 5,312 |  |  | 4,479 |  |  | 833 |  |  | 19 | %
Total |  | $ | 14,959 |  |  | $ | 12,777 |  |  | $ | 2,182 |  |  | 17 | %

Cost of Revenue

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%)
Software |  | $ | 730 |  |  | $ | 800 |  |  | $ | (70) |  |  | (9) | %
Services |  | 1,829 |  |  | 1,671 |  |  | 158 |  |  | 9 | %
Total |  | $ | 2,559 |  |  | $ | 2,471 |  |  | $ | 88 |  |  | 4 | %

Gross Profit

(in thousands) |  | Three Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%)
Software |  | $ | 8,917 |  |  | $ | 7,498 |  |  | $ | 1,419 |  |  | 19 | %
Services |  | 3,483 |  |  | 2,808 |  |  | 675 |  |  | 24 | %
Total |  | $ | 12,400 |  |  | $ | 10,306 |  |  | $ | 2,094 |  |  | 20 | %

Software Business
For the three months ended May 31, 2022, the revenue increase of $1.3 million or 16%, compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021, was primarily due to higher sales from GastroPlus of $1.0 million. Cost of revenue decreased $70 thousand or 9% during the same periods primarily due to a decrease in amortization of capitalized software. Gross profit increased $1.4 million or 19% during the same periods, primarily due to the increase in revenue.
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Services Business
For the three months ended May 31, 2022, the revenue increase of $833 thousand or 19%, compared to the three months ended May 31, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in revenue from PBPK of $612 thousand and an increase in revenue from PKPD of $557 thousand, partially offset by decreases in other services revenue. Cost of revenue increased $158 thousand or 9%, primarily due to an increase in CRO services of $105 thousand. Gross profit increased $675 thousand or 24%.
Comparison of Nine Months Ended May 31, 2022 and 2021:
Revenue

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%)
Software |  | $ | 26,767 |  |  | $ | 22,337 |  |  | $ | 4,430 |  |  | 20 | %
Services |  | 15,405 |  |  | 14,288 |  |  | 1,117 |  |  | 8 | %
Total |  | $ | 42,172 |  |  | $ | 36,625 |  |  | $ | 5,547 |  |  | 15 | %

Cost of Revenue

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%)
Software |  | $ | 2,245 |  |  | $ | 2,448 |  |  | $ | (203) |  |  | (8) | %
Services |  | 5,900 |  |  | 5,367 |  |  | 533 |  |  | 10 | %
Total |  | $ | 8,145 |  |  | $ | 7,815 |  |  | $ | 330 |  |  | 4 | %

Gross Profit

(in thousands) |  | Nine Months Ended May 31,
|  | 2022 |  | 2021 |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%)
Software |  | $ | 24,522 |  |  | $ | 19,889 |  |  | $ | 4,633 |  |  | 23 | %
Services |  | 9,505 |  |  | 8,921 |  |  | 584 |  |  | 7 | %
Total |  | $ | 34,027 |  |  | $ | 28,810 |  |  | $ | 5,217 |  |  | 18 | %

Software Business
For the nine months ended May 31, 2022, the revenue increase of $4.4 million or 20%, compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021, was primarily due to higher sales from GastroPlus, MonolixSuite, and ADMET Predictor of $2.6 million, $1.2 million, and $547 thousand, respectively. Cost of revenue decreased $203 thousand or 8% during the same periods primarily due to a decrease in amortization of capitalized software. Gross profit increased $4.6 million or 23% during the same periods, primarily due to the increase in revenue.
Services Business
For the nine months ended May 31, 2022, the revenue increase of $1.1 million or 8%, compared to the nine months ended May 31, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in revenue from PBPK of $846 thousand, an increase from PKPD of $275 thousand, and an increase in QSP/QST consulting services of $143 thousand. Cost of revenue increased by $533 thousand or 10%, primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of $235 thousand and an increase in CRO services of $224 thousand. Gross profit increased $584 thousand or 7% during the same periods, primarily due to the increase in revenue.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of May 31, 2022, the Company had $42.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, $80.1 million in short-term investments, and $138.9 million in working capital. Our principal sources of capital have been cash flows from our operations and a public offering in 2020. We have achieved continuous positive operating cash flow over the last twelve fiscal years.
On March 31, 2020, we entered into a Credit Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. The Credit Agreement provided us with a credit facility of $3.5 million through April 15, 2022 (the “Termination Date”), on which date the Credit Agreement terminated in accordance with its terms. As a result, we can no longer draw down against the line of credit. We chose not to renew or pursue an alternative credit facility as we do not foresee a need to utilize such credit facility within the next twelve months. As of the Termination Date, there were no amounts drawn against the line of credit.
On March 31, 2020, we entered into a Share Purchase and Contribution Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Lixoft. Under the terms of the Agreement, we agreed to pay the former shareholders of Lixoft total consideration of up to $16.5 million, consisting of two-thirds cash and one-third newly issued, unregistered shares of our common stock. At closing, we paid the former shareholders of Lixoft a total of $10.8 million, comprised of cash in the amount of $9.5 million and the issuance of 111,682 shares of our common stock valued at $3.7 million, net of adjustments and a $2.0 million holdback for representations and warranties. In addition, we paid $3.5 million of excess working capital based on the March 31, 2020 financial statements of Lixoft. In addition, the Agreement called for earnout payments up to an additional $5.5 million, payable in two-thirds cash and one-third newly issued, unregistered shares of our common stock, based on a revenue growth formula each year for the two years subsequent to April 1, 2020. The former shareholders could earn up to $2 million the first year and $3.5 million in year two. In June 2021, $2.0 million was paid out under the first earnout payment, which was comprised of $1.3 million of cash and $0.7 million worth of common stock. In April 2022, we released and distributed the $2.0 million holdback consideration, consisting of $1.3 million in cash and shares of common stock valued at $0.7 million (amounting to an aggregate of 20,326 unregistered shares of common stock), to the former shareholders of Lixoft. In May 2022, we released and distributed $3.5 million in earnout consideration, consisting of $2.3 million in cash and shares of common stock valued at $1.2 million (amounting to an aggregate of 23,825 unregistered shares of common stock), to the former shareholders of Lixoft in accordance with the Agreement.
We believe that our existing capital and anticipated funds from operations will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for working capital and capital expenditures for the foreseeable future. Thereafter, if cash generated from operations is insufficient to satisfy our capital requirements, we may have to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain a new credit facility. In the event such financing is needed in the future, there can be no assurance that such financing will be available to us, or, if available, that it will be in amounts and on terms acceptable to us. If cash flows from operations became insufficient to continue operations at the current level, and if no additional financing was obtained, then management would restructure the Company in a way to preserve its pharmaceutical business while maintaining expenses within operating cash flows.
We continue to seek opportunities for strategic acquisitions. If one or more such acquisitions is identified, a substantial portion of our cash reserves may be required to complete it; however, we intend to maintain sufficient cash reserves after any acquisition to provide reasonable assurance that outside financing will not be necessary to continue operations. If we identify an attractive acquisition that would require more cash to complete than we are willing or able to use from our cash reserves, we will consider financing options to complete the acquisition, including obtaining loans and issuing additional securities.
Except as discussed elsewhere in this report, we are not aware of any trends or demands, commitments, events, or uncertainties that are reasonably likely to result in a decrease in liquidity of our assets. The trend over the last ten years has been increasing cash deposits from our operating cash flows, and we expect that trend to continue for the foreseeable future.
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Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $10.0 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2022. Our operating cash flows resulted primarily from our net income of $11.5 million, which was generated by cash received from our customers, offset by cash payments we made to third parties for their services and employee compensation. In addition, net cash outflow from changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities was $8.0 million, offset by non-cash charges of $6.5 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily a result of an increase in accounts receivable.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $10.9 million for the nine months ended May 31, 2021. Our operating cash flows resulted primarily from our net income of $9.5 million, which was generated by cash received from our customers, offset by cash payments we made to third parties for their services and employee compensation. In addition, net cash outflow from changes in balances of operating assets and liabilities was $5.4 million, offset by non-cash charges of $6.8 million. The change in operating assets and liabilities was primarily a result of an increase in accounts receivable.
Investing Activities
Net cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended May 31, 2022, of $2.0 million was primarily due to the proceeds from the sale of short-term investments of $75.9 million, partially offset by the purchase of short-term investments of $70.9 million and the purchase of computer software development costs of $2.3 million.
Cash provided by investing activities during the nine months ended May 31, 2021, of $865 thousand was primarily due to the proceeds from the sale of short-term investments of $68.1 million, partially offset by the purchase of short-term investments of $64.0 million, the costs associated with the development of computer software of $2.3 million and the purchase of equipment of $1.0 million.
Financing Activities
For the nine months ended May 31, 2022, net cash used in financing activities of $6.6 million was primarily due to payments on contracts payable of $3.7 million comprised of $2.3 million for the final earnout payment and $1.3 million to settle the holdback liability related to the Lixoft acquisition, and dividend payments totaling $3.6 million, partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options totaling $693 thousand.
For the nine months ended May 31, 2021, net cash used by financing activities of $2.2 million was primarily driven by the payment of dividends totaling $3.6 million, partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options totaling $1.4 million.
Working Capital
At May 31, 2022, we had working capital of $138.9 million, a ratio of current assets to current liabilities of 24.5 and a ratio of debt to equity of less than 0.1. At August 31, 2021, we had working capital of $127.7 million, a ratio of current assets to current liabilities of 12.0 and a ratio of debt to equity of 0.1.
Contractual Obligations
The following table provides aggregate information regarding our contractual obligations as of May 31, 2022:

(in thousands) |  | Payments due by period
Contractual obligations: |  | Total |  | 1 year |  | 2–3 years |  | 4–5 years |  | More than 5 years
Operating lease obligations |  | $ | 1,629 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | — |
Total |  | $ | 1,629 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 801 |  |  | $ | 319 |  |  | $ | — |

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Known Trends or Uncertainties
We have seen some consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry during economic downturns, although these consolidations have not had a negative effect on our total revenue from that industry. Should consolidations and downsizing in the industry continue to occur, those events could adversely impact our revenue and earnings going forward.
We believe that the need for improved productivity in the research and development activities directed toward developing new medicines will continue to result in increasing adoption of simulation and modeling tools such as those we produce. New product developments in the pharmaceutical business segments could result in increased revenue and earnings if they are accepted by our markets; however, there can be no assurances that new products will result in significant improvements to revenue or earnings. For competitive reasons, we do not disclose all of our new product development activities.
Our continued quest for acquisitions could result in a significant change to revenue and earnings if one or more such acquisitions are completed.
The potential for growth in new markets (e.g., healthcare) is uncertain. We will continue to explore these opportunities until such time as we either generate sales or determine that resources would be more efficiently used elsewhere.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, including those related to recoverability and useful lives of long-lived assets, stock compensation, valuation of derivative instruments, allowances, contingent consideration, contingent value rights, fixed payment arrangements, and going concern. Management bases its estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. The methods, estimates, and judgments used by us in applying these critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our condensed consolidated financial statements. Our significant accounting policies and estimates are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2021 (the “Annual Report”), filed with the SEC on October 27, 2021.
Information regarding our significant accounting policies and estimates can also be found in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
As of May 31, 2022, there has been no material change in our exposure to market risk from that described in Item 7A of our Annual Report.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of May 31, 2022. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well-designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation, management concluded as of May 31, 2022 that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
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Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
No change in our internal controls over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
For a description of our material pending legal proceedings, please see Note 6, Commitments and Contingencies, to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Please carefully consider the information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the risk factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report, which could materially affect our business, financial condition, or future results. The risks described in our Annual Report, as well as other risks and uncertainties, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition, which in turn could materially and adversely affect the trading price of shares of our common stock. Except as set forth below, there have been no material updates or changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annual Report; provided, however, additional risks not currently known or currently material to us may also harm our business.
We are currently operating in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption, which has been significantly impacted by geopolitical instability due to the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any negative impact on the global economy and capital markets resulting from the conflict in Ukraine or any other geopolitical tensions.
U.S. and global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the start of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. On February 24, 2022, a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops was reported. Although the length and impact of the ongoing military conflict is highly unpredictable, the conflict in Ukraine could lead to market disruptions, including significant volatility in commodity prices, credit and capital markets, as well as supply chain interruptions. We are continuing to monitor the situation in Ukraine and globally and assessing its potential impact on our business.
Additionally, the recent military conflict in Ukraine has led to sanctions and other penalties being levied by the United States, European Union and other countries against Russia. Additional potential sanctions and penalties have also been proposed and/or threatened. Russian military actions and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect the global economy and financial markets and lead to instability and lack of liquidity in capital markets, potentially making it more difficult for us to obtain additional funds.
Although our business has not been materially impacted by the ongoing military conflict between Russian and Ukraine to date, it is impossible to predict the extent to which our operations, or those of our customers, suppliers, and manufacturers, will be impacted in the short and long term, or the ways in which the conflict may impact our business. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions, and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions may also magnify the impact of other risks described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report.
We may be adversely affected by the effects of inflation.
Inflation has the potential to adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition, and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure, particularly if we are unable to achieve commensurate increases in the prices we charge our customers. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates and capital costs, shipping costs, supply shortages, increased costs of labor, weakening exchange rates, and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have experienced and may continue to experience, cost increases. Although we may take measures to mitigate the impact of this inflation, if these measures are not effective, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Even if such measures are effective, there could be a difference between the timing of when these beneficial actions impact our results of operations and when the cost of inflation is incurred.
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Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
As discussed elsewhere in this report, on April 1, 2022, the Company released from escrow an aggregate of 20,326 unregistered shares of the Company’s common stock to the former shareholders of Lixoft as partial payment of a $2.0 million holdback of the closing consideration payable pursuant to that Share Purchase and Contribution Agreement entered into by and among the Company and the former shareholders of Lixoft, dated March 31, 2020 (the "Agreement"). The shares had an aggregate value of $0.7 million.
On May 5, 2022, the Company issued an aggregate of 23,825 unregistered shares of the Company’s common stock to the former shareholders of Lixoft pursuant to the Agreement. The shares had an aggregate value of $1.2 million and were issued as a portion of an earnout payment in connection with the satisfaction of certain year-over-year performance thresholds set forth in the Agreement.
The shares released as partial payment of the $2.0 million holdback and issued as partial payment of the earnout were issued in a transaction not involving a public offering in reliance upon an exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and/or Regulation S promulgated thereunder.
The Company did not sell any other unregistered equity securities during the period covered by this report that were not otherwise disclosed in a Current Report on Form 8-K.
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
Item 5. Other Information
None.
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Item 6. Exhibits

EXHIBIT NUMBER |  | DESCRIPTION
2.1(3)^ |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated July 23, 2014, by and among the Company, Cognigen Corporation and the other parties thereto.
2.2(5)^ |  | Share Purchase and Contribution Agreement, dated March 31, 2020.
3.1(2) |  | Articles of Incorporation of the Company.
3.2(2) |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Company.
3.3(4) |  | Certificate of Amendment to the Amended and Restated Bylaws of Simulations Plus, Inc.
4.1(1) |  | Form of Common Stock Certificate.
4.2(1) |  | Share Exchange Agreement.
4.3(6) |  | Revolving Line of Credit Note, dated as of March 31, 2020, by and between the Company, as borrower, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender.
4.4(6) |  | Credit Agreement, dated as of March 31, 2020, by and between the Company, as borrower, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender.
10.1(7)† |  | First Amendment to Employment Agreement, by and between Simulations Plus, Inc. and Shawn O’Connor, dated November 19, 2021.
31.1* |  | Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
31.2* |  | Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002*
32.1* |  | Certification of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002**
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File – the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

___________________________
^ Schedules and exhibits omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Registration S-K. The registrant agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon request.
* Filed herewith
† Those exhibits marked with a (†) refer to management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.
(1)Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Registration Statement on Form SB-2 (Registration No. 333-6680) filed on March 25, 1997.
(2)Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Company’s Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended August 31, 2010.
(3)Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Company’s Form 8-K/A filed November 18, 2014.
(4)Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Company’s Definitive Schedule 14A filed December 31, 2018.
(5)Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Company’s Form 8-K filed April 2, 2020.
(6)Incorporated by reference to an exhibit to the Company’s Form 8-K filed April 3, 2020.
(7)Incorporated by reference to the Company’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 19, 2021.
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SIGNATURE
In accordance with Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Lancaster, State of California, on July 8, 2022.

|  | Simulations Plus, Inc. |
Date: | July 8, 2022 | By: | /s/ Will Frederick |
|  | Will Frederick |
|  | Chief Financial Officer |

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