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SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies) | 12 Months Ended
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Aug. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
Principles of Consolidation | Principles of Consolidation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Basis of Presentation | The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include, among other estimates, assumptions used in the allocation of the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimates towards the measure of progress of completion on fixed-price service contracts, the determination of fair values and useful lives of both long-lived assets and intangible assets, goodwill, allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable, recoverability of deferred tax assets, recognition of deferred revenue, determination of fair value of equity-based awards, and assumptions used in testing for impairment of long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates | The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates include, among other estimates, assumptions used in the allocation of the transaction price to separate performance obligations, estimates towards the measure of progress of completion on fixed-price service contracts, the determination of fair values and useful lives of both long-lived assets and intangible assets, goodwill, allowance for credit losses for accounts receivable, recoverability of deferred tax assets, recognition of deferred revenue, determination of fair value of equity-based awards, and assumptions used in testing for impairment of long-lived assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition | Revenue Recognition We generate revenue primarily from the sale of software licenses and by providing consulting services to the pharmaceutical industry for drug development and commercialization. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, we determine revenue recognition through the following steps: i. Identification of the contract, or contracts, with a client ii. Identification of the performance obligations in the contract iii. Determination of the transaction price iv. Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract v. Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy a performance obligation Components of Revenue The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates revenue. As part of the accounting for these arrangements, the Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the standalone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. Standalone selling prices are determined based on the prices at which the Company separately sells its services or goods. Software Revenues: Software revenues are primarily derived from the sale of software licenses, which are recognized at the time the software is unlocked and the license term begins. Most licenses are for a duration of one year or less. In addition to the software license, we provide a minimal level of client support to assist clients with software usage. If clients require more extensive support, they may enter into a separate agreement for additional training services and maintenance. The majority of the software is installed on clients’ servers, and the Company does not maintain control over the software post-sale, except through licensing parameters that govern the number of users, accessible modules, and license expiration dates. The Pro-ficiency adaptive learning platform includes software customization by incorporating content tailored to specific needs. Following customization, it generates a recurring revenue stream throughout the duration of a clinical trial. Revenue is recognized over time. Payments are generally due upon invoicing on a net-30 basis, unless alternative payment terms are negotiated with the client based on their payment history. Standard industry practices apply. For certain software arrangements, the Company hosts the licenses on servers maintained by the Company. Revenue for those arrangements is accounted as Software as a Service over the life of the contract. These arrangements account for a small portion of software revenues of the Company. Services Revenue: Consulting services provided to our clients are generally recognized over time as the contracts are performed and the services are rendered. The Company measures its consulting revenue based on time expended compared to total estimated hours to complete a project. The Company believes the method chosen for its contract revenue best depicts the transfer of benefits to the client under the contracts. Payments are generally due upon invoicing on a net-30 basis, unless other payment terms are negotiated with the client based on client history. Standard industry practices apply. Grant revenue: The Company receives government awards in the form of cash grants that vary in size, duration, and conditions from domestic governmental agencies. Accounting for grant revenue does not fall under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Clients. For government awards in which no specific US GAAP applies, the Company accounts for such transactions as revenue and by analogy to a grant model. The grant revenue is recognized on a gross basis. The grant revenue is recognized over the duration of the program when the conditions attached to the grant are achieved. If conditions are not satisfied, the grants are often subject to reduction, repayment, or termination. The Company classifies the impact of government assistance on the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income as services revenue. The Company received assistance from domestic governmental agencies to provide reimbursement for various costs incurred for research and development. These include direct grant awards and subawards. The grants awarded are currently set to expire at various dates through 2025. The Company recognized $0.7 million, $1.0 million, and $1.1 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively within Services revenues on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income related to such assistance. Amounts that have been earned but not yet funded are included in accounts receivable. Computer equipment allowable by the grants is classified under fixed assets. Subawards due to unrelated entities are classified under accrued expenses. Remaining Performance Obligations As of August 31, 2025, remaining performance obligations were $12.1 million; 95% of the remaining performance obligations are expected to be recognized over the next twelve months, with the remainder expected to be recognized thereafter. Disaggregation of Revenues The components of revenue for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were as follows:
|  |  |  |  |  | Years ended August 31,
(in thousands) |  |  |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2023
Software licenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Point in time |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 42,792 |  |  | $ | 40,068 |  |  | $ | 35,369 |
Over time |  |  |  |  |  | 3,036 |  |  | 956 |  |  | 1,148 |
Services |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Over time |  |  |  |  |  | 33,351 |  |  | 28,989 |  |  | 23,060 |
Total revenues |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 79,179 |  |  | $ | 70,013 |  |  | $ | 59,577 |
Contract Balances Contract assets excluding accounts receivable balances as of August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, were $4.9 million, $5.9 million, and $2.7 million, respectively. This balance is included in Prepaid and Other Current Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. During the fiscal year ended August 31, 2025 and August 31, 2024, the Company recognized $1.8 million and $2.9 million of revenue, respectively, that was included in contract liabilities as of August 31, 2024 and August 31, 2023. Deferred Commissions Sales commissions earned by our sales force and our commissioned sales representatives are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a client. We apply the practical expedient as described in ASC 340-40-25-4 to expense costs as incurred for sales commissions, since the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. This expense is included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income as sales and marketing expense.
Cash and Cash Equivalents | Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, we consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses | Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses The Company extends credit to its clients in the normal course of business. The Company evaluates its allowance for credit losses based on its estimate of the collectability of its trade accounts receivable. As part of this assessment, the Company considers various factors including the financial condition of the individual companies with which it does business, the aging of receivable balances, historical experience, changes in client payment terms, current market conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. In times of economic turmoil, the Company’s estimates and judgments with respect to the collectability of its receivables are subject to greater uncertainty than in more stable periods. Accounts receivable balances will be charged off against the allowance for credit losses after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.
Investments | Investments The Company may invest excess cash balances in short-term and long-term marketable debt securities. Investments may consist of certificates of deposit, money market accounts, government-sponsored enterprise securities, corporate bonds, and/or commercial paper within the parameters of our investment policy and guidelines. The Company accounts for its investments in marketable debt securities in accordance with ASC 320, Investments – Debt and Equity Securities. This statement requires debt securities to be classified into three categories: Held-to-maturity—Debt securities that the entity has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are measured at amortized cost and are presented at the net amount expected to be collected. Any change in the allowance for credit losses during the period is reflected in earnings. Discounts and premiums to par value of the debt securities are amortized to interest income/expense over the term of the security. Trading Securities—Debt securities that are bought and held primarily for the purpose of selling in the near term are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings. Available-for-Sale (“AFS”)—Debt securities not classified as either securities held-to-maturity or trading securities are reported at fair value. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized-loss position, we evaluate as of the balance sheet date whether the unrealized losses are attributable to a credit loss or other factors. The portion of unrealized losses related to a credit loss is recognized in earnings, and the portion of unrealized loss not related to a credit loss is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). For AFS debt securities, the unrealized gains and losses are included in other comprehensive income until realized, at which time they are reported through net income. We classify our investments in marketable debt securities based on the facts and circumstances present at the time of purchase of the securities. We reassess the appropriateness of that classification at each reporting date. As of August 31, 2025 and 2024, all of our investments were classified as AFS.
Research & Development and Capitalized Software Development Costs | Research & Development ("R&D") Capitalized Software Development Costs R&D activities include both enhancement of existing products and development of new products. Development of new products and adding functionality to existing products are capitalized in accordance with FASB ASC 985-20, “Costs of Software to Be Sold, Leased, or Marketed.” R&D expenditures, which primarily relate to both capitalized and expensed salaries, R&D supplies, and R&D consulting, were $9.8 million during the fiscal year ended 2025, of which $3.0 million was capitalized. R&D expenditures were $9.0 million during fiscal year 2024, of which $3.3 million was capitalized. R&D expenditures during fiscal year 2023 were $7.8 million, of which $3.3 million was capitalized. Software development costs are capitalized in accordance with ASC 985-20. Capitalization of software development costs begins upon the establishment of technological feasibility and is discontinued when the product is available for sale. The establishment of technological feasibility and the ongoing assessment for recoverability of capitalized software development costs require considerable judgment by management with respect to certain external factors including, but not limited to, technological feasibility, anticipated future gross revenue, estimated economic life, and changes in software and hardware technologies. Capitalized software development costs are comprised primarily of salaries and direct payroll-related costs. Amortization of capitalized software development costs is calculated on a product-by-product basis on the straight-line method over the estimated economic life of the products (not to exceed five years). Amortization of software development costs amounted to $3.1 million, $2.1 million, and $1.5 million for the fiscal years ended August 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively. We expect future amortization expense to vary due to increases in capitalized computer software development costs. The Company assesses capitalized computer software development costs for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. In connection with the identified triggering event mentioned below as of May 31, 2025, the Company performed, prior to the goodwill impairment test, a quantitative assessment of its long-lived assets and concluded that its long-lived assets were impaired at certain reporting units. The Company recorded impairment charges for its capitalized computer software development costs of $1.2 million at the Clinical Operations reporting unit. Such charges are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. No impairment losses were recorded during the fiscal year ended August 31, 2024.
Property and Equipment | Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost, or fair market value for property and equipment acquired in business combinations, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives as follows:
Equipment | 5 years
Computer equipment | 3 to 7 years
Furniture and fixtures | 5 to 7 years
Leasehold improvements | Shorter of the asset life or lease term
Maintenance and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses on disposals are included in the results of operations.
Internal-use Software | Internal use Software We have capitalized certain internal use software costs in accordance with ASC 350-40, which are included in intangible assets. The amortization of such costs is classified as general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. Maintenance of and minor upgrades to internal use software are also classified as general and administrative expenses as incurred. Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities (current and long-term) in our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for collateralized borrowing over a similar term of the lease payments at the commencement date. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made at or before the commencement date and excludes lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Impairments | Intangible Assets, Goodwill and Impairments We perform valuations of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on each acquisition accounted for as a business combination and recognize the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair value. Acquired intangible assets include client relationships, software, trade names, and noncompete agreements. We determine the appropriate useful life of intangible assets by performing an analysis of expected cash flows based on historical experience of the acquired businesses. Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method, which approximates the pattern in which the majority of the economic benefits are expected to be consumed. Finite-lived intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of these assets may not be recoverable. Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the fair value of the acquired net assets. Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment on the last day of the fiscal year or when events or circumstances change that would indicate that they might be impaired. Events or circumstances that could trigger an impairment review include, but are not limited to, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, an adverse action or assessment by a regulator, unanticipated competition, a loss of key personnel, significant changes in the manner of our use of the acquired assets or the strategy for our overall business, significant negative industry or economic trends, or significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future results of operations. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is one level below or the same as an operating segment. The company announced the reorganization of its internal structure at the end of the third quarter of fiscal 2025, and reorganized the internal structure to align products and services into integrated solution areas. The Company changed the composition of our reporting units under ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other as part of our Q4 2025 reorganization. Because each former reporting unit moved in its entirety into a single new reporting unit, the related carrying amounts, including goodwill, were carried forward without reallocation. Consistent with ASC 350, we evaluated goodwill immediately before and immediately after the change and assessed the fair value to be the same. Prior to the reorganization, the Company had nine reporting units, Cheminformatics ("CHEM") software, Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics ("PBPK") software, PBPK services, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics ("CPP") software, CPP services, Quantitative Systems Pharmacology ("QSP") software, QSP Services, Adaptive Learning & Insights ("ALI") software, and Medical Communications ("MC") services. Following the reorganization, management began to review operating performance and allocate resources based on two new reporting units, Software and Services. The former reporting unit's goodwill and net assets directly combine into the new reporting units, and as such, the Company did not reassign goodwill to the new reporting units.
Former reporting units |  | New reporting units
CHEM - Software |  | Software
PBPK - Software |
QSP - Software |
CPP - Software |
ALI - Software |
PBPK - Services |  | Services
QSP - Services |
CPP - Services |
MC - Services |
The Company performed a qualitative assessment immediately before the reorganization and determined that indicators of impairment existed and a quantitative assessment was needed. As detailed below, the Company recognized $51.6 million in impairment charges in the third quarter of fiscal 2025. When evaluating these assets for impairment, we may first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit is impaired, known as Step 0. If we do not perform a qualitative assessment, or if we determine that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, we would calculate the estimated fair value of the reporting unit using discounted cash flows or a combination of discounted cash flow and market approaches. The Company performed a qualitative assessment immediately after the reorganization and determined that no indicators of impairment existed. The change in reporting units did not impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements for prior periods. However, beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2025, segment results and goodwill disclosures reflect the new reporting unit structure. During the third quarter of 2025, the Company identified the underperformance of revenue at various reporting units relative to forecasts utilized in the purchase price allocation and the significant stock price decline in relative terms and in comparison to peers as a triggering event (the "triggering event") as of May 31, 2025, indicating goodwill may be impaired. Accordingly, the Company conducted a quantitative impairment test of its goodwill as of May 31, 2025 for all reporting units. The Company estimated the implied fair value of its reporting units using an income and market approach. As a result of the quantitative impairment test performed, the Company determined that goodwill was impaired for its Software and Services reporting units and recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $15.7 million and $35.9 million, respectively, during the period ended May 31, 2025. Such charges are recorded in impairments on the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income. The income approach was based upon projected future cash flows that were discounted to present value. The key underlying assumptions included forecasted revenues, gross profit and operating expenses, terminal growth rate, as well as an applicable discount rate for each reporting unit. The key assumptions in the market approach were the earnings multiple and market participant acquisition premium. Fair-value estimates are based on a complex series of judgments about future events and rely heavily on estimates and assumptions that have been deemed reasonable by the Company. Changes in the estimates or assumptions used in the quantitative impairment test could materially affect the determination of fair value of the Company’s reporting units and the associated goodwill impairment assessment. Potential events and circumstances that could have an adverse impact on our estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, lower than expected bookings growth, increases in costs, and other macroeconomic factors.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments | Fair Value of Financial Instruments Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The categories are as follows:
Level Input: |  | Input Definition:
Level I |  | Inputs that are unadjusted, quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets at the measurement date.
Level II |  | Inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level I, that are observable for the asset or liability through corroboration with market data at the measurement date.
Level III |  | Unobservable inputs that reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.
For certain of the Company's financial instruments, including accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued compensation and other accrued expenses, the carrying amounts are representative of their fair values due to their short maturities. The Company invests a portion of excess cash in short-term debt securities. Short-term debt securities investments as of August 31, 2025 and 2024, consisted of corporate bonds and term deposits with maturities remaining of less than 12 months. In addition, under the fair-value hierarchy, the fair market values of the Company’s cash equivalents and investments are Level I. The Company may also invest excess cash in certificates of deposit, money market accounts, government-sponsored enterprise securities, and/or commercial paper. The Company accounts for its investments in accordance with ASC 320, Investments - Debt and Equity Securities. As of August 31, 2025 and 2024 all investments were classified as AFS securities.The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration obligations is determined using Level 3 inputs. The fair value of contingent consideration obligations is based on a discounted cash flow model using a probability-weighted income approach. These fair value measurements represent Level 3 measurements as they are based on significant inputs not observable in markets. Significant judgment is employed in determining the appropriateness of these assumptions as of the acquisition date and for each subsequent period. Accordingly, changes in assumptions could have a material impact on the amount of contingent consideration expense the Company records in any given period. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations are presented in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) Income.
Business Combination | Business Combination The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires us to use significant estimates and assumptions, including fair-value estimates, as of the business combination date and to refine those estimates as necessary during the measurement period (defined as the period, not to exceed one year, in which we may adjust the provisional amounts recognized for a business combination). Under the acquisition method of accounting, we recognize separately from goodwill the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed, and any noncontrolling interests in an acquiree, generally at the acquisition-date fair value. We measure goodwill as of the acquisition date as the excess of consideration transferred, which we also measure at fair value, over the net of the acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Costs that we incur to complete the business combination, such as investment banking, legal, and other professional fees, are not considered part of the consideration, and we recognize such costs as general and administrative expenses as they are incurred. We also account for acquired-company restructuring activities that we initiate separately from the business combination. Should the initial accounting for a business combination be incomplete by the end of a reporting period that falls within the measurement period, we report provisional amounts in our consolidated financial statements. During the measurement period, we adjust the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date, and we record those adjustments to our financial statements. We apply those measurement-period adjustments that we determine to be material retrospectively to comparative information in our financial statements, including adjustments to depreciation and amortization expense. Under the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations, if we identify changes to acquired deferred-tax asset valuation allowances or liabilities related to uncertain tax positions during the measurement period, and they relate to new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date, those changes are considered a measurement-period adjustment and we record the offset to goodwill. We record all other changes to deferred-tax asset valuation allowances and liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in current-period income tax expense. This accounting applies to all our acquisitions regardless of acquisition date.
Research and Development Costs | Research and Development Costs R&D costs are charged to expense as incurred until technological feasibility has been established. These costs include salaries used in the development of our final products.
Income Taxes | Income Taxes We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, Income Taxes, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences in future years of differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each year-end based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized. The provision for income taxes represents the tax payable for the period and the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities.
Earnings per Share | Earnings per Share We report earnings per share in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed similarly to basic earnings per share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the potential common shares had been issued and if the additional common shares were dilutive. However, potential dilutive securities are not reflected in the diluted loss per share because such shares are anti-dilutive.
Stock-Based Compensation | Stock-Based Compensation Compensation costs related to stock options are determined in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Compensation cost is calculated based on the grant-date fair value estimated using the Black-Scholes pricing model and then amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Stock-based compensation costs related to stock options, not including shares issued to directors for services, were
Recently Issued Accounting Standards and Recently Adopted Accounting Standards | Recently Issued Accounting Standards In October 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2023-06 - Disclosure Improvements: Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC's Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative (“ASU 2023-06”). ASU 2023-06 incorporates 14 of the 27 disclosure requirements published in SEC Release No. 33-10532 - Disclosure Update and Simplification into various topics within the ASC. ASU 2023-06's amendments represent clarifications to, or technical corrections of, current requirements. For SEC registrants, the effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the SEC removes that related disclosure from its rules. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-06 to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements as the updates are incremental to existing disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued a new standard (ASU 2023-09) to improve income tax disclosures. The guidance requires disclosure of disaggregated income taxes paid, prescribes standardized categories for the components of the effective tax rate reconciliation, and modifies other income-tax-related disclosures. The amendments will be effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a prospective basis. Retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect ASU 2023-09 to have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements as the additional incremental disclosures information is available to the Company. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires companies to disclose additional information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The new standard requires tabular disclosure of specified natural expenses in certain expense captions, a qualitative description of amounts that are not separately disaggregated, and disclosure of the Company's definition and total amount of selling expenses. The ASU should be applied prospectively for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, with retrospective application and early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impacts of this guidance on the Company's consolidated financial statements. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires companies to enhance the disclosures about segment expenses. The new standard requires the disclosure of the Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), expanded incremental line-item disclosures of significant segment expenses used by the CODM for decision-making, and the inclusion of previous annual-only segment disclosure requirements on a quarterly basis. This ASU should be applied retrospectively for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance for annual disclosures for the year ended August 31, 2025. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

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