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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract] |
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Business Colony Bankcorp, Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Fitzgerald, Georgia, whose primary business is presently conducted by Colony Bank, its wholly owned banking subsidiary (the “Bank”). The Company operates locations throughout Georgia as well as in Birmingham, Alabama and Jacksonville, Santa Rosa Beach and Tallahassee, Florida. Through the Bank, the Company offers a broad range of banking solutions for personal and business customers. In addition to traditional banking services, the Bank provides specialized solutions including mortgage lending, government guaranteed lending, wealth management, credit cards and merchant services. The Company also provides an option for its customers to purchase insurance services including vehicle, home, renters and life insurance. Additionally, Colony Risk Management, Inc. is a subsidiary of the Company and is located in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is a captive insurance subsidiary which insures various liability and property damage policies for the Company and its related subsidiaries. Colony Risk Management is regulated by the State of Nevada Division of Insurance. The Company is subject to the regulations of certain state and federal agencies and are periodically examined by those regulatory agencies. Basis of Presentation and Accounting Estimates The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Colony Bankcorp, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Colony Bank and Colony Risk Management. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. In preparing the consolidated financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Transfer of Financial Assets Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been relinquished. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when the assets have been isolated from the Company, the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. Cash and Cash Equivalents For purposes of reporting cash flow, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash items in process of collection, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits in banks and federal funds sold. Investment Securities The Company classifies its debt securities in one of three categories: (i) trading, (ii) held-to-maturity or (iii) available-for-sale. Trading securities are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term. Held-to-maturity securities are those securities for which the Company has the ability and intent to hold until maturity. All other debt securities are classified as available-for-sale. As of the periods ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, debt securities were classified as either held-to-maturity or available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related deferred tax effect, on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported in other comprehensive income as a separate component of shareholders’ equity until realized. Held-to-maturity securities are carried at amortized cost. Transfers of securities between categories are recorded at fair value at the date of transfer. Unrealized holding gains or losses associated with transfers of securities from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale are recorded as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. These unrealized holding gains or losses are amortized into income over the remaining life of the security as an adjustment to the yield in a manner consistent with the amortization or accretion of the original purchase premium or discount on the associated security. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income using methods approximating the interest method over the expected life of the securities. Realized gains and losses, determined on the basis of the cost of specific securities sold, are included in earnings on the trade date. The Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis of debt securities and report accrued interest in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. A debt security is placed on nonaccrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become more than 90 days delinquent or if full collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain. Accrued interest for a security placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. There was no accrued interest related to debt securities reversed against interest income for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company evaluates available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if credit-related losses exists. The Company first evaluates whether it intends to sell or more likely than not will be required to sell a security with losses before recovering its amortized cost basis. If either criteria is met, the entire amount of unrealized loss is recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security's amortized cost basis. If either of the above criteria is not met, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value is attributable to credit or resulted from other factors. If credit-related losses exists, the Company recognizes an allowance for credit losses ("ACL"), limited to the amount by which the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any loss not recognized through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of tax, as a non credit-related loss. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had $383.8 million and $366.0 million available-for-sale securities, respectively, with no related allowance for credit losses. The Company uses a systematic methodology to determine its ACL for debt securities held-to-maturity considering the effects of past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts on the collectability of the portfolio. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the held-to-maturity portfolio. The Company monitors the held-to-maturity portfolio on a quarterly basis to determine whether a valuation account would need to be recorded. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had $386.6 million and $430.1 million held-to-maturity securities, respectively, with no related allowance for credit losses. Other Investments Other investments include managed investment funds which are carried at their fair value and unrealized gains or losses are recorded through earnings as a component of noninterest income. Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) and First National Bankers Bank ("FNBB") stock are also included in other investments. These investments do not have a readily determinable market value due to restrictions placed on transferability and therefore are carried at cost. These other investments are periodically evaluated for credit-related impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value or cost basis. Both cash and stock dividends are reported as income. Loans Held for Sale Mortgage and SBA loans held for sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value, as determined by outstanding commitments from third party investors in the secondary market. Adjustments to reflect unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value of mortgage loans held for sale and realized gains and losses upon ultimate sale of the mortgage loans held for sale are classified as mortgage fee income in the consolidated statements of income. Adjustments to reflect unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value of SBA loans held for sale and realized gains and losses upon ultimate sale of the SBA loans held for sale are classified as gain on sale of SBA loans in the consolidated statements of income. Servicing Rights When mortgage and SBA loans are sold with servicing retained, servicing rights are initially recorded at fair value with the income statement effect recorded in mortgage banking activity or gain on sale of SBA loans accordingly. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable servicing contracts, when available or alternatively, is based on a valuation model that calculates the present value of estimated future net servicing income. All classes of servicing assets are subsequently measured using the amortization method which requires servicing rights to be amortized into noninterest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying loans. Servicing fee income, which is reported on the income statement in mortgage banking activity for serviced mortgage loans and other noninterest income for all other serviced loans, is recorded for fees earned for servicing loans. The fees are based on a contractual percentage of the outstanding principal or a fixed amount per loan and are recorded as income when earned. The amortization of servicing rights is netted against loan servicing fee income. Servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. Impairment is determined by stratifying rights into strata based on predominant risk characteristics, such as interest rate, loan type and investor type. Impairment is recognized for a particular stratum through a valuation allowance, to the extent that fair value is less than the carrying amount. If the Company later determines that all or a portion of the impairment no longer exists for a particular stratum, a reduction of the valuation allowance may be recorded as an increase to income. Changes in valuation allowances related to servicing rights are reported in mortgage banking activity and other noninterest income on the income statement. The Company's servicing rights are a result of SBA loans that are sold with servicing retained and are recorded at fair value and follow the amortization method. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had $4.0 million and $3.8 million in servicing rights, respectively, and no related valuation allowance. Loans Loans are reported at their outstanding principal balances less unearned income, net of deferred fees and origination costs. Interest income is accrued on the outstanding principal balance. For all classes of loans, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to make payments as they become due, unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. Generally, loans are placed on nonaccrual status if principal or interest payments become 90 days past due. Loans may be placed on nonaccrual status regardless of whether such loans are considered past due. All interest accrued, but not collected for loans that are placed on nonaccrual or charged off, is reversed against interest income. Interest income on nonaccrual loans is applied against principal until the loans are returned to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured. Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL") – Loans The current expected credit loss (“CECL”) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of an exposure (or pool of exposures). It replaced the incurred loss approach’s threshold that delayed the recognition of a credit loss until it was probable a loss event was incurred. The estimate of expected credit losses is based on relevant information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amounts. Historical loss experience is generally the starting point for estimating expected credit losses. The Company then considers whether the historical loss experience should be adjusted for asset-specific risk characteristics or current conditions at the reporting date that did not exist over the historical period used. The Company also considers future economic conditions and portfolio performance as part of a reasonable and supportable forecast period. The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Management determines the ACL balance using relevant available information from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit behaviors along with model judgments provide the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to modeled loss estimates may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level, or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in economic conditions, property values, or other relevant factors. The Company estimates the quantitative collective ACL utilizing a discounted cash flow (DCF) methodology applied to our loan pools segregated by similar risk characteristics. The Company’s DCF methodology generates cash flow projections at the loan level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speeds, curtailments, time to recovery, probability of default (PD), and loss given default (LGD). The modeling of expected prepayment speeds and curtailment rates are based on historical internal data and consider current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. The Company uses regression analysis of historical internal and peer loss data to determine suitable macroeconomic variables to utilize when modeling lifetime PD and LGD. This analysis also determines how expected PD and LGD will react to forecasted levels of the macroeconomic variables over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. At the end of the four-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, the Company reverts to a historical loss rate on a straight-line basis over eight quarters. For loans that have elevated risk characteristics when compared to the collectively pooled loans, they are evaluated on an individual basis. The qualitative component is comprised of measurements used to quantify the risks within each of these loans classes and are subjectively selected by management but measured by objective measurements period over period. The data for each measurement is obtained from internal and external sources. These adjustments are based upon quarterly trend assessments in certain economic factors as well as loan segment specific risks that cannot be addressed in the quantitative methods. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and calculates the ACL for each using a discounted cash flow methodology at the loan level, with loss rates, prepayment assumptions and curtailment assumptions driven by each loan’s collateral type: •Construction, land & land development - Risks common to construction, land & development loans are cost overruns, changes in market demand for property, inadequate long-term financing arrangements and declines in real estate values. •Other commercial real estate - Loans in this category are susceptible to business failures and declines in general economic conditions, including declines in real estate value, declines in occupancy rates, and lack of suitable alternative use for the property. •Residential real estate - Residential real estate loans are susceptible to weakening general economic conditions, increases in unemployment rates and declining real estate values. •Commercial, financial & agricultural - Risks to this loan category include the inability to monitor the condition of the collateral, which often consists of inventory, accounts receivable and other non-real estate assets. Equipment and inventory obsolescence can also pose a risk. Declines in general economic conditions and other events can cause cash flows to fall to levels insufficient to service debt. •Consumer and other - Risks common to consumer direct loans include unemployment and changes in local economic conditions as well as the inability to monitor collateral consisting of personal property. When management determines that foreclosure is probable or when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty at the reporting date and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate. Allowance for Credit Losses – Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Financial instruments include off-balance sheet credit instruments, such as commitments to make loans and standby letters of credit, issued to meet customer financing needs. The face amount for these items represents the exposure to loss, before considering customer collateral or ability to repay. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded. Management estimates expected credit losses on commitments to extend credit over the contractual period during which the Company is exposed to credit risk on the underlying commitments. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures is adjusted as a provision for credit loss expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over its estimated life. The ACL is calculated using the same aggregate reserve rates calculated for the funded portion of loans at the portfolio level applied to the amount of commitments expected to fund. Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity Securities ("HTM") Management measures current expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security type. The estimate of current expected credit losses considers historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. agency securities, State, county & municipal securities, and Mortgage-backed securities. Accrued interest receivable on HTM debt is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. All of the residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities held by the Company as HTM are issued by U.S. Government agencies and government sponsored entities. These securities are either explicitly or implicitly guaranteed by the U.S. government, are highly rated by major rating agencies and have a long history of no credit losses. The state and political subdivision securities are also highly rated by major rating agencies. Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale Securities ("AFS") For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an ACL is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any amount of unrealized loss that has not been recorded through an ACL is recognized in other comprehensive income. Accrued interest receivable on AFS debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of an AFS security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Premises and Equipment Land is carried at cost. Other premises and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation computed on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. In general, estimated lives for buildings are up to 40 years, furniture and equipment useful lives range from five to 10 years and the lives of software and computer related equipment range from three to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the life of the related lease, or the related assets, whichever is shorter. Expenditures for major improvements of the Company’s premises and equipment are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Minor repairs, maintenance and improvements are charged to operations as incurred. When assets are sold or disposed of, their cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any gain or loss is reflected in earnings. Leases The Company has entered into or acquired various operating leases for certain branch locations, ATM locations, loan production offices, and corporate support services locations. Generally, these leases have initial lease terms of 15 years or less. Many of the leases have one or more lease renewal options. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company's sole discretion and is considered on a case-by-case basis. Certain of our lease agreements contain early termination options. If renewal options or early termination options are determined by management to be reasonably certain, then they are included in the calculation of the operating right-of-use assets or operating lease liabilities. Certain of our lease agreements provide for periodic adjustments to rental payments for inflation. At the commencement date of the lease, the Company recognizes a lease liability at the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using the discount rate for the lease or the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. As the majority of the Company's leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate is based on the term of the lease. At the commencement date, the company also recognizes a right-of-use asset measured at (i) the initial measurement of the lease liability; (ii) any lease payments made to the lessor at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received; and (iii) any initial direct costs incurred by the lessee. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. For these short-term leases, lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. At December 31, 2025, the Company had no leases classified as finance leases. Goodwill and Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of businesses acquired over the fair value of the net assets acquired. Goodwill is assigned to reporting units and tested for impairment at least annually, or on an interim basis if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. Intangible assets consist of core deposit and customer relationship intangibles acquired in connection with a business combination. The core deposit intangible is initially recognized based on an independent valuation performed as of the acquisition date. The core deposit intangible is amortized by the straight-line method over the average remaining life of the acquired customer deposits. The customer relationship intangibles are also initially recognized based on independent valuations performed as of the acquisition date and are amortized by the straight-line method over 10 years. Cash Value of Bank Owned Life Insurance The Company has purchased life insurance policies on certain officers. The life insurance is recorded at the amount that can be realized under the insurance contract at the balance sheet date, which is the cash surrender value adjusted for other charges or other amounts due that are probable at settlement. Other Real Estate Other real estate generally represents real estate acquired through foreclosure and is initially recorded at estimated fair value at the date of acquisition less the cost of disposal. Losses from the acquisition of property in full or partial satisfaction of debt are recorded as loan losses. Properties are evaluated regularly to ensure the recorded amounts are supported by current fair values, and valuation allowances are recorded as necessary to reduce the carrying amount to fair value less estimated cost of disposal. Routine holding costs and gains or losses upon disposition are included in foreclosed property expense. Derivatives At the inception of a derivative contract, the Company designates the derivative as one of three types based on the Company's intentions and belief as to likely effectiveness as a hedge. These three types are (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability ("cash flow hedge"), (2) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized firm commitment ("fair value hedge"), or (3) an instrument with no hedging designation ("non-designated derivative"). For a cash flow hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative is reported in other comprehensive income ("OCI") and is reclassified into earnings in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. For a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk, are recognized in current earnings as fair values change. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not designated are reported currently in earnings, as noninterest income. Net cash settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense, based on the item being hedged. Net cash settlements on derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income or noninterest expense. Cash flows from hedges are classified in the consolidated statements of cash flows in the same manner as the items being hedged. The Company formally documents the relationship between derivatives and hedged items, as well as the risk management objective and the strategy for undertaking hedge transactions at the inception of the hedging relationship. This documentation includes linking fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. The Company also formally assesses, both at the hedge’s inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivative instruments that are used are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged items. The Company discontinues hedge accounting when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item, the derivative is settled or terminated, a hedged forecasted transaction is no longer probable, a hedged firm commitment is no longer firm or treatment of the derivative as a hedge is no longer appropriate or intended. When hedge accounting is discontinued, subsequent changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transactions are still expected to occur, gains or losses that were accumulated in OCI are amortized into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings. Income Taxes The provision for income taxes is based upon income for financial statement purposes, adjusted for nontaxable income and nondeductible expenses. Deferred income taxes have been provided when different accounting methods have been used in determining income for income tax purposes and for financial reporting purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on future tax consequences attributable to differences arising from the financial statement carrying values of assets and liabilities and their tax basis. The differences relate primarily to depreciable assets (use of different depreciation methods for financial statement and income tax purposes) and allowance for credit losses (use of the allowance method for financial statement purposes and the direct write-off method for tax purposes). In the event of changes in the tax laws, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted in the period of the enactment of those changes, with effects included in the income tax provision. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, in the opinion of management, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company and its subsidiary file a consolidated federal income tax return. The subsidiary pays its proportional share of federal income taxes to the Company based on its taxable income. The Company’s federal and state income tax returns are subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Georgia Department of Revenue, generally for three years after filing. The Company believes that its income tax filing positions taken or expected to be taken on its tax returns will more likely than not be sustained upon audit by the taxing authorities and does not anticipate any adjustments that will result in a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flow. Therefore, no reserves for uncertain income tax positions have been recorded. Revenue Recognition The Company's contracts with customers generally do not contain terms that require significant judgment to determine the amount of revenue to recognize. The Company's' policies for recognizing noninterest income that falls within the scope of ASC Topic 606, and include service charges on deposits, interchange fees, and insurance revenue (included with other noninterest income). Service charges on deposits include both account maintenance fees and overdraft fees and revenue from safe deposit box rental fees and lockbox services and ATM fees. Revenue is recognized for these services either over time, corresponding with deposit accounts' monthly cycle, or at a point in time for transaction-related services and fees. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to clients' accounts. Safe deposits and lockbox service fees are recognized over time, on a monthly basis, as the Company's' performance obligation for services is satisfied. ATM fees are transaction-based fees recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point at which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Interchange fees include debit card interchange fees. Debit card interchange fees are earned from debit card holder transactions conducted through various payment networks. Interchange fees from debit card holders transactions represent a percentage of the underlying transaction amount and are recognized daily, concurrently with the transaction processing services provided to the debit cardholder. Insurance commissions represents income received on insurance products sold. The commissions are recognized as revenue when the client executes an insurance policy with the insurance carrier. In some cases, the company receives payment of trailing commissions each year when the client pays its annual premium. Other income includes SBA servicing and other related fee income, income from wealth advisory and merchant services, dividends on FHLB stock, other deposit related fees as well as gains or losses on sales of assets and other real estate. Earnings per Share Basic earnings per share are computed by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income allocated to common shareholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding and the effect of the issuance of potential common shares that are dilutive. Potential common shares consist of restricted shares for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and are determined using the treasury stock method. The Company has determined that its outstanding non-vested stock awards are participating securities, and all dividends on these awards are paid similar to other dividends. Comprehensive Income Accounting principles generally require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale, represent equity changes from economic events of the period other than transactions with owners. Such items are considered components of other comprehensive income. Accounting standards codification requires the presentation in the consolidated financial statements of net income and all items of other comprehensive income as total comprehensive income. Fair Value Measures Fair values of assets and liabilities are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 17. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates. Operating Segments The Company has three reportable segments, the Banking Division, the Retail Mortgage Division and the Small Business Specialty Lending Division. The Banking Division derives its revenues from the delivery of full service financial services to include commercial loans, consumer loans and deposit accounts. The Retail Mortgage Division derives its revenues from the origination, sales and servicing of one-to-four family residential mortgage loans. The Small Business Specialty Lending Division derives its revenues from origination, sales and servicing of SBA and USDA government guaranteed loans. The Banking, Retail Mortgage and Small Business Specialty Lending Divisions are managed as separate business units because of the different products and services they provide. The Company's Chief Operating Decision Maker, our Chief Executive Officer, evaluates performance and allocates resources based on profit or loss from operations. The Company has applied the aggregation criterion set forth in ASC Topic 280 - Segment Reporting, to the results of its operations. There are no material intersegment sales or transfers. Reclassifications Certain amounts, previously reported, have been reclassified to state all periods on a comparable basis and had no effect on stockholders’ equity or net income. Accounting Standards Updates In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280) Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"). This ASU was issued to improve segment reporting disclosures. The amendments in this ASU improve financial reporting by requiring disclosure of incremental segment information including significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker as well as the amount and composition of other segment items on an annual and interim basis for all public entities to enable investors to develop more decision-useful financial analyses. Retrospective application is required in all prior periods unless impracticable to do so. The Company adopted the new disclosure requirements for the annual period beginning on January 1, 2024 and for interim periods beginning on January 1, 2025. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740) Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). This ASU was issued to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. The ASU addresses investor requests for more transparency about income tax information through improvements to income tax disclosures primarily related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2025 on a prospective basis. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows, but resulted in enhanced, disaggregated disclosures in the income tax footnote. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement (Topic 220): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses ("ASU 2024-03"). This ASU was issued to improve the disclosures over expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. The ASU addresses investors' requests for more disaggregated expense information to better understand an entity's performance, better assess the entity's prospects for future cash flows, and compare an entity's performance over time and with that of other entities. This ASU requires disclosure in the notes to the financial statements of specified information about certain costs and expenses. Retrospective application in all periods is permitted. The Company will adopt the new disclosure requirements for the annual period beginning on January 1, 2027, and interim periods starting on January 1, 2028. The Company is still evaluating the impact of these additional disclosure requirements. Effective October 1, 2025, the Company early adopted ASU 2025-08, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Loans, which amended the accounting for certain purchased financial assets. Under the new guidance, the Company is allowed to apply the 'gross-up' approach to acquired loans that meet the definition of 'purchased seasoned loans' (PSLs), whereby an allowance for credit losses is recognized at the acquisition date with an offsetting adjustment to the amortized cost basis of the assets. This aligns the accounting for PSLs with the treatment of purchased financial assets with credit deterioration (PCD assets). This change eliminated the immediate recognition of day-one credit loss expense.

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