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Management of financial risk | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2022
Management of financial risk |
Management of financial risk | 4 Management of financial risk The Group’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (comprising currency risk and interest rate risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The Group’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the Group’s financial performance. Risk management is carried out by the senior management of the Group. Since December 2019, COVID-19 has become widespread in China and many other countries. Although China’s economy is reopening, the Group’s operations have been negatively affected by delays in project implementation, on-site work, business development, client interaction and general uncertainties surrounding the effective and timely constraint of COVID-19. The outbreak of COVID-19 and the resulting widespread health crisis have also adversely affected the economies and financial markets, which could result in an economic downturn. As a result, customer usage of the Group’s solutions and the revenue growth have been and will continue to be adversely affected. The extent to which this outbreak impacts our results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and unpredictable, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of this outbreak and future actions, if any, to contain this outbreak or treat its impact, among others. The Group has been proactively working with existing and new customers to provide them operation support services and assist them in their shift to cloud-based solutions amid the pandemic-related interruptions. The outlook for the pandemic remains fluid, and the full and long-term implications from COVID-19 on the Group’s business and results of operations are uncertain. The Group will continue to closely monitor the situation and adjust our business to meet the evolving customer demand. 4.1 Financial risk factors
(a) | Market risk
Currency risk Foreign currency risk is the risk of loss resulting from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Fluctuations in exchange rates between the RMB and other currencies in which the Group conducts business may affect its financial position and results of operations. The foreign currency risk assumed by the Group mainly comes from movements in the USD/RMB exchange rates. The Company and overseas intermediate holding companies’ functional currency is USD. They are mainly exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from their cash and cash equivalents and loans to group companies denominated in RMB. The Group has entered into spot-forward USD/RMB derivative financial instruments to hedge certain portion of its exposure to foreign currency risk arising from loans to group companies denominated in RMB. The Group monitors the size of foreign currency position, and manages foreign currency risk by utilizing hedging strategy. The subsidiaries of the Group are mainly operated in mainland China with most of the transactions settled in RMB. The Group considers that the business in mainland China is not exposed to any significant foreign exchange risk as there are no significant financial assets or liabilities of these subsidiaries denominated in the currencies other than the respective functional currency. The analysis below is performed for reasonably possible movements in key variables with all other variables held constant, showing the post-tax impact on profit and equity, after considering hedging strategy. 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial risk factors (Continued) (a) Market risk(Continued) ​ Currency risk (Continued) ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | At December 31, | ​ | At December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022 | ​ | 2020 | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022
​ | ​ | Impact on post tax profit | ​ | Impact on other components of equity
​ |  | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 |  | RMB’000
USD+5% |  | 52,506 | ​ | (4,028) |  | 1,752 |  | 618,581 | ​ | 260,467 | ​ | 230,632
USD −5% |  | (52,506) | ​ | 4,028 |  | (1,752) |  | (618,581) | ​ | (260,467) | ​ | (230,632)
​ Interest rate risk Interest rate risk is the risk of an adverse impact to earnings or capital due to changes in market interest rates. Floating rate instruments expose the Group to cash flow interest rate risk, whereas fixed rate instruments expose the Group to fair value interest risk. Interest rate risk of the Group is mainly from mismatches in the interest rate profiles of assets, liabilities and capital instruments in Virtual Bank Business. The sensitivity analysis on earnings and economic value is described as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | As at December 31, 2022
RMB million |  | HKD |  | USD |  | RMB
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impact on earnings over the next 12 months if interest rates rise by 200 basis points |  | (9) |  | 9 |  | 1
Impact on economic value if interest rates rise by 200 basis points |  | (25) |  | (1) |  | —
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | As at December 31, 2021
RMB million |  | HKD |  | USD |  | RMB
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Impact on earnings over the next 12 months if interest rates rise by 200 basis points |  | (20) |  | — |  | 4
Impact on economic value if interest rates rise by 200 basis points |  | (27) |  | — |  | —
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial risk factors (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk
(i) | Credit risk management
In 2022, the COVID-19 still had certain impacts on businesses in some provinces/cities and industries as well as the whole economy of the PRC. As a result, the quality of the Group’s credit assets and investment assets was affected to some extent. The Group’s credit risk is mainly associated with cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and time deposits over three months, trade receivables, contract assets, other receivables, financial assets measured at amortized cost from Virtual Bank and financial guarantee contracts. The carrying amounts of each class of the above financial assets represent the Group’s maximum exposure to credit risk in relation to financial assets as disclosed in Note 4.1 (b) (ii). To manage this risk arising from cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and time deposits over three months, the Group mainly transacts with state-owned or reputable financial institutions in the PRC including related parties (Note 35(d)) and reputable international financial institution outside the PRC. The Group considers that there is no significant credit risk and the Group will not suffer any material losses due to the default of these financial institutions. The Group’s trade receivables and contract assets mainly arise from transactions undertaken with customers. The Group mitigates the credit risk by assessing the credit quality, setting a shorter credit period or arranging the instalment payment and prepayment method. The impairment loss allowance for trade receivables and contract assets are disclosed in Note 18 and Note 5. For other receivables (except for financial guarantee fee receivables), management make periodic collective assessments as well as individual assessment on the recoverability based on historical settlement records and forward looking information. ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk (Continued)
(i) | Credit risk management (Continued)
For financial assets measured at amortized cost from virtual bank, management developed independent and regular procedures to review the approvals of credit applications, structure levels of credit risk by setting limits on the exposure of risk, and review the ability of borrowers to meet repayment obligations, with monitoring made on a revolving basis and performing periodic reviews. The credit programmes are managed on a portfolio basis, and the limits on the level of credit risk by sectors are approved annually by the management. The exposure to credit risk is mitigated by obtaining relevant financial guarantees. For debt securities and interbank exposure under treasury portfolio, external ratings are used, which are continuously monitored and updated.
(ii) | ECL measurement
For financial assets whose impairment losses are measured using expected credit loss (“ECL”) model, the Group assesses whether their credit risk has increased significantly since their initial recognition, and applies a three-stage impairment model to calculate their impairment allowance and recognize their ECL, as follows: - Stage 1: If the credit risk has not increased significantly since its initial recognition, the financial asset is included in stage 1. - Stage 2: If the credit risk has increased significantly since its initial recognition but is not yet deemed to be credit-impaired, the financial instrument is included in stage 2. The description of how the Group determines when a significant increase in credit risk has occurred is disclosed in the following section of “judgement of significant increase in credit risk”. - Stage 3: If the financial instruments are credit-impaired, the financial instrument is included in stage 3. The definition of credit-impaired financial assets is disclosed in the following section of “the definition of credit-impaired assets”. The Group considers the credit risk characteristics of different financial instruments when determining if there is significant increase in credit risk. For financial instruments with or without significant increase in credit risk, 12-month or lifetime expected credit losses are provided respectively. The expected credit loss is the result of discounting the product of Exposure at Default, Probabilities of Default and Loss given Default. According to whether the credit risk has increased significantly or whether the assets have been impaired, the Group measures the impairment loss allowance with the expected credit losses of 12-month or the lifetime due to the credit risk characteristics of different assets. The Group applies the IFRS 9 simplified approach in measuring expected credit losses which uses a lifetime expected impairment loss allowance for all trade receivables and contract assets. 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk (Continued)
(ii) | ECL measurement (Continued)
Judgement of significant increase in credit risk (“SICR”) Under IFRS 9, when considering the impairment stages for financial assets, the Group evaluates the credit risk at initial recognition and also whether there is any significant increase in credit risk for each reporting period. The Group set quantitative and qualitative criteria to judge whether there has been a SICR after initial recognition. The judgement criteria mainly includes the Probabilities of Default changes of the debtors, changes of credit risk categories and other indicators of SICR, etc.. In the judgement of whether there has been a SICR after initial recognition, the Group has not rebutted the 30 days past due as presumption of SICR. The definition of credit-impaired assets Under IFRS 9, in order to determine whether credit impairment occurs, the defined standards adopted by the Group are consistent with the internal credit risk management objectives for relevant financial assets while considering quantitative and qualitative indicators. When the Group assesses whether the debtor has credit impairment, the following factors are mainly considered:
| ● | The debtor has overdue more than 90 days after the contract payment date
| ● | The debtor has significant financial difficulties
| ● | The debtor is likely to go bankrupt or other financial restructuring
| ● | The lender gives the debtor concessions for economic or contractual reasons due to the debtor’s financial difficulties, where such concessions are normally reluctant to be made by the lender
The credit impairment of financial assets may be caused by the joint effects of multiple events and may not be caused by separately identifiable event. Forward-looking information The historical loss rates are adjusted to reflect current and forward-looking information on macroeconomic factors affecting the ability of the debtors to settle the receivables. The Group has developed macroeconomic forward looking adjustment model by establishing a pool of macro-economic indicators, preparing data, filtering model factors and adjusting forward-looking elements, and the indicators include country or region local GDP, Consumer Price Index(“CPI”), Unemployment Rate (“UR”), Investment in fixed assets, Producer Price Index, Home price index, etc. based on the statistical analysis of historical data. The Group has identified the CPI to be the most relevant factor to evaluate expected credit losses on 31 December 2022, and has also taken into account of the Hong Kong real GDP and the Hong Kong UR in Virtual Bank operations, and accordingly adjusts the historical loss rates based on expected changes in these factors. In generating the forward-looking scenarios, the operationalization of the ECL models, using also the latest economic statistics, would take into account the recent influences of the coronavirus pandemic situation. Credit risk exposure Without considering the impact of collateral and other credit enhancement, for on-balance sheet assets, the maximum exposures are based on net carrying amounts as reported in the consolidated financial statements. 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk (Continued)
(ii) | ECL measurement (Continued)
Credit risk exposure (Continued)
| (1) | Trade receivables and contract assets
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2021
​ |  | RMB'000 |  | RMB'000 |  | RMB'000
​ |  | Trade |  | Contract |  | ​
​ |  | receivables |  | assets | ​ | Total
Gross carrying amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Applying simplified approach |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
​ |  | 934,152 |  | 311,103 |  | 1,245,255
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss allowance |  |  |  |  |  |
Applying simplified approach |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
​ |  | 42,978 |  | 82,340 |  | 125,318
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2022
​ |  | RMB'000 |  | RMB'000 |  | RMB'000
​ |  | Trade |  | Contract |  | ​
​ |  | receivables |  | assets | ​ | Total
Gross carrying amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Applying simplified approach |  | 998,036 |  | 182,480 |  | 1,180,516
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss allowance |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Applying simplified approach |  | 57,047 | ​ | 59,852 |  | 116,899
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk (Continued)
(ii) | ECL measurement (Continued)
Credit risk exposure (Continued) (1)Trade receivables and contract assets (Continued) To measure the expected credit losses, all trade receivables and contract assets have been grouped based on shared credit risk characteristics and the aging analysis. The contract assets relate to unbilled work in progress and have substantially the same risk characteristics as the trade receivables for the same types of contracts. The impairment loss allowance of trade receivables and contract assets applying simplified approach was determined as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2021 |
​ |  | Related |  | Up to |  | 1 year to |  | 2 year to |  | Above |  | ​ |
​ | ​ | parties | ​ | 1 year | ​ | 2 year | ​ | 3 year | ​ | 3 years | ​ | Total |
Expected loss rate | ​ | 1.55 | % | 6.31 | % | 33.30 | % | 89.51 | % | 98.86 | % | 10.06 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross carrying amount of trade receivables and contract assets applying simplified approach |  | 456,470 |  | 653,428 |  | 81,012 |  | 39,758 |  | 14,587 |  | 1,245,255 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss allowance of trade receivables and contract assets applying simplified approach |  | 7,091 |  | 41,240 |  | 26,980 |  | 35,587 |  | 14,420 |  | 125,318 | ​
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2022 |
​ | ​ | Related | ​ | Up to | ​ | 1 year to | ​ | 2 year to | ​ | Above | ​ | ​ |
​ |  | parties |  | 1 year |  | 2 year |  | 3 year |  | 3 years |  | Total |
Expected loss rate |  | 2.27 | % | 3.33 | % | 42.80 | % | 68.40 | % | 97.75 | % | 9.90 | %
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross carrying amount of trade receivables and contract assets applying simplified approach |  | 391,221 |  | 657,723 |  | 63,170 | ​ | 26,482 | ​ | 41,920 | ​ | 1,180,516 | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Loss allowance of trade receivables and contract assets applying simplified approach |  | 8,888 |  | 21,885 |  | 27,038 | ​ | 18,113 | ​ | 40,975 | ​ | 116,899 | ​
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk (Continued)
(ii) | ECL measurement (Continued)
Credit risk exposure (Continued)
| (1) | Trade receivables and contract assets (Continued)
Movements in the impairment loss allowance of trade receivables and contract assets applying simplified approach are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Beginning of the year |  | (45,944) | ​ | (97,243) |  | (125,318)
Additions of impairment loss, net | ​ | (118,943) | ​ | (71,061) | ​ | (18,715)
Recovery of amounts written off previously | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (9,980)
Write-off |  | 67,644 | ​ | 42,986 |  | 37,156
Exchange difference | ​ | — | ​ | — | ​ | (42)
End of the year |  | (97,243) | ​ | (125,318) |  | (116,899)
​ (2)Other receivables ​ Impairment on other receivables is measured as either 12-month expected credit losses or lifetime expected credit loss, depending on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. If a significant increase in credit risk of a receivable has occurred since initial recognition, then impairment is measured as lifetime expected credit loss. The credit risk exposure of the other receivables was disclosed in Note 19(a). ​ (3)Loans and advances to customers ​ The following table presents the credit risk exposure of the loans and advances to customers from virtual bank. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31,
​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Gross carrying amount |  | ​ |  | ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financial assets measured at amortized cost |  | 13,575 |  | 44
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  | 1,103,460 |  | 1,608,402
​ |  | 1,117,035 |  | 1,608,446
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Expected credit loss provision |  | 190 |  | —
​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Expected loss rate |  | 1.40 | % | —
​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(b) | Credit risk (Continued)
(ii) | ECL measurement (Continued)
Credit risk exposure (Continued) (3)Loans and advances to customers (Continued) ​ Movements in the impairment loss allowance of loans and advances to customers applying three-stage approach are as follows: ​ *1Financial assets measured at amortized cost ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Beginning of the year | ​ | — |  | (711) |  | (190)
(Additions)/Reversals of impairment loss | ​ | (711) | ​ | (1,170) | ​ | 190
Write‑off | ​ | — |  | 1,691 |  | —
End of the year | ​ | (711) |  | (190) |  | —
​ *2Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ |  | For the year ended December 31,
​ | ​ | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ |  | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Beginning of the year |  | — |  | (712) |  | (1,962)
(Additions)/Reversals of impairment loss |  | (712) |  | (1,250) |  | (10,616)
Write-off |  | — |  | — |  | 1,050
End of the year |  | (712) |  | (1,962) |  | (11,528)
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(c) | Liquidity risk
The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate cash and cash equivalents and reserve borrowing facilities, by continuously monitoring forecast and actual cash flows, and by matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. Management believe that the Group’s current cash and cash equivalents and anticipated cash flows from operations, investment and financing activities will be sufficient to meet the Group’s anticipated working capital requirements and capital expenditures for the next 12 months from December 31, 2022. The liquidity risk of the foreign exchange swap is managed by aligning the critical terms of such swaps with the hedged items. The table below analyses the Group’s financial liabilities into relevant maturity grouping based on the remaining period at the end of each reporting period to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are undiscounted contractual cash flows. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2021
​ |  | Within 1 year |  | 1 to 5 years |  | Total
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Short‑term borrowings |  | 818,246 | ​ | — | ​ | 818,246
Trade and other payables |  | 1,158,593 | ​ | 340,162 | ​ | 1,498,755
- Including: lease liabilities | ​ | 65,094 | ​ | 112,102 | ​ | 177,196
Customer deposits |  | 1,350,171 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,350,171
Non‑derivative financial liabilities | ​ | 3,327,010 | ​ | 340,162 | ​ | 3,667,172
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross settled (foreign currency swaps) |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
- (inflow) |  | (2,147,751) | ​ | — | ​ | (2,147,751)
- outflow | ​ | 2,338,722 | ​ | — | ​ | 2,338,722
Derivative financial liabilities | ​ | 190,971 | ​ | — | ​ | 190,971
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Total | ​ | 3,517,981 | ​ | 340,162 | ​ | 3,858,143
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.1 Financial Risk (Continued)
(c) | Liquidity risk (Continued)
​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2022
​ |  | Within 1 year |  | 1 to 5 years |  | Total
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Short‑term borrowings |  | 294,461 | ​ | — | ​ | 294,461
Trade and other payables |  | 1,236,571 | ​ | 139,387 | ​ | 1,375,958
- Including: lease liabilities | ​ | 50,862 | ​ | 47,093 | ​ | 97,955
Other financial liabilities from virtual bank | ​ | 89,327 | ​ | — | ​ | 89,327
Customer deposits | ​ | 1,929,183 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,929,183
Non‑derivative financial liabilities |  | 3,549,542 | ​ | 139,387 | ​ | 3,688,929
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Gross settled (foreign currency swaps) |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
- (inflow) |  | (198,722) | ​ | — | ​ | (198,722)
- outflow |  | 208,290 | ​ | — | ​ | 208,290
Derivative financial liabilities |  | 9,568 | ​ | — | ​ | 9,568
Total |  | 3,559,110 | ​ | 139,387 | ​ | 3,698,497
​ 4.2 Capital management The Group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the Group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to enhance shareholders’ value in the long-term. The Group monitors capital (including share capital and reserves) by regularly reviewing the capital structure. As a part of this review, the Company considers the cost of capital and the risks associated with the issued share capital. The Group may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, issue new shares or repurchase the Company’s shares. In the opinion of the Directors of the Company, the Group’s capital risk was low as at December 31, 2022. 4.3 Fair value estimation Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time based on relevant market information and information about financial instruments. When an active market exists, such as an authorized securities exchange, the market value is the best reflection of the fair values of financial instruments. For financial instruments where there is no active market, fair value is determined using valuation techniques. The Group’s financial assets measured at fair value mainly include financial assets at fair value through profit or loss and financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. Determination of fair value and fair value hierarchy All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the consolidated financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchies. The fair value hierarchy categorizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety is determined on the basis of the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.3 Fair value estimation (Continued) Determination of fair value and fair value hierarchy (Continued) The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:
| (a) | Fair value is based on quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (“Level 1”);
| (b) | Fair value is based on inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices) (“Level 2”); and
| (c) | Fair value is based on inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs) (“Level 3”).
The level of fair value calculation is determined by the lowest level input that is significant in the overall calculation. As such, the significance of the input should be considered from an overall perspective in the calculation of fair value. For Level 2 financial instruments, valuations are generally obtained from third party pricing services for identical or comparable assets, or through the use of valuation methodologies using observable market inputs, or recent quoted market prices. Valuation service providers typically gather, analyse and interpret information related to market transactions and other key valuation model inputs from multiple sources, and through the use of widely accepted internal valuation models, provide a theoretical quote on various securities. For Level 3 financial instruments, prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques. Determinations to classify fair value measurement within Level 3 of the valuation hierarchy are generally based on the significance of the unobservable factors to the overall fair value measurement, and valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques. To determine the fair value of loans and advances to customers from virtual bank, loans are segregated into portfolios of similar characteristics. Fair values are estimated using discounted cash flow methodology incorporating a range of input assumptions including expected customer prepayment rates, new business interest rate estimates for similar loans. The fair value of loans reflects expected credit losses at the balance sheet date and the fair value effect of repricing between origination and the reporting date. For credit impaired loans, fair value is estimated by discounting the future cash flows over the period they are expected to be recovered. For assets and liabilities that are recognized at fair value on a recurring basis, the Group determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessing categorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period. The following tables provide the fair value measurement hierarchy of the Group’s financial assets and liabilities: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2021
​ |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (Note 21) |  | — |  | 2,070,977 |  | 676 |  | 2,071,653
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (Note 16) |  | 16,334 |  | — |  | 1,106,664 |  | 1,122,998
Financial liabilities | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivative financial liabilities | ​ | — | ​ | 190,971 | ​ | — | ​ | 190,971
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.3 Fair value estimation (Continued) Determination of fair value and fair value hierarchy (Continued) ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | As at December 31, 2022
​ |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Assets measured at fair value |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​ |  | ​
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (Note 21) |  | — | ​ | 690,627 | ​ | — | ​ | 690,627
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (Note 16) |  | 442,935 | ​ | — | ​ | 1,611,606 | ​ | 2,054,541
Derivative financial assets | ​ | — | ​ | 56,363 | ​ | — | ​ | 56,363
Financial liabilities |  | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Derivative financial liabilities | ​ | — | ​ | 9,568 | ​ | — | ​ | 9,568
​ For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2022, there were no transfers among different levels of fair values measurement. Movements of Level 3 financial instruments measured at fair value are as follows: ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | For the year ended
​ | ​ | December 31,
​ |  | 2020 |  | 2021 |  | 2022
​ | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000 | ​ | RMB’000
Beginning of the year |  | 6,438 | ​ | 5,676 | ​ | 1,107,340
Additions, net |  | — | ​ | 1,103,460 | ​ | 506,620
(Losses)/gain recognised in other comprehensive income | ​ | — | ​ | (1,796) | ​ | (1,678)
Losses recognised in other gain | ​ | (762) | ​ | — | ​ | (676)
End of the year |  | 5,676 | ​ | 1,107,340 | ​ | 1,611,606
​ Valuation inputs and relationships to fair value ​ The following table summarises main quantitative and qualitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in level 3 fair value measurements for loans and advances to customers from virtual bank measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. The impact of changes in unobservable inputs for other level 3 fair value measurement was immaterial. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Unobservable inputs | ​ | Range of inputs |
​ |  | ​ |  | 2021 |  | 2022 |
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
Financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
-Loans and advances to customers from virtual bank |  |  |  |  |  |  | ​
​ |  | Discount rate |  | 5.22% - 10.05 | % | 5.66% - 9.30 | %
​ |  | Prepayment ratio |  | 0.35% - 0.39 | % | 0.34% - 0.38 | %
​ ​ 4 Management of financial risk (Continued) 4.3 Fair value estimation (Continued) Valuation inputs and relationships to fair value (Continued) The analysis below is performed for reasonably possible movements in unobservable inputs with all other variables held constant, showing the impact on the assets and other comprehensive income. ​
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
​ | ​ | Unobservable inputs | ​ | Impact on the assets and
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | other comprehensive
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | income
​ |  | ​ | ​ | 2021 | ​ | 2022
​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​ | ​
-Loans and advances to customers from virtual bank |  |  |  |  |  |
Discount rate |  | +5 | % | (4,579) |  | (5,941)
​ |  | -5 | % | 4,608 |  | 5,975
Prepayment ratio |  | +5 | % | (195) |  | (283)
​ |  | -5 | % | 195 |  | 283
​

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