<SEC-DOCUMENT>0001193125-20-315995.txt : 20201211
<SEC-HEADER>0001193125-20-315995.hdr.sgml : 20201211
<ACCEPTANCE-DATETIME>20201211171354
ACCESSION NUMBER:		0001193125-20-315995
CONFORMED SUBMISSION TYPE:	8-K
PUBLIC DOCUMENT COUNT:		15
CONFORMED PERIOD OF REPORT:	20201211
ITEM INFORMATION:		Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement
ITEM INFORMATION:		Financial Statements and Exhibits
FILED AS OF DATE:		20201211
DATE AS OF CHANGE:		20201211

FILER:

	COMPANY DATA:	
		COMPANY CONFORMED NAME:			CERUS CORP
		CENTRAL INDEX KEY:			0001020214
		STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION:	SURGICAL & MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS & APPARATUS [3841]
		IRS NUMBER:				680262011
		STATE OF INCORPORATION:			DE
		FISCAL YEAR END:			1231

	FILING VALUES:
		FORM TYPE:		8-K
		SEC ACT:		1934 Act
		SEC FILE NUMBER:	000-21937
		FILM NUMBER:		201384372

	BUSINESS ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1220 CONCORD AVENUE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 600
		CITY:			CONCORD
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94520
		BUSINESS PHONE:		9252886000

	MAIL ADDRESS:	
		STREET 1:		1220 CONCORD AVENUE
		STREET 2:		SUITE 600
		CITY:			CONCORD
		STATE:			CA
		ZIP:			94520

	FORMER COMPANY:	
		FORMER CONFORMED NAME:	CERUS TECHNOLOGIES INC
		DATE OF NAME CHANGE:	19960731
</SEC-HEADER>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold">(Address of principal executive offices)</span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:WrittenCommunications" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act (17 CFR 230.425)</p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt;border:0;width:100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SolicitingMaterial" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left">Soliciting material pursuant to Rule <span style="white-space:nowrap">14a-12</span> under the Exchange Act (17 CFR <span style="white-space:nowrap">240.14a-12)</span></p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Pre-commencement</span> communications pursuant to Rule <span style="white-space:nowrap">14d-2(b)</span> under the Exchange Act (17 CFR <span style="white-space:nowrap">240.14d-2(b))</span></p></td></tr></table> <p style="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:4%;vertical-align:top"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap">Pre-commencement</span> communications pursuant to <span style="white-space:nowrap">Rule&#160;13e-4(c)</span> under the Exchange Act (17 CFR <span style="white-space:nowrap">240.13e-4(c))</span></p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Securities registered pursuant to Section&#160;12(b) of the Act:</p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:34%"></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom"></td>
<td style="width:32%"></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom;width:1%"></td>
<td style="width:32%"></td></tr>
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<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Title of each class</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Trading</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Symbol(s)</p></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;vertical-align:bottom"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Name of each exchange</p> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">on which registered</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:TradingSymbol" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">CERS</ix:nonNumeric></span></td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;</td>
<td style=" text-align: center;margin:auto; vertical-align:top"><span style="font-weight:bold"><ix:nonNumeric name="dei:SecurityExchangeName" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11" format="ixt-sec:exchnameen">The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC</ix:nonNumeric></span></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933 (&#167; 230.405 of this chapter) or Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (&#167;&#160;240.12b-2 of this chapter).</p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Emerging growth company&#160;&#160;<ix:nonNumeric name="dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11" format="ixt-sec:boolballotbox">&#9744;</ix:nonNumeric></p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section&#160;13(a) of the Exchange Act.&#160;&#160;&#9744;</p> <p style="font-size:10pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p> <p style="line-height:1.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&#160;</p> <p style="line-height:3.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1px solid #000000">&#160;</p></div></div>

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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;1.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Entry into a Material Definitive Agreement. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On December 11, 2020, Cerus Corporation (the &#8220;Company,&#8221; &#8220;we,&#8221; &#8220;us,&#8221; or &#8220;our&#8221;) entered into a Controlled Equity Offering<sup style="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">SM</sup>&#160;Sales Agreement (the &#8220;Sales Agreement&#8221;) with Cantor Fitzgerald&#160;&amp; Co. (&#8220;Cantor&#8221;) and Stifel, Nicolaus&#160;&amp; Company, Incorporated (&#8220;Stifel&#8221; and with Cantor, the &#8220;Sales Agents&#8221;), under which we may issue and sell from time to time up to $100,000,000 of our common stock through or to the Sales Agents, as sales agent or principal. The issuance and sale of these shares under the Sales Agreement, if any, is subject to the continued effectiveness of the Company&#8217;s shelf registration statement on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">S-3,</span> File <span style="white-space:nowrap">No.&#160;333-251302,</span> filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on December 11, 2020. We make no assurance as to the continued effectiveness of this shelf registration statement. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sales of our common stock, if any, under the Sales Agreement will be made at market prices by any method that is deemed to be an &#8220;at the market offering&#8221; as defined in Rule&#160;415(a)(4)&#160;under the&#160;Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Each time we wish to issue and sell common stock under the Sales Agreement, we will notify one designated Sales Agent of the number of shares to be issued, the dates on which such sales are anticipated to be made and any minimum price below which sales may not be made. Once we have so instructed such designated Sales Agent, as the case may be, unless such Sales Agent declines to accept the terms of this notice, such Sales Agent has agreed to use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell such shares up to the amount specified on such terms. The obligations of the Sales Agents under the Sales Agreement to sell our common stock are subject to a number of conditions that we must meet. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The offering of common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement will terminate upon the earlier of (1)&#160;the sale of all common stock subject to the Sales Agreement and (2)&#160;termination of the Sales Agreement as permitted therein. The Sales Agreement may be terminated by us with respect to either or both Sales Agents at any time upon ten days&#8217; notice. Either Sales Agent may terminate the Sales Agreement, with respect to such Sales Agent&#8217;s rights and obligations under the Sales Agreement, at any time upon ten days&#8217; prior notice. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each Sales Agent is entitled to compensation from us at a fixed commission rate of up to 3.0% of the gross sales price per share of any common stock sold by such Sales Agent under the Sales Agreement. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The foregoing descriptions of the Sales Agreement are not complete and are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the Sales Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 1.1 to this Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K</span> and is incorporated herein by reference. </p> <p style="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">This Current Report on Form <span style="white-space:nowrap">8-K</span> shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy the common stock discussed herein, nor shall there be any offer, solicitation, or sale of common stock in any state in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of any such state. </p> <p style="font-size:18pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="width:11%;vertical-align:top" align="left"><span style="font-weight:bold">Item&#160;9.01</span></td>
<td align="left" style="vertical-align:top"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:left">Financial Statements and Exhibits. </p></td></tr></table> <p style="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold"><span style="font-style:italic">(d)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Exhibits</span></p> <p style="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&#160;</p>
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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:bottom;white-space:nowrap" align="center"> <p style=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000; display:inline-block; font-size:8pt; font-family:Times New Roman;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Description</p></td></tr>


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<td style="vertical-align:bottom">&#160;&#160;</td>
<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d11427dex11.htm">Controlled Equity Offering<sup style="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">SM</sup>&#160;Sales Agreement, dated December 11, 2020, by and among Cerus Corporation, Cantor Fitzgerald&#160;&amp; Co. and Stifel, Nicolaus&#160;&amp; Company, Incorporated. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d11427dex51.htm">Opinion of Cooley LLP. </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"><a href="d11427dex51.htm">Consent of Cooley LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1). </a></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap">104</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Cover page interactive data file (formatted as Inline XBRL).</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top" colspan="3"><span style="font-weight:bold">CERUS CORPORATION</span></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Dated: December 11, 2020</td>
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<td style="vertical-align:top"> <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Kevin D. Green</p></td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Kevin D. Green</td></tr>
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<td style="vertical-align:top">Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer</td></tr>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-1.1
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<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 1.1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B><I>Execution Version </I></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>CERUS CORPORATION </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Shares
of Common Stock </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">(par value $0.001 per share) </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Controlled Equity Offering<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">SM</SUP> </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>Sales Agreement </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right">December 11, 2020 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cantor Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp;
Co. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">499 Park Avenue </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10022 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company, Incorporated </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">787 7<SUP
STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Avenue, 11<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP> Floor </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10019 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cerus Corporation, a
Delaware corporation (the &#147;<B><U>Company</U></B>&#148;), confirms its agreement (this &#147;<B><U>Agreement</U></B>&#148;) with Cantor Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co. (&#147;<B><U>Cantor</U></B>&#148;) and Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company,
Incorporated (&#147;<B><U>Stifel</U></B>&#148;; each of Cantor and Stifel an &#147;<B><U>Agent</U></B>&#148; and together the &#147;<B><U>Agents</U></B>&#148;), as follows: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1. <U>Issuance and Sale of Shares</U>. The Company agrees that, from time to time during the term of this Agreement, on the terms and subject
to the conditions set forth herein, it may issue and sell through or to the Agents, as sales agent or principal, shares of common stock (the &#147;<B><U>Placement Shares</U></B>&#148;) of the Company, par value $0.001 per share (the
&#147;<B><U>Common Stock</U></B>&#148;); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that in no event shall the Company issue or sell through the Agents such number or dollar amount of Placement Shares that would (a)&nbsp;exceed the number of authorized but
unissued shares of Common Stock (less shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise, conversion or exchange of any outstanding securities of the Company or otherwise reserved from the Company&#146;s authorized capital stock), (b) exceed the number
or dollar amount of shares of Common Stock permitted to be sold under Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (including General Instruction I.B.6 thereof, if applicable) or (c)&nbsp;exceed the number or dollar amount of shares of Common
Stock for which the Company has filed a Prospectus Supplement (defined below) (the lesser of (a), (b) and (c), the &#147;<B><U>Maximum Amount</U></B>&#148;). Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the parties hereto agree that
compliance with the limitations set forth in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;1</U> on the amount of Placement Shares issued and sold under this Agreement shall be the sole responsibility of the Company and that the Agents shall have no obligation
in connection with such compliance. The offer and sale of Placement Shares through the Agents will be effected pursuant to the Registration Statement (as defined below) filed by the Company and which became immediately effective upon filing with the
Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#147;<B><U>Commission</U></B>&#148;) under Rule 462(e) of the Securities Act (as defined below) on December 11, 2020, although nothing in this Agreement shall be construed as requiring the Company to use the
Registration Statement to issue Common Stock. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company has filed, in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended (the &#147;<B><U>Securities Act</U></B>&#148;) and the rules and regulations thereunder (the &#147;<B><U>Securities Act Regulations</U></B>&#148;), with the Commission an automatic shelf registration statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-251302),</FONT> including a base prospectus, relating to certain securities, including the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company, and
which incorporates by reference documents that the Company has filed or will file in accordance with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the &#147;<B><U>Exchange Act</U></B>&#148;), and the rules and regulations
thereunder. The Company has prepared a prospectus or a prospectus supplement to the base prospectus included as part of the registration statement, which prospectus or prospectus supplement relates to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to
time by the Company (the &#147;<B><U>Prospectus Supplement</U></B>&#148;). The Company will furnish to the Agents, for use by the Agents, copies of the prospectus included as part of such registration statement, as supplemented, by the Prospectus
Supplement, relating to the Placement Shares to be issued from time to time by the Company. The Company may file one or more additional registration statements from time to time that will contain a base prospectus and related prospectus or
prospectus supplement, if applicable (which shall be a Prospectus Supplement), with respect to the Placement Shares. Except where the context otherwise requires, such registration statement(s), and any post-effective amendment thereto, including all
documents filed as part thereof or incorporated by reference therein, and including any information contained in a Prospectus (as defined below) subsequently filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b) under the Securities Act Regulations
or deemed to be a part of such registration statement pursuant to Rule&nbsp;430B of the Securities Act Regulations, is herein called the &#147;<B><U>Registration Statement</U></B>.&#148; The base prospectus or base prospectuses, including all
documents incorporated therein by reference, included in the Registration Statement, as it may be supplemented, if necessary, by the Prospectus Supplement, in the form in which such prospectus or prospectuses and/or Prospectus Supplement have most
recently been filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Rule&nbsp;424(b) under the Securities Act Regulations, together with the then issued Issuer Free Writing Prospectus(es), is herein called the &#147;<B><U>Prospectus</U></B>.&#148;
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Any reference herein to the Registration Statement, any Prospectus Supplement, Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (defined
below) shall be deemed to refer to and include the documents, if any, incorporated by reference therein (the &#147;<B><U>Incorporated Documents</U></B>&#148;), including, unless the context otherwise requires, the documents, if any, filed as
exhibits to such Incorporated Documents. Any reference herein to the terms &#147;amend,&#148; &#147;amendment&#148; or &#147;supplement&#148; with respect to the Registration Statement, any Prospectus Supplement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free
Writing Prospectus shall be deemed to refer to and include the filing of any document under the Exchange Act on or after the most-recent effective date of the Registration Statement, or the date of the Prospectus Supplement, Prospectus or such
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as the case may be, and incorporated therein by reference. For purposes of this Agreement, all references to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or to any amendment or supplement thereto shall be deemed to
include the most recent copy filed with the Commission pursuant to its Electronic Data Gathering Analysis and Retrieval system, or if applicable, the Interactive Data Electronic Application system when used by the Commission (collectively,
&#147;<B><U>EDGAR</U></B>&#148;). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-2- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">2. <U>Placements</U>. Each time that the Company wishes to issue and sell Placement Shares
hereunder (each, a &#147;<B><U>Placement</U></B>&#148;), it will notify one of the Agents that the Company may select in its sole discretion from time to time (the &#147;<B><U>Designated Agent</U></B>&#148;) by email notice (or other method mutually
agreed to by the parties) of the number of Placement Shares to be issued, the time period during which sales are requested to be made, any limitation on the number of Placement Shares that may be sold in any one day and any minimum price below which
sales may not be made (a &#147;<B><U>Placement Notice</U></B>&#148;), the form of which is attached hereto as <U>Schedule 1</U>. The Placement Notice shall originate from any of the individuals from the Company set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U> (with a
copy to each of the other individuals from the Company listed on such schedule), and shall be addressed to each of the individuals from the Designated Agent set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U>, as such <U>Schedule 3</U> may be amended from time to time.
The Placement Notice shall be effective unless and until (i)&nbsp;the Designated Agent declines to accept the terms contained therein for any reason, in its sole discretion, (ii)&nbsp;the entire amount of the Placement Shares thereunder have been
sold, (iii)&nbsp;the Company suspends or terminates the Placement Notice or (iv)&nbsp;this Agreement has been terminated under the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12</U>. The amount of any discount, commission or other compensation to be
paid by the Company to Designated Agent in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares shall be calculated in accordance with the terms set forth in <U>Schedule 2</U>. It is expressly acknowledged and agreed that neither the Company nor the
Designated Agent will have any obligation whatsoever with respect to a Placement or any Placement Shares unless and until the Company delivers a Placement Notice to the Designated Agent and the Designated Agent does not decline such Placement Notice
pursuant to the terms set forth above, and then only upon the terms specified therein and herein. In the event of a conflict between the terms of this Agreement and the terms of a Placement Notice, the terms of the Placement Notice will control.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">3. <U>Sale of Placement Shares by the Designated Agent</U>. Subject to the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;5(a)</U>, the
Designated Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable state and federal laws, rules and regulations and the rules of the
NASDAQ Global Market (the &#147;<B><U>Exchange</U></B>&#148;), to sell the Placement Shares up to the amount specified, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of such Placement Notice. The Designated Agent will provide written confirmation to
the Company no later than the opening of the Trading Day (as defined below) immediately following the Trading Day on which it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder setting forth the number of Placement Shares sold on such day, the
compensation payable by the Company to the Designated Agent pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;2</U> with respect to such sales, and the Net Proceeds (as defined below) payable to the Company, with an itemization of the deductions made by the
Designated Agent (as set forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;5(b)</U>) from the gross proceeds that it receives from such sales. Subject to the terms of the Placement Notice, the Designated Agent may sell Placement Shares by any method permitted
by law deemed to be an &#147;at the market offering&#148; as defined in Rule&nbsp;415(a)(4) of the Securities Act Regulations. &#147;<B><U>Trading Day</U></B>&#148; means any day on which Common Stock is traded on the Exchange. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">4. <U>Suspension of Sales</U>. The Company or the Designated Agent may, upon notice to the other party in writing (including by email
correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U>, if receipt of such correspondence is actually acknowledged by any of the individuals to whom the notice is sent, other than via auto-reply) or by telephone
(confirmed immediately by verifiable facsimile transmission or email correspondence to each of the individuals of the other party set forth on <U>Schedule 3</U>), suspend any sale of Placement Shares
</P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-3- </P>

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(a &#147;<B><U>Suspension</U></B>&#148;); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that such Suspension shall not affect or impair any party&#146;s obligations with respect to any Placement Shares sold
hereunder prior to the receipt of such notice. While a Suspension is in effect any obligation under <U>Sections 7(m)</U>, <U>7(n)</U>, and <U>7(o)</U> with respect to the delivery of certificates, opinions, or comfort letters to the Agents, shall be
waived. Each of the parties agrees that no such notice under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;4</U> shall be effective against any other party unless it is made to one of the individuals named on <U>Schedule 3</U> hereto, as such Schedule may be
amended from time to time. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">5. <U>Sale and Delivery to the Designated Agent; Settlement</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Sale of Placement Shares</U><I>. </I>On the basis of the representations and warranties herein contained and subject to the terms and
conditions herein set forth, upon the Designated Agent&#146;s acceptance of the terms of a Placement Notice, and unless the sale of the Placement Shares described therein has been declined, suspended, or otherwise terminated in accordance with the
terms of this Agreement, the Designated Agent, for the period specified in the Placement Notice, will use its commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such
Placement Shares up to the amount specified, and otherwise in accordance with the terms of such Placement Notice. The Company acknowledges and agrees that (i)&nbsp;there can be no assurance that the Designated Agent will be successful in selling
Placement Shares, (ii)&nbsp;the Designated Agent will incur no liability or obligation to the Company or any other person or entity if it does not sell Placement Shares for any reason other than a failure by the Designated Agent to use its
commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices and applicable law and regulations to sell such Placement Shares as required under this Agreement and (iii)&nbsp;the Designated Agent shall be under no obligation
to purchase Placement Shares on a principal basis pursuant to this Agreement, except as otherwise agreed by the Designated Agent and the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Settlement of Placement Shares</U><I>. </I>Unless otherwise specified in the applicable Placement Notice, settlement for sales of
Placement Shares will occur on the second (2<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">nd</SUP>) Trading Day (or such earlier day as is industry practice for <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">regular-way</FONT> trading) following the date on
which such sales are made (each, a &#147;<B><U>Settlement Date</U></B>&#148;). The Designated Agent shall notify the Company of each sale of Placement Shares no later than the opening of the Trading Day immediately following the Trading Day on which
it has made sales of Placement Shares hereunder. The amount of proceeds to be delivered to the Company on a Settlement Date against receipt of the Placement Shares sold (the &#147;<B><U>Net Proceeds</U></B>&#148;) will be equal to the aggregate
sales price received by the Designated Agent, after deduction for (i)&nbsp;the Designated Agent&#146;s commission, discount or other compensation for such sales payable by the Company pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;2</U> hereof, and
(ii)&nbsp;any transaction fees imposed by any Governmental Authority in respect of such sales. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <I></I><U>Delivery of Placement
Shares</U>. On or before each Settlement Date, the Company will, or will cause its transfer agent to, electronically transfer the Placement Shares being sold by crediting the Designated Agent&#146;s or its designee&#146;s account (provided the
Designated Agent shall have given the Company written notice of such designee at least one Trading Day prior to the Settlement Date) at The Depository Trust Company through its Deposit and Withdrawal at Custodian System or by such other means of
delivery as may be mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto which in all cases shall be freely tradable, transferable, registered shares in good deliverable form. On each Settlement Date, the Designated Agent will deliver the related Net Proceeds
in same day funds to an account designated by the Company on, or prior to, the </P>
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Settlement Date. The Company agrees that if the Company, or its transfer agent (if applicable), defaults in its obligation to deliver Placement Shares on a Settlement Date, the Company agrees
that in addition to and in no way limiting the rights and obligations set forth in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10(a)</U> hereto, it will (i)&nbsp;hold the Designated Agent harmless against any loss, claim, damage, or expense (including reasonable
legal fees and expenses), as incurred, arising out of or in connection with such default by the Company or its transfer agent (if applicable) and (ii)&nbsp;pay to the Designated Agent any commission, discount, or other compensation to which it would
otherwise have been entitled absent such default. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Reserved</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Limitations on Offering Size</U><I>. </I>Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement
Shares if, after giving effect to the sale of such Placement Shares, the aggregate gross sales proceeds of Placement Shares sold pursuant to this Agreement would exceed the lesser of (A)&nbsp;together with all sales of Placement Shares under this
Agreement, the Maximum Amount and (B)&nbsp;the amount authorized from time to time to be issued and sold under this Agreement by the Company&#146;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee, and
notified to the Designated Agent in writing. Under no circumstances shall the Company cause or request the offer or sale of any Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement at a price lower than the minimum price authorized from time to time by the
Company&#146;s board of directors, a duly authorized committee thereof or a duly authorized executive committee. Further, under no circumstances shall the Company cause or permit the aggregate offering amount of Placement Shares sold pursuant to
this Agreement to exceed the Maximum Amount. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Sales Through Agents</U>. With respect to the offering and sale of Placement Shares
pursuant to this Agreement, the Company agrees that any offer to sell Placement Shares, any solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares, and any sales of Placement Shares shall only be effected by or through the Designated Agent on any single
given day, and the Company shall in no event request that more than one Agent offer or sell Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement on the same day. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">6. <U>Representations and Warranties of the Company</U>. The Company represents and warrants to, and agrees with each Agent that as of the date
of this Agreement and as of each Applicable Time (as defined below), unless such representation, warranty or agreement specifies a different time: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company and, assuming no act or omission on the part of the Agents that would make such
statement untrue, the transactions contemplated by this Agreement meet the requirements for and comply with the conditions for the use of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the Securities Act. The Company is a &#147;well known
seasoned issuer&#148; as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement is an &#147;automatic shelf registration statement,&#148; as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act. The Registration Statement has been filed
with the Commission and immediately became effective under the Securities Act. The Prospectus will name Agents as the agents in the section entitled &#147;Plan of Distribution.&#148; The Company has not received from the Commission any notice
pursuant to Rule 401(g)(2) under the Securities Act objecting to the Company&#146;s use of the automatic shelf registration form. The Registration Statement and the offer and sale of Placement Shares as
</P>
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contemplated hereby meet the requirements of Rule&nbsp;415 under the Securities Act and comply in all material respects with said Rule. Any statutes, regulations, contracts or other documents
that are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement have been so described or filed. Copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus, and any such amendments
or supplements and all documents incorporated by reference therein that were filed with the Commission on or prior to the date of this Agreement have been delivered, or are available through EDGAR, to Agents and their counsel. The Company has not
distributed and, prior to the later to occur of each Settlement Date and completion of the distribution of the Placement Shares, will not distribute any offering material in connection with the offering or sale of the Placement Shares other than the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus and any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (as defined below) to which Agents have consented, any such consent not to be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. The Common Stock is currently listed on the
Exchange under the trading symbol &#147;CERS&#148;. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company has not, in the 12 months preceding the date hereof, received notice from the
Exchange to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or maintenance requirements. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company has no reason to
believe that it will not in the foreseeable future continue to be in compliance with all such listing and maintenance requirements. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b)
<U>No Misstatement or Omission</U>. The Registration Statement, when it became effective, and the Prospectus, and any amendment or supplement thereto, on the date of such Prospectus or amendment or supplement, conformed and will conform in all
material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. At each Settlement Date, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as of such date, will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act. The
Registration Statement, when it became or becomes effective, did not, and will not, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not
misleading. The Prospectus and any amendment and supplement thereto, on the date thereof and at each Applicable Time (defined below), did not or will not include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to
make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The documents incorporated by reference in the Prospectus did not, and any further documents filed and incorporated by reference therein will not,
when filed with the Commission, contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated in such document or necessary to make the statements in such document, in light of the circumstances under which
they were made, not misleading. The foregoing shall not apply to statements in, or omissions from, any such document made in reliance upon, and in conformity with, information furnished to the Company by the Agents expressly for use therein. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Conformity with Securities Act and Exchange Act</U>. The Registration Statement and the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement
thereto, and the documents incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto, when such documents were or are filed with the Commission under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or
became or become effective under the Securities Act, as the case may be, conformed or will conform in all material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, as applicable. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Financial Information</U>. The consolidated financial statements of the Company
included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, together with the related notes and schedules, complied as to form in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the published rules and
regulations of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect as of the time of filing. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (&#147;<U>GAAP</U>&#148;) consistently applied, during
the periods involved (except (i)&nbsp;as may be otherwise indicated in such financial statements or the notes thereto, or (ii)&nbsp;in the case of unaudited interim statements, to the extent they may exclude footnotes or may be condensed or summary
statements) and fairly present, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company and the Subsidiaries as of the dates indicated and the consolidated results of operations, cash flows and changes in stockholders&#146;
equity of the Company for the periods specified (subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">year-end</FONT> audit adjustments); the other financial data with respect to the Company and the Subsidiaries
contained or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus are accurately and fairly presented and prepared on a basis consistent with the financial statements and books and records of the Company; there are no financial
statements (historical or pro forma) that are required to be included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus that are not included or incorporated by reference as required; the Company and the Subsidiaries (as
defined below) do not have any material liabilities or obligations, direct or contingent (including any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">off-balance</FONT> sheet obligations), not described in the Registration Statement (including the exhibits
thereto and Incorporated Documents), and the Prospectus which are required to be described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including exhibits thereto and Incorporated Documents); and all disclosures contained or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus regarding <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">&#147;non-GAAP</FONT> financial measures&#148; (as such term is defined by the rules and regulations of the Commission) comply in all material
respects with Regulation G of the Exchange Act and Item 10 of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> under the Securities Act, to the extent applicable; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Conformity with EDGAR Filing</U>. The Prospectus delivered to the Agents for use in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares
pursuant to this Agreement will be identical to the versions of the Prospectus created to be transmitted to the Commission for filing via EDGAR, except to the extent permitted by Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-T.</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Organization</U>. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are, and will be, duly organized, validly existing as a corporation or other
business entity and in good standing (to the extent such concept applies) under the laws of their respective jurisdictions of organization. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are, and will be, duly licensed or qualified as a foreign
corporation for transaction of business and in good standing (to the extent such concept applies) under the laws of each other jurisdiction in which their respective ownership or lease of property or the conduct of their respective businesses
requires such license or qualification, and have all corporate power and authority necessary to own or hold their respective properties and to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, except
where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing or have such power or authority would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the assets, business, operations, earnings, properties,
condition (financial or otherwise), prospects, stockholders&#146; equity (as set forth in the Company&#146;s most recent balance sheet included in the Incorporated Documents) or results of operations of the Company and the Subsidiaries (as defined
below) taken as a whole, or prevent or materially interfere with consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby (a &#147;<U>Material Adverse Effect</U>&#148;). </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <U>Subsidiaries</U>. The subsidiaries set forth on <U>Schedule 4</U> (collectively, the
&#147;<U>Subsidiaries</U>&#148;), are the Company&#146;s only significant subsidiaries (as such term is defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-02</FONT> of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-X</FONT> promulgated by the
Commission). Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the equity interests of the Subsidiaries free and clear of any lien, charge,
security interest, encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction, and all the equity interests of the Subsidiaries are validly issued and are fully paid, nonassessable and free of preemptive and similar rights. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <U>No Violation or Default</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents),
neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is (i)&nbsp;in violation of its charter or <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> or similar organizational documents; (ii)&nbsp;in default, and no event has occurred that, with notice or
lapse of time or both, would constitute such a default, in the due performance or observance of any term, covenant or condition contained in any indenture, mortgage, deed of trust, loan agreement or other agreement or instrument to which the Company
or any of its Subsidiaries is a party or by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or to which any of the property or assets of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are subject; or (iii)&nbsp;in violation of any law or statute or
any judgment, order, rule or regulation of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, except, in the case of each of clauses (ii)&nbsp;and (iii) above, for any such violation or default that would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as described in the Prospectus or the Incorporated Documents, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no other party under any material contract or other agreement to which it or
any of its Subsidiaries is a party is in default in any respect thereunder where such default would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>No Material Adverse Change</U>. Subsequent to the respective dates as of which information is given in the Registration Statement and
the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), and other than the Company&#146;s execution of this Agreement or the sale of any Placement Shares hereunder, there has not been (i)&nbsp;any Material Adverse Effect, (ii)&nbsp;any transaction
which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iii)&nbsp;any obligation or liability, direct or contingent (including any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">off-balance</FONT> sheet obligations), incurred by the Company or
any Subsidiary, which is material to the Company and the Subsidiaries taken as a whole, (iv)&nbsp;any material change in the capital stock (other than (A)&nbsp;as described in a proxy statement filed on Schedule 14A or a Registration Statement on
Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-4</FONT> and otherwise publicly announced or (B)&nbsp;changes in the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise or conversion of securities exercisable for, or
convertible into, shares of Common Stock, or the vesting of equity awards) or outstanding long-term indebtedness of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (v)&nbsp;any dividend or distribution of any kind declared, paid or made on the capital
stock of the Company or any Subsidiary, other than in each case above (A)&nbsp;in the ordinary course of business, (B)&nbsp;as otherwise disclosed in the Registration Statement or Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents) or (C)&nbsp;where
such matter, item, change or development would not make the statements in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>Capitalization</U>. The issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of the Company
have been validly issued, are fully paid and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-assessable</FONT> and, other than as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), are not subject to any
preemptive rights, rights of first refusal or similar rights. The Company has an authorized, issued and outstanding capitalization as set forth in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as of the dates referred to therein (other than the
grant of additional options or restricted stock units or other equity awards under the Company&#146;s existing equity compensation plans, or changes in the number of outstanding shares of Common Stock due to the issuance of shares upon the exercise
or conversion of securities exercisable for, or convertible into, Common Stock or as a result of the issuance of Placement Shares) and such authorized capital stock conforms in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in the
Registration Statement and the Prospectus. The description of the Common Stock in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus is complete and accurate in all material respects. Except as disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement
or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), as of the date referred to therein, the Company did not have outstanding any options to purchase, or any rights or warrants to subscribe for, or any securities or obligations convertible
into, or exchangeable for, or any contracts or commitments to issue or sell, any shares of capital stock or other securities. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k)
<U>Authorization; Enforceability</U>. The Company has full legal right, power and authority to enter into this Agreement and perform the transactions contemplated hereby. This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company
and is a legal, valid and binding agreement of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that (i)&nbsp;enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or
similar laws affecting creditors&#146; rights generally and by general equitable principles and (ii)&nbsp;the indemnification and contribution provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U> hereof may be limited by federal or state securities
laws and public policy considerations in respect thereof. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <U>Authorization of Placement Shares</U>. The Placement Shares, when issued
and delivered pursuant to the terms approved by the board of directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof, or a duly authorized executive committee, against payment therefor as provided herein, will be duly and validly authorized
and issued and fully paid and nonassessable, free and clear of any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim (other than any pledge, lien, encumbrance, security interest or other claim arising from an act or omission of the Agents
or a purchaser), including any statutory or contractual preemptive rights, resale rights, rights of first refusal or other similar rights, and will be registered pursuant to Section&nbsp;12 of the Exchange Act. The Placement Shares, when issued,
will conform in all material respects to the description thereof set forth in or incorporated into the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m) <U>No Consents
Required</U>. No consent, approval, authorization, order, registration or qualification of or with any court or arbitrator or any governmental or regulatory authority is required for the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of this
Agreement, or the issuance and sale by the Company of the Placement Shares as contemplated hereby, except for such consents, approvals, authorizations, orders and registrations or qualifications as may be required under applicable state securities
laws or by the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">by-laws</FONT> and rules of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (&#147;<U>FINRA</U>&#148;) or the Exchange in connection with the sale of the Placement Shares by the Agents. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) <U>No Preferential Rights</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), (i)&nbsp;no person, as such term is defined in Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">1-02</FONT> of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-X</FONT> promulgated under the Securities Act (each,
a &#147;<U>Person</U>&#148;), has the right, contractual or otherwise, to cause the Company to issue or sell to such Person any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company (other than upon the exercise of
options or warrants to purchase Common Stock or upon the exercise or vesting of options or other equity awards that may be granted from time to time under the Company&#146;s equity compensation plans), (ii)&nbsp;no Person has any preemptive rights,
rights of first refusal, or any other rights (whether pursuant to a &#147;poison pill&#148; provision or otherwise) to purchase any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company from the Company which have not
been duly waived with respect to the offering contemplated hereby, (iii)&nbsp;except as disclosed to the Agents in writing, no Person has the right to act as an underwriter or as a financial advisor to the Company in connection with the offer and
sale of the Common Stock, and (iv)&nbsp;no Person has the right, contractual or otherwise, to require the Company to register under the Securities Act any Common Stock or shares of any other capital stock or other securities of the Company, or to
include any such shares or other securities in the Registration Statement or the offering contemplated thereby, whether as a result of the filing or effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the sale of the Placement Shares as contemplated
thereby or otherwise. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o) <U>Independent Public Accountant</U>. Ernst&nbsp;&amp; Young LLP (the &#147;<U>Accountant</U>&#148;), whose
report on the consolidated financial statements of the Company is filed with the Commission as part of the Company&#146;s most recent Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> filed with the Commission and incorporated into
the Registration Statement, are and, during the periods covered by their report, were independent public accountants within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). To the Company&#146;s
knowledge, the Accountant is not in violation of the auditor independence requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the &#147;<U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>&#148;) with respect to the Company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p) <U>Enforceability of Agreements</U>. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, all agreements between the Company and third parties expressly
referenced in the Prospectus, other than such agreements that have expired by their terms or whose termination is disclosed in documents filed by the Company on EDGAR, are legal, valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable in accordance
with their respective terms, except to the extent that (i)&nbsp;enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium or similar laws affecting creditors&#146; rights generally and by general equitable principles and
(ii)&nbsp;the indemnification provisions of certain agreements may be limited by federal or state securities laws or public policy considerations in respect thereof, except for any unenforceability that, individually or in the aggregate, would not
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(q) <U>No Litigation</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or
the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), there are no legal, governmental or regulatory actions, suits or proceedings pending, nor, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any legal, governmental or regulatory investigations, to which the
Company or a Subsidiary is a party or to which any property of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is the subject that, individually or in the </P>
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aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect or materially and adversely affect the ability of the
Company to perform its obligations under this Agreement (collectively, the &#147;<U>Actions</U>&#148;); to the Company&#146;s knowledge, no such Actions are threatened or contemplated by any governmental or regulatory authority or threatened by
others that, individually or in the aggregate, if determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; and (i)&nbsp;there are no current or pending legal, governmental or
regulatory actions, suits or proceedings or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, investigations that are required under the Securities Act to be described in the Prospectus that are not described in the Prospectus including any Incorporated Document;
and (ii)&nbsp;there are no contracts or other documents that are required under the Securities Act to be filed as exhibits to the Registration Statement that are not so filed. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(r) <U>Licenses and Permits</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents),
the Company and each of its Subsidiaries possess or have obtained, all governmental licenses, certificates, consents, orders, approvals, permits and other authorizations necessary for the ownership or lease of their respective properties or the
conduct of their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus (the &#147;<U>Permits</U>&#148;), except where the failure to possess, obtain or make the same would not, individually or in the aggregate,
reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries have received written notice of any
proceeding relating to revocation or modification of any such Permit or has any reason to believe that such Permit will not be renewed in the ordinary course, except where the failure to obtain any such renewal would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(s) <U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> Eligibility; Shell
Company Status</U>. At the time the Registration Statement was originally declared effective, and at the time the Company&#146;s most recent Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> was filed with the Commission, the
Company met the then applicable requirements for the use of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> under the Securities Act, including, but not limited to, General Instruction I.B.1 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3.</FONT> The
Company is not a shell company (as defined in Rule 405 under the Securities Act) and has not been a shell company for at least 12 calendar months previously and if it has been a shell company at any time previously, has filed current Form 10
information (as defined in Instruction I.B.6 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3)</FONT> with the Commission at least 12 calendar months previously reflecting its status as an entity that is not a shell company. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(t) <U>No Material Defaults</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed
money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, would reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has not filed a report pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;13(a)</U> or <U>15(d)</U> of the Exchange Act since the filing of its last Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K,</FONT> indicating that it (i)&nbsp;has failed to pay any dividend or sinking fund
installment on preferred stock or (ii)&nbsp;has defaulted on any installment on indebtedness for borrowed money or on any rental on one or more long-term leases, which defaults, individually or in the aggregate, could reasonably be expected to have
a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(u) <U>Certain Market Activities</U>. Neither the Company, nor any of the Subsidiaries, nor,
to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any of their respective directors, officers or controlling persons has taken, directly or indirectly, any action designed, or that has constituted or might reasonably be expected to cause or result in, under the
Exchange Act or otherwise, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(v) <U>Broker/Dealer Relationships</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries or any related entities (i)&nbsp;is required to
register as a &#147;broker&#148; or &#147;dealer&#148; in accordance with the provisions of the Exchange Act or (ii)&nbsp;directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls or is a &#147;person associated with a member&#148; or
&#147;associated person of a member&#148; (within the meaning set forth in the FINRA Manual). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(w) <U>No Reliance</U>. The Company has not
relied upon the Agents or legal counsel for the Agents for any legal, tax or accounting advice in connection with the offering and sale of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(x) <U>Taxes</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company and
each of its Subsidiaries have filed all federal, state, local and foreign tax returns which have been required to be filed and paid all taxes shown thereon through the date hereof, to the extent that such taxes have become due and are not being
contested in good faith, except where the failure to do so would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as otherwise disclosed in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the
Incorporated Documents), no tax deficiency has been determined adversely to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which has had, or would reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. The Company has
no knowledge of any federal, state or other governmental tax deficiency, penalty or assessment which has been asserted or threatened against it that would have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(y) <U>Title to Real and Personal Property</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated
Documents), the Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title in fee simple to all items of real property and good and valid title to all personal property (excluding Intellectual Property, which is discussed in
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;6(y)</U> below) described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being owned by them that are material to the businesses of the Company or such Subsidiary, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances
and claims, except for any failure to have good and marketable title for any liens, encumbrances and claims that (i)&nbsp;do not materially interfere with the use made of such property by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries or (ii)&nbsp;would
not reasonably be expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect. Any real property described in the Registration Statement or Prospectus as being leased by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries is held by them under
valid, existing and enforceable leases, except those that (A)&nbsp;do not materially interfere with the use made or proposed to be made of such property by the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or (B)&nbsp;would not be reasonably expected,
individually or in the aggregate, to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(z) <U>Intellectual Property</U>. Except as set forth in the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), to the Company&#146;s knowledge, the Company and its Subsidiaries own or possess adequate rights to use all patents, patent applications, trademarks (both registered and unregistered), service
marks, trade names, trademark registrations, service mark registrations, copyrights, licenses and <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">know-how</FONT> (including trade secrets and other unpatented and/or unpatentable proprietary or confidential
information, systems or procedures) (collectively, the &#147;<U>Intellectual Property</U>&#148;), necessary for the conduct of their respective businesses as conducted as of the date hereof, except to the extent that the failure to own or possess
adequate rights to use such Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; except as disclosed in writing to the Agents, the Company and any of its Subsidiaries have not
received any written notice of any claim of infringement or conflict which asserted Intellectual Property rights of others, which infringement or conflict, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, would result in a Material Adverse Effect; there
are no pending, or to the Company&#146;s knowledge, threatened judicial proceedings or interference proceedings against the Company or its Subsidiaries challenging the Company&#146;s or its Subsidiaries&#146; rights in or to or the validity of the
scope of any of the Company&#146;s or its Subsidiaries&#146; owned material patents, patent applications or proprietary information, except such proceedings that have been disclosed in writing to the Agents and would not, individually or in the
aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, no other entity or individual has any right or claim in any of the Company&#146;s or its Subsidiaries&#146; owned material patents, patent
applications or any patent to be issued therefrom by virtue of any contract, license or other agreement entered into between such entity or individual and the Company or a Subsidiary or by any <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">non-contractual</FONT>
obligation of the Company or a Subsidiary, other than by written licenses granted by the Company or a Subsidiary, except for such right or claim that would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse
Effect; the Company and its Subsidiaries have not received any written notice of any claim challenging the rights of the Company or a Subsidiary in or to any Intellectual Property owned, licensed or optioned by the Company or such Subsidiary which
claim, if the subject of an unfavorable decision, would result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(aa) <U>Environmental Laws</U>. Except as set
forth in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company and its Subsidiaries (i)&nbsp;are in compliance with any and all applicable federal, state, local and foreign laws, rules, regulations,
decisions and orders relating to the protection of human health and safety, the environment or hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (collectively, &#147;<U>Environmental Laws</U>&#148;); (ii)&nbsp;have received and are
in compliance with all permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus; and (iii)&nbsp;have not received
notice of any actual or potential liability for the investigation or remediation of any disposal or release of hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants, except, in the case of any of clauses (i), (ii) or (iii)&nbsp;above,
for any such failure to comply or failure to receive required permits, licenses, other approvals or liability as would not, individually or in the aggregate, reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(bb) <U>Disclosure Controls</U>. The Company maintains a system of internal accounting controls designed to provide reasonable assurance that
(i)&nbsp;transactions are executed in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorizations; (ii)&nbsp;transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted
accounting principles and to maintain asset accountability; (iii)&nbsp;access to assets is permitted only </P>
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in accordance with management&#146;s general or specific authorization; and (iv)&nbsp;the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and
appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences. The Company is not aware of any material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the Prospectus). Since the date of the latest audited
financial statements of the Company included in the Prospectus, there has been no change in the Company&#146;s internal control over financial reporting that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company&#146;s
internal control over financial reporting (other than as set forth in the Prospectus). The Company has established disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">13a-15</FONT> and <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">15d-15)</FONT> for the Company and designed such disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information relating to the Company and each of its Subsidiaries is made known to the certifying officers by
others within those entities, particularly during the period in which the Company&#146;s Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> or Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q,</FONT> as the case may be,
is being prepared. The Company&#146;s certifying officers have evaluated the effectiveness of the Company&#146;s controls and procedures as of a date within 90 days prior to the filing date of the Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT>
for the fiscal year most recently ended (such date, the &#147;<U>Evaluation Date</U>&#148;). The Company presented in its Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the fiscal year most recently ended the conclusions of the certifying
officers about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures based on their evaluations as of the Evaluation Date. Since the Evaluation Date, there have been no significant changes in the Company&#146;s internal controls (as such term
is defined in Item 307(b) of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> under the Securities Act) or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, in other factors that could significantly affect the Company&#146;s internal controls. To the
knowledge of the Company, the Company&#146;s &#147;internal controls over financial reporting&#148; and &#147;disclosure controls and procedures&#148; are effective. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(cc) <U>Sarbanes-Oxley</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), there
is and has been no failure on the part of the Company or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of the Company&#146;s directors or officers, in their capacities as such, to comply with any applicable provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules
and regulations promulgated thereunder. Each of the principal executive officer and the principal financial officer of the Company (or each former principal executive officer of the Company and each former principal financial officer of the Company
as applicable) has made all certifications required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act with respect to all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it or furnished by it to the Commission. For
purposes of the preceding sentence, &#147;principal executive officer&#148; and &#147;principal financial officer&#148; shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(dd) <U>Finder&#146;s Fees</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries has incurred any liability for any finder&#146;s fees,
brokerage commissions or similar payments in connection with the transactions herein contemplated, except as may otherwise exist with respect to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ee) <U>Labor Disputes</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), no
labor disturbance by or dispute with employees of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries exists or, to the knowledge of the Company, is threatened which would reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-14- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ff) <U>Investment Company Act</U>. Neither the Company nor any of the Subsidiaries is or,
after giving effect to the offering and sale of the Placement Shares, will be an &#147;investment company&#148; or an entity &#147;controlled&#148; by an &#147;investment company,&#148; as such terms are defined in the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended (the &#147;<U>Investment Company Act</U>&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(gg) <U>Operations</U>. The operations of the Company and its
Subsidiaries are and have been conducted at all times in compliance with applicable financial record keeping and reporting requirements of the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, as amended, the money laundering statutes of all
jurisdictions to which the Company or its Subsidiaries are subject, the rules and regulations thereunder and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by any governmental agency having jurisdiction
over the Company or its Subsidiaries (collectively, the &#147;<U>Money Laundering Laws</U>&#148;), except as would not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect; and no action, suit or proceeding by or before any court or
governmental agency, authority or body or any arbitrator involving the Company or any of its Subsidiaries with respect to the Money Laundering Laws is pending or, to the knowledge of the Company, threatened. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(hh) <U><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Off-Balance</FONT> Sheet Arrangements</U>. There are no transactions, arrangements and other
relationships between and/or among the Company, and/or, to the knowledge of the Company, any of its affiliates and any unconsolidated entity, including, but not limited to, any structural finance, special purpose or limited purpose entity (each, an
&#147;<U>Off Balance Sheet Transaction</U>&#148;) that would reasonably be expected to affect materially the Company&#146;s liquidity or the availability of or requirements for its capital resources, including those Off Balance Sheet Transactions
described in the Commission&#146;s Statement about Management&#146;s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations (Release Nos. <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">33-8056;</FONT>
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">34-45321;</FONT> <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">FR-61),</FONT> in each case that are required to be described in the Prospectus which have not been described as required. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) <U>Underwriter Agreements</U>. The Company is not a party to any agreement with an agent or underwriter for any other &#147;at the
market&#148; or continuous equity transaction. For the avoidance of doubt, any prior agreement(s) between the Company and either Agent regarding any such equity transaction(s) is terminated and of no further force or effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(jj) <U>ERISA</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), to the knowledge
of the Company, (i)&nbsp;each material employee benefit plan, within the meaning of Section&nbsp;3(3) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (&#147;<U>ERISA</U>&#148;), that is maintained, administered or contributed to
by the Company (other than a Multiemployer Plan, within the meaning of Section&nbsp;3(37) of ERISA) for employees or former employees of the Company and any of its Subsidiaries has been maintained in material compliance with its terms and the
requirements of any applicable statutes, orders, rules and regulations, including but not limited to ERISA and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the &#147;<U>Code</U>&#148;); (ii) no prohibited transaction, within the meaning of
Section&nbsp;406 of ERISA or Section&nbsp;4975 of the Code, has occurred with respect to any such plan excluding transactions effected pursuant to a statutory or administrative exemption; and (iii)&nbsp;for each such plan, if any, that is subject to
the funding rules of Section&nbsp;412 of the Code or Section&nbsp;302 of ERISA, no &#147;accumulated funding deficiency&#148; as defined in Section&nbsp;412 of the Code has been incurred, whether or not waived, and the fair market value of the
assets of each such plan (excluding for these purposes accrued but unpaid contributions) equals or exceeds the present value of all benefits accrued under such plan determined using reasonable actuarial assumptions, other than, in the case of (i),
(ii)&nbsp;and (iii)&nbsp;above, as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(kk) <U>Forward Looking Statements</U>. No forward-looking statement (within the meaning of
Section&nbsp;27A of the Securities Act and Section&nbsp;21E of the Exchange Act) (a &#147;<U>Forward Looking Statement</U>&#148;) contained in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus has been made or reaffirmed without a reasonable basis or
has been disclosed other than in good faith. The Forward Looking Statements incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus from the Company&#146;s Annual Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> for the
fiscal year most recently ended (i)&nbsp;except for any Forward Looking Statement included in any financial statements and notes thereto, are within the coverage of the safe harbor for forward looking statements set forth in Section&nbsp;27A of the
Securities Act, Rule 175(b) under the Securities Act or Rule <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">3b-6</FONT> under the Exchange Act, as applicable, (ii)&nbsp;were made by the Company with a reasonable basis and in good faith and reflect the
Company&#146;s good faith commercially reasonable estimate of the matters described therein, and (iii)&nbsp;have been prepared in accordance with Item 10 of Regulation <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-K</FONT> under the Securities Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ll) <U>Agent Purchases</U>. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Agents have informed the Company that either Agent may, to the extent
permitted under the Securities Act and the Exchange Act, purchase and sell Common Stock for its own account while this Agreement is in effect, provided, that (i)&nbsp;no such purchase or sales shall take place while a Placement Notice is in effect
(except to the extent the Agents may engage in sales of Placement Shares purchased or deemed purchased from the Company as a &#147;riskless principal&#148; or in a similar capacity) and (ii)&nbsp;the Company shall not be deemed to have authorized or
consented to any such purchases or sales by such Agent. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(mm) <U>Margin Rules</U>. Neither the issuance, sale and delivery of the Placement
Shares nor the application of the proceeds thereof by the Company as described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus will violate Regulation T, U or X of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or any other regulation of such
Board of Governors. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(nn) <U>Insurance</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated
Documents), the Company and each of its Subsidiaries carry, or are covered by, insurance in such amounts and covering such risks as the Company and each of its Subsidiaries reasonably believe are adequate for their respective businesses and
customary for companies of similar size engaged in similar businesses in similar industries. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(oo) <U>No Improper Practices</U>. Except as
disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), (i)&nbsp;neither the Company nor, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, the Subsidiaries, nor to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any of their respective
executive officers has, in the past five years, made any unlawful contributions to any candidate for any political office (or failed fully to disclose any contribution in violation of law) or made any contribution or other payment to any official
of, or candidate for, any federal, state, municipal, or foreign office or other person charged with similar public or quasi-public duty in violation of any law or of the character required to be disclosed in the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;no
relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any Subsidiary or any affiliate of any of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers and stockholders of the Company or, to the
Company&#146;s knowledge, any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-16- </P>

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the Securities Act to be described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iii)&nbsp;no relationship, direct or indirect, exists between or among the Company
or any Subsidiary or any affiliate of them, on the one hand, and the directors, officers, stockholders or directors of the Company or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any Subsidiary, on the other hand, that is required by the rules of FINRA to be
described in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus that is not so described; (iv)&nbsp;except as described in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), there are no material outstanding loans or
advances or material guarantees of indebtedness by the Company or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any Subsidiary to or for the benefit of any of their respective officers or directors or any of the members of the families of any of them;
(v)&nbsp;the Company has not offered, or caused any placement agent to offer, Common Stock to any person with the intent to influence unlawfully (A)&nbsp;a customer or supplier of the Company or any Subsidiary to alter the customer&#146;s or
supplier&#146;s level or type of business with the Company or any Subsidiary or (B)&nbsp;a trade journalist or publication to write or publish favorable information about the Company or any Subsidiary or any of their respective products or services,
and (vi)&nbsp;neither the Company nor any Subsidiary nor, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any employee or agent of the Company or any Subsidiary has made any payment of funds of the Company or any Subsidiary or received or retained any funds in
violation of any law, rule or regulation (including, without limitation, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977), which payment, receipt or retention of funds is of a character required to be disclosed in the Registration Statement or the
Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(pp) <U>Status Under the Securities Act</U>. The Company was not and is not an ineligible issuer as defined in Rule 405 under
the Securities Act at the times specified in Rules 164 and 433 under the Securities Act in connection with the offering of the Placement Shares. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(qq) <U>No Misstatement or Omission in an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U>. Each Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, as of its issue date and at
each Applicable Time (as defined in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;25</U> below) through the completion of any Placement for which such Issuer Free Writing Prospectus is used or deemed used, will not include any information that conflicted, conflicts
or will conflict with the information contained in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, including any incorporated document deemed to be a part thereof that has not been superseded or modified. The foregoing sentence does not apply to
statements in or omissions from any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus based upon and in conformity with written information furnished to the Company by the Agents expressly for use therein. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(rr) <U>No Conflicts</U>. Neither the execution of this Agreement by the Company, nor the issuance, offering or sale of the Placement Shares,
nor the consummation by the Company of any of the transactions contemplated herein and therein, nor the compliance by the Company with the terms and provisions hereof and thereof will conflict with, or will result in a breach of, any of the terms
and provisions of, or has constituted or will constitute a default under, or has resulted in or will result in the creation or imposition of any lien, charge or encumbrance upon any property or assets of the Company pursuant to the terms of any
contract or other agreement to which the Company is a party or to which any of the property or assets of the Company is subject, except (i)&nbsp;such conflicts, breaches or defaults as may have been waived and (ii)&nbsp;such conflicts, breaches,
defaults and liens, charges and encumbrances that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect; nor will such action result (x)&nbsp;in any violation of the provisions of the certificate of incorporation or bylaws of the
Company, or (y)&nbsp;in any material violation of the provisions of any statute or any order, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or of any court or of any federal, state or other regulatory authority or other government body having
jurisdiction over the Company, except where such violation would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-17- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ss) <U>Clinical Studies</U>. The clinical,
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-clinical</FONT> and other studies and tests conducted by or, to the knowledge of the Company, on behalf of the Company were, and, if still pending, are being, conducted in accordance in all material respects with
all statutes, laws, rules and regulations, as applicable (including, without limitation, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration&#146;s (the &#147;<U>FDA</U>&#148;) Good Laboratory Practices and Good Clinical Practices as well as all other applicable
rules, regulations, or requirements of the FDA or any foreign, federal, state or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to those performed by the FDA), except where the failure to do so would not reasonably be
expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as set forth in or contemplated by the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company has not received any written notices or other written
correspondence from the FDA or any other foreign, federal, state or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to those performed by the FDA requiring the Company to terminate or suspend any ongoing clinical or <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">pre-clinical</FONT> studies or tests. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(tt) <U>Compliance Program</U>. Except as disclosed in the Registration
Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), the Company has established and administers a compliance program applicable to the Company, to assist the Company and the directors, officers and employees of the Company in
complying with applicable regulatory guidelines (including, without limitation, those administered by the FDA and any other foreign, federal, state or local governmental or regulatory authority performing functions similar to those performed by the
FDA); except where such noncompliance would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(uu) <U>OFAC</U>.
(i)&nbsp;Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries or, to the Company&#146;s knowledge, any director, officer, employee, agent, affiliate or representative of the Entity, is a government, individual, or entity (in this paragraph (tt),
&#147;<U>Person</U>&#148;) that is, or is owned or controlled by a Person that is: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A)&nbsp;the subject of any sanctions
administered or enforced by the U.S. Department of Treasury&#146;s Office of Foreign Assets Control (&#147;<U>OFAC</U>&#148;), the United Nations Security Council (&#147;<U>UNSC</U>&#148;), the European Union (&#147;<U>EU</U>&#148;), Her
Majesty&#146;s Treasury (&#147;<U>HMT</U>&#148;), or other relevant sanctions authority (collectively, &#147;<U>Sanctions</U>&#148;), nor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B)&nbsp;located, organized or resident in a country or territory that is the subject of Sanctions (including, without
limitation, Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria). </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-18- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii)&nbsp;The Company will not, directly or indirectly, knowingly use the
proceeds of the offering, or knowingly lend, contribute or otherwise make available such proceeds to any subsidiary, joint venture partner or other Person: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(A)&nbsp;to fund or facilitate any activities or business of or with any Person or in any country or territory that, at the
time of such funding or facilitation, is the subject of Sanctions; or </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(B)&nbsp;in any other manner that will result in a
violation of Sanctions by any Person (including any Person participating in the offering, whether as underwriter, advisor, investor or otherwise). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii)&nbsp;Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (including the Incorporated Documents), for the
past five years, the Company has not knowingly engaged in, is not now knowingly engaged in, and will not knowingly engage in, any dealings or transactions with any Person, or in any country or territory, that at the time of the dealing or
transaction is or was the subject of Sanctions. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(vv) <U>Stock Transfer Taxes</U>. On each Settlement Date, all stock transfer or other
taxes (other than income taxes) which are required to be paid in connection with the sale and transfer of the Placement Shares to be sold hereunder will be, or will have been, fully paid or provided for by the Company and all laws imposing such
taxes will be or will have been fully complied with in all material respects. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ww) <U>Statistical and Market-Related Data</U>.&nbsp;The
statistical, demographic and market-related data included in the Registration Statement and Prospectus are based on or derived from sources that the Company believes to be reliable and accurate or represent the Company&#146;s good faith estimates
that are made on the basis of data derived from such sources. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(xx) <U>Cyber Security</U>. Except as may be included or incorporated by
reference in the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, (i)(x) to the Company&#146;s knowledge, there has been no material security breach or other material compromise of or relating to any of the Company&#146;s information technology and
computer systems, networks, hardware, software, data (including the data of its customers, employees, suppliers, vendors and any third party data maintained by or on behalf of them), equipment or technology (collectively, &#147;<U>IT Systems and
Data</U>&#148;) and (y)&nbsp;the Company has not been notified of, and has no knowledge of any event or condition that would reasonably be expected to result in, any material security breach or other material compromise to its IT Systems and Data;
(ii)&nbsp;to the Company&#146;s knowledge, the Company is presently in compliance with all applicable laws or statutes and all judgments, orders, rules and regulations of any court or arbitrator or governmental or regulatory authority, internal
policies and contractual obligations relating to the privacy and security of IT Systems and Data and to the protection of such IT Systems and Data from unauthorized use, access, misappropriation or modification, except as would not, in the case of
this clause (ii), individually or in the aggregate, result in a Material Adverse Effect; and (iii)&nbsp;the Company has implemented backup and disaster recovery technology consistent with industry standards and practices. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(yy) <U>Compliance with Data Privacy Laws</U>. To the Company&#146;s knowledge, during the term of this Agreement, the Company and its
subsidiaries are, and at all prior times were, in material compliance with all applicable state and federal data privacy and security laws and regulations, including, to the extent applicable to the Company, HIPAA, and the Company and its
subsidiaries have taken all reasonable actions to comply with applicable provisions of the CCPA, and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (&#147;<U>GDPR</U>&#148;) (EU 2016/679) </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-19- </P>

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(collectively, the &#147;<U>Privacy Laws</U>&#148;). The Company has in place, complies with, and takes appropriate steps reasonably designed to ensure compliance in all material respects with
its policies and procedures relating to data privacy and security and the collection, storage, use, processing, disclosure, handling, and analysis of personal data and Confidential Data (the &#147;<U>Policies</U>&#148;). The Company makes all
material disclosures to users or customers required by Privacy Laws, and none of such disclosures made or contained in any Policy have been inaccurate or in violation of any applicable laws and regulatory rules or requirements in any material
respect. The Company nor any of its subsidiaries: (i)&nbsp;has received notice of any actual or potential liability under or relating to, or actual or potential violation of, any of the Privacy Laws, and has no knowledge of any event or condition
that would reasonably be expected to result in any such notice; (ii)&nbsp;is currently conducting or paying for, in whole or in part, any investigation, remediation, or other corrective action pursuant to any Privacy Law; or (iii)&nbsp;is a party to
any order, decree, or agreement that imposes any obligation or liability under any Privacy Law. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(zz) <U>Certificates</U>. Any certificate
signed by an officer of the Company and delivered to the Agents or to counsel for the Agents pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement shall be deemed to be a representation and warranty by the Company, as applicable, to the Agents as to the
matters set forth therein. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">7. <U>Covenants of the Company</U>. The Company covenants and agrees with each Agent that: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Commission Filing Fees</U>. The Company agrees to pay the required Commission filing fees relating to the Placement Shares within the
time required by Rule 456(b)(1) under the Securities Act without regard to the proviso therein and otherwise in accordance with the Rules 456(b) and 457(r) under the Securities Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Registration Statement Amendments</U>. After the date of this Agreement and during any period in which a Prospectus relating to any
Placement Shares is required to be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), (i)&nbsp;the Company will notify
the Agents promptly of the time when any subsequent amendment to the Registration Statement, other than documents incorporated by reference, has been filed with the Commission and/or has become effective or any subsequent supplement to the
Prospectus has been filed and of any request by the Commission for any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for additional information, (ii)&nbsp;the Company will prepare and file with the Commission, promptly upon
the Agents&#146; request, any amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus that, in the Agents&#146; reasonable opinion, may be necessary or advisable in connection with the distribution of the Placement Shares by the Agents
(<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the failure of the Agents to make such request shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&#146; right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the
Company in this Agreement and <I>provided</I>, <I>further</I>, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure to make such filing shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement until such amendment or supplement is
filed); (iii)&nbsp;the Company will not file any amendment or supplement to the Registration Statement or Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or a security convertible into the Placement Shares unless a copy thereof has been submitted to
Agents within a reasonable period of time before the filing and the Agents have not reasonably objected thereto (<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the failure of the Agents to make such </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-20- </P>

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objection shall not relieve the Company of any obligation or liability hereunder, or affect the Agents&#146; right to rely on the representations and warranties made by the Company in this
Agreement and <I>provided</I>, <I>further</I>, that the only remedy the Agents shall have with respect to the failure by the Company to obtain such consent shall be to cease making sales under this Agreement) and the Company will furnish to the
Agents at the time of filing thereof a copy of any document that upon filing is deemed to be incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or Prospectus, except for those documents available via EDGAR; and (iv)&nbsp;the Company will
cause each amendment or supplement to the Prospectus to be filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) of the Securities Act or, in the case of any document to be incorporated therein by reference, to be
filed with the Commission as required pursuant to the Exchange Act, within the time period prescribed (the determination to file or not file any amendment or supplement with the Commission under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(b)</U>, based on
the Company&#146;s reasonable opinion or reasonable objections, shall be made exclusively by the Company). If, after the date of this Agreement and during any time when a prospectus is required by the Securities Act to be delivered (whether
physically or through compliance with Rule 172 under the Securities Act or any similar rule), the Company receives notice pursuant to Rule 401(g)(2) under the Securities Act from the Commission or otherwise ceases to be eligible to use the automatic
shelf registration form, the Company shall promptly advise the Agents in writing of such notice or ineligibility and will (i)&nbsp;promptly file a new registration statement or post-effective amendment on the proper form relating to the Placement
Shares, (ii)&nbsp;use its best efforts to cause such registration statement or post-effective amendment to be declared effective by the Commission as soon as practicable and (iii)&nbsp;promptly notify the Agents in writing of such effectiveness.
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Notice of Commission Stop Orders</U>. The Company will advise the Agents, promptly after it receives notice or obtains knowledge
thereof, of the issuance or threatened issuance by the Commission of any stop order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement, of the suspension of the qualification of the Placement Shares for offering or sale in any jurisdiction,
or of the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for any such purpose; and it will promptly use its commercially reasonable efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or to obtain its withdrawal if such a stop order should be issued. The
Company will advise the Agents promptly after it receives any request by the Commission for any amendments to the Registration Statement or any amendment or supplements to the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or for additional
information related to the offering of the Placement Shares or for additional information related to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Delivery of Prospectus; Subsequent Changes</U>. During any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to
be delivered by the Agents under the Securities Act with respect to the offer and sale of the Placement Shares, (including in circumstances where such requirement may be satisfied pursuant to Rule 172 under the Securities Act or similar rule), the
Company will use commercially reasonable efforts to comply in all material respects with all requirements imposed upon it by the Securities Act, as from time to time in force, and to file on or before their respective due dates all reports and any
definitive proxy or information statements required to be filed by the Company with the Commission pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14, 15(d) or any other provision of or under the Exchange Act. If the Company has omitted any information from the
Registration Statement pursuant to Rule 430B </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-21- </P>

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under the Securities Act, it will use its best efforts to comply with the provisions of and make all requisite filings with the Commission pursuant to said Rule 430B and to notify the Agents
promptly of all such filings. If during such period any event occurs as a result of which the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented would include an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the
statements therein, in the light of the circumstances then existing, not misleading, or if during such period it is necessary to amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus to comply with the Securities Act, the Company will
promptly notify the Agents to suspend the offering of Placement Shares during such period and the Company will promptly amend or supplement the Registration Statement or Prospectus (at the expense of the Company) so as to correct such statement or
omission or effect such compliance; provided, however, that the Company may delay any such amendment or supplement if, in the judgment of the Company, it is in the best interests of the Company to do so. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Listing of Placement Shares</U>. Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice, the Company will use commercially reasonable efforts
to cause the Placement Shares to be listed on the Exchange. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Delivery of Registration Statement and Prospectus</U>. The Company will
furnish to the Agents and their counsel (at the expense of the Company) copies of the Registration Statement, the Prospectus (including all documents incorporated by reference therein) and all amendments and supplements to the Registration Statement
or Prospectus that are filed with the Commission during any period in which a Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares is required to be delivered under the Securities Act (including all documents filed with the Commission during such period that
are deemed to be incorporated by reference therein), in each case as soon as reasonably practicable and in such quantities as the Agents may from time to time reasonably request and, at the Agents&#146; request, will also furnish copies of the
Prospectus to each exchange or market on which sales of the Placement Shares may be made; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the Company shall not be required to furnish any document (other than the Prospectus) to the Agents to the extent such
document is available on EDGAR. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <U>Earning Statement</U>. The Company will make generally available to its security holders as soon as
practicable, but in any event not later than 15 months after the end of the Company&#146;s current fiscal quarter, an earning statement covering a <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">12-month</FONT> period that satisfies the provisions of
Section&nbsp;11(a) and Rule 158 of the Securities Act. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <U>Use of Proceeds</U>. The Company will use the Net Proceeds as described in
the Prospectus in the section entitled &#147;Use of Proceeds.&#148; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>Notice of Other Sales</U>. Without the prior written consent of
the Agents, the Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities
convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock during the period beginning on the fifth (5<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP>) Trading Day immediately prior to the
date on which any Placement Notice is delivered to the Agents hereunder and ending on the fifth (5<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP>) Trading Day immediately following the final Settlement Date with respect to Placement Shares
sold pursuant to such Placement Notice (or, if the Placement Notice has been terminated or suspended prior to the sale of all Placement Shares covered by a Placement Notice, the date of such suspension or termination); and will not directly or
indirectly </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-22- </P>

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in any other &#147;at the market&#148; or continuous equity transaction offer to sell, sell, contract to sell, grant any option to sell or otherwise dispose of any Common Stock (other than the
Placement Shares offered pursuant to this Agreement) or securities convertible into or exchangeable for Common Stock, warrants or any rights to purchase or acquire, Common Stock prior to the sixtieth
(60<SUP STYLE="font-size:85%; vertical-align:top">th</SUP>) day immediately following the termination of this Agreement; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that such restrictions will not be required in connection with the Company&#146;s issuance or
sale of (i)&nbsp;Common Stock, options to purchase Common Stock, restricted stock units or any other equity awards or Common Stock issuable upon the exercise or vesting of options, restricted stock units or other equity awards, pursuant to any
employee or director equity compensation or benefits plan, stock ownership plan or dividend reinvestment plan (but not Common Stock subject to a waiver to exceed plan limits in its dividend reinvestment plan) of the Company whether now in effect or
hereafter implemented, (ii)&nbsp;Common Stock issuable upon conversion of securities or the exercise or vesting of warrants, options or other rights in effect or outstanding, and disclosed in filings by the Company available on EDGAR or otherwise in
writing to the Agents and (iii)&nbsp;Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of Common Stock as consideration for mergers, acquisitions, other business combinations or strategic alliances occurring after the date of
this Agreement which are not issued for capital raising purposes. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>Change of Circumstances</U>. The Company will, at any time during
the pendency of a Placement Notice advise the Agents promptly after it shall have received notice or obtained knowledge thereof, of any information or fact that would alter or affect in any material respect any opinion, certificate, letter or other
document required to be provided to the Agents pursuant to this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <U>Due Diligence Cooperation</U>. The Company will
cooperate with any reasonable due diligence review conducted by the Agents or their respective representatives in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby, including, without limitation, providing information and making available
documents and senior corporate officers, during regular business hours and at the Company&#146;s principal offices, as the Agents may reasonably request. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <U>Required Filings Relating to Placement of Placement Shares</U>. The Company agrees that on such dates as the Securities Act shall
require, the Company will (i)&nbsp;file a prospectus supplement with the Commission under the applicable paragraph of Rule 424(b) under the Securities Act (each and every filing date under Rule 424(b), a &#147;<B><U>Filing Date</U></B>&#148;), which
prospectus supplement will set forth, within the relevant period, the amount of Placement Shares sold through the Agents, the Net Proceeds to the Company and the compensation payable by the Company to the Agents with respect to such Placement
Shares, and (ii)&nbsp;deliver such number of copies of each such prospectus supplement to each exchange or market on which such sales were effected as may be required by the rules or regulations of such exchange or market. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m) <U>Representation Dates; Certificate</U>. (1)&nbsp;On or prior to the date of the first Placement Notice and (2)&nbsp;each time, during the
term of this Agreement, the Company: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) files the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares or amends or supplements (other than a
prospectus supplement relating solely to an offering of securities other than the Placement Shares) the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares by means of a post-effective amendment, sticker, or supplement but not
by means of incorporation of documents by reference into the Registration Statement or the Prospectus relating to the Placement Shares; </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) files an annual report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K</FONT> under the
Exchange Act (including any Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K/A</FONT> containing restated financial statements or a material amendment to the previously filed Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K);</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) files its quarterly reports on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> under the Exchange Act; or </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iv) files a current report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> containing amended financial information (other than
information &#147;furnished&#148; pursuant to Items 2.02 or 7.01 of <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">Form&nbsp;8-K</FONT> or to provide disclosure pursuant to Item 8.01 of Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> relating to the
reclassification of certain properties as discontinued operations in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.&nbsp;144) under the Exchange Act (each date of filing of one or more of the documents referred to in clauses
(i)&nbsp;through (iv) shall be a &#147;<B><U>Representation Date</U></B>&#148;); </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">the Company shall furnish the Agents (but in the case of clause
(iv)&nbsp;above only if the Agents reasonably determines that the information contained in such Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">8-K</FONT> is material) with a certificate dated the Representation Date, in the form and substance satisfactory to
the Agents and their counsel, substantially similar to the form previously provided to the Agents and their counsel, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as amended or supplemented. The requirement to
provide a certificate under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> shall be waived for any Representation Date occurring at a time a Suspension is in effect or at which no Placement Notice is pending, which waiver shall continue until the
earlier to occur of the date the Company delivers a Placement Notice hereunder (which for such calendar quarter shall be considered a Representation Date) and the next occurring Representation Date; <I>provided that</I> such waiver shall not apply
for any Representation Date on which the Company files its annual report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K.</FONT> Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company subsequently decides to sell Placement Shares following a Representation
Date when the Company relied on such waiver and did not provide the Agents with a certificate under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>, then before the Company delivers the Placement Notice or the Agents sells any Placement Shares pursuant
to such instructions, the Company shall provide the Agents with a certificate in conformity with this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> dated as of the date of the Placement Notice. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) <U>Legal Opinion</U>. (1)&nbsp;Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a
written opinion and negative assurance letter of Cooley LLP (&#147;<B><U>Company Counsel</U></B>&#148;), or other counsel satisfactory to the Agents, substantially similar to the forms previously provided to the Agents and their counsel, modified,
as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as then amended or supplemented. Thereafter, within five (5)&nbsp;Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a
certificate pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> for which no waiver is applicable and excluding the date of this Agreement, the Company shall cause to be furnished to the Agents a negative assurance letter from Company Counsel, or
other counsel satisfactory to the Agents, substantially similar to the form previously provided to the Agents and their counsel, modified, as necessary, to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as then amended or supplemented;
<I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, the Company shall be required to furnish to Agents no more than one negative assurance letter hereunder per calendar quarter and the Company shall not be required to furnish any such negative assurance letter if the
Company does not intend to deliver a </P>
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Placement Notice in such calendar quarter until such time as the Company delivers its next Placement Notice; <I>provided</I>, <I>further</I>, that in lieu of such negative assurance letters for
subsequent periodic filings under the Exchange Act, counsel may furnish the Agents with a letter (a &#147;<B><U>Reliance Letter</U></B>&#148;) to the effect that the Agents may rely on a prior negative assurance letter delivered under this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U> to the same extent as if it were dated the date of such negative assurance letter (except that statements in such prior letter shall be deemed to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus as
amended or supplemented as of the date of the Reliance Letter). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(o) <U>Comfort Letter</U>. (1)&nbsp;Prior to the date of the first
Placement Notice and (2)&nbsp;within five (5)&nbsp;Trading Days of each Representation Date with respect to which the Company is obligated to deliver a certificate pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> for which no waiver is applicable
and excluding the date of this Agreement, the Company shall cause its independent registered public accounting firm to furnish the Agents letters (the &#147;<B><U>Comfort Letters</U></B>&#148;), dated the date the Comfort Letter is delivered, which
shall meet the requirements set forth in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(o)</U>; <I>provided</I>, that if requested by the Agents, the Company shall cause a Comfort Letter to be furnished to the Agents within ten (10)&nbsp;Trading Days of the
date of occurrence of any material restatement of the Company&#146;s financial statements, or the date the first Placement Notice is given hereunder following such a material restatement, whichever is later. The Comfort Letter from the
Company&#146;s independent registered public accounting firm shall be in a form and substance satisfactory to the Agents, (i)&nbsp;confirming that they are an independent registered public accounting firm within the meaning of the Securities Act and
the PCAOB, (ii)&nbsp;stating, as of such date, the conclusions and findings of such firm with respect to the financial information and other matters ordinarily covered by accountants&#146; &#147;comfort letters&#148; to underwriters in connection
with registered public offerings (the first such letter, the &#147;<B><U>Initial Comfort Letter</U></B>&#148;) and (iii)&nbsp;updating the Initial Comfort Letter with any information that would have been included in the Initial Comfort Letter had it
been given on such date and modified as necessary to relate to the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, as amended and supplemented to the date of such letter. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(p) <U>Market Activities</U>. The Company will not, directly or indirectly, (i)&nbsp;take any action designed to cause or result in, or that
constitutes or might reasonably be expected to constitute, the stabilization or manipulation of the price of any security of the Company to facilitate the sale or resale of Placement Shares or (ii)&nbsp;sell, bid for, or purchase the Placement
Shares in violation of Regulation M, or pay anyone any compensation for soliciting purchases of the Placement Shares other than the Agents. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(q) <U>Investment Company Act</U>. The Company will conduct its affairs in such a manner so as to reasonably ensure that neither it nor any of
its Subsidiaries will be or become, at any time prior to the termination of this Agreement, required to register as an &#147;investment company,&#148; as such term is defined in the Investment Company Act. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(r) <U>No Offer to Sell</U>. Other than an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus approved in advance by the Company and the Agents in their capacity
as agents hereunder, neither the Agents nor the Company (including its agents and representatives, other than the Agents in their capacity as such) will make, use, prepare, authorize, approve or refer to any written communication (as defined in Rule
405 under the Securities Act), required to be filed with the Commission, that constitutes an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy Placement Shares hereunder. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(s) <U>Blue Sky and Other Qualifications</U><I>. </I>The Company will use its commercially
reasonable efforts, in cooperation with the Agents, to qualify the Placement Shares for offering and sale, or to obtain an exemption for the Placement Shares to be offered and sold, under the applicable securities laws of such states and other
jurisdictions (domestic or foreign) as the Agents may designate and to maintain such qualifications and exemptions in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than one year from the date
of this Agreement); <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that the Company shall not be obligated to file any general consent to service of process or to qualify as a foreign corporation or as a dealer in securities in any jurisdiction in which it is not
so qualified or to subject itself to taxation in respect of doing business in any jurisdiction in which it is not otherwise so subject. In each jurisdiction in which the Placement Shares have been so qualified or exempt, the Company will file such
statements and reports as may be required by the laws of such jurisdiction to continue such qualification or exemption, as the case may be, in effect for so long as required for the distribution of the Placement Shares (but in no event for less than
one year from the date of this Agreement). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(t) <U>Sarbanes-Oxley Act</U>. The Company and the Subsidiaries will maintain and keep accurate
books and records reflecting their assets and maintain internal accounting controls in a manner designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external
purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and including those policies and procedures that (i)&nbsp;pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and
dispositions of the assets of the Company, (ii)&nbsp;provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit the preparation of the Company&#146;s consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles, (iii)&nbsp;that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with management&#146;s and the Company&#146;s directors&#146; authorization, and (iv)&nbsp;provide reasonable assurance regarding
prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company&#146;s assets that could have a material effect on its financial statements. The Company and the Subsidiaries will maintain such controls and other
procedures, including, without limitation, those required by Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the applicable regulations thereunder that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the
reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the Commission&#146;s rules and forms, including, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to
ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company&#146;s management, including its principal executive officer and principal
financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and to ensure that material information relating to the Company or the Subsidiaries is made known to them by others
within those entities, particularly during the period in which such periodic reports are being prepared. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(u) <U>Secretary&#146;s
Certificate; Further Documentation</U>. Prior to the date of the first Placement Notice, the Company shall deliver to the Agents a certificate of the Secretary of the Company and attested to by an executive officer of the Company, dated as of such
date, certifying as to (i)&nbsp;the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Company, (ii)&nbsp;the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">By-laws</FONT> of the Company, (iii)&nbsp;the resolutions of the Board of Directors of the Company
authorizing the execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement and the issuance of the Placement Shares and (iv)&nbsp;the incumbency of the officers duly authorized to execute this Agreement and the other documents contemplated by this
Agreement. Within five (5)&nbsp;Trading Days of each Representation Date, the Company shall have furnished to the Agents such further information, certificates and documents as the Agents may reasonably request. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">8. <U>Payment of Expenses</U>. The Company will pay all expenses incident to the performance
of its obligations under this Agreement, including (i)&nbsp;the preparation and filing of the Registration Statement, including any fees required by the Commission, and the printing or electronic delivery of the Prospectus as originally filed and of
each amendment and supplement thereto, in such number as the Agents shall deem necessary, (ii)&nbsp;the printing and delivery to the Agents of this Agreement and such other documents as may be required in connection with the offering, purchase,
sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares, (iii)&nbsp;the preparation, issuance and delivery of the certificates, if any, for the Placement Shares to the Agents, including any stock or other transfer taxes and any capital duties, stamp
duties or other duties or taxes payable upon the sale, issuance or delivery of the Placement Shares to the Agents, (iv)&nbsp;the fees and disbursements of the counsel, accountants and other advisors to the Company, (v)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of
Agents, including but not limited to the fees and expenses of the counsel to the Agents, payable upon the execution of this Agreement in an amount not to exceed $50,000, (vi)&nbsp;the qualification or exemption of the Placement Shares under state
securities laws in accordance with the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(s)</U> hereof, including filing fees, but excluding fees of the Agent&#146;s counsel, (vii)&nbsp;the printing and delivery to the Agent of copies of any Permitted
Issuer Free Writing Prospectus and the Prospectus and any amendments or supplements thereto in such number as the Agent shall deem necessary, (viii)&nbsp;the preparation, printing and delivery to the Agent of copies of the blue sky survey,
(ix)&nbsp;the fees and expenses of the transfer agent and registrar for the Common Stock, (x)&nbsp;the filing and other fees incident to any review by FINRA of the terms of the sale of the Placement Shares including the fees of the Agents&#146;
counsel (subject to the cap, set forth in clause (v)&nbsp;above), and (xi)&nbsp;the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">9. <U>Conditions to Agents&#146; Obligations</U>. The obligations of the Agents hereunder with respect to a Placement will be subject to the
continuing accuracy and completeness of the representations and warranties made by the Company herein, to the due performance by the Company of its obligations hereunder, to the completion by the Agents of a due diligence review satisfactory to it
in its reasonable judgment, and to the continuing satisfaction (or waiver by each Agent in its sole discretion) of the following additional conditions: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Registration Statement Effective</U>. The Registration Statement shall have become effective and shall be available for the sale of all
Placement Shares contemplated to be issued by any Placement Notice. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>No Material Notices</U>. None of the following events shall
have occurred and be continuing: (i)&nbsp;receipt by the Company of any request for additional information from the Commission or any other federal or state Governmental Authority during the period of effectiveness of the Registration Statement, the
response to which would require any post-effective amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or the Prospectus; (ii)&nbsp;the issuance by the Commission or any other federal or state Governmental Authority of any stop order suspending
the effectiveness of the Registration Statement or the initiation of any proceedings for that purpose; (iii)&nbsp;receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the qualification
</P>
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or exemption from qualification of any of the Placement Shares for sale in any jurisdiction or the initiation or threatening of any proceeding for such purpose; or (iv)&nbsp;any event that makes
any material statement made in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus or any material document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that requires the making of any changes in the
Registration Statement, the Prospectus or documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading and, that in the case of the Prospectus, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein,
in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>No Misstatement or Material Omission</U>. Agents
shall not have advised the Company that the Registration Statement or Prospectus, or any amendment or supplement thereto, contains an untrue statement of fact that in the Agents&#146; reasonable opinion is material, or omits to state a fact that in
the Agents&#146; reasonable opinion is material and is required to be stated therein or is necessary to make the statements therein not misleading. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>Material Changes</U>. Except as contemplated in the Prospectus, or disclosed in the Company&#146;s reports filed with the Commission,
there shall not have been any material adverse change in the authorized capital stock of the Company or any Material Adverse Effect or any development that could reasonably be expected to cause a Material Adverse Effect. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Legal Opinions</U>. The Agents shall have received the opinions of Company Counsel required to be delivered pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such opinions is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(n)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(f) <U>Comfort Letter</U>. The Agents shall have received the Comfort Letter required to be delivered pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(o)</U> on or before the date on which such delivery of such Comfort Letter is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(o)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(g) <U>Representation Certificate</U>. The Agents shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(h) <U>Secretary&#146;s Certificate</U>. The Agents shall have received the certificate required to be delivered pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(u)</U> on or before the date on which delivery of such certificate is required pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(u)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) <U>No Suspension</U>. Trading in the Common Stock shall not have been suspended on the Exchange and the Common Stock shall not have been
delisted from the Exchange. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(j) <U>Other Materials</U>. On each date on which the Company is required to deliver a certificate pursuant to
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U>, the Company shall have furnished to the Agents such appropriate further information, opinions, certificates, letters and other documents as the Agents may reasonably request. All such opinions, certificates,
letters and other documents will be in compliance with the provisions hereof. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(k) <U>Securities Act Filings Made</U>. All filings with the Commission required by Rule 424
under the Securities Act to have been filed prior to the issuance of any Placement Notice hereunder shall have been made within the applicable time period prescribed for such filing by Rule 424. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(l) <U>Approval for Listing</U>. The Placement Shares shall either have been (i)&nbsp;approved for listing on the Exchange, subject only to
notice of issuance, or (ii)&nbsp;the Company shall have filed an application for listing of the Placement Shares on the Exchange at, or prior to, the issuance of any Placement Notice and the Exchange shall have reviewed such application and not
provided any objections thereto. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(m) <U>FINRA</U>. If applicable, FINRA shall have raised no objection to the terms of this offering and
the amount of compensation allowable or payable to the Agents as described in the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(n) <U>No Termination Event</U>. There shall
not have occurred any event that would permit the Agents to terminate this Agreement pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12(a)</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">10. <U>Indemnification and Contribution</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) <U>Company Indemnification</U>. The Company agrees to indemnify and hold harmless each Agent, its affiliates and their respective partners,
members, directors, officers, employees and agents and each person, if any, who controls the applicable Agent or any affiliate within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act as follows: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:18%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, arising out of or based upon any
untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement (or any amendment thereto), or the omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make
the statements therein not misleading, or arising out of any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact included in any related Issuer Free Writing Prospectus or the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto), or the
omission or alleged omission therefrom of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements therein, in the light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:18%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage and expense whatsoever, as incurred, joint or several, to the extent of the aggregate
amount paid in settlement of any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any Governmental Authority, commenced or threatened, or of any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged untrue statement
or omission; <I>provided</I> that (subject to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10(d)</U> below) any such settlement is effected with the written consent of the Company, which consent shall not unreasonably be delayed or withheld; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:18%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(iii) against any and all expense whatsoever, as reasonably incurred (including the fees and disbursements of counsel), reasonably incurred in
investigating, preparing or defending against any litigation, or any investigation or proceeding by any Governmental Authority, commenced or threatened, or any claim whatsoever based upon any such untrue statement or omission, or any such alleged
untrue statement or omission (whether or not a party), to the extent that any such expense is not paid under (i)&nbsp;or (ii)&nbsp;above, </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that this indemnity agreement shall not apply to any loss, liability,
claim, damage or expense to the extent arising out of any untrue statement or omission or alleged untrue statement or omission made solely in reliance upon and in conformity with the Agents Information (as defined below). </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) <U>Agent Indemnification</U>. Each Agent agrees to indemnify and hold harmless the Company and its directors and each officer of the
Company who signed the Registration Statement, and each person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of Section&nbsp;15 of the Securities Act or Section&nbsp;20 of the Exchange Act, against any and all loss, liability, claim, damage
and expense described in the indemnity contained in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10(a)</U>, as incurred, but only with respect to untrue statements or omissions, or alleged untrue statements or omissions, made in the Registration Statement (or any
amendments thereto), the Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) or any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) in reliance upon and in conformity with information relating to such Agent and furnished to
the Company in writing by such Agent expressly for use therein. The Company hereby acknowledges that the only information that the Agents have furnished to the Company expressly for use in the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any Issuer
Free Writing Prospectus (or any amendment or supplement thereto) are the statements set forth in the sixth and seventh paragraphs under the caption &#147;Plan of Distribution&#148; in the Prospectus (the &#147;<B><U>Agents
Information</U></B>&#148;). </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) <U>Procedure</U>. Any party that proposes to assert the right to be indemnified under this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> will, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any action against such party in respect of which a claim is to be made against an indemnifying party or parties under this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, notify each such indemnifying party of the commencement of such action, enclosing a copy of all papers served, but the omission so to notify such indemnifying party will not relieve the indemnifying party from
(i)&nbsp;any liability that it might have to any indemnified party otherwise than under this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> and (ii)&nbsp;any liability that it may have to any indemnified party under the foregoing provision of this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> unless, and only to the extent that, such omission results in the forfeiture of substantive rights or defenses by the indemnifying party. If any such action is brought against any indemnified party and it
notifies the indemnifying party of its commencement, the indemnifying party will be entitled to participate in and, to the extent that it elects by delivering written notice to the indemnified party promptly after receiving notice of the
commencement of the action from the indemnified party, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly notified, to assume the defense of the action, with counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, and after notice from the
indemnifying party to the indemnified party of its election to assume the defense, the indemnifying party will not be liable to the indemnified party for any other legal expenses except as provided below and except for the reasonable costs of
investigation subsequently incurred by the indemnified party in connection with the defense. The indemnified party will have the right to employ its own counsel in any such action, but the fees, expenses and other charges of such counsel will be at
the expense of such indemnified party unless (1)&nbsp;the employment of counsel by the indemnified party has been authorized in writing by the indemnifying party, (2)&nbsp;the indemnified party has reasonably concluded (based on advice of counsel)
that there may be legal defenses available to it or other indemnified parties that are different from or in addition to those available to the indemnifying party, (3)&nbsp;a conflict or potential </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-30- </P>

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conflict exists (based on advice of counsel to the indemnified party) between the indemnified party and the indemnifying party (in which case the indemnifying party will not have the right to
direct the defense of such action on behalf of the indemnified party) or (4)&nbsp;the indemnifying party has not in fact employed counsel to assume the defense of such action or counsel reasonably satisfactory to the indemnified party, in each case,
within a reasonable time after receiving notice of the commencement of the action; in each of which cases the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of counsel will be at the expense of the indemnifying party or parties. It is understood
that the indemnifying party or parties shall not, in connection with any proceeding or related proceedings in the same jurisdiction, be liable for the reasonable fees, disbursements and other charges of more than one separate firm (plus local
counsel) admitted to practice in such jurisdiction at any one time for all such indemnified party or parties. All such fees, disbursements and other charges will be reimbursed by the indemnifying party promptly after the indemnifying party receives
a written invoice relating to fees, disbursements and other charges in reasonable detail. An indemnifying party will not, in any event, be liable for any settlement of any action or claim effected without its written consent. No indemnifying party
shall, without the prior written consent of each indemnified party, settle or compromise or consent to the entry of any judgment in any pending or threatened claim, action or proceeding relating to the matters contemplated by this
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> (whether or not any indemnified party is a party thereto), unless such settlement, compromise or consent (1)&nbsp;includes an express and unconditional release of each indemnified party, in form and substance
reasonably satisfactory to such indemnified party, from all liability arising out of such litigation, investigation, proceeding or claim and (2)&nbsp;does not include a statement as to or an admission of fault, culpability or a failure to act by or
on behalf of any indemnified party. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) <U>[Reserved]</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) <U>Contribution</U>. In order to provide for just and equitable contribution in circumstances in which the indemnification provided for in
the foregoing paragraphs of this Section&nbsp;10 is applicable in accordance with its terms but for any reason is held to be unavailable or insufficient from the Company or an Agent, the Company and such Agent will contribute to the total losses,
claims, liabilities, expenses and damages (including any investigative, legal and other expenses reasonably incurred in connection with, and any amount paid in settlement of, any action, suit or proceeding or any claim asserted) to which the Company
and the Agents may be subject in such proportion as shall be appropriate to reflect the relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the Agents on the other hand. The relative benefits received by the Company on the one hand and the
Agents on the other hand shall be deemed to be in the same proportion as the total net proceeds from the sale of the Placement Shares (before deducting expenses) received by the Company bear to the total compensation received by the Agents from the
sale of Placement Shares on behalf of the Company. If, but only if, the allocation provided by the foregoing sentence is not permitted by applicable law, the allocation of contribution shall be made in such proportion as is appropriate to reflect
not only the relative benefits referred to in the foregoing sentence but also the relative fault of the Company, on the one hand, and such Agent, on the other hand, with respect to the statements or omission that resulted in such loss, claim,
liability, expense or damage, or action in respect thereof, as well as any other relevant equitable considerations with respect to such offering. Such relative fault shall be determined by reference to, among other things, whether the untrue or
alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission or alleged omission to state a material fact relates to information supplied by the Company or such Agent, the intent of the parties </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-31- </P>

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and their relative knowledge, access to information and opportunity to correct or prevent such statement or omission. The Company and each Agent agree that it would not be just and equitable if
contributions pursuant to this Section&nbsp;10(e) were to be determined by pro rata allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account the equitable considerations referred to herein. The amount paid or payable by an
indemnified party as a result of the loss, claim, liability, expense, or damage, or action in respect thereof, referred to above in this Section&nbsp;10(e) shall be deemed to include, for the purpose of this Section&nbsp;10(e), any legal or other
expenses reasonably incurred by such indemnified party in connection with investigating or defending any such action or claim to the extent consistent with Section&nbsp;10(c) hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this
Section&nbsp;10(e), no Agent shall be required to contribute any amount in excess of the commissions received by such Agent under this Agreement and no person found guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section&nbsp;11(f) of
the Securities Act) will be entitled to contribution from any person who was not guilty of such fraudulent misrepresentation. For purposes of this Section&nbsp;10(e), any person who controls a party to this Agreement within the meaning of the
Securities Act, any affiliates of an Agent and any officers, directors, partners, employees or agents of an Agent or any of its affiliates, will have the same rights to contribution as that party, and each director of the Company and each officer of
the Company who signed the Registration Statement will have the same rights to contribution as the Company, subject in each case to the provisions hereof. Any party entitled to contribution, promptly after receipt of notice of commencement of any
action against such party in respect of which a claim for contribution may be made under this Section&nbsp;10(e), will notify any such party or parties from whom contribution may be sought, but the omission to so notify will not relieve that party
or parties from whom contribution may be sought from any other obligation it or they may have under this Section&nbsp;10(e) except to the extent that the failure to so notify such other party materially prejudiced the substantive rights or defenses
of the party from whom contribution is sought. Except for a settlement entered into pursuant to the last sentence of Section&nbsp;10(c) hereof, no party will be liable for contribution with respect to any action or claim settled without its written
consent if such consent is required pursuant to Section&nbsp;10(c) hereof. The Agents&#146; respective obligations to contribute pursuant to this Section&nbsp;10(e) are several in proportion to the respective number of Placement Shares they have
sold hereunder, and not joint. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">11. <U>Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery</U>. The indemnity and contribution agreements
contained in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> of this Agreement and all representations and warranties of the Company herein or in certificates delivered pursuant hereto shall survive, as of their respective dates, regardless of (i)&nbsp;any
investigation made by or on behalf of any Agent, any controlling persons, or the Company (or any of their respective officers, directors, employees or controlling persons), (ii)&nbsp;delivery and acceptance of the Placement Shares and payment
therefor or (iii)&nbsp;any termination of this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">12. <U>Termination</U>. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) Each of the Agents may terminate this Agreement, with respect to its rights and obligations under this Agreement, by notice to the Company,
as hereinafter specified at any time (1)&nbsp;if there has been, since the time of execution of this Agreement or since the date as of which information is given in the Prospectus, any change, or any development or event involving a prospective
change, in the condition, financial or otherwise, or in the business, properties, earnings, results of operations or prospects of the Company and its Subsidiaries considered as one </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-32- </P>

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enterprise, whether or not arising in the ordinary course of business, which individually or in the aggregate, in the sole judgment of such Agent is material and adverse and makes it impractical
or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (2)&nbsp;if there has occurred any material adverse change in the financial markets in the United States or the international financial
markets, any outbreak of hostilities or escalation thereof or other calamity or crisis or any change or development involving a prospective change in national or international political, financial or economic conditions, in each case the effect of
which is such as to make it, in the judgment of such Agent, impracticable or inadvisable to market the Placement Shares or to enforce contracts for the sale of the Placement Shares, (3)&nbsp;if trading in the Common Stock has been suspended or
limited by the Commission or the Exchange, or if trading generally on the Exchange has been suspended or limited, or minimum prices for trading have been fixed on the Exchange, (4)&nbsp;if any suspension of trading of any securities of the Company
on any exchange or in the <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap"><FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">over-the-counter</FONT></FONT> market shall have occurred and be continuing for more than one (1)&nbsp;full Trading Day, (5)&nbsp;if a major disruption of
securities settlements or clearance services in the United States shall have occurred and be continuing, or (6)&nbsp;if a banking moratorium has been declared by either U.S. Federal or New York authorities. Any such termination shall be without
liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;8</U> (Payment of Expenses), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U> (Indemnification and Contribution), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>
(Representations and Agreements to Survive Delivery), <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> (Governing Law and Time; Waiver of Jury Trial) and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> (Consent to Jurisdiction) hereof shall remain in full force and effect
notwithstanding such termination. If such Agent elects to terminate this Agreement as provided in this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12(a)</U>, the such shall provide the required notice as specified in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;13</U>
(Notices). For the avoidance of doubt, the termination by one Agent of its rights and obligations under this Agreement pursuant to this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12(a)</U> shall not affect the rights and obligations of the other Agent under this
Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) The Company shall have the right, by giving ten (10)&nbsp;days&#146; notice as hereinafter specified to terminate this
Agreement with respect to one or both Agents in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;8</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> hereof shall remain in full force and effect
notwithstanding such termination. For the avoidance of doubt, the termination by the Company of this Agreement with respect to one Agent pursuant to this <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;12(b)</U> shall not affect the rights and obligations of the
other Agent under this Agreement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) Each Agent shall have the right, by giving ten (10)&nbsp;days&#146; notice as hereinafter specified
to terminate this Agreement in its sole discretion at any time after the date of this Agreement. Any such termination shall be without liability of any party to any other party except that the provisions of <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;8</U>,
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> hereof shall remain in full force and effect notwithstanding such termination. For the
avoidance of doubt, the termination by one Agent of its rights and obligations under this Agreement pursuant to this Section&nbsp;12(c) shall not affect the rights and obligations of the other Agent under this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) This Agreement shall remain in full force and effect unless terminated pursuant to <U>Sections 12(a)</U>, <U>(b)</U>, or
<U>(c)</U>&nbsp;above or otherwise by mutual agreement of the parties; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that any such termination by mutual agreement shall in all cases be deemed to provide that <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;8</U>,
<U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;10</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;11</U>, <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;17</U> and <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;18</U> shall remain in full force and effect. Upon termination of this Agreement, the Company shall
not have any liability to the Agents for any discount, commission or other compensation with respect to any Placement Shares not otherwise sold by the Agents under this Agreement. </P>
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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) Any termination of this Agreement shall be effective on the date specified in such
notice of termination; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that such termination shall not be effective until the close of business on the date of receipt of such notice by the Agents or the Company, as the case may be. If such termination shall occur
prior to the Settlement Date for any sale of Placement Shares, such Placement Shares shall settle in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">13. <U>Notices</U>. All notices or other communications required or permitted to be given by any party to any other party pursuant to the terms
of this Agreement shall be in writing, unless otherwise specified, and if sent to the Agents, shall be delivered to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cantor
Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">499 Park Avenue </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10022 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Capital Markets </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Facsimile: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(212) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">307-3730</FONT>
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">and: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cantor Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">499 Park Avenue </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY
10022 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;General Counsel </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Facsimile: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(212) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">829-4708</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">and: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company,
Incorporated </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">One South Street, 15th Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Baltimore, MD 21202 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention:
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Syndicate Department </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Facsimile: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(443)
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">224-1273</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;syndprospectus@stifel.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">with a copy to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Duane Morris LLP </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1540 Broadway </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">New York, NY 10036
</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;James T. Seery </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(973) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">424-2088</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;jtseery@duanemorris.com </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-34- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">and if to the Company, shall be delivered to: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cerus Corporation </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1220 Concord
Avenue, Suite 600 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Concord, California </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: Chrystal Menard, Chief Legal Officer </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (925) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">288-6000</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">with a copy to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cooley LLP </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">101 California Street, 5th Floor </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">San Francisco, CA 94111 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Attention: Chadwick Mills </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Telephone: (650) <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">843-5654</FONT> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Email: cmills@cooley.com </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Each
party to this Agreement may change such address for notices by sending to the parties to this Agreement written notice of a new address for such purpose. Each such notice or other communication shall be deemed given (i)&nbsp;when delivered
personally or by verifiable facsimile transmission (with an original to follow) on or before 4:30&nbsp;p.m., New York City time, on a Business Day or, if such day is not a Business Day, on the next succeeding Business Day, (ii)&nbsp;on the next
Business Day after timely delivery to a nationally-recognized overnight courier and (iii)&nbsp;on the Business Day actually received if deposited in the U.S. mail (certified or registered mail, return receipt requested, postage prepaid). For
purposes of this Agreement, &#147;<B><U>Business Day</U></B>&#148; shall mean any day on which the Exchange and commercial banks in the City of New York are open for business. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">An electronic communication (&#147;<B><U>Electronic Notice</U></B>&#148;) shall be deemed written notice for purposes of this Section&nbsp;13
if sent to the electronic mail address specified by the receiving party under separate cover. Electronic Notice shall be deemed received at the time the party sending Electronic Notice receives verification of receipt by the receiving party. Any
party receiving Electronic Notice may request and shall be entitled to receive the notice on paper, in a nonelectronic form (&#147;<B><U>Nonelectronic Notic</U></B><B>e</B>&#148;) which shall be sent to the requesting party within ten (10)&nbsp;days
of receipt of the written request for Nonelectronic Notice. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">14. <U>Successors and Assigns</U>. This Agreement shall inure to the benefit
of and be binding upon the Company and each Agent and their respective successors and the parties referred to in Section&nbsp;10 hereof. References to any of the parties contained in this Agreement shall be deemed to include the successors and
permitted assigns of such party. Nothing in this Agreement, express or implied, is intended to confer upon any party other than the parties hereto or their respective successors and permitted assigns any rights, remedies, obligations or liabilities
under or by reason of this Agreement, except as expressly provided in this Agreement. Neither party may assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that
each Agent may assign its rights and obligations hereunder to an affiliate of such Agent without obtaining the Company&#146;s consent. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">15.
<U>Use of Information.</U> Agents may not use any information gained in connection with this Agreement and the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including due diligence, to advise any party with respect to transactions not expressly
approved by the Company. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-35- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">16. <U>Entire Agreement; Confidentiality; Amendment; Severability; Waiver</U>. This
Agreement (including all schedules and exhibits attached hereto and Placement Notices issued pursuant hereto) together with (i)&nbsp;that certain side letter agreement between the Company and Agents dated the date hereof, (ii)&nbsp;that certain
letter agreement, dated February&nbsp;18, 2010 by and between the Company and Cantor (the &#147;Cantor Confidentiality Agreement&#148;) and (ii)&nbsp;that certain letter agreement, dated November&nbsp;25, 2020 by and between the Company and Stifel
(the &#147;Stifel Confidentiality Agreement&#148; and together with the Cantor Confidentiality Agreement, the &#147;Confidentiality Agreements&#148;), constitute the entire agreement of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and
supersedes all other prior and contemporaneous agreements and undertakings, both written and oral, among the parties hereto with regard to the subject matter hereof. Moreover, the Company and each Agent hereby expressly agree that all exchanges of
information hereunder shall be governed by the terms of the respective Confidentiality Agreement, which such Confidentiality Agreement the parties hereby expressly agree is and shall hereby be amended to remain in full force and effect at all times
during the term of this Agreement. Neither this Agreement nor any term hereof may be amended except pursuant to a written instrument executed by the Company and each Agent. In the event that any one or more of the provisions contained herein, or the
application thereof in any circumstance, is held invalid, illegal or unenforceable as written by a court of competent jurisdiction, then such provision shall be given full force and effect to the fullest possible extent that it is valid, legal and
enforceable, and the remainder of the terms and provisions herein shall be construed as if such invalid, illegal or unenforceable term or provision was not contained herein, but only to the extent that giving effect to such provision and the
remainder of the terms and provisions hereof shall be in accordance with the intent of the parties as reflected in this Agreement. No implied waiver by a party shall arise in the absence of a waiver in writing signed by such party. No failure or
delay in exercising any right, power, or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise thereof preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of any right, power, or privilege
hereunder. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>17. <U>GOVERNING LAW AND TIME; WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL</U>. THIS AGREEMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY AND CONSTRUED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK WITHOUT REGARD TO THE PRINCIPLES OF CONFLICTS OF LAWS. SPECIFIED TIMES OF DAY REFER TO NEW YORK CITY TIME. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, TO THE FULLEST EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, ANY AND ALL
RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY IN ANY LEGAL PROCEEDING ARISING OUT OF OR RELATING TO THIS AGREEMENT OR THE TRANSACTIONS CONTEMPLATED HEREBY. </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">18. <B><U>CONSENT TO JURISDICTION</U></B><B>. EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY SUBMITS TO THE
<FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">NON-EXCLUSIVE</FONT> JURISDICTION OF THE STATE AND FEDERAL COURTS SITTING IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN, FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION WITH ANY TRANSACTION
CONTEMPLATED HEREBY, AND HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES, AND AGREES NOT TO ASSERT IN ANY SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING, ANY CLAIM THAT IT IS NOT PERSONALLY SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF ANY SUCH COURT, THAT SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS BROUGHT IN AN
INCONVENIENT FORUM OR THAT THE VENUE OF SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING IS IMPROPER. EACH PARTY HEREBY </B> </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-36- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">
<B>IRREVOCABLY WAIVES PERSONAL SERVICE OF PROCESS AND CONSENTS TO PROCESS BEING SERVED IN ANY SUCH SUIT, ACTION OR PROCEEDING BY MAILING A COPY THEREOF (CERTIFIED OR REGISTERED MAIL, RETURN
RECEIPT REQUESTED) TO SUCH PARTY AT THE ADDRESS IN EFFECT FOR NOTICES TO IT UNDER THIS AGREEMENT AND AGREES THAT SUCH SERVICE SHALL CONSTITUTE GOOD AND SUFFICIENT SERVICE OF PROCESS AND NOTICE THEREOF. NOTHING CONTAINED HEREIN SHALL BE DEEMED TO
LIMIT IN ANY WAY ANY RIGHT TO SERVE PROCESS IN ANY MANNER PERMITTED BY LAW.</B> </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">19. <U>Counterparts</U>. This Agreement may be executed in
two or more counterparts, each of which shall be deemed an original, but all of which together shall constitute one and the same instrument. Delivery of an executed Agreement by one party to the other may be made by facsimile or electronic
transmission. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">20. <U>Construction</U>. The section and exhibit&nbsp;headings herein are for convenience only and shall not affect the
construction hereof. References herein to any law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of any Governmental Authority shall be deemed to refer to such law, statute, ordinance, code, regulation, rule or other requirement of
any Governmental Authority as amended, reenacted, supplemented or superseded in whole or in part and in effect from time to time and also to all rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.<U> </U> </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">21. <U>Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses</U>. The Company represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent
of the Agents, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed, and the Agents represents, warrants and agrees that, unless it obtains the prior written consent of the Company, which shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned
or delayed, it has not made and will not make any offer relating to the Placement Shares that would constitute an Issuer Free Writing Prospectus, or that would otherwise constitute a &#147;free writing prospectus,&#148; as defined in Rule&nbsp;405,
required to be filed with the Commission. Any such free writing prospectus consented to by the Agents or by the Company, as the case may be, is hereinafter referred to as a &#147;Permitted Free Writing Prospectus.&#148; The Company represents and
warrants that it has treated and agrees that it will treat each Permitted Free Writing Prospectus as an &#147;issuer free writing prospectus,&#148; as defined in Rule&nbsp;433, and has complied and will comply with the requirements of Rule&nbsp;433
applicable to any Permitted Free Writing Prospectus, including timely filing with the Commission where required, legending and record keeping. For the purposes of clarity, the parties hereto agree that all free writing prospectuses, if any, listed
in <U>Exhibit</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;21</U> hereto are Permitted Free Writing Prospectuses. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">22. <U>Absence of Fiduciary Relationship</U>. The
Company acknowledges and agrees that: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(a) each Agent is acting solely as agent in connection with the public offering of the Placement
Shares and in connection with each transaction contemplated by this Agreement and the process leading to such transactions, and no fiduciary or advisory relationship between the Company or any of its respective affiliates, stockholders (or other
equity holders), creditors or employees or any other party, on the one hand, and the Agents, on the other hand, has been or will be created in respect of any of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, irrespective of whether or not such
Agent has advised or is advising the Company on other matters, and no Agent has any obligation to the Company with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement except the obligations expressly set forth in this Agreement; </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-37- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(b) it is capable of evaluating and understanding, and understands and accepts, the terms,
risks and conditions of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement; </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(c) neither the Agents nor their respective affiliates have
provided any legal, accounting, regulatory or tax advice with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement and it has consulted its own legal, accounting, regulatory and tax advisors to the extent it has deemed appropriate; </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(d) it is aware that each Agent and its respective affiliates are engaged in a broad range of transactions which may involve interests that
differ from those of the Company and such Agent and its respective affiliates have no obligation to disclose such interests and transactions to the Company by virtue of any fiduciary, advisory or agency relationship or otherwise; and </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:9%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(e) it waives, to the fullest extent permitted by law, any claims it may have against an Agent or its affiliates for breach of fiduciary duty
or alleged breach of fiduciary duty in connection with the sale of Placement Shares under this Agreement and agrees that such Agent and its respective affiliates shall not have any liability (whether direct or indirect, in contract, tort or
otherwise) to it in respect of such a fiduciary duty claim or to any person asserting a fiduciary duty claim on its behalf or in right of it or the Company, employees or creditors of Company, other than in respect of such Agent&#146;s obligations
under this Agreement and to keep information provided by the Company to the Agents and their counsel confidential to the extent not otherwise publicly available. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">23. <U>Definitions</U>. As used in this Agreement, the following terms have the respective meanings set forth below: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<B><U>Applicable Time</U></B>&#148; means (i)&nbsp;each Representation Date,(ii) the time of each sale of any Placement Shares pursuant
to this Agreement and (iii)&nbsp;each Settlement Date. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<B><U>Governmental Authority</U></B>&#148;<B> </B>means (i)&nbsp;any
federal, provincial, state, local, municipal, national or international government or governmental authority, regulatory or administrative agency, governmental commission, department, board, bureau, agency or instrumentality, court, tribunal,
arbitrator or arbitral body (public or private); (ii) any self-regulatory organization; or (iii)&nbsp;any political subdivision of any of the foregoing. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<B><U>Issuer Free Writing Prospectus</U></B>&#148; means any &#147;issuer free writing prospectus,&#148; as defined in Rule&nbsp;433,
relating to the Placement Shares that (1)&nbsp;is required to be filed with the Commission by the Company, (2)&nbsp;is a &#147;road show&#148; that is a &#147;written communication&#148; within the meaning of Rule&nbsp;433(d)(8)(i) whether or not
required to be filed with the Commission, or (3)&nbsp;is exempt from filing pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433(d)(5)(i) because it contains a description of the Placement Shares or of the offering that does not reflect the final terms, in each case in the
form filed or required to be filed with the Commission or, if not required to be filed, in the form retained in the Company&#146;s records pursuant to Rule 433(g) under the Securities Act Regulations. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-38- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&#147;<B><U>Rule 164</U></B>,&#148; &#147;<B><U>Rule 172</U></B>,&#148; &#147;<B><U>Rule
405</U></B>,&#148; &#147;<B><U>Rule 415</U></B>,&#148; &#147;<B><U>Rule 424</U></B>,&#148; &#147;<B><U>Rule</U></B><B><U></U></B><B><U>&nbsp;424(b)</U></B>,&#148; &#147;<B><U>Rule</U></B><B><U></U></B><B><U>&nbsp;430B</U></B>,&#148; and
&#147;<B><U>Rule</U></B><B><U></U></B><B><U>&nbsp;433</U></B>&#148; refer to such rules under the Securities Act Regulations. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All
references in this Agreement to financial statements and schedules and other information that is &#147;contained,&#148; &#147;included&#148; or &#147;stated&#148; in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus (and all other references of like
import) shall be deemed to mean and include all such financial statements and schedules and other information that is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement or the Prospectus, as the case may be. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">All references in this Agreement to the Registration Statement, the Prospectus or any amendment or supplement to any of the foregoing shall be
deemed to include the copy filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; all references in this Agreement to any Issuer Free Writing Prospectus (other than any Issuer Free Writing Prospectuses that, pursuant to Rule&nbsp;433, are not required to be
filed with the Commission) shall be deemed to include the copy thereof filed with the Commission pursuant to EDGAR; and all references in this Agreement to &#147;supplements&#148; to the Prospectus shall include, without limitation, any supplements,
&#147;wrappers&#148; or similar materials prepared in connection with any offering, sale or private placement of any Placement Shares by the Agents outside of the United States. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">[<B><I>Signature Page Follows</I></B>] </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">-39- </P>

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 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">If the foregoing correctly sets forth the understanding between the Company and the Agents,
please so indicate in the space provided below for that purpose, whereupon this letter shall constitute a binding agreement between the Company and the Agents. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">Very truly yours,</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>CERUS CORPORATION</B></TD></TR>
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<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
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<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Kevin D. Green</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name: Kevin D. Green</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title: Vice President, Finance and Chief Financial Officer</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="font-size:6pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
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<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">ACCEPTED as of the date first-above written:</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>CANTOR FITZGERALD&nbsp;&amp; CO.</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Sage Kelly</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name: Sage Kelly</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title: Senior Managing Director, Global Head of Investment Banking</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"><B>STIFEL, NICOLAUS&nbsp;&amp; COMPANY, INCORPORATED</B></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Seth Rubin</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Name: Seth Rubin</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Title: Managing Director</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SCHEDULE 1 </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Form of Placement Notice </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="96%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="11%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="88%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">From:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Cerus Corporation</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">To:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">[Cantor Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co.][Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company, Incorporated]</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Attention: [&#149;]</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Subject:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Placement Notice</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">Date:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">[&#149;], 20[&#149;]</TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="3"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3">Ladies and Gentlemen:</TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the Sales Agreement among Cerus
Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<B><U>Company</U></B>&#148;), and Cantor Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co. and Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company, Incorporated, dated December 11, 2020, the Company hereby requests that [<I>the Designated
Agent</I>] sell up to [&#149;] of the Company&#146;s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a minimum market price of $[&#149;] per share, during the time period beginning [month, day, time] and ending [month, day, time]. </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SCHEDULE 2 </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Compensation </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The Company
shall pay to the Designated Agent in cash, upon each sale of Placement Shares pursuant to this Agreement, an amount equal to up to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of Placement Shares. </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SCHEDULE 3 </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Notice Parties </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>The Company </U></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">William &#147;Obi&#148; Greenman (ogreenman@cerus.com) </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Kevin
Green (kgreen@cerus.com) </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Scott Seidenverg (sseidenverg@cerus.com) </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Cantor </U></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sameer Vasudev (svasudev@cantor.com) </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">With copies to: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">CFControlledEquityOffering@cantor.com </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><U>Stifel </U></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Daniel Covatta (dcovatta@stifel.com) </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>SCHEDULE 4 </B></P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center> <P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Subsidiaries </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><center>
<P STYLE="line-height:6.0pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:2pt;border-bottom:1.00pt solid #000000;width:21%">&nbsp;</P></center> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Incorporated by reference to
Exhibit 21.1 of the Company&#146;s most recently filed Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-K.</FONT> </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Form of Representation Date Certificate Pursuant to Section&nbsp;7(m) </B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">The undersigned, the duly qualified and elected [&#149;], of Cerus Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<U>Company</U>&#148;), does
hereby certify in such capacity and on behalf of the Company, pursuant to <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;7(m)</U> of the Sales Agreement, dated December 11, 2020 (the &#147;<U>Sales Agreement</U>&#148;), among the Company and Cantor
Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co. and Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company, Incorporated, that to the best of the knowledge of the undersigned: </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(i)
The representations and warranties of the Company in <U>Section</U><U></U><U>&nbsp;6</U> of the Sales Agreement are true and correct on and as of the date hereof with the same force and effect as if expressly made on and as of the date hereof,
except for those representations and warranties that speak solely as of a specific date and which were true and correct as of such date; <I>provided</I>, <I>however</I>, that such representations and warranties also shall be qualified by the
disclosure included or incorporated by reference in the Registration Statement and Prospectus; and </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:6pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">(ii) The Company has complied with all
agreements and satisfied all conditions on its part to be performed or satisfied pursuant to the Sales Agreement at or prior to the date hereof. </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:4%; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Capitalized terms used herein without definition shall have the meanings given to such terms in the Sales Agreement. </P>
<P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P><DIV ALIGN="right">
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="12%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="87%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top" COLSPAN="3"> <P STYLE=" margin-top:0pt ; margin-bottom:0pt; margin-left:1.00em; text-indent:-1.00em; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman"><B>CERUS CORPORATION </B></P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="font-size:1pt">
<TD HEIGHT="16"></TD>
<TD HEIGHT="16" COLSPAN="2"></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Name:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="bottom">Title:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">&nbsp;</P></TD></TR>
</TABLE></DIV> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Date: [&#149;] </P>
</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B><U>Exhibit 21 </U></B></P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center"><B>Permitted Free Writing Prospectus </B></P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">None.
</P>
</DIV></Center>

</BODY></HTML>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-5.1
<SEQUENCE>3
<FILENAME>d11427dex51.htm
<DESCRIPTION>EX-5.1
<TEXT>
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>EX-5.1</TITLE>
</HEAD>
 <BODY BGCOLOR="WHITE">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="right"><B>Exhibit 5.1 </B></P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">


<IMG SRC="g11427g1124163303593.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Chadwick L. Mills </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">+1 650 843
5654 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">cmills@cooley.com </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">December 11, 2020 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cerus Corporation </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">1220 Concord Ave., Suite 600 </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Concord, California 94520 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Ladies and Gentlemen: </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have acted as counsel to Cerus Corporation, a Delaware corporation (the &#147;<B><I>Company</I></B>&#148;), in connection with the sale of shares of its
common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the &#147;<B><I>Common Stock</I></B>&#148;), having an aggregate offering price of up to $100.0&nbsp;million (the &#147;<B><I>Shares</I></B>&#148;) pursuant to the Registration Statement on Form <FONT
STYLE="white-space:nowrap">S-3</FONT> (File <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">No.&nbsp;333-251302)</FONT> (the &#147;<B><I>Registration Statement</I></B>&#148;) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
&#147;<B><I>Commission</I></B>&#148;) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#147;<B><I>Act</I></B>&#148;), the prospectus included in the Registration Statement (the &#147;<B><I>Base Prospectus</I></B>&#148;) and the prospectus
supplement dated December 11, 2020 to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) promulgated under the Act (together with the Base Prospectus, the &#147;<B><I>Prospectus</I></B>&#148;). The Shares are to be sold by the Company in
accordance with that certain Open Market Sale Agreement, dated December 11, 2020, by and between the Company, Cantor Fitzgerald&nbsp;&amp; Co. and Stifel, Nicolaus&nbsp;&amp; Company, Incorporated (the &#147;<B><I>Agreement</I></B>&#148;), as
described in the Prospectus. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">In connection with this opinion, we have examined and relied upon the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, the
Agreement, the Company&#146;s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, and Amended and Restated Bylaws, each as currently in effect, and originals, or copies certified to our satisfaction, of such records, documents,
certificates, memoranda and other instruments as in our judgment are necessary or appropriate to enable us to render the opinion expressed below. In rendering this opinion, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures; the authenticity of all
documents submitted to us as originals; the conformity to originals of all documents submitted to us as copies; the accuracy, completeness and authenticity of certificates of public officials; and the due authorization, execution and delivery by all
persons other than the Company of all documents where authorization, execution and delivery are prerequisites to the effectiveness thereof. As to certain factual matters, we have relied upon a certificate of an officer of the Company and have not
independently verified such matters. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We have assumed (i)&nbsp;that each sale of Shares will be duly authorized by the Board of Directors of the Company,
a duly authorized committee thereof or a person or body pursuant to an authorization granted in accordance with Section&nbsp;152 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the &#147;<B><I>DGCL</I></B>&#148;), (ii) that no more than
20.0&nbsp;million Shares will be sold under the Agreement pursuant to the Prospectus and (iii)&nbsp;that the price at which the Shares are sold will equal or exceed the par value of the Common Stock. We express no opinion to the extent that future
issuances of securities of the Company and/or anti-dilution adjustments to outstanding securities of the Company cause the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding or issuable upon conversion or exercise of outstanding securities of the Company
to exceed the number of Shares then issuable under the Agreement. </P>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Cooley LLP 101 California
Street 5th Floor San Francisco, CA 94111-5800 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">t: (415) 693-2000 f: (415) 693-2222 cooley.com </P>

</DIV></Center>


<p style="margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0em; page-break-before:always">
<HR SIZE="3" style="COLOR:#999999" WIDTH="100%" ALIGN="CENTER">


<Center><DIV STYLE="width:8.5in" align="left">

 <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">


<IMG SRC="g11427g1124163303593.jpg" ALT="LOGO">
 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">December 11, 2020 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Page Two
</P> <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P>
 <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Our opinion herein is expressed solely with respect to the DGCL. Our opinion is based on these laws as in
effect on the date hereof. We express no opinion to the extent that any other laws are applicable to the subject matter hereof and express no opinion and provide no assurance as to compliance with any federal or state securities law, rule or
regulation. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">On the basis of the foregoing, and in reliance thereon, we are of the opinion that the Shares, when sold and issued against payment therefor
in accordance with the Agreement, the Registration Statement and the Prospectus, will be validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">We consent to the
reference to our firm under the caption &#147;Legal Matters&#148; in the Prospectus and to the filing of this opinion as an exhibit to the Company&#146;s Quarterly Report on Form <FONT STYLE="white-space:nowrap">10-Q</FONT> filed with the Commission
on the date hereof and incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement. </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Sincerely, </P>
<P STYLE="margin-top:12pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">Cooley LLP </P> <P STYLE="font-size:12pt;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt">&nbsp;</P>
<TABLE CELLSPACING="0" CELLPADDING="0" WIDTH="40%" BORDER="0" STYLE="BORDER-COLLAPSE:COLLAPSE; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">


<TR>

<TD WIDTH="7%"></TD>

<TD VALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1%"></TD>
<TD WIDTH="92%"></TD></TR>


<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top">By:</TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top"> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; border-bottom:1px solid #000000; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman">/s/ Chadwick L. Mills</P></TD></TR>
<TR STYLE="page-break-inside:avoid ; font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:10pt">
<TD VALIGN="top"></TD>
<TD VALIGN="bottom">&nbsp;</TD>
<TD VALIGN="top">Chadwick L. Mills</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
 <p STYLE="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt ; font-size:8pt">&nbsp;</P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">Cooley LLP 101 California
Street 5th Floor San Francisco, CA 94111-5800 </P> <P STYLE="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman" ALIGN="center">t: (415) 693-2000 f: (415) 693-2222 cooley.com </P>

</DIV></Center>

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</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.SCH
<SEQUENCE>4
<FILENAME>cers-20201211.xsd
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION SCHEMA
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release 2020-7 Build:20201110.1 -->
<!-- Creation date: 12/12/2020 3:05:27 AM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2020 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<xsd:schema
  xmlns:nonnum="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/non-numeric"
  xmlns:num="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric"
  xmlns:us-types="http://fasb.org/us-types/2019-01-31"
  xmlns:cers="http://www.cerus.com/20201211"
  xmlns:dei="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019-01-31"
  xmlns:xbrli="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance"
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
  xmlns:xbrldt="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt"
  xmlns:sic="http://xbrl.sec.gov/sic/2011-01-31"
  attributeFormDefault="unqualified"
  elementFormDefault="qualified"
  targetNamespace="http://www.cerus.com/20201211"
  xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-instance-2003-12-31.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/instance" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019-01-31" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric-2009-12-16.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/numeric" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/nonNumeric-2009-12-16.xsd" namespace="http://www.xbrl.org/dtr/type/non-numeric" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://xbrl.sec.gov/sic/2011/sic-2011-01-31.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/sic/2011-01-31" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="https://xbrl.sec.gov/naics/2017/naics-2017-01-31.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.sec.gov/naics/2017-01-31" />
    <xsd:import schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt-2005.xsd" namespace="http://xbrl.org/2005/xbrldt" />
  <xsd:annotation>
    <xsd:appinfo>
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="cers-20201211_lab.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/labelLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Label Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:linkbaseRef xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink/properties/linkbase" xlink:href="cers-20201211_pre.xml" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationLinkbaseRef" xlink:title="Presentation Links, all" xlink:type="simple" />
      <link:roleType roleURI="http://www.cerus.com//20201211/taxonomy/role/DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation" id="Role_DocumentDocumentAndEntityInformation">
        <link:definition>100000 - Document - Document and Entity Information</link:definition>
        <link:usedOn>link:calculationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:presentationLink</link:usedOn>
        <link:usedOn>link:definitionLink</link:usedOn>
      </link:roleType>
    </xsd:appinfo>
  </xsd:annotation>
</xsd:schema>
</XBRL>
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>EX-101.LAB
<SEQUENCE>5
<FILENAME>cers-20201211_lab.xml
<DESCRIPTION>XBRL TAXONOMY EXTENSION LABEL LINKBASE
<TEXT>
<XBRL>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="us-ascii" standalone="yes"?>
<!-- DFIN - https://www.dfinsolutions.com/ -->
<!-- CTU Version: Release 2020-7 Build:20201110.1 -->
<!-- Creation date: 12/12/2020 3:05:27 AM Eastern Time -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 2020 Donnelley Financial Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -->
<link:linkbase
  xmlns:link="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase"
  xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
  xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/linkbase http://www.xbrl.org/2003/xbrl-linkbase-2003-12-31.xsd">
  <link:labelLink xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/link" xlink:type="extended">
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CoverAbstract" xlink:to="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CoverAbstract_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Cover [Abstract]</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityRegistrantName" xlink:to="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityRegistrantName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Registrant Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_AmendmentFlag" xlink:to="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_AmendmentFlag_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Amendment Flag</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey" xlink:to="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityCentralIndexKey_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Central Index Key</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentType" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentType" xlink:to="dei_DocumentType_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentType_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Type</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate" xlink:to="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Document Period End Date</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityFileNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityFileNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity File Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber" xlink:to="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Tax Identification Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line One</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Address Line Two</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, City or Town</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, State or Province</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode" xlink:to="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_CityAreaCode" xlink:to="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_CityAreaCode_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">City Area Code</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_LocalPhoneNumber" xlink:to="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_LocalPhoneNumber_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Local Phone Number</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_WrittenCommunications" xlink:to="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_WrittenCommunications_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Written Communications</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SolicitingMaterial" xlink:to="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SolicitingMaterial_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Soliciting Material</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer" xlink:to="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_Security12bTitle" xlink:to="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_Security12bTitle_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security 12b Title</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_TradingSymbol" xlink:to="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_TradingSymbol_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Trading Symbol</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName" />
    <link:labelArc xlink:type="arc" xlink:arcrole="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/arcrole/concept-label" xlink:from="dei_SecurityExchangeName" xlink:to="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" />
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/label">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:label xml:lang="en-US" xlink:label="dei_SecurityExchangeName_lbl" xlink:type="resource" xlink:role="http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/terseLabel">Security Exchange Name</link:label>
    <link:loc xlink:href="https://xbrl.sec.gov/dei/2019/dei-2019-01-31.xsd#dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" xlink:type="locator" xlink:label="dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany" />
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    <dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">DE</dei:EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode>
    <dei:EntityFileNumber contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">000-21937</dei:EntityFileNumber>
    <dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">68-0262011</dei:EntityTaxIdentificationNumber>
    <dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1 contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">1220 Concord Avenue</dei:EntityAddressAddressLine1>
    <dei:EntityAddressAddressLine2 contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">Suite 600</dei:EntityAddressAddressLine2>
    <dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">Concord</dei:EntityAddressCityOrTown>
    <dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">CA</dei:EntityAddressStateOrProvince>
    <dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">94520</dei:EntityAddressPostalZipCode>
    <dei:CityAreaCode contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">(925)</dei:CityAreaCode>
    <dei:LocalPhoneNumber contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">288-6000</dei:LocalPhoneNumber>
    <dei:WrittenCommunications contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">false</dei:WrittenCommunications>
    <dei:SolicitingMaterial contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">false</dei:SolicitingMaterial>
    <dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">false</dei:PreCommencementTenderOffer>
    <dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">false</dei:PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer>
    <dei:Security12bTitle contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">Common Stock, par value $0.001</dei:Security12bTitle>
    <dei:TradingSymbol contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">CERS</dei:TradingSymbol>
    <dei:SecurityExchangeName contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">NASDAQ</dei:SecurityExchangeName>
    <dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany contextRef="duration_2020-12-11_to_2020-12-11">false</dei:EntityEmergingGrowthCompany>
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<DOCUMENT>
<TYPE>XML
<SEQUENCE>9
<FILENAME>R1.htm
<DESCRIPTION>IDEA: XBRL DOCUMENT
<TEXT>
<html>
<head>
<title></title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="report.css">
<script type="text/javascript" src="Show.js">/* Do Not Remove This Comment */</script><script type="text/javascript">
							function toggleNextSibling (e) {
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<body>
<span style="display: none;">v3.20.2</span><table class="report" border="0" cellspacing="2" id="idm139769275810648">
<tr>
<th class="tl" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><div style="width: 200px;"><strong>Document and Entity Information<br></strong></div></th>
<th class="th"><div>Dec. 11, 2020</div></th>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CoverAbstract', window );"><strong>Cover [Abstract]</strong></a></td>
<td class="text">&#160;<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName', window );">Entity Registrant Name</a></td>
<td class="text">CERUS CORP<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_AmendmentFlag', window );">Amendment Flag</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey', window );">Entity Central Index Key</a></td>
<td class="text">0001020214<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentType', window );">Document Type</a></td>
<td class="text">8-K<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate', window );">Document Period End Date</a></td>
<td class="text">Dec. 11,  2020<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode', window );">Entity Incorporation State Country Code</a></td>
<td class="text">DE<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityFileNumber', window );">Entity File Number</a></td>
<td class="text">000-21937<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber', window );">Entity Tax Identification Number</a></td>
<td class="text">68-0262011<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1', window );">Entity Address, Address Line One</a></td>
<td class="text">1220 Concord Avenue<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2', window );">Entity Address, Address Line Two</a></td>
<td class="text">Suite 600<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown', window );">Entity Address, City or Town</a></td>
<td class="text">Concord<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince', window );">Entity Address, State or Province</a></td>
<td class="text">CA<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode', window );">Entity Address, Postal Zip Code</a></td>
<td class="text">94520<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_CityAreaCode', window );">City Area Code</a></td>
<td class="text">(925)<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber', window );">Local Phone Number</a></td>
<td class="text">288-6000<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_WrittenCommunications', window );">Written Communications</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial', window );">Soliciting Material</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer', window );">Pre Commencement Issuer Tender Offer</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_Security12bTitle', window );">Security 12b Title</a></td>
<td class="text">Common Stock, par value $0.001<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_TradingSymbol', window );">Trading Symbol</a></td>
<td class="text">CERS<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="re">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName', window );">Security Exchange Name</a></td>
<td class="text">NASDAQ<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="ro">
<td class="pl " style="border-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="a" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.showAR( this, 'defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany', window );">Entity Emerging Growth Company</a></td>
<td class="text">false<span></span>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div style="display: none;">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_AmendmentFlag">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the XBRL content amends previously-filed or accepted submission.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_AmendmentFlag</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CityAreaCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Area code of city</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CityAreaCode</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td>na</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_CoverAbstract">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Cover page.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_CoverAbstract</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:stringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
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</div></td></tr>
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The end date of the period reflected on the cover page if a periodic report. For all other reports and registration statements containing historical data, it is the date up through which that historical data is presented.  If there is no historical data in the report, use the filing date. The format of the date is CCYY-MM-DD.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentPeriodEndDate</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:dateItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_DocumentType">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The type of document being provided (such as 10-K, 10-Q, 485BPOS, etc). The document type is limited to the same value as the supporting SEC submission type, or the word 'Other'.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_DocumentType</td>
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<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:submissionTypeItemType</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 1 such as Attn, Building Name, Street Name</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Address Line 2 such as Street or Suite number</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressAddressLine2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the City or Town</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressCityOrTown</td>
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<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Code for the postal or zip code</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressPostalZipCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
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<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
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<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
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</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the state or province.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityAddressStateOrProvince</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:stateOrProvinceItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityCentralIndexKey">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>A unique 10-digit SEC-issued value to identify entities that have filed disclosures with the SEC. It is commonly abbreviated as CIK.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityCentralIndexKey</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:centralIndexKeyItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Indicate if registrant meets the emerging growth company criteria.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityEmergingGrowthCompany</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityFileNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Commission file number. The field allows up to 17 characters. The prefix may contain 1-3 digits, the sequence number may contain 1-8 digits, the optional suffix may contain 1-4 characters, and the fields are separated with a hyphen.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityFileNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:fileNumberItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Two-character EDGAR code representing the state or country of incorporation.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityIncorporationStateCountryCode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarStateCountryItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityRegistrantName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The exact name of the entity filing the report as specified in its charter, which is required by forms filed with the SEC.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityRegistrantName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>The Tax Identification Number (TIN), also known as an Employer Identification Number (EIN), is a unique 9-digit value assigned by the IRS.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Regulation 12B<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b-2<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_EntityTaxIdentificationNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:employerIdItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_LocalPhoneNumber">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Local phone number for entity.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_LocalPhoneNumber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:normalizedStringItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 13e-4(c) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 13e<br> -Subsection 4c<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementIssuerTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as pre-commencement communications pursuant to Rule 14d-2(b) under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 14d<br> -Subsection 2b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_PreCommencementTenderOffer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_Security12bTitle">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Title of a 12(b) registered security.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection b<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_Security12bTitle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:securityTitleItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SecurityExchangeName">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Name of the Exchange on which a security is registered.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Number 240<br> -Section 12<br> -Subsection d1-1<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SecurityExchangeName</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:edgarExchangeCodeItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_SolicitingMaterial">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as soliciting material pursuant to Rule 14a-12 under the Exchange Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Exchange Act<br> -Section 14a<br> -Number 240<br> -Subsection 12<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_SolicitingMaterial</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_TradingSymbol">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Trading symbol of an instrument as listed on an exchange.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>No definition available.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_TradingSymbol</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>dei:tradingSymbolItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
</div></td></tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="authRefData" style="display: none;" id="defref_dei_WrittenCommunications">
<tr><td class="hide"><a style="color: white;" href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.hideAR();">X</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="body" style="padding: 2px;">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">- Definition</a><div><p>Boolean flag that is true when the Form 8-K filing is intended to satisfy the filing obligation of the registrant as written communications pursuant to Rule 425 under the Securities Act.</p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ References</a><div style="display: none;"><p>Reference 1: http://www.xbrl.org/2003/role/presentationRef<br> -Publisher SEC<br> -Name Securities Act<br> -Number 230<br> -Section 425<br></p></div>
<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="top.Show.toggleNext( this );">+ Details</a><div style="display: none;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr>
<td><strong> Name:</strong></td>
<td style="white-space:nowrap;">dei_WrittenCommunications</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding-right: 4px;white-space:nowrap;"><strong> Namespace Prefix:</strong></td>
<td>dei_</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Data Type:</strong></td>
<td>xbrli:booleanItemType</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Balance Type:</strong></td>
<td>na</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><strong> Period Type:</strong></td>
<td>duration</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
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end
</TEXT>
</DOCUMENT>
</SEC-DOCUMENT>
