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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______________ to ______________

Commission File Number 001-41151

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 86-2962208
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (IRS Employer Identification No.)

34361 Innovation Drive Ronan, Montana |  | 59864
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

(800) 942-3083

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

N/A

(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share |  | AIRJ |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC
Warrants to purchase Class A common stock |  | AIRJW |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
| Emerging growth company | ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of May 1, 2025, there were 60,235,732 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, issued and outstanding.

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  | Page
Part 1 - Financial Information | 1
Item 1. | Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (Unaudited) | 1
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 2
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Members’ and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 3
| Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 (Unaudited) | 4
| Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements | 5
Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition And Results of Operations | 30
Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 40
Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 40
Part II - Other Information | 41
Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 41
Item 1a. | Risk Factors | 41
Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 41
Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 41
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 41
Item 5. | Other Information | 41
Item 6. | Exhibits | 42
Signatures | 43

i

PART 1 - FIN ANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Condensed Co nsolidated Financial Statements

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

CONDENSED CO NSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | (unaudited) |  |  |  |
Assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  |  |  |  |  |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  | $ | 23,000,515 |  |  | $ | 28,021,748 |
Due from related party |  |  | 501,844 |  |  |  | 2,820,129 |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 946,779 |  |  |  | 613,754 |
Total current assets |  |  | 24,449,138 |  |  |  | 31,455,631 |
Operating lease right-of-use asset |  |  | 139,162 |  |  |  | 147,001 |
Property and equipment, net |  |  | 14,785 |  |  |  | 16,373 |
Investment in AirJoule, LLC |  |  | 340,948,355 |  |  |  | 338,178,633 |
Other assets |  |  | 54,482 |  |  |  | 54,482 |
Total assets |  | $ | 365,605,922 |  |  | $ | 369,852,120 |
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Current liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 326,510 |  |  | $ | 79,202 |
Other accrued expenses |  |  | 1,298,453 |  |  |  | 1,720,318 |
Operating lease liability, current |  |  | 32,124 |  |  |  | 30,227 |
True Up Shares liability |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,189,000 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 1,657,087 |  |  |  | 4,018,747 |
Earnout Shares liability |  |  | 11,692,000 |  |  |  | 24,524,000 |
Subject Vesting Shares liability |  |  | 2,345,000 |  |  |  | 7,819,000 |
Operating lease liability, non-current |  |  | 115,734 |  |  |  | 124,002 |
Deferred tax liability |  |  | 79,613,389 |  |  |  | 81,256,047 |
Total liabilities |  |  | 95,423,210 |  |  |  | 117,741,796 |
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12) |  |  |  |  |  |
Stockholders’ equity |  |  |  |  |  |
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value; 25,000,000 authorized shares and 0 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value; 600,000,000 authorized shares and 56,352,120 and 55,928,661 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively |  |  | 5,636 |  |  |  | 5,593 |
Additional paid-in capital |  |  | 56,770,957 |  |  |  | 53,577,270 |
Retained earnings |  |  | 213,406,119 |  |  |  | 198,527,461 |
Total stockholders’ equity |  |  | 270,182,712 |  |  |  | 252,110,324 |
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity |  | $ | 365,605,922 |  |  | $ | 369,852,120 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

1

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLID ATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (UNAUDITED)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | $ | 2,786,484 |  |  | $ | 813,239 |
Research and development |  |  | 387,919 |  |  |  | 846,157 |
Sales and marketing |  |  | 14,209 |  |  |  | 37,725 |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with business combination |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,693,103 |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,588 |  |  |  | 1,085 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (3,190,200 | ) |  |  | (56,391,309 | )
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 243,024 |  |  |  | 26,146 |
Gain on contribution to AirJoule, LLC |  |  | — |  |  |  | 333,500,000 |
Equity loss from investment in AirJoule, LLC |  |  | (2,230,278 | ) |  |  | (26,382 | )
Change in fair value of Earnout Shares liability |  |  | 12,832,000 |  |  |  | (7,672,000 | )
Change in fair value of True Up Shares liability |  |  | 106,106 |  |  |  | 269,000 |
Change in fair value of Subject Vesting Shares liability |  |  | 5,474,000 |  |  |  | (2,425,000 | )
Other income |  |  | 1,348 |  |  |  | — |
Total other income, net |  |  | 16,426,200 |  |  |  | 323,671,764 |
Income before income taxes |  |  | 13,236,000 |  |  |  | 267,280,455 |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 1,642,658 |  |  |  | (85,725,163 | )
Net income |  | $ | 14,878,658 |  |  | $ | 181,555,292 |
Weighted average Class A common stock outstanding, basic |  |  | 56,047,662 |  |  |  | 37,155,326 |
Basic net income per share, Class A common stock |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | 4.33 |
Weighted average Class A common stock outstanding, diluted |  |  | 57,111,807 |  |  |  | 38,631,753 |
Diluted net income, per share, Class A common stock |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 4.18 |
Weighted average Class B common stock outstanding, basic and diluted |  |  | — |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |
Basic net income per share, Class B common stock |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.33 |
Diluted net income per share, Class B common stock |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.18 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

2

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF C HANGES IN MEMBERS’ AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT) (UNAUDITED)

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2025

|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  |  |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Capital |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 55,928,661 |  |  | $ | 5,593 |  |  | $ | 53,577,270 |  |  | $ | 198,527,461 |  |  | $ | 252,110,324 |
Exercise of options |  |  | 147,579 |  |  |  | 15 |  |  |  | 41,745 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 41,760 |
Share-based compensation |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,069,076 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,069,076 |
Issuance of True up Shares |  |  | 275,880 |  |  |  | 28 |  |  |  | 2,082,866 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,082,894 |
Net income |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 14,878,658 |  |  |  | 14,878,658 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 56,352,120 |  |  | $ | 5,636 |  |  | $ | 56,770,957 |  |  | $ | 213,406,119 |  |  | $ | 270,182,712 |

For the Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

|  | Members’ |  |  | Preferred |  |  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  |  |  |  | Additional Paid-In |  |  | Retained Earnings |  |  | Total Stockholders’ Equity |
|  | Contribution |  |  | Units |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Shares |  |  | Amount |  |  | Subscription Receivable |  |  | Capital |  |  | (Accumulated Deficit) |  |  | (Deficit) |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | 2,109,310 |  |  | $ | 9,158,087 |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | (17,168,101 | ) |  | $ | (5,900,704 | )
Retroactive application of recapitalization |  |  | (2,109,310 | ) |  |  | (9,158,087 | ) |  |  | 32,731,583 |  |  |  | 3,274 |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |  |  |  | 476 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 11,263,647 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance at December 31, 2023 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 32,731,583 |  |  | $ | 3,274 |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,263,647 |  |  | $ | (17,168,101 | ) |  | $ | (5,900,704 | )
Issuance of common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 5,807,647 |  |  |  | 581 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (6,000,000 | ) |  |  | 49,364,419 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,365,000 |
Exercise of warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 380,771 |  |  |  | 38 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45,722 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45,760 |
Exercise of options |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,141,839 |  |  |  | 214 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,036 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 56,250 |
Reverse capitalization, net of transaction costs |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 8,001,930 |  |  |  | 800 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | (21,028,277 | ) |  |  | — |  |  |  | (21,027,477 | )
Net income |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 181,555,292 |  |  |  | 181,555,292 |
Balance at March 31, 2024 |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  |  | 49,063,770 |  |  | $ | 4,907 |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |  |  | $ | 476 |  |  | $ | (6,000,000 | ) |  | $ | 39,701,547 |  |  | $ | 164,387,191 |  |  | $ | 198,094,121 |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATE MENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Net income |  | $ | 14,878,658 |  |  | $ | 181,555,292 |
Adjustment to reconcile net income to cash provided by (used in) operating activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,588 |  |  |  | 1,085 |
Deferred tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (1,642,658 | ) |  |  | 85,725,163 |
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets |  |  | 7,839 |  |  |  | 52,068 |
Change in fair value of Earnout Shares liability |  |  | (12,832,000 | ) |  |  | 7,672,000 |
Change in fair value of True Up Shares liability |  |  | (106,106 | ) |  |  | (269,000 | )
Change in fair value of Subject Vesting Shares liability |  |  | (5,474,000 | ) |  |  | 2,425,000 |
Gain on contribution to AirJoule, LLC |  |  | — |  |  |  | (333,500,000 | )
Equity loss from investment in AirJoule, LLC |  |  | 2,230,278 |  |  |  | 26,382 |
Non-cash transaction costs in connection with business combination |  |  | — |  |  |  | 53,721,000 |
Share-based compensation |  |  | 984,393 |  |  |  | — |
Changes in operating assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Due from related party |  |  | 2,402,969 |  |  |  | — |
Prepaid expenses and other current assets |  |  | 145,461 |  |  |  | 15,010 |
Operating lease liabilities |  |  | (6,371 | ) |  |  | (51,346 | )
Accounts payable |  |  | 247,308 |  |  |  | (2,675,093 | )
Accrued expenses, accrued transaction costs and other liabilities |  |  | (765,113 | ) |  |  | (1,122,998 | )
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 72,246 |  |  |  | (6,425,437 | )
Cash flows from investing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred offering costs paid |  |  | (135,239 | ) |  |  | — |
Investment in AirJoule, LLC |  |  | (5,000,000 | ) |  |  | (10,000,000 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,135,239 | ) |  |  | (10,000,000 | )
Cash flows from financing activities |  |  |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the exercise of warrants |  |  | — |  |  |  | 45,760 |
Proceeds from the exercise of options |  |  | 41,760 |  |  |  | 56,250 |
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock |  |  | — |  |  |  | 43,365,000 |
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 41,760 |  |  |  | 43,467,010 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash |  |  | (5,021,233 | ) |  |  | 27,041,573 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period |  |  | 28,021,748 |  |  |  | 375,796 |
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of the period |  | $ | 23,000,515 |  |  | $ | 27,417,369 |
Supplemental non-cash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |  |
Issuance of True Up Shares |  | $ | 2,082,894 |  |  | $ | — |
Deferred offering costs included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities |  | $ | 343,247 |  |  | $ | — |
Initial recognition of True Up Shares liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 555,000 |
Initial recognition of Subject Vesting Shares liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,792,000 |
Initial recognition of ROU asset and operating lease liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 172,649 |
Liabilities combined in recapitalization, net |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,680,477 |
Contribution to AirJoule, LLC of license to technology |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 333,500,000 |
Supplemental cash flow information: |  |  |  |  |  |
Taxes paid |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION

NOTES TO THE UN AUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS OPERATIONS

We are a water technology company that produces pure distilled water by harvesting the water vapor in the atmosphere. Our proprietary AirJoule system, once commercialized, will provide cost-effective water to businesses and consumers around the world and help address growing concerns around water scarcity. Our system is especially valuable for industrial users, which generate significant amounts of waste heat that can be utilized to produce pure distilled water and dehumidified air – two key inputs for a variety of industrial activities, including data centers and advanced manufacturing. In HVAC applications, our AirJoule technology is designed to reduce energy consumption, minimize or even eliminate the use of environmentally-harmful refrigerants, and generate material cost efficiencies for air conditioning systems. We are focused on commercialization and scaling manufacturing of our AirJoule systems through our global collaborations, including with GE Vernova and Carrier Global Corporation (“Carrier”), and we believe that deploying AirJoule units worldwide can help to improve water security and reduce global emissions.

Power & Digital Infrastructure Acquisition II Corp (“XPDB”) entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”), dated June 5, 2023, as amended on February 5, 2024, with XPDB Merger Sub, LLC, a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of XPDB (“Merger Sub”), and AirJoule Technologies LLC, formerly known as Montana Technologies LLC (“Legacy Montana”). On March 14, 2024, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub was merged with and into Legacy Montana, with Legacy Montana surviving the merger as a wholly-owned subsidiary of XPDB (the “Merger” and, together with the other transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement, the “Business Combination”). In connection with closing the Business Combination (the “Closing”), XPDB changed its name from “Power & Digital Infrastructure Acquisition II Corp.” to “Montana Technologies Corporation.”

In November 2024, to better align the Company’s name with its business operations and AirJoule technology, the Company changed its name from Montana Technologies Corporation to AirJoule Technologies Corporation, and its wholly-owned subsidiary changed its name from Montana Technologies LLC to AirJoule Technologies LLC.

Prior to the Business Combination, all of the outstanding preferred units of Legacy Montana were converted into Class B common units. As a result of the Business Combination, (i) each issued and outstanding Class B common unit and Class C common unit of Legacy Montana was converted into the right to receive approximately 23.8 shares of newly issued shares of Class A common stock of the Company, (ii) each issued and outstanding class A common unit of Legacy Montana converted into the right to receive approximately 23.8 shares of newly issued shares of Class B common stock of the Company and (iii) each option to purchase common units of Legacy Montana converted into the right to receive an option to purchase Class A common stock of the Company having substantially similar terms to the corresponding option, including with respect to vesting and termination-related provisions, except that such options represented the right to receive a number of shares of Class A common stock equal to the number of common units subject to the corresponding option immediately prior to the Closing multiplied by approximately 23.8.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Under this method of accounting, although XPDB acquired the outstanding equity interest in Legacy Montana in the Business Combination, XPDB is treated as the acquired company and Legacy Montana was treated as the accounting acquirer for financial statement purposes. Accordingly, the Business Combination was treated as the equivalent of Legacy Montana issuing stock for the net assets of XPDB, accompanied by a recapitalization.

Furthermore, the historical financial statements of Legacy Montana became the historical financial statements of the Company upon the consummation of the Merger. As a result, the condensed consolidated financial statements reflect (i) the historical operating results of Legacy Montana prior to the Business Combination; (ii) the combined results of XPDB and Legacy Montana following the Closing; (iii) the assets and liabilities of Legacy Montana at their historical cost and (iv) Legacy Montana’s equity structure for all periods presented, as affected by the recapitalization presentation after completion of the Business Combination. See Note 4 - Recapitalization for further details of the Business Combination.

On January 25, 2024, Legacy Montana entered into a joint venture formation framework agreement (the “Framework Agreement”) with GE Ventures LLC (“GE Vernova”), a Delaware limited liability company and, solely for the purposes specified therein, GE Vernova LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, pursuant to which Legacy Montana and GE Vernova agreed, subject to the terms and conditions of the Framework Agreement, including certain closing conditions specified therein, to form a joint venture (the “AirJoule JV”) in which Legacy Montana and GE Vernova will each hold a 50% interest. The joint venture transaction closed on March 4, 2024. AirJoule, LLC, the entity formed under this agreement, is included under the equity method of accounting within these financial statements. See Note 5 - Equity Method Investment for further details.

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Note 2 — LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Committed Equity Facility

On March 25, 2025, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (the “Equity Line Purchase Agreement”) with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (the “Equity Line Investor”). Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the Equity Line Investor, over a 36-month period, up to an aggregate of $30,000,000 of newly issued common stock of the Company subject to certain conditions and limitations contained in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, including that the Company may issue no more than the number of shares equal to 19.99% of the aggregate number of issued and outstanding shares of common stock of the Company as of immediately prior to the execution of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval. As of March 31, 2025, sales under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement had no t yet commenced.

The Company’s primary sources of liquidity have been cash contributions from founders or equity capital raised from other investors. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had retained earnings of $213.4 million and $22.8 million of working capital including $23.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash. The Company had restricted cash of approximately $30,533 which is included in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and represents cash deposited by the Company into a separate account and designated as collateral for a standby letter of credit in the same amount in accordance with a contractual agreement.

The Company assesses its liquidity in terms of its ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet current and future needs. Its expected primary uses of cash on a short and long-term basis are for working capital requirements, capital expenditures, capital contributions to its joint ventures and other general corporate services. The Company’s primary working capital requirements are for project execution activities including purchases of materials, services and payroll which fluctuate during the year, driven primarily by the timing and extent of activities required for new and existing projects. The Company’s management expects that future operating losses and negative operating cash flows may increase from historical levels because of additional costs and expenses related to the development of its technology and the development of market and strategic relationships with other businesses and customers.

Future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including, the timing and extent of spending by the Company and its joint ventures to support the launch of its product and research and development efforts, the degree to which it is successful in launching new business initiatives and the cost associated with these initiatives, the timing and extent of contributions made to its joint ventures by the other partners and the growth of the Company’s business generally. In March 2024, the Company contributed $10.0 million in cash to the AirJoule JV. The Company has also agreed to contribute up to an additional $90.0 million in capital contributions to the AirJoule JV based on a business plan and annual operating budgets to be agreed between the Company and GE Vernova. In general, for the first six years, GE Vernova has the right, but not the obligation, to make capital contributions to the AirJoule JV. See Note 5 - Equity Method Investment for further information.

Capital Contribution

Pursuant to the A&R Joint Venture Agreement, the Company is expected to contribute additional capital to the AirJoule JV based on a business plan and annual operating budgets to be agreed between us and GE Vernova. In February 2025, the Company contributed an additional $5.0 million in capital contributions to the AirJoule JV.

In order to finance future opportunities and associated costs, it is possible that the Company would need to raise additional financing if the proceeds realized to date are insufficient to support its business needs. While management believes that the proceeds realized to date will be sufficient to meet its currently contemplated business needs, there is no guarantee that this will be the case. If additional financing is required by the Company from outside sources, the Company may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to it or at all. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed, its product development business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

Note 3 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, expressed in U.S. dollars. References to GAAP issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in these accompanying notes to the financial statements are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). The condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern.

6

Unaudited Interim Condensed Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments including normal recurring adjustments, which, in the opinion of management, are necessary to present fairly the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in accordance with GAAP. Operating results for interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2025. The interim financial statements presented herein do not contain all required disclosures under GAAP for annual financial statements. The accompanying unaudited interim condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the annual audited financial statements and related notes in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Principles of Consolidation

Our condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of AirJoule Technologies Corporation and its subsidiaries after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions. We consolidate all subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest, which includes AirJoule Technologies LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary.

The Company owns a noncontrolling interest in an unconsolidated joint venture with GE Vernova, the AirJoule JV. The investment in the Company’s unconsolidated affiliate is accounted for using the equity method with the Company’s proportionate share of income or loss recognized within equity gain (loss) from investment in AirJoule JV in its condensed consolidated statements of operations. See further discussion of the Company’s unconsolidated affiliate in Note 5 - Equity Method Investment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period.

Some of the more significant estimates include fair values of liabilities associated with the Earnout Shares, True Up Shares and Subject Vesting Shares (as such terms are defined in Note 4 - Recapitalization), fair value of the investment in the AirJoule JV, income taxes and estimates relating to leases. Due to the uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results could differ from those estimates, which could have a material effect on the financial condition and results of operations in future periods.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash and Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a weighted average maturity of 90 days or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. The carrying values of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there was $15.5 million and $20.4 million, respectively, held in money market funds on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company maintains cash balances at financial institutions that may exceed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation’s insurance limits. The amounts over these insured limits as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 were $6.6 million and $6.9 million, respectively. The Company mitigates this concentration of credit risk by monitoring the credit worthiness of the financial institutions. No losses have been incurred to date on any deposits.

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company capitalizes certain legal, accounting, and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of the equity financing, these costs will be recorded against gross proceeds.

Business Combinations

The Company evaluates whether acquired net assets should be accounted for as a business combination or an asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If not, the Company applies its judgment to determine whether the acquired net assets meet the definition of a business by considering if the set includes an acquired input, process, and the ability to create outputs.

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method when it has obtained control. The Company measures goodwill as the fair value of the consideration transferred, including the fair value of any non-controlling interest recognized, less the net recognized amount of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities combined, all measured at their fair value as of the acquisition

7

date. Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, that the Company incurs in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.

Any contingent consideration is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. A contingent consideration that does not meet all the criteria for equity classification is required to be recorded at its initial fair value at the acquisition date, and on each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of liability-classified contingent considerations are recognized on the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the period of change.

Equity Method Investment

In accordance with ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, investments in entities over which the Company does not have a controlling financial interest but has significant influence are accounted for using the equity method, with the Company’s share of earnings or losses reported in earnings or losses from equity method investments on the statements of operations. Under the equity method, the Company’s investments are initially measured and recognized using the cost accumulation model following the guidance in ASC 805-50-30, Initial Measurement of Asset Acquisitions. After initial recognition, the condensed consolidated financial statements include the Company’s share of undistributed earnings or losses, and impairment, if any, until the date on which significant influence ceases.

Under the equity method of accounting, the Company’s investment is initially recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Upon initial investment, the Company evaluates whether there are basis differences between the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s proportionate share of the investee’s underlying net assets. The Company amortizes basis differences identified on a straight-line basis over the underlying assets’ estimated useful lives when calculating the attributable earnings or losses, excluding the basis differences attributable to in-process research and development and goodwill. If the Company is unable to attribute all of the basis differences to specific assets or liabilities of the investee, the residual excess of the cost of the investment over the proportional fair value of the investee’s assets and liabilities is considered to be equity method goodwill and is recognized within the equity investment balance. The Company subsequently records in the statements of operations its share of income or loss of the other entity within other income (expense), which results in an increase or decrease to the carrying value of the investment. If the share of losses exceeds the carrying value of the Company’s investment, the Company will suspend recognizing additional losses and will continue to do so unless it commits to providing additional funding.

The Company evaluates its equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a decline in value has occurred that is other than temporary. Evidence considered in this evaluation includes, but would not necessarily be limited to, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, recent operating trends and forecasted performance of the investee, market conditions in the geographic area or industry in which the investee operates and the Company’s strategic plans for holding the investment in relation to the period of time expected for an anticipated recovery of its carrying value. If the investment is determined to have a decline in value deemed to be other than temporary it is written down to estimated fair value.

Additionally, if an equity method investee recognizes a goodwill impairment charge in its separate financial statements, the Company will recognize its share of the impairment in its financial statements in the same manner in which it recognizes other earnings of the investee.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and includes expenditures that substantially increase the useful lives of existing property and equipment. Maintenance, repairs and minor renovations are charged to expense as incurred. When property and equipment is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related costs and accumulated depreciation are removed from their respective accounts, and any difference between the sale proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset is recognized as a gain or loss on disposal in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the various classes of depreciable assets. The lives used in computing depreciation for significant asset classes are as follow:

|  | Estimated useful lives
Machinery and Equipment |  | 3 years
Vehicles |  | 3 years

The estimated useful lives and depreciation methods are reviewed at each year-end, with the effect of any changes in estimates accounted for prospectively. All depreciation expenses are included within depreciation and amortization in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

8

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception and records the lease in our financial statements upon lease commencement, which is the date when the underlying asset is made available for use by the lessor. The operating lease right-of-use asset (“ROU asset”) and short-term and long-term lease liability are included on the face of the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The ROU asset represents the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liability represents the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. An operating lease ROU asset and liability are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As typically the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date over the respective lease term in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company has elected to utilize the practical expedient to account for lease and non-lease components together as a single combined lease component. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has elected to not apply the recognition requirement of ASC 842, Leases of the FASB to leases with a term of 12 months or less for all classes of assets.

Warrants

The Company determines the accounting classification of warrants it issues as either liability or equity classified by first assessing whether the warrants meet the liability classification in accordance with ASC 480-10, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity (“ASC 480”), then in accordance with ASC 815-40, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock (“ASC 815”). In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ equity (deficit), the warrant must be (i) indexed to the Company’s equity and (ii) meet the conditions for equity classification.

If a warrant does not meet the conditions for stockholders’ equity (deficit) classification, it is carried on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in other non-operating gains (losses) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded, at its relative fair value on the date of issuance, in stockholders’ equity (deficit) in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.

Income Taxes

Prior to the Business Combination on March 14, 2024, the Company was a limited liability company and treated as a partnership for income tax purpose. As a partnership, the Company was not directly liable for federal income taxes. As of the date of the Business Combination, the operations of the Company ceased to be taxed as a partnership resulting in a change in tax status for federal and state income tax purposes.

The Company follows the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that is included in the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. Management has evaluated the Company’s tax positions, including its previous status as a pass-through entity for federal and state tax purposes, and has determined that the Company has taken no uncertain tax positions that require adjustment to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The Company’s reserve related to uncertain tax positions was zero as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. There were no unrecognized tax benefits, and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The Company is currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviations from its position.

Research and Development Cost

The Company accounts for research and development cost (“R&D”) in accordance with FASB ASC 730, Research and Development. R&D represents costs incurred in performing research aimed at the discovery of new knowledge and the advancement of techniques to bring significant improvements to products and processes. Costs incurred in developing a product include consulting, engineering, construction and costs incurred to build prototypes.

9

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset, or the amount paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. There is a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurement) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurement). The Company classifies fair value balances based on the observability of those inputs. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

| Level 1 — | Inputs based on unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
| Level 2 — | Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
| Level 3 — | Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The inputs are both unobservable for the asset and liability in the market and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

In some circumstances, the inputs used to measure fair value might be categorized within different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In those instances, the fair value measurement is categorized in its entirety in the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company establishes the fair value of its assets and liabilities using the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and establishes a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to measure fair value. The recorded amounts of certain financial instruments, including accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities. See Note 5 – Equity Method Investment for measurements of the Investment in AirJoule, LLC measured utilizing level 3 inputs as of March 4, 2024. See Note 11 – Fair Value Measurements for measurements of the Earnout Shares, True Up Shares and Subject Vesting Shares, measured utilizing level 3 inputs as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Earnout Shares Liability

In connection with the reverse recapitalization and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, eligible former Legacy Montana Equityholders (as defined below) are entitled to receive additional shares of Common Stock upon the Company achieving certain milestones. See Note 4 – Recapitalization. The settlement of the Earnout Shares to the Legacy Montana Equityholders depends on factors other than just the Company’s stock price. As such, management determined that the Earnout Shares should be classified as a liability and recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company estimated fair value of the Earnout Shares with a Monte Carlo simulation using a distribution of potential outcomes for expected earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) and stock price at expected commission dates, utilizing a correlation coefficient for EBITDA and stock price, and assuming $50.0 million of Annualized EBITDA per production line, with each of the production lines commissioned over a five-year period. EBITDA was discounted to the valuation date with a weighted average cost of capital estimate and forecasted to each estimated commission date. Earnout mechanics at each estimated commission date were assessed, and if the earnout thresholds were achieved, the future value of the Earnout Shares was discounted to the valuation date utilizing a risk-free rate commensurate with the overall term. The commission dates used reflected management’s best estimates regarding the time to complete full construction and achieve operational viability of a production line, including all permitting, regulatory approvals and necessary or useful inspections. The five-year period and overall settlement mechanics for the Earnout Shares represent contractual inputs. Management’s valuation of the Earnout Shares liability involves certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts.

The Company determined the Earnout Shares associated with employees are accounted for as compensation expense under FASB ASC Topic 718, Share-based Compensation (“ASC 718”). See “Share-Based Compensation” below.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Other Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including the True Up Shares issued in connection with the Subscription Agreement and the Subject Vesting Shares issued in connection with the Business Combination, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 480 and FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC

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815”). The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is reassessed at the end of each reporting period.

The True Up Shares issued under one of the Subscription Agreements do not qualify as equity under ASC 815; therefore, the True Up Shares are required to be classified as a liability and measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the derivative liability is discussed in Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements.

The Subject Vesting Shares liability was an assumed liability of XPDB. The Subject Vesting Shares vest and are no longer subject to forfeiture as described in Note 4 – Recapitalization. They do not meet the “fixed-for-fixed” criterion and thus are not considered indexed to the Company’s stock price. As such, management determined that the Subject Vesting Shares should be classified as a liability and recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The estimated fair value of the Subject Vesting Shares was determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation, with underlying forecast mathematics based on geometric Brownian motion in a risk-neutral framework. The Calculation of the value of the Subject Vesting Shares considered the $12.00 and $14.00 vesting conditions in addition to the vesting related to the milestones associated with the Earnout Shares. Management’s valuation of the Subject Vesting Shares liability involves certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts. See Note 11 – Fair Value Measurements.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees and non-employees in accordance with ASC 718, Share-based Compensation by measuring the grant date fair value of each award and recognizing the resulting expense over the period during which the recipient is required to perform services in exchange for the award. Equity-based compensation expense is only recognized for awards subject to performance conditions if it is probable that the applicable performance conditions will be achieved. Once it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation cost over the remaining requisite service period on a graded vesting basis, with a cumulative adjustment for the portion of the service period that occurred for the period prior to the performance condition becoming probable of achievement, if any. Stock-based compensation expense for equity awards that contain market vesting conditions is recognized over the requisite service period commencing on the grant date even if the market condition is not satisfied. The Company accounts for forfeitures when the forfeitures occur.

The Company estimates the fair value of stock option awards subject to only a service condition on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, including the stock option’s expected term, the price volatility of the underlying stock, the applicable risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield of the underlying common stock, as well as an estimate of the fair value of the common stock underlying the stock option. The grant date fair value of restricted stock units that contain service vesting conditions are estimated based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the grant date. For restricted stock units with market vesting conditions, the fair value is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which incorporates the likelihood of achieving the market condition.

The Company estimates the fair value of Earnout Shares awards to employees, which are considered compensatory awards and accounted for under ASC 718 using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The Monte-Carlo simulation model was selected as the valuation methodology for the Earnout Shares due to the path-dependent nature of applicable triggering events. Under ASC 718, such Earnout Shares are measured at fair value as of the grant date and expense is recognized over the applicable time-based vesting period (the triggering event is a market condition and does not impact expense recognition). The Monte-Carlo model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, estimates and judgments, including the current stock price, the volatility of the underlying stock, expected term the risk-free interest rate, the selection of comparable companies, and the probability of possible future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions or the relationships between those assumptions impact our valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of share-based compensation arrangements. An increase of 100-basis points in interest rates would not have a material impact on the Company’s share-based compensation. During the period from the date of the Business Combination through March 31, 2025, the Company did not record share-based compensation expense associated with these Earnout Shares as the performance conditions associated with these Earnout Shares were not deemed probable of achievement. Unrecognized share-based compensation expense for these Earnout Shares with a performance-based vesting condition that was not deemed probable occurring as of March 31, 2025 was $3.2 million which is expected to vest subject to the performance-based vesting condition being satisfied or deemed probable.

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Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing the net income which is allocated based upon the proportionate amount of weighted average shares outstanding, by each class of stockholder’s stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by giving effect to all potential shares of common stock, including warrants, stock options, Earnout Shares, True Up Shares, Subject Vesting Shares and restricted stock units (“RSUs”), to the extent dilutive. Stock options and warrants with exercise prices greater than the average market price of the Company’s common stock for the period are excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share as their inclusion would be anti-dilutive. Additionally, RSUs that vest based on service conditions that have not been achieved as of the end of the period are not included in the computation of basic or diluted earnings per share. Finally, Earnout Shares, True Up Shares and Subject Vesting shares are not included in the calculation of dilutive net income per share if their conditions are not deemed satisfied for issuance as of the reported period. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the warrants, Earnout Shares, Subject Vesting Shares and RSUs were not included in the calculation of dilutive net income per share as they would be anti-dilutive. For the three months ended March 31, 2024, Subject Vesting Shares, True Up Shares and Earnout Shares were not included in the calculation of dilutive net income per share as their conditions were not deemed satisfied for issuance as of March 31, 2024.

For the three months ended March 31, 2024, dilutive shares included in the calculation of net income per share of common stock, utilizing the treasury stock method, were 167,402 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants and 1,309,025 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, dilutive shares included in the calculation of net income per share of common stock, utilizing the treasury stock method, were 1,064,145 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options.

The net income per share of common stock presented in the condensed consolidated statements of operations is based on the following for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
|  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Class B Common Stock |  |  | Class A Common Stock |  |  | Class B Common Stock |
Basic net income per share of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allocation of net income |  | $ | 14,878,658 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 160,938,834 |  |  | $ | 20,616,458 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 56,047,662 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 37,155,326 |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |
Basic net income per share of common stock |  | $ | 0.27 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.33 |  |  | $ | 4.33 |
Diluted net income per share of common stock |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Allocation of net income |  | $ | 14,878,658 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 161,640,325 |  |  | $ | 19,914,967 |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding |  |  | 57,111,807 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 38,631,753 |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |
Diluted net income per share of common stock |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 4.18 |  |  | $ | 4.18 |

New Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, which clarifies that contractual sale restrictions are not considered in measuring fair value of equity securities and requires additional disclosures for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. The standard is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this standard and it does not have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require disclosures, on an annual and interim basis, of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating officer decision maker (“CODM”), as well as the aggregate amount of other segment items included in the reported measure of segment profit or loss. The ASU requires that a public entity disclose the title and position of the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. Public entities will be required to provide all annual disclosures currently required by Topic 280 in interim periods, and entities with a single reportable segment are required to provide all the disclosures required by the amendments in this ASU and existing segment disclosures in Topic 280. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. The Company adopted this standard. See Note 13 – Segment Information for further details.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. The standard is intended to benefit investors by providing more detailed income tax disclosures that would be useful in making capital allocation decisions. The standard will be effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disaggregated disclosure of income statement expenses for public business entities. The standard is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this accounting standard update on its condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, Debt (Subtopic 470-20): Induced Conversions of Convertible Debt Instruments, which clarifies the requirements related to accounting for the settlement of a debt instrument as an induced conversion. The standard is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 4 — RECAPITALIZATION

On June 5, 2023, XPDB and Merger Sub entered into the Merger Agreement with Legacy Montana. On March 14, 2024, pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy Montana, with Legacy Montana surviving the Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of XPDB.

As part of the Business Combination, the holders of Legacy Montana equity securities (the “Legacy Montana Equityholders”) received consideration (the “Merger Consideration”). After giving effect to the conversion of all outstanding Legacy Montana preferred units into Legacy Montana Class B common units, which occurred prior to the effective time of the Merger, the Merger Consideration was paid (i) in the case of holders of Legacy Montana Class B common units and Legacy Montana Class C common units, in the form of newly issued shares of Class A common stock, with a $10.00 value ascribed to each such share and which entitles the holder thereof to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of the holders of Class A common stock, whether voting separately as a class or otherwise, (ii) in the case of holders of Legacy Montana Class A common units, in the form of newly issued shares of Class B common stock, with a $10.00 value ascribed to each such share and which entitles the holder thereof to a number of votes per share such that the Legacy Montana Equityholders as of immediately prior to the Closing, immediately following the Closing, collectively owned shares representing at least 80% of the voting power of all classes of capital stock of the recapitalized company (the “Post-Combination Company”) entitled to vote on matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders of the Post-Combination Company, and (iii) in the case of holders of Legacy Montana options, each outstanding Legacy Montana option, whether vested or unvested, were converted into an option to purchase, upon the same terms and conditions as are in effect with respect to the corresponding Legacy Montana option immediately prior to the Closing, including with respect to vesting and termination-related provisions, a number of shares of Class A common stock (rounded down to the nearest whole share) equal to the product of (x) the number of Legacy Montana common units underlying such option immediately prior to the Closing and (y) the number of shares of Class A common stock issued in respect of each Legacy Montana common unit in the Business Combination pursuant to the Merger Agreement, at an exercise price per share (rounded up to the nearest whole cent) equal to (A) the exercise price per Legacy Montana common unit underlying such option immediately prior to the Closing divided by (B) the number of shares of Class A common stock issued in respect of each Legacy Montana common unit in the Business Combination pursuant to the Merger Agreement.

Immediately prior to the Closing, 100% of the total outstanding Legacy Montana Class A common units and 7% of the total outstanding Legacy Montana Class B common units (or an aggregate of approximately 18% of the total outstanding Legacy Montana

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Class A units and Legacy Montana Class B units) were held by unitholders that continue as directors, officers, employees or contractors of the Post-Combination Company. The retention of certain employees who continues as directors, officers or employees of the Post-Combination Company (whose responsibilities include continued technology development and commercial execution) is integral to the achievement of the milestones that will determine whether Earnout Shares are payable. Legacy Montana does not believe that such targets are achievable absent the continued involvement of such persons. In June and September 2024, the Company granted equity awards (pursuant to the terms of the Incentive Plan (as defined below)) to its directors, officers and certain employees of the Company and the AirJoule JV, and the Company expects to continue to provide competitive compensation, benefits and equity awards to key directors, officers and employees going forward in order to incentivize these individuals to continue to provide services to the Company.

The Legacy Montana Equityholders have the opportunity to receive additional equity consideration (in each case, in accordance with their respective pro rata share), and the Company has reserved shares of Class A common stock that may be issuable in the future upon full completion of construction and achievement of operational viability (including all permitting, regulatory approvals and necessary or useful inspections) of new production capacity of Legacy Montana’s key components or See Note 11 - Fair Value Measurements for additional information on the Earnout Shares.

Upon the Closing of the Business Combination, and following the conversion of the XPDB Class B common stock to Class A common stock, the sponsor of XPDB beneficially owned 6,827,969 shares of Class A common stock, of which (i) 5,447,233 shares automatically vested (and shall not be subject to forfeiture) at the Closing and (ii) 1,380,736 shares (the “Subject Vesting Shares”) shall be vested and no longer be subject to forfeiture as follows:

•
During the vesting period, a portion of the Subject Vesting Shares shall vest, from time to time, simultaneously with any Earnout Shares, with the number of vesting shares calculated as (A) the aggregate number of Subject Vesting Shares outstanding immediately after the Closing multiplied by (B) the fraction of (x) the applicable Earnout Milestone Amount divided by (y) the Maximum Earnout Milestone Amount (as defined below); and
•
(A) 690,368 shall vest at such time that the volume weighted average price of Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) as reported by Bloomberg L.P. equals or exceeds $12.00 per share (as adjusted for extraordinary transactions, stock splits, extraordinary stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for 20 trading days within any 30 consecutive trading day period during the vesting period; or (B) if, prior to the $12.00 vesting time, any Subject Vesting Shares have vested simultaneously with the Earnout Stock Payment, then (x) if the number of Subject Vesting Shares that have vested exceeds 690,368, then no additional Subject Vesting Shares shall vest and (y) if the number of Subject Vesting Shares that have vested is less than 690,368 (the “Deficit Amount”), then a number of Subject Vesting Shares equal to 690,368 less the Deficit Amount shall vest; and
•
Any remaining Subject Vesting Shares shall vest in full at the same time that the volume weighted average price of Class A common stock on the Nasdaq as reported by Bloomberg L.P. equals or exceeds $14.00 per share (as adjusted for extraordinary transactions, stock splits, extraordinary stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30 consecutive trading day period.

On March 8, 2024, XPDB and an investor entered into a Subscription Agreement pursuant to which XPDB agreed to sell 588,235 shares of Class A common stock to the investor for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $5.0 million, contingent on the Closing of the Business Combination. The Subscription Agreement provides that, subject to certain conditions set forth therein, the Company may be required to issue to the investor up to an additional 840,336 shares of Class A common stock (the “True Up Shares”) if the trading price of the Class A common stock falls below the per share purchase price within one year of the Closing of the Business Combination. The True Up Shares are considered a variable-share obligation under ASC 480-10-25-14, and as a result were accounted for as a liability recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in earnings. See Note 11 – Fair Value Measurements.

As discussed in Note 1 - Organization and Business Operations, the Business Combination was consummated on March 14, 2024, which, for accounting purposes, was treated as the equivalent of Legacy Montana issuing stock for the net assets of XPDB, accompanied by a recapitalization. Under this method of accounting, XPDB was treated as the acquired company for financial accounting and reporting purposes under US GAAP.

Legacy Montana was determined to be the accounting acquirer based on evaluation of the following facts and circumstances:

•
Following Closing, the Legacy Montana Equityholders had the greatest voting interest in the Post-Combination Company;
•
The Post-Combination Company Board immediately after Closing had six members, and Legacy Montana nominated the majority of the members of the Post-Combination Company Board at Closing;

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•
The ongoing operations of the Post-Combination Company was comprised of Legacy Montana operations;
•
Legacy Montana’s existing senior management became the senior management of the Post-Combination Company; and
•
The intended strategy and operations of the Post-Combination Company continued Legacy Montana’s prior strategy and operations.

Transaction Proceeds

Upon closing of the Business Combination, the Company received gross proceeds of $7.5 million inclusive of $5.0 million from the PIPE investment, offset by total transaction costs and other fees totaling of $7.5 million. The following table reconciles the elements of the Business Combination to the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows and the condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three months ended March 31, 2024:

Cash-trust and cash, net of redemptions |  | $ | 2,455,361 |
Add: proceeds from PIPE investment |  |  | 4,999,998 |
Less: transaction costs and advisory fees, paid |  |  | (7,455,359 | )
Net proceeds from the Business Combination |  |  | — |
Less: Subject Vesting Shares liability |  |  | (11,792,000 | )
Less: True Up Shares liability |  |  | (555,000 | )
Less: accounts payable and accrued liabilities combined |  |  | (9,054,854 | )
Add: other, net |  |  | 374,377 |
Reverse recapitalization, net |  | $ | (21,027,477 | )

The number of shares of Common Stock issued immediately following the consummation of the Business Combination were:

XPDB Class A common stock, outstanding prior to the Business Combination |  |  | 10,608,178 |
Less: Redemption of XPDB Class A common stock |  |  | (10,381,983 | )
Class A common stock of XPDB |  |  | 226,195 |
XPDB Class B common stock, outstanding prior to the Business Combination |  |  | 7,187,500 |
PIPE subscription |  |  | 588,235 |
Business Combination Class A common stock |  |  | 8,001,930 |
Legacy Montana Shares |  |  | 45,821,482 |
Class A and B Common Stock immediately after the Business Combination |  |  | 53,823,412 |

The number of Legacy Montana shares was determined as follows:

|  | Legacy Montana Units |  |  | The Company’s Shares after conversion ratio |
Class A common stock |  |  | 1,725,418 |  |  |  | 41,061,840 |
Class B common stock |  |  | 200,000 |  |  |  | 4,759,642 |

Transaction Costs

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, based on the proceeds received, the Company expensed $54.7 million for transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination, inclusive of the recognition of the earnout shares liability of $53.7 million, because the transaction costs exceeded the proceeds received in the Business Combination. See Note 11- Fair Value Measurements for further information on the recognition and measurement of the Earnout shares. The remaining transaction costs primarily represented fees incurred for financial advisory, legal and other professional services that were directly related to the Business Combination.

Public and private placement warrants

The 14,375,000 Public Warrants issued at the time of XPDB’s initial public offering, and 11,125,000 warrants issued in connection with private placement at the time of XPDB’s initial public offering (the “Private Placement Warrants”) remained outstanding and became warrants for the Company.

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Redemption

Prior to the closing of the Business Combination, certain XPDB public shareholders exercised their right to redeem certain of their outstanding shares for cash, resulting in the redemption of 10,381,983 shares of XPDB Class A common stock for an aggregate payment of $112.7 million.

Note 5 — EQUITY METHOD INVESTMENT

AirJoule, LLC

On January 25, 2024, Legacy Montana entered into a Framework Agreement with GE Vernova, a Delaware limited liability company, and, solely for the purposes specified therein, GE Vernova LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“GE Vernova Parent”), pursuant to which Legacy Montana and GE Vernova agreed, subject to the terms and conditions of the Framework Agreement, including certain closing conditions specified therein, to form a joint venture in which each of Legacy Montana and GE Vernova will hold a 50% interest. The purpose of the AirJoule JV is to incorporate GE Vernova’s proprietary sorbent materials into systems that utilize the Company’s AirJoule water capture technology and to manufacture and bring products incorporating the combined technologies to market in the Americas, Africa and Australia.

Upon the closing of the transaction on March 4, 2024, (the “JV Closing”), each party to the agreement entered into (i) an amended and restated limited liability company agreement of the AirJoule JV (the “A&R Joint Venture Agreement”), pursuant to which, among other things, the AirJoule JV has the exclusive right to manufacture and supply products incorporating the combined technologies to leading original equipment manufacturers and customers in the Americas, Africa and Australia, (ii) master services agreements, pursuant to which, among other things, each party to the agreement agree to provide certain agreed services to the AirJoule JV for a period of at least two years following the JV Closing (unless earlier terminated by the parties thereto) and (iii) an intellectual property agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, each of the Company and GE Vernova Parent license certain intellectual property to the AirJoule JV.

Pursuant to the A&R Joint Venture Agreement, the Company contributed $10.0 million in cash to the AirJoule JV at the JV Closing and in June 2024, GE Vernova contributed $100 to the AirJoule JV. The Company has also agreed to contribute up to an additional $90.0 million in capital contributions to the AirJoule JV following the JV Closing based on a business plan and annual operating budgets to be agreed between the Company and GE Vernova. In general, for the first six years, GE Vernova has the right, but not the obligation, to make capital contributions to the AirJoule JV. Until GE Vernova elects to participate and contributes its pro-rata share of all past capital contributions and commits to contribute its pro-rata share for all future capital contributions, the Company shall be solely responsible for funding the AirJoule JV, and the Company shall have a distribution preference under the A&R Joint Venture Agreement for the amount of its post-closing capital contributions plus a 9.50% preferred return on such amounts.

The business and affairs of the A&R Joint Venture Agreement shall be managed by a Board of Managers, consisting of two managers (including the chairman) appointed by the Company and two managers appointed by GE Vernova. Following the second anniversary of the JV Closing, if the Board of Managers reach an impasse that cannot be resolved through the process set forth in the A&R Joint Venture Agreement, the A&R Joint Venture Agreement generally provides that the Company may require GE Vernova to sell GE Vernova’s 50% interest to the Company or GE Vernova may require the Company to purchase GE Vernova’s 50% interest, but only, in each case, if the GE Match Date has not yet occurred. The price for GE Vernova’s interest will depend on the fair market value of the interest, as set forth in the A&R Joint Venture Agreement, with a minimum value of approximately $5 million. The A&R Joint Venture Agreement also provides similar call and put rights with respect to GE Vernova’s interest if the GE Match Date does not occur by the sixth anniversary of the JV Closing or if the Company is acquired by a competitor of GE Vernova.

In the event that a change in applicable laws or regulations has a material adverse effect on GE Vernova’s interest in the AirJoule JV, or GE Vernova determines that the Company fails to meet certain financial performance benchmarks, GE Vernova may require the Company to purchase GE Vernova’s interest for a total purchase price of $1.00.

AirJoule, LLC is a variable interest entity for which the Company has determined there is shared power with GE Vernova and therefore accounts for the VIE under the equity method of accounting. The Company considered the power to direct significant activities and obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits in assessing whether or not the VIE should be accounting for under the equity method of accounting. Certain assumptions the Company used to reach its conclusion included the lack of reconsideration events, the assessment of decision-making rights based on contractual agreements and expected financial exposure.

The Company applies the equity method to an investment in common stock of an unconsolidated entity. In addition to $10.0 million in cash, the Company contributed a perpetual license in its intellectual property with a carrying value of zero in exchange for its investment in AirJoule, LLC. In applying the equity method, the Company’s investment was initially recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheet. As it relates to the contributed perpetual license, the Company followed the following the

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guidance in ASC 610-20, Sale or Transfer of Non-financial assets, which states the transfer of a license of IP that is not part of the entity’s ordinary activities, the entity should apply the licensing guidance in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by analogy when evaluating the recognition and measurement of consideration received in exchange for transferring the rights to the IP and record this as other income in the statements of operations. As such the Company recognized a gain of $333.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024 (and treated as a temporary item for tax purposes resulting in a deferred tax liability of approximately $87.8 million) as presented on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company evaluated whether there was a basis difference between the carrying value and fair value of the Company’s proportionate share of the investee’s underlying net assets. AirJoule, LLC has elected to early adopt ASU 2023-05, Business Combinations – Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60), and, as a result measured the contributed assets at fair value. AirJoule, LLC was deemed a business as defined in ASC 805, Business Combinations, and, as such there is a basis difference of $266.0 million between the Company’s investment and the amount recorded in member’s capital by the investee, AirJoule, LLC, related to in-process R&D and goodwill which as of March 31, 2025 have indefinite lives.

The Company determined the fair value of the IP license by applying the multi-period excess earnings method. The excess earnings valuation method estimates the value of the IP license equal to the present value of the incremental after-tax cash flows attributable to that IP license over its remaining economic life. Some of the more significant assumptions utilized in our asset valuations included projected revenues, probability of commercial success, and the discount rate. The fair value using the excess earnings valuation method was determined using an estimated weighted average cost of capital of 12.5%, which reflects the risks inherent in future cash flow projections and represents a rate of return that a market participant would expect for this asset. This fair value measurement was based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represent Level 3 fair value measurement.

The Company’s share of the income (loss) reported by AirJoule, LLC are classified as an equity gain (loss) from investment in AirJoule, LLC on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. The investment is evaluated for impairment annually and if facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable, an impairment charge would be recorded.

The following table contains balance sheet information of AirJoule, LLC as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
Total current assets |  | $ | 1,034,825 |  |  | $ | 2,330,386 |
Total non-current assets |  |  | 1,215,043,955 |  |  |  | 1,214,849,941 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,216,078,780 |  |  | $ | 1,217,180,327 |
Total current liabilities |  |  | 3,047,482 |  |  |  | 4,531,668 |
Total non-current liabilities |  |  | 4,189,682 |  |  |  | 4,238,293 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | 7,237,164 |  |  | $ | 8,769,961 |
Equity |  |  | 1,208,841,616 |  |  |  | 1,208,410,366 |
Total liabilities and equity |  | $ | 1,216,078,780 |  |  | $ | 1,217,180,327 |

AirJoule, LLC assesses its goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1, and more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. AirJoule, LLC determines the enterprise fair value using an income approach based on estimated discounted future cash flows. Determining the enterprise fair value is judgmental in nature and requires the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins, discount rates, the Company’s market capitalization and future market conditions, among others. The level of judgment and estimation is inherently higher in uncertain economic times.

Given the uncertain economic times and AirJoule, LLC’s status as an early stage company with limited operating history and the uncertainties regarding AirJoule, LLC’s successful development and commercialization of its products, there can be no assurance that the estimates and assumptions made for purposes of its goodwill impairment testing in 2025 will prove to be accurate predictions of the future. If AirJoule, LLC’s assumptions, including timing of revenue generation and forecasted EBITDA, are not achieved, then AirJoule, LLC may be required to record goodwill impairment charges in future periods.

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The following table contains statement of operations information of AirJoule, LLC for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and for the period from March 4, 2024 (AirJoule JV inception) to March 31, 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |  |  | For the period from March 4, 2024 to March 31, 2024 |
Revenue |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Expenses |  |  | (4,784,805 | ) |  |  | (64,853 | )
Other income |  |  | 216,055 |  |  |  | 12,090 |
Net loss |  | $ | (4,568,750 | ) |  | $ | (52,763 | )

Note 6 — OTHER ACCRUED EXPENSES

The following table summarizes other accrued expenses:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
Accrued royalty |  | $ | 75,000 |  |  | $ | 250,000 |
Accrued payroll |  |  | 531,241 |  |  |  | 1,125,846 |
Professional services |  |  | 542,474 |  |  |  | 205,790 |
Accrued other |  |  | 149,738 |  |  |  | 138,682 |
Total other accrued expenses |  | $ | 1,298,453 |  |  | $ | 1,720,318 |

Note 7 — LEASES

As discussed in Note 8 – Related Party Transactions, the Company had a property lease with a related party which terminated on March 14, 2024. Lease expenses under this lease were $0 and $6,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and were included in general and administrative costs in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Lease expense for the company’s operating lease was $9,593 and $3,198, respectively for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. As of March 31, 2025, the Company’s operating lease was $3,175 per month with a remaining term of 48 months and a discount rate of 4.69%. Lease expense is included in general and administrative costs on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations. This lease includes a renewal option at the election of the Company to renew or extend the lease. This optional period has not been considered in the determination of the ROU assets or lease liability associated with this lease as the Company did not consider it reasonably certain it would exercise the option.

At March 31, 2025, approximate future minimum rental payments required under the lease agreement is as follows:

|  | Operating Lease |
Remainder of 2025 |  | $ | 28,575 |
2026 |  |  | 39,370 |
2027 |  |  | 40,945 |
2028 |  |  | 42,583 |
2029 |  |  | 10,715 |
Total undiscounted lease payments |  |  | 162,188 |
Less: effects of discounting |  |  | (14,330 | )
Operating Lease Liability |  | $ | 147,858 |
Classified as: |  |  |
Operating lease liability, current |  | $ | 32,124 |
Operating lease liability, non-current |  | $ | 115,734 |

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Note 8 — RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Lease Agreement

The Company had a property lease agreement with its Chief Executive Officer as discussed in Note 7 – Leases. The lease agreement was terminated upon close of the Business Combination on March 14, 2024. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $0 were owing under this agreement.

Consultancy Agreement

On January 1, 2019, the Company entered into a consultancy agreement with a company affiliated with the Chief Executive Officer for a monthly payment of $20,000 in exchange for the Chief Executive Officer providing services in connection with the development and sales of Company technologies and products. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, $0 and $60,000, respectively was included in general and administrative expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. On May 1, 2024, this consultancy agreement was terminated. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $0 was owed under this agreement.

Office Services Agreement

On October 31, 2020, the Company entered into a consultancy agreement with an affiliate for a monthly payment of $5,000 to provide office services. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, $0 and $15,000, respectively was included in research and development expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. On May 1, 2024, this office services agreement was terminated. As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $0 was owed under this agreement.

Due to Related Party

Commencing on December 9, 2021, through the consummation of the initial Business Combination, XPDB agreed to pay affiliates of the sponsor a total of $20,000 per month for office space, administrative and support services. Upon the close of the Business combination, the Company assumed $540,000 related to this agreement. The balance was repaid in May 2024.

In 2023, the sponsor contributed $900,000 to the XPDB trust account in connection with extending the XPDB’s termination date pursuant to the approval of the extension amendment proposal. Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed this balance and it was subsequently repaid in May 2024.

Due from Related Party

In November 2024, Legacy Montana executed a statement of work with AirJoule, LLC. Reimbursement of costs incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $127,190 and $374,654 of research and development and general administrative expenses, respectively, and is recorded as a due from related party receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and within contra-expense accounts on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Related Party Equity Transactions

As described in Note 9 – Stockholders’ Equity, Legacy Montana sold equity interests that subsequently converted into shares of Class A common stock, to TEP Montana, LLC (“TEP Montana”). The Executive Chairman of the Company is the managing partner of the managing member of TEP Montana.

The Company granted awards to the employees of AirJoule, LLC on February 12, 2025. The number of awards granted to the employees of AirJoule, LLC are found in Note 10 – Share-Based Compensation.

Note 9 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Preferred Stock — The Company is authorized to issue 25,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.

Class A common stock — The Company is authorized to issue 600,000,000 shares of Class A common stock with a par value of $0.0001 per share. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were 56,352,120 sha res and 55,928,661 shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. Each share of Class A common stock has one vote and has similar rights and obligations.

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Class B common stock — At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were zero shares of Class B common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. Shares of Class B common stock were convertible into shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis (i) at any time and from time to time at the option of the holder thereof or (ii) automatically upon on the earliest to occur of (a) the date that is seven (7) years from the date of the Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and (b) the first date on which the permitted Class B owners cease to own, in the aggregate, at least 33.0% of the number of shares of Class B common stock issued and held by the permitted Class B owners immediately following the effective time of the Business Combination (or as to which the permitted Class B owners are entitled to as of such time), in each case, as equitably adjusted to reflect any stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends, reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, combination, exchange of shares or other like change or transaction, each outstanding share of Class B common stock shall automatically, without any further action by the Corporation or any stockholder, convert into one (1) fully paid and nonassessable share of Class A common stock.

In November 2024, pursuant to a notice of conversion delivered by the holder of all outstanding shares of Class B common stock to the Company, all outstanding shares of Class B common stock were converted on a one-for-one basis into shares of Class A common stock. As a result of the conversion, the Company is no longer authorized to issue shares of Class B common stock.

Warrants

In January, February and March 2024, 14 warrant holders of Legacy Montana exercised their warrants to purchase a total of 380,771 Class A common stock, as converted, for a total purchase price of $45,760.

As part of XPDB’s initial public offering (“IPO”), XPDB issued 14,375,000 warrants to 37 investors where each whole warrant entitles the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s Class A common stock at an exercise price of $11.50 per share (the “Public Warrants”). Simultaneously with the closing of the IPO, XPDB completed the private sale of 11,125,000 warrants where each warrant allows the holder to purchase one share of the Company’s Class A common stock at $11.50 per share. In June 2024, 10 third-party investors exercised their Public Warrants on a cashless basis for a total of 705,758 Class A shares of the Company. In August 2024, 2,225,000 Private Placement warrants were transferred.

As of March 31, 2025, there are 12,657,596 Public Warrants and 8,900,000 Private Placement warrants outstanding.

The Private Placement Warrants (including the common stock issuable upon exercise of the Private Placement Warrants) were not transferable, assignable or saleable until 30 days after the consummation of the Business Combination (except, among other limited exceptions, to the Company’s officers and directors and other persons or entities affiliated with the XPDB’s sponsor and anchor investors) and they will not be redeemable by the Company. The Private Placement Warrants have terms and provisions that are identical to those of the Public Warrants, including as to exercise price, exercisability and exercise period, except that the Private Placement Warrants are exercisable on a cashless basis and are non-redeemable.

If holders of the Private Placement Warrants elect to exercise them on a cashless basis, they would pay the exercise price by surrendering their warrants for that number of shares of the Company’s common stock equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (x) the product of the number of shares of the Company’s common stock underlying the warrants multiplied by the excess of the 10 day average closing price (defined below) as of the date prior to the date on which notice of exercise is sent or given to the warrant agent, less the warrant exercise price by (y) the 10 day average closing price. The 10 day average closing price means, as of any date, the average last reported sale price (defined below) of the shares of the Company’s common stock as reported during the 10 trading day period ending on the trading day prior to such date. Last reported sale price means the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock on the date on which the notice of exercise of the warrant is sent to the warrant agent.

These Public Warrants expire on the fifth anniversary of the Business Combination or earlier upon redemption or liquidation and are exercisable commencing 30 days after the Business Combination, provided that the Company has an effective registration statement under the Securities Act covering the shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants and a current prospectus relating to them is available (or the Company permits holders to exercise their warrants on a cashless basis under the circumstances specified in the warrant agreement) and registered, qualified or exempt from registration under the securities, or blue sky, laws of the state of residence of the holder.

Once the Public Warrants become exercisable, the Company may redeem the outstanding Public Warrants:

•
in whole and not in part;
•
at a price of $0.01 per warrant;
•
upon a minimum 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption to each warrant holder; and

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•
if, and only if, the reported last reported sale price of the Class A common stock for any 20 trading days within a 30-trading day prior to the date on which the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted).

The Company accounts for the warrants issued in connection with the IPO in accordance with the guidance contained in ASC 815. Such guidance provides that the warrants described above are not precluded from equity classification. Equity-classified contracts are initially measured at fair value (or allocated value). Subsequent changes in fair value are not recognized as long as the contracts continue to be classified in equity.

Subscription Agreements

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into subscription agreements with various investors (the “Subscription Agreements”), which brought in approximately $61.8 million in gross proceeds. The Company issued and sold 5,807,647 shares of the Class A common stock to investors upon the Closing in exchange for equity interests issued by Legacy Montana pursuant to Subscription Agreements entered into by Legacy Montana with such investors in the first quarter of 2024, which resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $49.4 million, comprised of approximately $43.4 million received in the first quarter of 2024 and approximately $6.0 million in the second quarter of 2024. Of this total, TEP Montana purchased an aggregate of 5,116,176 shares in exchange for approximately $43.5 million pursuant to Subscription Agreements between Legacy Montana and TEP Montana. During the second quarter of 2024, the Company issued and sold an additional 1,238,500 shares of Class A common stock to investors pursuant to Subscription Agreements executed in the second quarter, which resulted in additional gross proceeds of approximately $12.4 million.

Equity Financing

Legacy Montana completed a preferred equity financing during February 2023 with TEP Montana, and issued 4,426 Series B Preferred Units in conjunction with this transaction. Upon close of the Business combination, these shares were converted to 105,331 Class A common stock of the Company.

Note 10 — SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

Legacy Montana Options

On April 5, 2023, Legacy Montana granted 383,151 options, as converted, exercisable for Class A common stock to key team members of Legacy Montana. The options immediately vested, had an exercise price of $0.49, as converted, a term of seven years, and a grant date fair value of $0.14, as converted. The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options. Fair value was estimated at the date of grant.

In January, February and March 2024, 13 Legacy Montana option holders exercised their options to purchase a total of 2,141,839 shares of Class A common stock, as converted, for a total purchase price of $56,250. In June 2024, one Legacy Montana option holder exercised its options to purchase a total of 8,000 shares of Class A common stock, as converted, for a total purchase price of $3,920.

In September 2024, three Legacy Montana option holders exercised their options to purchase a total of 67,495 shares of Class A common stock, as converted, for a total purchase price of $33,073.

In the three months ended December 31, 2024, three Legacy Montana option holders exercised their options to purchase a total of 85,496 shares of Class A common stock, as converted, for a total purchase price of $37,453.

In the three months ended March 31, 2025, four Legacy Montana option holders exercised their options to purchase a total of 147,579 shares of Class A common stock, as converted, for a total purchase price of $41,759.

As of March 31, 2025, of the 1,026,508 Legacy Montana options that are outstanding, 575,955 options expire on December 7, 2030, 71,395 options expire on March 15, 2031, 169,158 options expire on April 4, 2030, and 210,000 options expire on April 8, 2031.

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2024 Incentive Award Plan

On March 8, 2024, the holders of XPDB common stock considered and approved the Montana Technologies Corporation’s 2024 Incentive Award Plan (the “Incentive Plan”), which became effective immediately upon the Closing on March 14, 2024. Under the Incentive Plan, the Company may grant equity and equity-based awards to certain employees, consultants and non-employee directors award, such as, (a) Incentive Stock Options (granted to employees only), (b) Non-Qualified Stock Options (“NSOs”), (c) Stock Appreciation Rights, (d) Restricted Stock Units, (e) Restricted Stock, (f) dividend equivalents and (g) other stock and cash-based awards of the Company (“Incentive Awards”). The sum of any cash compensation, or other compensation, and the value (determined as of the grant date in accordance with ASC 718, or any successor thereto) of awards granted to a non-employee director as compensation for services as a non-employee director during any fiscal year of the Company may not exceed $500,000 (or, with respect to the first fiscal year of the Post-Combination Company during which a non-employee director first serves as a non-employee director, $1,000,000). As of March 31, 2025, there were 5,120,881 shares of common stock available for future issuance under the Incentive Plan.

2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2024 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2024 ESPP”) became effective immediately upon the Closing on March 14, 2024 and as of March 31, 2025, a total of 1,074,213 shares of common stock are reserved for issuance under the 2024 ESPP. Eligible employees may purchase shares of common stock under the 2024 ESPP at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock as of the first or the last day of each offering period. Employees are limited to contributing 15% of the employee’s eligible compensation and may not purchase more than $25,000 of stock during any calendar year or more than 12,000 shares during any one purchase period. The 2024 ESPP share reserve automatically increases on January 1st of each calendar year, for ten years, commencing on January 1, 2025, in an amount equal to 1% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year. The Board may act prior to January 1st of a given year to provide that there will be no January 1st increase of the share reserve for such year or that the increase in the share reserve for such year will be a smaller number of shares of common stock than would otherwise occur pursuant to the preceding sentence. On January 1st, 2025, the share reserve increased by 559,286. During the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did no t issue shares as the first purchase date had not yet occurred.

The Company recorded share-based compensation expense in the following expense categories of its accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations during the three months ended March 31, 2025. The Company did not record share-based compensation expense during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |
General and administrative | $ |  | 964,632 |
Research and development |  |  | 19,761 |
Total share-based compensation | $ |  | 984,393 |

Total share-based compensation includes expense for awards granted to non-employee equity method investees that are fully reimbursed by the AirJoule JV per the statement of work as described further in Note 8 – Related Party Transactions. As of the three months ended March 31, 2025, $84,684 is to be reimbursed by the AirJoule JV and is recorded as a due from related party receivable on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and within contra-expense accounts on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Options |  |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  |  | Weighted Average Remaining Life (Years) |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 2,537,602 |  | $ |  | 5.60 |  |  |  | 7.85 |
Granted |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  |
Exercised |  |  | (147,579 | ) |  |  | 0.28 |  |  |  |
Forfeited |  |  | (11,850 | ) |  |  | 5.11 |  |  |  |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 2,378,173 |  | $ |  | 5.89 |  |  |  | 7.67 |
Vested and expected to vest |  |  | 2,378,173 |  | $ |  | 5.89 |  |  |  | 7.67 |
Exercisable at the end of the period |  |  | 1,026,508 |  | $ |  | 0.18 |  |  |  | 5.67 |

There were no options granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost for options issued and then outstanding was $2.8 million and will be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 2.96 years. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $1.1 million. The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable as of March 31, 2025 was $4.5 million.

Restricted Stock Units with Service-Only Conditions

The following table summarizes RSU with Service-Only Conditions activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Awards |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | 520,300 |  | $ |  | 8.13 |
Granted |  |  | 465,044 |  |  |  | 8.18 |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  |  | (4,500 | ) |  |  | 5.11 |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 980,844 |  | $ |  | 8.17 |

As of March 31, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost for RSUs with service-only conditions was $6.8 million and will be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 2.92 years. The fair values of RSUs with service-only conditions are based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. The 465,044 RSUs with service-only conditions that were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 consisted of 357,764 awards granted to employees and 107,280 awards granted to non-employee equity method investees. These awards vest as to 33.33% of the total awards granted on each of the first three anniversaries of the applicable vesting commencement date, subject to the applicable employee’s continued service through the applicable vesting date.

Restricted Stock Units with Market-Based Conditions

The following table summarizes RSU with Market-Based Conditions activity for the three months ended March 31, 2025:

|  | Awards |  |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value |
Balance at December 31, 2024 |  |  | — |  | $ |  | — |
Granted |  |  | 496,483 |  |  |  | 10.09 |
Exercised |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Forfeited |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Balance at March 31, 2025 |  |  | 496,483 |  | $ |  | 10.09 |

As of March 31, 2025, the unrecognized compensation cost for RSUs with market-based conditions was $4.8 million and will be recognized over an estimated weighted-average amortization period of 2.87 years. The fair values of RSUs with market-based conditions are estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which incorporates the likelihood of achieving the market condition. The 496,483 RSUs with market-based conditions that were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025 consisted of

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475,298 awards granted to employees and 21,185 awards granted to non-employee equity method investees. These awards vest subject to certain market conditions.

The Company records expense ratably over the requisite service period, with expense determined based on the grant date fair value regardless of whether the market condition is satisfied because the awards are subject to market conditions. These awards that remain subject to market conditions are reflected at the target level, which is consistent with how expense will be recorded, regardless of the numbers of shares that are expected to be earned. The grant date fair value of the awards granted is established using the Monte Carlo simulation model. The following summarizes the assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the RSUS with market-based conditions that were granted during the three months ended March 31, 2025:

RSUs - Market-Based Conditions |  |  |
Expected term - years |  |  | 2.9 |
Expected volatility |  |  | 89.7 | %
Risk-free interest rate |  |  | 4.3 | %
Expected dividends |  |  | — |

Restricted Stock Units with Performance-Based Conditions

The Company granted 201,279 RSUs with performance-based conditions during the three months ended March 31, 2025 which consisted of 192,691 awards granted to employees and 8,588 awards granted to non-employee equity method investees. These awards vest subject to certain performance-based conditions. During three months ended March 31, 2025, the Company did no t recognize any stock-based compensation expense associated with RSUs with performance-based conditions.

Note 11 — FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis:

The Company accounts for certain liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis and classifies these liabilities within the fair value hierarchy (Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3).

Liabilities subject to fair value measurements are as follows:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |
|  | Level 1 |  |  | Level 2 |  |  | Level 3 |  |  | Total |
Liabilities |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Earnout Shares liability |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 11,692,000 |  |  | $ | 11,692,000 |
Subject Vesting Shares liability |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 2,345,000 |  |  |  | 2,345,000 |
Total liabilities |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 14,037,000 |  |  | $ | 14,037,000 |

Earnout Shares

The Legacy Montana Equityholders have the opportunity to receive additional equity consideration (in each case, in accordance with their respective pro rata share) through the Earnout Shares. The maximum value of the Earnout Shares is capped at $200.0 million (“Maximum Earnout Milestone Amount”) and the ability to receive Earnout Shares expires on the fifth anniversary of the Closing. A majority of the independent members of the Post-Combination Company Board then serving has sole discretion in determining, among other things, the achievement of the applicable milestones, the calculations of payments of Earnout Shares to the applicable Legacy Montana Equityholders, the dates on which construction and operational viability of new production capacity is deemed completed and whether to consent to a transfer of the applicable Legacy Montana Equityholder’s right to receive Earnout Shares. Earnout Shares issuable in respect of Legacy Montana options outstanding as of immediately prior to the effective time of the Merger may be issued to the holder of such Legacy Montana option only if such holder continues to provide services (whether as an employee, director or individual independent contractor) to the Post-Combination Company or one of its subsidiaries through the date on which such Earnout Shares are issued, as determined by a majority of the independent members of the Post-Combination Company Board.

If the conditions for payment of the Earnout Shares are satisfied and assuming all originally designated employees are then still providing services to the Post-Combination Company on the date such condition is met, approximately 21% of the aggregate Earnout Shares will be payable to the employees and 79% of the aggregate Earnout Shares will be payable to the holders of Legacy Montana common units, in accordance with their respective pro rata share immediately following the Closing.

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The settlement of the Earnout Shares to the holders of Legacy Montana common units contains variations in something other than the fair value of the issuer’s equity shares. As such, management determined that they should be classified as a liability and recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in earnings. The Earnout Shares are subject to ASC 718 and are accounted for as post-combination compensation cost.

The estimated fair value of the Earnout Shares was determined with a Monte Carlo simulation using a distribution of potential outcomes for expected EBITDA and stock price at expected commission dates, utilizing a correlation coefficient for EBITDA and stock price, and assuming $50.0 million of Annualized EBITDA per production line, with each of the production lines commissioned over a five-year period. EBITDA was discounted to the valuation date with a weighted average cost of capital estimate and forecasted to each estimated commission date. Earnout mechanics at each estimated commission date were assessed, and if the Earnout Thresholds were achieved, the future value of the Earnout Shares was discounted to the valuation date utilizing a risk-free rate commensurate with the overall term. The commission dates used reflected XPDB’s management’s best estimates regarding the time to complete full construction and operational viability of a production line, including all permitting, regulatory approvals and necessary or useful inspections. The Earnout term of 5 years and the Earnout mechanics which impact the timing of future cash flows represent contractual inputs. Assumptions such as risk-free rate, stock price, volatility, and discount rate were based on market data. See the following summary of key inputs:

|  | As of March 31, 2025 |  |  | As of December 31, 2024 |
Stock Price |  | $ | 4.61 |  |  | $ | 7.97 |
Volatility |  |  | 40 | % |  |  | 40 | %
Risk free rate of return |  |  | 3.90 | % |  |  | 4.30 | %
Expected term (in years) |  |  | 4.0 |  |  |  | 4.2 |

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the Earnout Shares liability:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
Earnout Shares liability as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 24,524,000 |
Change in fair value |  |  | (12,832,000 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 11,692,000 |

As of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the estimated fair value of all the Earnout Shares $11.7 million and $24.5 million, respectively represents approximately 1,710,230 and 2,115,227 Earnout Shares, respectively. The Earnout Shares liability in the preceding table represents the fair value of the contingent obligation to issue Earnout Shares to Legacy Montana Equityholders (excluding the shares to employees accounted for under ASC 718) upon the achievement of certain Earnout Milestones. For the three months ended March 31, 2025, the change in the fair value of the earnout liability primarily relates to a decrease in stock price, changes in the timing of cash flows, and an increase in the volatility.

True Up Shares liability

As discussed in Note 4 - Recapitalization, on March 8, 2024, XPDB and an investor entered into a Subscription Agreement pursuant to which XPDB agreed to sell 588,235 shares of Class A common stock to the investor for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $5.0 million, contingent on the Closing of the Business Combination. The Subscription Agreement provides that, subject to certain conditions set forth therein, the Company may be required to issue to the investor up to an additional 840,336 shares of Class A common stock if the trading price of the Class A common stock falls below the per share purchase price within one year of the Closing of the Business Combination. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s volume-weighted average price of the Class A common stock on the Nasdaq as reported by Bloomberg was less than $8.50 (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for 15 consecutive trading days. As a result of this triggering event, the Company issued to the investor 275,880 shares of Class A common stock on March 18, 2025. The difference between the fair value of True Up Shares as reported on the triggering event date and the fair value calculated using the Company's stock price at close of business on the triggering event date was recognized as a gain in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Prior to the triggering event, the True Up Shares were accounted for as a liability recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in earnings.

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The estimated fair value of the true up share liability was determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation, with underlying forecast mathematics based on geometric Brownian motion in a risk-neutral framework. The Calculation of the value of the True Up Shares considered the 15-day average price over the one-year period following the Closing Date.

Subject Vesting Shares liability

In connection with the execution of the Merger Agreement and pursuant to the terms of the sponsor support agreement (the “Sponsor Support Agreement”) entered into among the XPDB sponsor (the “Sponsor”), XPDB, Legacy Montana and other holders of XPDB’s Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “XPDB Class B common stock”), the Sponsor and the other holders of XPDB Class B common stock agreed to, among other things, (i) vote any XPDB Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share (the “Class A common stock”), of XPDB or XPDB Class B common stock (collectively, the “Sponsor Securities”), held of record or thereafter acquired in favor of the proposals presented by XPDB at a special meeting to approve the proposed Business Combination, (ii) be bound by certain other covenants and agreements related to the proposed Business Combination, (iii) be bound by certain transfer restrictions with respect to the Sponsor Securities and (iv) waive certain antidilution protections with respect to the Sponsor Securities, in each case, on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Sponsor Support Agreement.

In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Sponsor Support Agreement, the Sponsor (i) agreed to waive its redemption rights with respect to any Sponsor Securities in connection with the completion of a Business Combination (which waiver was provided in connection with the IPO and without any separate consideration paid in connection with providing such waiver), (ii) agreed not to transfer any public shares and founder shares held by it during the time prior to Closing or the termination of the Merger Agreement, (iii) agreed to waive anti-dilution protections and (iv) and agreed to subject certain of the shares of Combined Company Class A common stock held by Sponsor following the conversion of the founder shares as of the Closing to certain vesting provisions. Specifically, and as described above in Note 4 – Recapitalization, the Sponsor Support Agreement provides that as of immediately prior to (but subject to) the Closing, the Subject Vesting Shares will be subject to an earnout, with the Subject Vesting Shares vesting during the period beginning on the date of Closing and ending five (5) years following the date of Closing (i) simultaneously with the issuance of the Earnout Shares made to the Legacy Montana Equityholders in a proportionate amount to the payment achieved in relation to the maximum issuance of Earnout Shares of equity interests of $200.0 million (the “Performance Vesting Trigger”) and (ii) up to 50% of the Subject Vesting Shares (including any vested Subject Vesting Shares from the Performance Vesting Trigger) vesting on any day following the Closing when the closing price of a share of Combined Company Class A common stock on the Nasdaq (the “Closing Share Price”) equals or exceeds $12.00 (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) and all remaining Subject Vesting Shares vesting when the Closing Share Price equals or exceeds $14.00 (as adjusted for stock splits, stock dividends, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like).

The following table presents the changes in the fair value of the Subject Vesting Shares liability:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 |
Subject Vesting Shares liability as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 7,819,000 |
Change in fair value |  |  | (5,474,000 | )
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 2,345,000 |

The estimated fair value of the Subject Vesting Share liability was determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation, with underlying forecast mathematics based on geometric Brownian motion in a risk-neutral framework. The calculation of the value of the Subject Vesting Shares considered the $12.00 and $14.00 vesting conditions in addition to the vesting related to the Earnout Milestone Amount.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

In addition to items that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the Company measures certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, which are not included in the table above. As these nonrecurring fair value measurements are generally determined using unobservable inputs, these fair value measurements are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. For further information see Note 5 – Equity Method Investment.

Note 12 — COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company is involved in various legal matters arising in the normal course of business. In the opinion of the Company’s management and legal counsel, the amount of losses that may be sustained, if any, would not have a material effect on the financial position and results of operations of the Company.

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Risks and Uncertainties

The Company, as an early-stage business without any current operations, product sales or revenue, has historically been dependent upon the sourcing of external capital to fund its overhead and product development costs. This is a typical situation for any early-stage company without product sales to be in.

Royalties

In October 2021, we entered into a patent license agreement with a third party whereby the third party granted us rights to use certain of their patents in exchange for an upfront payment and royalties based on a percentage of net sales until such patents expire. In connection with this, the Company agreed to a minimum royalty amount of which $75,000 and $62,500 was expensed for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $75,000 and $0.3 million, respectively, was accrued in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Joint Venture Agreement

On October 27, 2021, Legacy Montana entered into a joint venture with CATL US Inc. (“CATL US”), an affiliate of CATL, pursuant to which we and CATL US formed CAMT Climate Solutions Ltd., a limited liability company organized under the laws of Hong Kong (“CAMT”). Legacy Montana and CATL US both own 50% of CAMT’s issued and outstanding shares. CAMT is managed by a four-member board of directors, with two directors designated by CATL and two directors designated by us. Under the joint venture agreement, as revised, CAMT has the exclusive right to commercialize our AirJoule technology in Europe and Asia.

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Joint Venture Agreement for CAMT, entered into on September 29, 2023, Legacy Montana and CATL US have each agreed to contribute $6.0 million to CAMT. Contributions will be requested by CAMT once a business plan and operating budget is set by CAMT’s Board of Directors. No action to establish a business plan or operating budget has occurred to date. Any additional financing beyond the initial $12.0 million (i.e., $6.0 million from each of Legacy Montana and CATL US) will be subject to the prior mutual agreement of Legacy Montana and CATL US. CAMT is managed by a four-member board of directors, with two directors (including the chairman) designated by CATL US and two directors (including the vice chairman) designated by Legacy Montana. In the event of an equal vote, the chairman may cast the deciding vote. Certain reserved matters, including debt issuances exceeding $5.0 million in a single transaction or in aggregate within a fiscal year, amendments to CAMT’s constitutional documents the annual financial budget of CAMT, and any transaction between CAMT and CATL US or Legacy Montana in an amount exceeding $10.0 million in a single transaction or in aggregate within a fiscal year, require the unanimous vote of both CATL US and Legacy Montana or all directors. As of March 31, 2025, no amount was funded to CAMT.

The purpose of Legacy Montana’s joint venture with CATL US is to commercialize our AirJoule technology in Asia and Europe and, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Joint Venture Agreement for CAMT, CAMT has the exclusive right to commercialize our AirJoule technology in those territories. Subject to the oversight of CAMT’s board, CATL US is responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of CAMT (including the nomination and replacement of the Chief Executive Officer of CAMT,) and is responsible for providing CAMT and any subsidiaries formed by CAMT with, among other things, administrative services, supply chain support, assistance in obtaining required permits and approvals, and assistance in purchasing or leasing land and equipment. The Company’s financial statements do not reflect any accounting for CAMT as no assets (including IP) or cash have been contributed to CAMT and there has been no activity as of March 31, 2025.

Letter Agreement

On January 7, 2024, Legacy Montana entered into a letter agreement (the “Letter Agreement”) with XPDB and Carrier Corporation, an affiliate of Carrier Global Corporation (NYSE: CARR), a global leader in intelligent climate and energy solutions (collectively with its affiliates, “Carrier”), pursuant to which Carrier, XPDB and the Company agreed, among other things, to provide Carrier the right to nominate one (1) designee, subject to the approval of the Company, for election to the board of directors for so long as Carrier satisfies certain investment conditions, following the Business Combination. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, Carrier has nominated its director.

Note 13 — SEGMENT INFORMATION

ASC Topic 280: Segment Reporting establishes standards for companies to report in their financial statement information about operating segments, products, services, geographic areas, and major customers. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available that is regularly evaluated by the Company’s chief operating decision maker, or group, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. Accordingly, management has determined that the

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Company only has one operating segment and the accounting policies applied to the operating segment are the same as those described in Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) has been identified as the senior executive committee that includes the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. They review the operating results for the Company as a whole to make decisions about allocating resources and assessing financial performance. The measure of segment performance is based on consolidated net income as reported on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as total assets.

The following table reconciles segment profit or loss to consolidated net income on the condensed consolidated statements of operations:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Interest income | $ |  | 243,024 |  | $ |  | 26,146 |
Gain on contribution to AirJoule, LLC |  |  | - |  |  |  | 333,500,000 |
Net change in fair value of liabilities |  |  | 18,412,106 |  |  |  | (9,828,000 | )
Other income |  |  | 1,348 |  |  |  | — |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  |  | 2,786,484 |  |  |  | 813,239 |
Research and development |  |  | 387,919 |  |  |  | 846,157 |
Transaction costs incurred in connection with business combination |  |  | - |  |  |  | 54,693,103 |
Income tax expense (benefit) |  |  | (1,642,658 | ) |  |  | 85,725,163 |
Other segment items (1) |  |  | 2,246,075 |  |  |  | 65,192 |
Segment net income |  |  | 14,878,658 |  |  |  | 181,555,292 |
Reconciliation of profit or loss |  |  |  |  |  |
Adjustments and reconciling items |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Consolidated net income | $ |  | 14,878,658 |  | $ |  | 181,555,292 |

(1)
Other segment items included in segment net income include sales and marketing, depreciation and amortization expense and equity loss from investment in AirJoule, LLC

The following table reconciles segment assets to consolidated assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:

|  | March 31, |  |  | December 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Investment in AirJoule, LLC | $ |  | 340,948,355 |  | $ |  | 338,178,633 |
Other segment assets (1) |  |  | 24,657,567 |  |  |  | 31,673,487 |
Segment assets |  |  | 365,605,922 |  |  |  | 369,852,120 |
Adjustments and reconciling items |  |  | — |  |  |  | — |
Consolidated assets | $ |  | 365,605,922 |  | $ |  | 369,852,120 |

(1)
Other segment assets included cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, due from related party, prepaid expenses, operating lease right-of-use asset, and property and equipment, net

The CODM uses net income to monitor budget versus actual results, assess performance and how to allocate resources. The key measures of segment profit or loss reviewed by our CODM are general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses and interest earned on the Company’s interest-bearing accounts. General and administrative and research and development expenses are reviewed and monitored by the CODM to manage and forecast cash to ensure enough capital is available to meet current and future needs, which include working capital requirements, capital expenditures and other general corporate services. Primary working capital requirements are for project execution and development of the Company’s technology which includes purchases of materials, services, payroll and development of market and strategic relationships with other businesses and customers. The CODM reviews interest earned to measure cash inflow and determine the most effective strategy of investment with the interest-bearing accounts while maintaining compliance with the Company’s investment policy. Additionally, the CODM reviews the Company’s

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investment in AirJoule, LLC for material changes including potential impairment resulting from events or changes in circumstances indicating that a decline in value has occurred that is other than temporary.

Note 14 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The April 2025 PIPE

On April 23, 2025, the Company entered into subscription agreements (the “April 2025 PIPE Subscription Agreements”) with certain investors (the “April 2025 PIPE Investors”), pursuant to which, among other things, the April 2025 PIPE Investors agreed to subscribe for and purchase from AirJoule, and AirJoule agreed to issue and sell to the April 2025 PIPE Investors, an aggregate of 3,775,126 newly issued shares of Class A common stock at a purchase price of $3.98 per share on the terms and subject to the conditions set forth therein. The April 2025 PIPE Subscription Agreements entitled the April 2025 PIPE Investors to shelf registration rights with respect to the shares of Class A common stock they purchased. The transaction closed on April 25, 2025 and the shares of Class A common stock were issued and sold to the April 2025 PIPE Investors in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Second Amended and Restated LLC Agreement of AirJoule, LLC

On April 25, 2025, the Company entered into the Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of AirJoule, LLC (the “Amended LLC Agreement”), by and among the Company, GEV and AirJoule, LLC.

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ITEM 2. M ANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and our audited financial statements as of the year ended December 31, 2024, included in Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025

This discussion includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “continue,” or the negative of such terms or other similar expressions. Such statements include, but are not limited to, possible business combinations and the financing thereof, and related matters, as well as all other statements other than statements of historical fact included herein. Factors that might cause or contribute to such a discrepancy include, but are not limited to: our status as an early stage company with limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate the prospects for our future viability; our initial dependence on revenue generated from a single product; significant barriers we face to deploy our technology; the dependence of our commercialization strategy on our relationship with third parties; our history of losses; accuracy of assumptions underlying projections related to our equity method goodwill impairment testing; and other risks and uncertainties described in our other SEC filings.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” to “we”, “us”, “our”, and the “Company” are intended to refer to (i) following the Business Combination (as defined below), the business and operations of AirJoule Technologies Corporation, formerly known as Montana Technologies Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, and (ii) prior to the Business Combination, AirJoule Technologies LLC, formerly known as Montana Technologies LLC, or Predecessor, (the predecessor entity in existence prior to the consummation of the Business Combination) and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Company Overview

We are a water technology company that aims to provide energy and cost-efficient water harvested from air. Our product, AirJoule, is a climate solution technology that separates water from air and produces pure distilled water to improve water security and sustainability for businesses and consumers around the world. AirJoule is especially valuable for industrial users, which generate significant amounts of waste heat that can be utilized to produce pure distilled water and dehumidified air – two key inputs for a variety of industrial activities, including data centers and advanced manufacturing. In HVAC applications, our AirJoule technology is designed to reduce energy consumption, minimize or even eliminate the use of environmentally-harmful refrigerants, and generate material cost efficiencies for air conditioning systems. We are focused on commercialization and scaling manufacturing of our AirJoule systems through our global collaborations with GE Vernova and Carrier, and we believe that deploying AirJoule units worldwide can help to improve water security and reduce global emissions. We plan to manufacture AirJoule units capable of producing more than 1,000 liters per day in 2025, which we intend to use for customer demonstrations, and we expect to scale capacities for commercial sales in 2026.

Growth Strategy and Outlook

We anticipate significant growth opportunities by offering AirJoule in global markets where demand for water, dehumidified air and cooling are highest. With our proprietary technology, we believe that we are uniquely positioned to provide curated solutions that satisfy our customers’ needs and expectations in fast-growing and water and energy-intensive industries, such as data centers and advanced manufacturing, along with military and HVAC applications. We estimate the combined total addressable market to be approximately $450 billion.

In the data center arena, we aim to address escalating energy and water efficiency challenges associated with increased computing density by using low-grade waste heat to produce pure distilled water and enabling data center operators to reduce their cooling costs and improve water sustainability. Similarly, in advanced manufacturing environments, where product quality and process precision hinge on consistent humidity and ultra-pure water, AirJoule can help customers with cost-effective dehumidification. The military sector presents a distinct opportunity, as AirJoule is able to operate in a variety of climate conditions to support troops in remote and water-scarce environments, ensuring mission readiness and resilience. In the HVAC space, where building owners and facility managers are under pressure to cut energy consumption and improve indoor air quality, AirJoule’s superior moisture removal capability will reduce power consumption and the use of refrigerants in air conditioning systems.

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To accelerate market penetration and scale our manufacturing capabilities, we plan to leverage our strategic partnerships, which are discussed below. These partnerships offer access to industry-specific R&D expertise, mature supply chains, established sales channels, and extensive service networks, allowing us to quickly move from pilot deployments to full-scale commercialization. We intend to co-develop sector-specific solutions, capitalizing on our partners’ market insights and reputational strength to better serve diverse customer needs. By combining our innovative AirJoule technology with their global reach and operational expertise, we will unlock value across multiple industries, establish our position as a leader in water-focused solutions, and deliver long-term growth and value to our shareholders.

Recent Developments

Committed Equity Facility

On March 25, 2025, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement, or the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, with B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC, or the Equity Line Investor. Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the Equity Line Investor, over a 36-month period, up to an aggregate of $30,000,000 of our newly issued common stock subject to certain conditions and limitations contained in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, including that we may issue no more than the number of shares equal to 19.99% of the aggregate number of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of immediately prior to the execution of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval. As of March 31, 2025, sales under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement had not yet commenced.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

We anticipate that we will earn revenue from the sale of various key components that will be used in the assembly of AirJoule systems. As of March 31, 2025 no revenue has been earned from our operations.

Operating Expenses

We classify our operating expenses into the following categories:

•
General and administrative: General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses for our executives, consultants and advisors. These expenses also include non-personnel costs, such as rent, office supplies, legal, audit and accounting services and other professional fees.
•
Research and development: Research and development expenses include internal personnel, parts, prototypes and third-party consulting costs related to preliminary research and development of our products.
•
Sales and marketing: Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of business development professional fees, advertising and marketing costs.
•
Transaction costs incurred in connection with business combination: Transaction costs represent the initial recognition of the earnout shares liability and fees incurred for financial advisory, legal and other professional services that were directly related to the Business Combination.
•
Depreciation and amortization: Depreciation and amortization expense consists of depreciation of property and equipment.

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Results of Operations

The following tables set forth the results of our operations for the periods presented, as well as the changes between periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of future results.

The three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2024

The following table sets forth the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |  |  | Change ($) |
Cost and expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | $ | 2,786,484 |  |  | $ | 813,239 |  |  | $ | 1,973,245 |
Research and development |  |  | 387,919 |  |  |  | 846,157 |  |  |  | (458,238 | )
Sales and marketing |  |  | 14,209 |  |  |  | 37,725 |  |  |  | (23,516 | )
Transaction costs incurred in connection with business combination |  |  | — |  |  |  | 54,693,103 |  |  |  | (54,693,103 | )
Depreciation and amortization |  |  | 1,588 |  |  |  | 1,085 |  |  |  | 503 |
Loss from operations |  |  | (3,190,200 | ) |  |  | (56,391,309 | ) |  |  | 53,201,109 |
Other income (expense): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Interest income |  |  | 243,024 |  |  |  | 26,146 |  |  |  | 216,878 |
Gain on contribution to AirJoule, LLC |  |  | — |  |  |  | 333,500,000 |  |  |  | (333,500,000 | )
Equity loss from investment in AirJoule, LLC |  |  | (2,230,278 | ) |  |  | (26,382 | ) |  |  | (2,203,896 | )
Change in fair value of Earnout Shares liability |  |  | 12,832,000 |  |  |  | (7,672,000 | ) |  |  | 20,504,000 |
Change in fair value of True Up Shares liability |  |  | 106,106 |  |  |  | 269,000 |  |  |  | (162,894 | )
Change in fair value of Subject Vesting Shares liability |  |  | 5,474,000 |  |  |  | (2,425,000 | ) |  |  | 7,899,000 |
Other income |  |  | 1,348 |  |  |  | — |  |  |  | 1,348 |
Total other income, net |  |  | 16,426,200 |  |  |  | 323,671,764 |  |  |  | (307,245,564 | )
Income before income taxes |  |  | 13,236,000 |  |  |  | 267,280,455 |  |  |  | (254,044,455 | )
Income tax benefit (expense) |  |  | 1,642,658 |  |  |  | (85,723,163 | ) |  |  | 87,365,821 |
Net income |  | $ | 14,878,658 |  |  | $ | 181,557,292 |  |  | $ | (166,678,634 | )

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $2.8 million as compared to $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The $2.0 million increase was primarily related to increases in professional services such as legal, audit and accounting services offset by the reimbursement of costs incurred per the statement of work with AirJoule, LLC. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods commensurate with the expected growth of our business and increased expenditures associated with our status as an exchange-listed public company.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $0.4 million as compared to $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The $0.5 million decrease in research and development was primarily related to the reimbursement of costs incurred per the statement of work with AirJoule, LLC, partially offset by an increase in personnel and prototype related costs as the Company continues to develop its products and technology. We expect that our research and development expenses will increase in future periods commensurate with the expected growth of our business.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $14,209 as compared to $37,725 for the three months ended March 31, 2024. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase in future periods commensurate with the expected growth of our business.

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Transaction Costs Incurred in Connection with Business Combination

Transaction costs incurred in connection with the business combination include the non-cash recognition of earnout liabilities of approximately $53.7 million and transaction costs incurred by our Predecessor of approximately $1.0 million, which were paid in 2024.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1,588 and $1,085, respectively.

Interest Income

Interest income was $243,024 and $26,146 for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. This is a result of the increase in our cash balance.

Gain on Contribution to AirJoule, LLC

An equity method investment received in exchange for noncash consideration is measured at fair value. As a result, for the three months ended March 31, 2024, we recognized a gain of $333.5 million on the contribution to AirJoule, LLC for the difference between our zero carrying value and the fair value of the perpetual license to intellectual property that we transferred to AirJoule, LLC.

We determined the fair value of the intellectual property by applying the multi-period excess earnings method, which involved the use of significant estimates and assumptions related to forecasted revenue growth rate and customer attrition rate, Level 3 measurements. Valuation specialists were used to develop and evaluate the appropriateness of the multi-period excess earnings method, our discount rates, attrition rate and fair value estimates using its cash flow projections.

Equity Loss from Investment in AirJoule, LLC

As previously noted, on January 25, 2024, the Predecessor entered into a joint venture with GE Ventures LLC, the AirJoule JV which closed on March 4, 2024. For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and for the period from March 4, 2024 to March 31, 2024, we recognized a loss of $2.2 million and $26,382, respectively from our 50% equity investment in the AirJoule JV.

Change in Fair value of Earnout Shares Liability

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, we expensed approximately $53.7 million in Earnout Shares liability. The change in fair value of $12.8 million and $(7.7) million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, is due to a decrease in the estimated fair value of the liability and is recognized as a gain in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the liability decreased primarily due changes in the valuation inputs, mainly a decrease in the stock price, changes in the timing of future cash flows and an increase in the volatility.

Change in Fair value of True Up Shares Liability

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, we assumed approximately $0.6 million in earnout true up shares liability. The change in fair value of the liability of $0.1 million and $0.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, is due to the triggering event and issuance of Class A common stock.

Change in Fair value of Subject Vesting Shares Liability

Upon consummation of the Business Combination, we assumed approximately $11.8 million for the subject vesting shares liability. The change in fair value of income of $5.5 million and $(2.4) million during the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, is due to a decrease in the estimated fair value of the liability recognized as a gain in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the liability decreased primarily due changes in the valuation inputs, mainly a decrease in the stock price, changes in the timing of future cash flows and an increase in the volatility.

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Income Tax Benefit (Expense)

For the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, income tax benefit (expense) was $1.6 million and $(85.7) million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2024, our contribution of a perpetual license to AirJoule, LLC’s intellectual property was measured at fair value resulted in a book gain and a temporary difference between book and taxable income. The temporary difference resulted in the recognition of a deferred tax expense and deferred tax liabilities of approximately $87.8 million. This expense was partially offset by the recognition of deferred tax assets in connection with the Company now being a corporation through the Business Combination.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Committed Equity Facility

On March 25, 2025, we entered into the Equity Line Purchase Agreement with the Equity Line Investor. Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to the Equity Line Investor, over a 36-month period, up to an aggregate of $30,000,000 of our newly issued common stock subject to certain conditions and limitations contained in the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, including that we may issue no more than the number of shares equal to 19.99% of the aggregate number of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock as of immediately prior to the execution of the Equity Line Purchase Agreement without first obtaining stockholder approval. As of March 31, 2025, sales under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement had not yet commenced.

Capital Contribution

Pursuant to the A&R Joint Venture Agreement, we are expected to contribute additional capital to the AirJoule JV based on a business plan and annual operating budgets to be agreed between us and GE Vernova. In February 2025, we contributed an additional $5.0 million in capital contributions to the AirJoule JV.

General

Our primary sources of liquidity have been cash from contributions from founders or equity capital raised from other investors. We had retained earnings of approximately $213.4 million as of March 31, 2025. As of March 31, 2025, we had $22.8 million of working capital including $23.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash.

We assess liquidity in terms of our ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet current and future needs. Our expected primary uses of cash on a short and long-term basis are for working capital requirements, capital expenditures and other general corporate services. Our primary working capital requirements are for project execution activities including purchases of materials, services and payroll which fluctuate during the year, driven primarily by the timing and extent of activities required for new and existing projects. Management expects that future operating losses and negative operating cash flows may increase from historical levels because of additional costs and expenses related to the development of its technology and the development of market and strategic relationships with other businesses and customers.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the timing and extent of spending to support the launch of our product and research and development efforts, the degree to which we are successful in launching new business initiatives and the cost associated with these initiatives, and the growth of our business generally. Pursuant to the A&R Joint Venture Agreement, we contributed $10 million in cash to the AirJoule JV at the JV closing and in June 2024, GE Vernova contributed $100 to the AirJoule JV. We have also agreed to contribute up to an additional $90.0 million in capital contributions to the AirJoule JV based on a business plan and annual operating budgets to be agreed between the Company and GE Vernova. In general, for the first six years, GE Vernova has the right, but not the obligation, to make capital contributions to the AirJoule JV.

In order to finance these opportunities and associated costs, it is possible that we would need to raise additional financing if the proceeds realized to date are insufficient to support our business needs. While we believe that the proceeds realized to date will be sufficient to meet our currently contemplated business needs, management cannot assure that this will be the case. If additional financing is required by us from outside sources, we may not be able to raise it on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed, our product development business, results of operations and financial condition would be materially and adversely affected.

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Cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

|  | For the Three Months Ended March 31, |
|  | 2025 |  |  | 2024 |
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities |  |  | 72,246 |  |  |  | (6,425,437 | )
Net cash used in investing activities |  |  | (5,135,239 | ) |  |  | (10,000,000 | )
Net cash provided by financing activities |  |  | 41,760 |  |  |  | 43,467,010 |
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents |  |  | (5,021,233 | ) |  |  | 27,041,573 |

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was $72,246 and primarily reflected our net income from operations and changes in operating assets and liabilities including decreases in our due from related party and accrued expenses and other liabilities accounts.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in operating activities was $6.4 million and primarily reflected our net income from operations and decreases in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in investing activities was $5.1 million as a result of the Company’s contribution made to AirJoule, LLC.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $10.0 million as a result of the contribution made to AirJoule, LLC.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash provided by financing activities was $41,760 and was related to the exercise of stock options.

During the three months ended March 31, 2024, n et cash provided by financing activities was $43.5 million and was primarily related to proceeds from the issuance of the Predecessor common stock related to private placements prior to the Merger, and the exercise of stock options and warrants.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Royalties

In October 2021, we entered into a patent license agreement with a third party whereby the third party granted us rights to use certain of their patents in exchange for an upfront payment and royalties based on a percentage of net sales until such patents expire. In connection with this, we agreed to a minimum royalty amount of which $75,000 and $62,500 was expensed for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, $75,000 and $0.3 million, respectively, was accrued in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Joint Venture Agreements

On October 27, 2021, we entered into a joint venture agreement with CATL, pursuant to which we and CATL formed CAMT. We and CATL both own 50% of CAMT’s issued and outstanding shares. Under the joint venture agreement, as revised, CAMT has the exclusive right to commercialize our AirJoule technology in Europe and Asia.

Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Joint Venture Agreement for CAMT, entered into on September 29, 2023, our Predecessor and CATL US have each agreed to contribute $6.0 million to CAMT. Contributions will be requested by CAMT once a business plan and operating budget is set by CAMT’s board of directors. No action to establish a business plan or operating budget has occurred to date. Any additional financing beyond the initial $12.0 million (i.e., $6.0 million from each of the Predecessor and CATL US) will be subject to the prior mutual agreement of the Predecessor and CATL US. CAMT is managed by a four-member board of directors, with

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two directors (including the chairman) designated by CATL US and two directors (including the vice chairman) designated by the Predecessor. In the event of an equal vote, the chairman may cast the deciding vote. Certain reserved matters, including debt issuances exceeding $5.0 million in a single transaction or in aggregate within a fiscal year, amendments to CAMT’s constitutional documents the annual financial budget of CAMT, and any transaction between CAMT and CATL US or the Predecessor in an amount exceeding $10.0 million in a single transaction or in aggregate within a fiscal year, require the unanimous vote of both CATL US and the Predecessor or all directors. As of March 31, 2025, we have not funded this joint venture or contributed any assets to the joint venture.

The purpose of our Predecessor’s joint venture with CATL US is to commercialize our AirJoule technology in Asia and Europe and, pursuant to the Amended and Restated Joint Venture Agreement for CAMT, CAMT has the exclusive right to commercialize AirJoule technology in those territories. Subject to the oversight of CAMT’s board, CATL US is responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of CAMT (including the nomination and replacement of the Chief Executive Officer of CAMT), and is responsible for providing CAMT and any subsidiaries formed by CAMT with, among other things, administrative services, supply chain support, assistance in obtaining required permits and approvals and assistance in purchasing or leasing land and equipment.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions that we believe are reasonable based upon the information available. These estimates and assumptions can be subjective and complex and may affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues, and expenses reported in those financial statements. As a result, actual results could differ from such estimates and assumptions. Such changes to estimates could potentially result in impacts that would be material to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements appearing in Item 1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we believe that the following accounting policies were most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation arrangements granted to employees and non-employees in accordance with ASC 718, Share-based Compensation by measuring the grant date fair value of each award and recognizing the resulting expense over the period during which the recipient is required to perform services in exchange for the award. Equity-based compensation expense is only recognized for awards subject to performance conditions if it is probable that the applicable performance conditions will be achieved. We account for forfeitures when the forfeitures occur. Once it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved, we recognize stock-based compensation cost over the remaining requisite service period on a graded vesting basis, with a cumulative adjustment for the portion of the service period that occurred for the period prior to the performance condition becoming probable of achievement, if any. Stock-based compensation expense for equity awards that contain market vesting conditions is recognized over the requisite service period commencing on the grant date even if the market condition is not satisfied.

We estimate the fair value of stock option awards subject to only a service condition on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, including the stock option’s expected term, the price volatility of the underlying stock, the applicable risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield of the underlying common stock, as well as an estimate of the fair value of the common stock underlying the stock option. The grant date fair value of restricted stock units that contain service vesting conditions are estimated based on the fair value of the underlying stock on the grant date. For restricted stock units with market vesting conditions, the fair value is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model, which incorporates the likelihood of achieving the market condition.

We estimate the fair value of Earnout Shares (as described below), which are considered compensatory awards and accounted for under ASC 718, using the Monte-Carlo simulation model. The Monte-Carlo simulation model was selected as the valuation methodology for the Earnout Shares due to the path-dependent nature of applicable triggering events. Under ASC 718, such Earnout Shares are measured at fair value as of the grant date and expense is recognized over the applicable time-based vesting period (the applicable triggering event is a market condition and does not impact expense recognition). The Monte-Carlo model requires the use of highly subjective and complex assumptions, estimates and judgements, including the current stock price, the volatility of the underlying stock, the expected term the risk-free interest rate, the selection of comparable companies, and the probability of possible future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions or the relationships between those assumptions impact our valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of share-based compensation arrangements. An increase of 100-basis points in interest rates would not have a material impact on our share-based compensation. During the period from the date of the Business Combination through March 31, 2025 we did not record share-based compensation expense associated with these Earnout Shares as the performance conditions associated with these Earnout Shares were not deemed probable of

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achievement. Unrecognized share-based compensation expense for these Earnout Shares with a performance-based vesting condition that was not deemed probable of occurring as of March 31, 2025 was $3.2 million which is expected to vest subject to the performance-based vesting condition being satisfied or deemed probable.

Earnout Shares Liability

In connection with the reverse recapitalization and pursuant to the Merger Agreement, eligible former Predecessor equityholders are entitled to receive the Earnout Shares upon us achieving certain Earnout Milestones. The settlement of the Earnout Shares to the holders of the Predecessor's common units contain variations in something other than the fair value of the issuer’s equity shares. As such, management determined that they should be classified as a liability and recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in earnings.

We estimated fair value of the Earnout Shares with a Monte Carlo simulation using a distribution of potential outcomes for expected earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, or EBITDA, and stock price at expected commission dates, utilizing a correlation coefficient for EBITDA and stock price, and assuming $50.0 million of Annualized EBITDA per production line, with each of the production lines commissioned over a five-year period. EBITDA was discounted to the valuation date with a weighted average cost of capital estimate and forecasted to each estimated commission date. Earnout mechanics at each estimated commission date were assessed, and if the Earnout Thresholds were achieved, the future value of the Earnout Shares was discounted to the valuation date utilizing a risk-free rate commensurate with the overall term. Expected EBITDA assumes that each production line will achieve equivalent production generating $50.0 million of Annualized EBITDA. The commission dates used reflected management’s best estimates regarding the time to complete full construction and operational viability of a production line, including all permitting, regulatory approvals and necessary or useful inspections. The Earnout term of 5 years and the Earnout mechanics represent contractual inputs. The contingent Earnout Shares liability involves certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts.

Derivative Financial Instruments and Other Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value

We do not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. We evaluate all of its financial instruments, including the True Up Shares issued in connection with the Subscription Agreement and the Subject Vesting Shares issued in connection with the Business Combination, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 480 (defined below) and FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, or ASC 815. The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is reassessed at the end of each reporting period.

The True Up Shares issued under the Subscription Agreement do not qualify as equity under ASC 815; therefore, the Class A common stock, or the True Up Shares is required to be classified as a liability and measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Changes in the estimated fair value of the derivative liability is recognized as a non-cash gain or loss on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the derivative liability is discussed in Note 11 - Fair Value Measurements.

The Subject Vesting Shares liability was an assumed liability of XPDB. The Subject Vesting Shares liability vest and are no longer subject to forfeiture as described in Note 4 - Recapitalization. They do not meet the “fixed-for-fixed” criterion and thus are not considered indexed to the issuer’s stock. As such, management determined that the Subject Vesting Shares should be classified as a liability and recognized at fair value at each reporting period with changes in fair value included in earnings. The estimated fair value of the Subject Vesting Share liability was determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation, with underlying forecast mathematics based on geometric Brownian motion in a risk-neutral framework. The calculation of the value of the Subject Vesting Shares considered the $12.00 and $14.00 vesting conditions in addition to the vesting related to the Earnout Milestone Amount. The Subject Vesting Shares liability involves certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results may differ from assumed and estimated amounts. See Note 11 – Fair Value Measurements.

Business Combinations

We evaluate whether acquired net assets should be accounted for as a business combination or an asset acquisition by first applying a screen test to determine whether substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the transaction is accounted for as an asset acquisition. If not, we apply judgment to determine whether the acquired net assets meet the definition of a business by considering if the set includes an acquired input, process, and the ability to create outputs.

We account for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting whereby the identifiable assets and liabilities of the acquired business, including contingent consideration, as well as any non-controlling interest in the acquired business, are recorded at

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their estimated fair values as of the date that we obtain control of the acquired business. We measure goodwill as the fair value of the consideration transferred including the fair value of any non-controlling interest recognized, less the net recognized amount of the identifiable assets and liabilities combined, all measured at their fair value as of the acquisition date. Transaction costs, other than those associated with the issuance of debt or equity securities, that we incur in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred.

Any contingent consideration is measured at fair value at the acquisition date. For contingent consideration that does not meet all the criteria for equity classification, such contingent consideration is required to be recorded at its initial fair value at the acquisition date, and on each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of liability-classified contingent consideration are recognized on the condensed consolidated statements of operations in the period of change.

Several valuation methods may be used to determine the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. For intangible assets, we typically use a variation of the income approach, whereby a forecast of future cash flows attributable to the asset is discounted to present value using a risk-adjusted discount rate. Some of the more significant estimates and assumptions inherent in the income approach include the amount and timing of projected future cash flows, the discount rate selected to measure the risks inherent in the future cash flows, and the assessment of the asset’s expected useful life. When the initial accounting for a business combination has not been finalized by the end of the reporting period in which the transaction occurs, we report provisional amounts. Provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period, which does not exceed one year from the acquisition date. These adjustments, or recognition of additional assets or liabilities, reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized at that date.

Equity Method Investment

In accordance with ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, investments in entities over which we do not have a controlling financial interest but has significant influence are accounted for using the equity method, with our share of earnings or losses reported in earnings or losses from equity method investments on the statements of operations.

Under the equity method of accounting, our investment is initially recorded at fair value on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Upon initial investment, we evaluate whether there are basis differences between the carrying value and fair value of our proportionate share of the investee’s underlying net assets. Typically, we amortize basis differences identified on a straight-line basis over the underlying assets’ estimated useful lives when calculating the attributable earnings or losses, excluding the basis differences attributable to in-process research and development and goodwill. If we are unable to attribute all of the basis differences to specific assets or liabilities of the investee, the residual excess of the cost of the investment over the proportional fair value of the investee’s assets and liabilities is considered to be equity method goodwill and is recognized within the equity investment balance, which is tracked separately within our memo accounts. We subsequently record in the statements of operations our share of income or loss of the other entity within other income/expense, which results in an increase or decrease to the carrying value of our investment. If the share of losses exceeds the carrying value of our investment, we will suspend recognizing additional losses and will continue to do so unless we commit to providing additional funding.

We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that a decline in value has occurred that is other than temporary. Evidence considered in this evaluation includes, but would not necessarily be limited to, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee, recent operating trends and forecasted performance of the investee, market conditions in the geographic area or industry in which the investee operates and our strategic plans for holding the investment in relation to the period of time expected for an anticipated recovery of its carrying value. If the investment is determined to have a decline in value deemed to be other than temporary it is written down to estimated fair value.

Additionally, if an equity method investee recognizes a goodwill impairment charge in its separate financial statements, we will recognize its share of the impairment in its financial statements in the same manner in which it recognizes other earnings of the investee.

Warrants

We determine the accounting classification of warrants issued as either liability or equity classified by first assessing whether the warrants meet liability classification in accordance with ASC 480-10, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity, or ASC 480, then in accordance with ASC 815-40, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company’s Own Stock, or ASC 815. In order for a warrant to be classified in stockholders’ deficit, the warrant must be (i) indexed to our equity and (ii) meet the conditions for equity classification.

If a warrant does not meet the conditions for stockholders’ equity (deficit) classification, it is carried on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as a warrant liability measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in the fair value of the warrant recorded in other

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non-operating losses (gains) in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. If a warrant meets both conditions for equity classification, the warrant is initially recorded, at its relative fair value on the date of issuance, in stockholders’ deficit in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, and the amount initially recorded is not subsequently remeasured at fair value.

Income Taxes

Prior to the Business Combination on March 14, 2024, we were a limited liability company, or LLC, and treated as a partnership for income tax purpose. As a Partnership, we were not directly liable for federal income taxes. As of the date of the Business Combination, the operations of the Company ceased to be taxed as a partnership resulting in a change in tax status for federal and state income tax purposes.

We follow the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes under ASC 740, Income Taxes, or ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that is included in the enactment date. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and a measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. For those benefits to be recognized, a tax position must be more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by taxing authorities. We recognize accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as income tax expense. Management has evaluated our tax positions, including our Predecessor's previous status as a pass-through entity for federal and state tax purposes, and has determined that we have taken no uncertain tax positions that require adjustment to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Our reserves related to uncertain tax positions was zero as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. There were no unrecognized tax benefits and no amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. We are currently not aware of any issues under review that could result in significant payments, accruals or material deviation from its position.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A discussion of recently issued accounting standards applicable to the Company is described in Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the Notes to Financial Statements contained elsewhere in this Current Report on Form 10-Q.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of March 31, 2025.

Emerging Growth Company Status

We are an emerging growth company as defined in the JOBS Act. The JOBS Act permits companies with emerging growth company status to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards, delaying the adoption of these accounting standards until they would apply to private companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period to enable it to comply with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting standards as of public company effective dates.

In addition, we intend to rely on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, if, as an emerging growth company, we intend to rely on such exemptions, we are not required to, among other things: (i) provide an auditor’s attestation report on our system of internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act; (ii) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-emerging growth public companies under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; (iii) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis); and (iv) disclose certain executive compensation-related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the Chief Executive Officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

We will remain an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (i) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the closing of XPDB’s initial public offering, (ii) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the previous three years.

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Item 3. Quant itative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable.

Item 4. Contr ols and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, evaluated, as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on this evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2025, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of such date are effective at the reasonable assurance level. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) during the first quarter of the year ending December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceed i ngs

We are and, from time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any other legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, if determined adversely to us, would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, or cash flows.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our operations and financial results are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, which could adversely affect our business, financial conditions and future results.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the three months ended March 31, 2025, no shares of capital stock were sold by the Company without registration under the Securities Act.

On March 25, 2025, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement, or the Equity Line Purchase Agreement, with an accredited investor, or the Equity Line Investor, pursuant to which, among other things, we may, in our sole discretion, elect sell to B. Riley Principal Capital II up to 4,250,000 shares of our Class A common stock, from time to time after the date of this prospectus and during the term of the Purchase Agreement. These securities will be issued and sold in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. As of March 31, 2025, sales under the Equity Line Purchase Agreement had not yet commenced.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

During the quarter ended March 31, 2025, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) of the Company adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement,” as each term is defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

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ITEM 6. E XHIBITS

The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this Report.

Exhibit No. |  | Description
2.1 |  | Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 5, 2023, by and among Montana Technologies LLC, XPDB Merger Sub, LLC and Power & Digital Infrastructure Acquisition II Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on June 5, 2023).
2.2 |  | First Amendment to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated February 5, 2024, by and among Power & Digital Infrastructure Acquisition II Corp., Montana Technologies LLC and XPDB Merger Sub LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on February 5, 2024).
2.3 |  | Third Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of AirJoule Technologies Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 13, 2024)
3.1 |  | Third Amended and Restated Bylaws of AirJoule Technologies Corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on November 13, 2024)
4.1 |  | Public Warrant Agreement, dated December 9, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 14, 2021).
4.2 |  | Private Warrant Agreement, dated December 9, 2021, by and between the Registrant and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, as warrant agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on December 14, 2021).
10.1 |  | Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2025, by and between the Company and B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025).
10.2 |  | Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of March 25, 2025, by and between the Company and B. Riley Principal Capital II, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on March 25, 2025).
10.3 |  | Form of Subscription Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on April 24, 2025).
10.4 |  | Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of AirJoule, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the SEC on May 1, 2025).
10.5*+ |  | Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Program.
31.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial) Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1* |  | Certification of Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer) Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2* |  | Certification of Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial) Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS* |  | Inline XBRL Instance Document.
101.SCH* |  | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema With Embedded Linkbase Documents
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document

* | Filed or furnished herewith.

+ | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan

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SIGNA TURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

| AIRJOULE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
May 13, 2025 | By: | /s/ Stephen S. Pang
| Name: | Stephen S. Pang
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer

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