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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)

☒ | QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2025
OR

☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to _________
Commission File Number: 333-274434
T1 Energy Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 93-3205861
(State or other jurisdiction of |  | (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) |  | Identification Number)

1211 E 4th St.
Austin, Texas 78702
(409) 599-5706
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 par value |  | TE |  | The New York Stock Exchange
Warrants, each whole warrant exercisable for one share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $11.50 |  | TE WS |  | The New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒
|  | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
As of November 7, 2025, 212,365,815 sha res of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

|  |  | PAGE
Part I - Financial Information | 1
| Item 1. | Financial Statements | 1
| Item 2. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
| Item 3. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 24
| Item 4. | Controls and Procedures | 24
Part II - Other Information | 25
| Item 1. | Legal Proceedings | 25
| Item 1A. | Risk Factors | 25
| Item 2. | Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds | 29
| Item 3. | Defaults Upon Senior Securities | 30
| Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures | 30
| Item 5. | Other Information | 30
| Item 6. | Exhibits | 30
Signatures | 33

i

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”) and in documents incorporated herein by reference. All statements, other than statements of present or historical fact included in or incorporated by reference in this Report, regarding T1 Energy Inc.’s future financial performance, as well as our strategy, system of internal control over financial reporting (including any future effectiveness or related remediation plans thereof), future liquidity requirements, financial position, long-term operating plan, estimated revenues and losses, projected costs, expected cash spending, planned capital expenditures, prospects, plans, estimates and objectives of management are forward-looking statements. When used in this Report, the words “anticipate”, “believe”, “continue”, “could”, “estimate”, “expect”, “intends”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “possible”, “potential”, “predict”, “project”, “should”, “will”, “would”, the negative of such terms, and other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such identifying words. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations, assumptions, hopes, beliefs, intentions, and strategies regarding future events and are based on currently available information as to the outcome and timing of future events. We caution you that these forward-looking statements are subject to all of the risks and uncertainties, most of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control, incident to our business.
These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this Report, and current expectations, forecasts, and assumptions, and involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements in this Report and in any document incorporated herein by reference should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.
These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, the risks set forth in (i) Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on March 31, 2025, as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025 and (ii) the Risk Factors included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and in our other filings with the SEC. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.
In February 2025, we changed our corporate name from FREYR Battery, Inc. to T1 Energy Inc. We will not distinguish between our prior and current corporate name and will refer to our current corporate name throughout this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. As such, unless expressly indicated or the context requires otherwise, the terms “T1,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this document refer to T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation, and, where appropriate, its subsidiaries.
T1 intends to use its website as a channel of distribution to disclose information which may be of interest or material to investors and to communicate with investors and the public. Such disclosures will be included on T1’s website in the ‘Investor Relations’ section located at https://ir.t1energy.com/. T1 also intends to use certain social media channels, including, but not limited to, our X account (https://x.com/T1_Energy), our LinkedIn account (https://www.linkedin.com/company/t1energy) and our Instagram account (https://www.instagram.com/t1_energy/), as well as Daniel Barcelo’s X account (https://x.com/_danielbarcelo) and LinkedIn account (https://www.linkedin.com/in/daniel-barcelo-b262a939/), as means of communicating with the public and investors about T1, its progress, products and other matters. While not all the information that T1 or Daniel Barcelo post to their respective digital platforms may be deemed to be of a material nature, some information may be. As a result, T1 encourages investors and others interested to review the information that it posts and to monitor such portions of T1’s website and social media channels on a regular basis, in addition to following T1’s press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. The contents of T1’s website and other social media channels shall not be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
ii

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
T1 ENERGY INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
ASSETS
Current assets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 34,146 |  |  | $ | 72,641 |
Restricted cash |  | 45,398 |  |  | 4,004 |
Accounts receivable trade, net |  | 11,863 |  |  | — |
Accounts receivable trade, net - related parties |  | 67,033 |  |  | — |
Government grants receivable, net |  | 93,065 |  |  | 687 |
Inventory |  | 251,958 |  |  | 274,549 |
Advances to suppliers |  | 139,996 |  |  | 164,811 |
Other current assets |  | 204 |  |  | 1,569 |
Current assets of discontinued operations |  | 51,574 |  |  | 64,909 |
Total current assets |  | 695,237 |  |  | 583,170 |
Restricted cash |  | 7,190 |  |  | — |
Property and equipment, net |  | 289,761 |  |  | 285,187 |
Goodwill |  | 60,923 |  |  | 74,527 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 191,924 |  |  | 281,881 |
Right-of-use asset under operating leases |  | 150,969 |  |  | 111,081 |
Total assets |  | $ | 1,396,004 |  |  | $ | 1,335,846 |
LIABILITIES, REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK AND EQUITY
Current liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 69,140 |  |  | $ | 61,708 |
Accrued liabilities and other |  | 31,145 |  |  | 91,346 |
Deferred revenue |  | 77,369 |  |  | 48,155 |
Derivative liabilities |  | — |  |  | 14,905 |
Current portion of long-term debt |  | 46,096 |  |  | 42,867 |
Current portion of long-term debt - related party |  | 74,000 |  |  | 51,500 |
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities - related parties |  | 277,482 |  |  | 52,534 |
Current liabilities of discontinued operations |  | 40,415 |  |  | 51,009 |
Total current liabilities |  | 615,647 |  |  | 414,024 |
Long-term deferred revenue |  | 28,000 |  |  | 32,000 |
Convertible note - related party |  | 47,338 |  |  | 80,698 |
Operating lease liability |  | 141,482 |  |  | 101,787 |
Long-term debt |  | 152,876 |  |  | 188,316 |
Long-term debt - related party |  | 227,016 |  |  | 238,896 |
Deferred tax liability |  | 1,828 |  |  | 21,227 |
Other long-term liabilities |  | 26,159 |  |  | 21,761 |
Total liabilities |  | 1,240,346 |  |  | 1,098,709 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |  |
Redeemable preferred stock |  |  |  |
Convertible series A preferred stock, $0.01 par value, 5,000 issued and outstanding as of both September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024 (includes accrued dividends of $2,323 as of September 30, 2025 and accrued dividends and accretion of $87 as of December 31, 2024. |  | 58,753 |  |  | 48,375 |
Equity: |  |  |  |
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 168,626 issued and outstanding as of September 30, 2025 and 155,928 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 |  | 1,686 |  |  | 1,559 |
Additional paid-in capital |  | 1,014,970 |  |  | 971,416 |
Accumulated other comprehensive loss |  | (15,806) |  |  | (58,975) |
Accumulated deficit |  | (903,945) |  |  | (725,238) |
Total equity |  | 96,905 |  |  | 188,762 |
Total liabilities, redeemable preferred stock and equity |  | $ | 1,396,004 |  |  | $ | 1,335,846 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
1

T1 ENERGY INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Net sales |  | $ | 90,385 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 156,850 |  |  | $ | — |
Net sales - related party |  | 120,137 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,891 |  |  | — |
Total net sales |  | 210,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 396,741 |  |  | — |
Cost of sales |  | 189,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,051 |  |  | — |
Gross profit |  | 21,148 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,690 |  |  | — |
Operating expenses: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 62,663 |  |  | 17,397 |  |  | 166,027 |  |  | 46,085 |
Impairment of intangible assets |  | 53,208 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,208 |  |  | — |
Total operating expenses |  | 115,871 |  |  | 17,397 |  |  | 219,235 |  |  | 46,085 |
Operating loss from continuing operations |  | (94,723) |  |  | (17,397) |  |  | (147,545) |  |  | (46,085) |
Other (expense) income: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Warrant liability fair value adjustment |  | 1,521 |  |  | 1,096 |  |  | 2,868 |  |  | 1,294 |
Derivative liabilities fair value adjustment |  | (30,868) |  |  | — |  |  | (4,591) |  |  | — |
Loss on settlement of warrant liability |  | (5,836) |  |  | — |  |  | (5,836) |  |  | — |
Interest (expense) income, net |  | (9,395) |  |  | 1,074 |  |  | (27,293) |  |  | 3,627 |
Foreign currency transaction (loss) gain |  | 2 |  |  | (18) |  |  | (42) |  |  | 556 |
Other (expense) income, net |  | (377) |  |  | 1,066 |  |  | (1,712) |  |  | 4,788 |
Total other (expense) income |  | (44,953) |  |  | 3,218 |  |  | (36,606) |  |  | 10,265 |
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes |  | (139,676) |  |  | (14,179) |  |  | (184,151) |  |  | (35,820) |
Income tax benefit (expense) |  | 12,083 |  |  | — |  |  | 20,575 |  |  | (11) |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | (127,593) |  |  | (14,179) |  |  | (163,576) |  |  | (35,831) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (2,966) |  |  | (13,377) |  |  | (15,131) |  |  | (47,576) |
Net loss |  | (130,559) |  |  | (27,556) |  |  | (178,707) |  |  | (83,407) |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |
Preferred stock dividends and accretion |  | (819) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,601) |  |  | — |
Preferred stock deemed dividend |  | (7,777) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,777) |  |  | — |
Tranche right deemed dividend |  | (1,667) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,667) |  |  | — |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (140,822) |  |  | $ | (27,475) |  |  | $ | (190,752) |  |  | $ | (83,005) |
Weighted average shares outstanding: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted |  | 160,977 |  |  | 140,490 |  |  | 157,622 |  |  | 140,102 |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss per share from continuing operations - basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  | $ | (0.10) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |  |  | $ | (0.25) |
Net loss per share from discontinued operations - basic and diluted |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.10) |  |  | (0.10) |  |  | (0.34) |
Net loss per share - basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.87) |  |  | $ | (0.20) |  |  | $ | (1.21) |  |  | $ | (0.59) |
Other comprehensive loss: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (130,559) |  |  | $ | (27,556) |  |  | $ | (178,707) |  |  | $ | (83,407) |
Foreign currency translation adjustments |  | 3,622 |  |  | 5,973 |  |  | 43,169 |  |  | (15,209) |
Total comprehensive loss |  | (126,937) |  |  | (21,583) |  |  | (135,538) |  |  | (98,616) |
Comprehensive loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |
Preferred stock dividends and accretion |  | (819) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,601) |  |  | — |
Preferred stock deemed dividend |  | (7,777) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,777) |  |  | — |
Tranche right deemed dividend |  | (1,667) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,667) |  |  | — |
Comprehensive loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (137,200) |  |  | $ | (21,502) |  |  | $ | (147,583) |  |  | $ | (98,214) |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
2

T1 ENERGY INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total Equity
|  | Number |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2024 |  | 139,705 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 925,623 |  |  | $ | (18,826) |  |  |  |  | $ | (274,999) |  |  | $ | 1,521 |  |  | $ | 634,716 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,670 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,670 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (28,543) |  |  | (147) |  |  | (28,690) |
Reclassification of warrants from liability classified to equity classified |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 10 |
Other comprehensive loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,044) |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (26,044) |
Balance as of March 31, 2024 |  | 139,705 |  |  | $ | 1,397 |  |  | $ | 929,303 |  |  | $ | (44,870) |  |  |  |  | $ | (303,542) |  |  | $ | 1,374 |  |  | $ | 583,662 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,486 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,486 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (26,987) |  |  | (174) |  |  | (27,161) |
Exercise of warrants |  | 785 |  |  | 8 |  |  | (8) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,862 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,862 |
Balance as of June 30, 2024 |  | 140,490 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |  |  | $ | 930,781 |  |  | $ | (40,008) |  |  |  |  | $ | (330,529) |  |  | $ | 1,200 |  |  | $ | 562,849 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,554 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,554 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (27,475) |  |  | (81) |  |  | (27,556) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,973 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,973 |
Acquisition of non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,011) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | (1,119) |  |  | (4,130) |
Balance as of September 30, 2024 |  | 140,490 |  |  | $ | 1,405 |  |  | $ | 929,324 |  |  | $ | (34,035) |  |  |  |  | $ | (358,004) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 538,690 |

|  | Stockholders’ Equity |  |  |  |
|  | Shares |  | Additional Paid-in Capital |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |  |  |  | Accumulated Deficit |  | Non-controlling interests |  | Total Equity
|  | Number |  | Amount |  |  |  |  |  |
Balance as of January 1, 2025 |  | 155,928 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 971,416 |  |  | $ | (58,975) |  |  |  |  | $ | (725,238) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 188,762 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,242 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,242 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (16,239) |  |  | — |  |  | (16,239) |
Exercise of stock options |  | 10 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred stock dividends and accretion |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (891) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (891) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,065 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 26,065 |
Balance as of March 31, 2025 |  | 155,938 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 974,767 |  |  | $ | (32,910) |  |  |  |  | $ | (741,477) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 201,939 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,285 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,285 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (31,909) |  |  | — |  |  | (31,909) |
Preferred stock dividends and accretion |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (891) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (891) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,482 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,482 |
Balance as of June 30, 2025 |  | 155,938 |  |  | $ | 1,559 |  |  | $ | 975,161 |  |  | $ | (19,428) |  |  |  |  | $ | (773,386) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 183,906 |
Share-based compensation expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,883 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,883 |
Net loss |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | (130,559) |  |  | — |  |  | (130,559) |
Exercise of warrants |  | 157 |  |  | 2 |  |  | (2) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Shares issued for debt conversion |  | 12,522 |  |  | 125 |  |  | 33,014 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 33,139 |
Issuance of penny warrants |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,510 |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 13,510 |
Exercise of stock options |  | 9 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Preferred stock dividends and accretion |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (819) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (819) |
Deemed dividends |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,777) |  |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (7,777) |
Other comprehensive income |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,622 |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,622 |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | 168,626 |  |  | $ | 1,686 |  |  | $ | 1,014,970 |  |  | $ | (15,806) |  |  |  |  | $ | (903,945) |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 96,905 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
3

T1 ENERGY INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |
Net loss |  | $ | (178,707) |  |  | $ | (83,407) |
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Share-based compensation expense |  | 7,103 |  |  | 6,449 |
Depreciation and amortization |  | 68,630 |  |  | 7,028 |
Impairment of intangible assets |  | 53,208 |  |  | — |
Change in fair value of derivative liabilities |  | 4,591 |  |  | — |
Loss on settlement of warrant liability |  | 5,836 |  |  | — |
Gain on sale of property and equipment |  | (5,675) |  |  | — |
Accretion of discount on long-term debt |  | 12,322 |  |  | — |
Reduction in the carrying amount of right-of-use assets |  | 5,025 |  |  | 1,282 |
Warrant liability fair value adjustment |  | (2,868) |  |  | (1,294) |
Deferred income taxes |  | (19,399) |  |  | — |
Share of net loss of equity method investee |  | 425 |  |  | 484 |
Foreign currency transaction net unrealized loss (gain) |  | 257 |  |  | (1,075) |
Write-down of held for sale assets |  | 3,793 |  |  | — |
Other |  | 1,674 |  |  | — |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |
Accounts receivable trade |  | (78,896) |  |  | — |
Government grants receivable |  | (92,378) |  |  | — |
Inventory |  | 22,591 |  |  | — |
Advances to suppliers and other current assets |  | 25,107 |  |  | 13 |
Accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other |  | 194,622 |  |  | (2,055) |
Deferred revenue |  | 25,214 |  |  | — |
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities |  | 52,475 |  |  | (72,575) |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |
Proceeds from the return of property and equipment deposits |  | 1,202 |  |  | 22,735 |
Purchases of property and equipment |  | (60,817) |  |  | (34,683) |
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment |  | 50,000 |  |  | — |
Net cash used in investing activities |  | (9,615) |  |  | (11,948) |
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |
Repayment of debt |  | (29,794) |  |  | — |
Debt fees paid |  | (3,760) |  |  | — |
Payment for non-controlling interest |  | — |  |  | (4,130) |
Net cash used in financing activities |  | (33,554) |  |  | (4,130) |
Effect of changes in foreign exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | 783 |  |  | (3,036) |
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | 10,089 |  |  | (91,689) |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period |  | 76,645 |  |  | 275,742 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period |  | $ | 86,734 |  |  | $ | 184,053 |
Reconciliation to condensed consolidated balance sheets: |  |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents |  | $ | 34,146 |  |  | $ | 181,851 |
Restricted cash |  | 52,588 |  |  | 2,202 |
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash |  | $ | 86,734 |  |  | $ | 184,053 |

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
4

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Description of the Business
T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (“T1,” the “Company”, “we”, or “us”), is an energy solutions provider building an integrated U.S. supply chain for solar and batteries. We manufacture and sell photovoltaic (“PV”) solar modules in the United States for our U.S. customers.
Basis of Presentation
The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared in conformity with the accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) Regulation S-X. Accordingly, these financial statements do not include all of the information required by U.S. GAAP for complete consolidated financial statements.
The unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited annual consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 and, in management’s opinion, include all adjustments, consisting of only normal recurring adjustments necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements for the periods presented. The results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year ending December 31, 2025. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2024, was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024. However, these condensed consolidated interim financial statements do not contain all of the footnote disclosures required in annual consolidated financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025.
The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of T1 and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior period balances and amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period’s presentation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Estimates and assumptions include, but are not limited to, estimates related to the fair value less costs to sell for assets held for sale, impairment of long-lived assets, derivative liabilities, the valuation of warrant liabilities, anti-dilution rights and share-based compensation. We base these estimates on historical experiences and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, however, actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Risks and Uncertainties
We are subject to those risks common to our business and industry and also those risks common to early stage development companies. These risks include those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025, as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025, as well as the risks described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on, among other things, the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. We expect the benefits made available to us by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 to favorably impact our liquidity and capital resources in future periods. For example, we expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code, which provides certain specified benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit may be refundable by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. Accordingly, we expect the advanced manufacturing production credit will provide us with a significant source of funding throughout its remaining period. To date we have not received cash proceeds from the sale or direct pay from 45X tax credits. In August 2025, we agreed to defer any payments due under the Sales Agency Agreement between Trina Solar (US), Inc. and T1 G1 Dallas Solar Module LLC (f/k/a Trina Solar US Manufacturing Module 1 LLC) dated December 23, 2024 (the “Sales Agency Agreement”) until the earlier of August 15, 2026 and 30 days after we begin to monetize our accrued 45X tax credits.
Our future liquidity requirements depend on many forward-looking factors, including the timing and extent of the following: cash flows from operations, capital expenditures for construction of future facilities and purchase of related equipment, spending on other growth initiatives, including through joint ventures, and general economic conditions. In addition to those activities, our short-term liquidity will be utilized to fund the current portion of non-cancellable commitments, including leases and debt obligations. Our revenue recognized through the date of this Report is concentrated between certain customers and the loss of a contract with such customers could have a material adverse effect on the
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Company including its liquidity. We monitor our working capital to ensure we have adequate liquidity, if we fail to collect trade receivables in a timely manner, offer extended payment terms to customers, or face other challenges in managing our working capital, we may be required to obtain temporary sources of funding or access capital markets.
These condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared by management in accordance with U.S. GAAP and this basis assumes that we will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. As of the date of this Report, we believe that our cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities, and contracts with customers for the future sale of PV modules, are sufficient to support our planned operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. Therefore, our financial statements have been prepared on the basis that we will continue as a going concern.
Concentration of Risks
Customer Concentration Risk
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, three customers accounted for 60%, 17%, and 15% of our total net sales. Two customers accounted for 85% and 15% of our aggregate accounts receivable trade, net as of September 30, 2025. The loss of a significant customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company.
Supplier Concentration Risk
Several of our key raw materials, components, and manufacturing equipment are sourced from highly specialized suppliers. The failure of any key supplier to perform could disrupt our supply chain and impair our ability to deliver solar modules to customers in the required quality, quantities, and pricing, which could adversely affect our results of operations.
Production Concentration Risk
Our solar modules are currently produced at a single facility in the United States. Shortages of essential components or equipment due to increased demand, supply interruptions, or limited logistics availability could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand. Damage to, or disruption of, this facility could interrupt operations and negatively impact our ability to generate net sales.
Cash Flow Information
Cash flow activity consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Cash payments included in operating activities: |  |  |  |
Interest paid |  | $ | 12,240 |  |  | $ | — |
Income taxes paid, net of refunds |  | — |  |  | — |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |
Accrued purchases of property and equipment |  | $ | 34,322 |  |  | $ | 6,133 |
Issuance of penny warrants |  | 13,510 |  |  | — |
Issuance of shares of common stock for debt conversion |  | 33,139 |  |  | — |
Deemed dividend related to amendment to Preferred Stock |  | 7,777 |  |  | — |
Deemed dividend related to amendment of Tranche Right |  | 1,667 |  |  | — |

Restricted Cash
Certain cash balances are restricted as to withdrawal or use. Restricted cash includes funds held in restricted accounts for debt service, customs, certain contractual terms contained within rental agreements, and certain foreign government income tax withholding requirements.
Government grants receivable, net
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law in August 2022. Among other things, the IRA offers a tax credit, pursuant to Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”), for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit may be refundable by the IRS or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. We expect to qualify for a credit of approximately 7 cents per watt for each PV module we produce and sell to a third party. We recognize such credit as a reduction to cost of sales in the period the PV modules are sold to customers, and such credit is also reflected on our condensed consolidated balance sheets within government grants receivable, net.
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Leases
Our operating leases primarily consist of our solar module facility in Wilmer, Texas and our G2_Austin solar cell manufacturing facility in Rockdale, Texas that we plan to develop. We also have short-term leases for which we elected to apply the short-term lease exemption to leases with a term of twelve months or less, and accordingly, have not recognized a right-of-use asset or lease liability. We have no other leases that are presented as continuing operations.
Deferred Revenue
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized revenue related to deliveries of PV solar modules of $40.2 million that was included in deferred revenue at the beginning of the period.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires disclosure of disaggregated information about specific categories underlying certain income statement expense line items in the footnotes to the financial statements for both annual and interim periods. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This standard only modifies disclosure requirements; as such, we do not expect the adoption of this standard to result in a material impact on our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, balance sheet or cash flows. We are currently evaluating the effect of the adoption of this standard on our disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (Topic 740). The ASU establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. The ASU is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the ASU can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the effect of the adoption of this standard on our income tax disclosures related to our annual report for fiscal year 2025.
In July 2025, Accounting Standards Update 2025-05 (“ASU 2025-05”), Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets, was issued to address challenges encountered when applying the guidance in Topic 326 to current accounts receivable and current contract assets arising from transactions accounted for under Topic 606. This standard introduces a practical expedient for entities that assumes that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. This standard is effective for annual periods, including interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods, beginning after December 15, 2025 with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of electing the practical expedient and the impact it may have on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures. We do not expect to incur material credit losses when assessing the collectability of receivable balances, and therefore, we do not expect the adoption of this standard to result in a material impact on our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, balance sheet or cash flows.
2. INVENTORY
Inventory consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Raw materials |  | $ | 112,321 |  |  | $ | 253,409 |
Spare parts |  | 680 |  |  | — |
Finished goods - PV solar modules |  | 138,957 |  |  | 21,140 |
Total |  | $ | 251,958 |  |  | $ | 274,549 |

3. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET
Property and equipment, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Leasehold improvements |  | $ | 193,659 |  |  | $ | — |
Machinery and equipment |  | 114,579 |  |  | — |
Office equipment |  | 8,048 |  |  | 2,634 |
Construction in progress |  | 6,939 |  |  | 284,136 |
Property and equipment |  | 323,225 |  |  | 286,770 |
Less: Accumulated depreciation |  | (33,464) |  |  | (1,583) |
Property and equipment, net |  | $ | 289,761 |  |  | $ | 285,187 |

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Depreciation expense was $13.5 million and $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively, and $31.9 million and $0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
4. GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET
Goodwill
Changes in the carrying value of goodwill were as follows (in thousands):

Balance as of December 31, 2024 |  | $ | 74,527 |
Measurement period adjustments |  | (13,604) |
Balance as of September 30, 2025 |  | $ | 60,923 |

On December 23, 2024, we completed the acquisition to acquire all the shares of capital stock of Trina Solar (U.S.) Holding Inc., a Delaware corporation and related subsidiaries (collectively “Trina Solar US Holding”). The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination (“Trina Business Combination”) which requires assets and liabilities to be measured at their acquisition date fair values. We have not yet completed our purchase price allocation for the Trina Business Combination. We may continue to make adjustments to those measurements up to one year from the acquisition date, as we identify new information that existed as of the acquisition date to consider. Completion of the purchase price allocation for the Trina Business Combination will necessitate the use of this measurement period to adequately analyze and assess the information used in establishing the fair values of the assets and liabilities as of the acquisition date, including inventory, advances to suppliers, property and equipment, intangible assets, right-of-use assets under operating leases, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, operating lease liabilities, the aggregate values of long-term debt and other assets and liabilities acquired.
Measurement period adjustments for the Trina Business Combination reflect a decrease to goodwill of $13.6 million resulting from adjustments to advances to suppliers of $11.1 million and accrued liabilities and other of $2.5 million.
Intangible Assets, net
In connection with the Trina Business Combination, we recognized intangible assets related to acquired favorable customer contracts. An estimated useful life of 5 years was determined based on contractual terms of the offtake agreements. Intangible asset amortization for acquired favorable customer contracts is recognized in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as a reduction to net sales.
During the quarter ended September 30, 2025, a potential dispute arose regarding one of the Company’s acquired customer contracts that reduced our expected sales volumes during the quarter as compared to contracted amounts. As a result, we evaluated such acquired customer contract for potential impairment and concluded that the carrying value was not recoverable as of September 30, 2025. Therefore, we reduced the carrying value of such asset to its estimated fair value and recognized an asset impairment loss of $53.2 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
Intangible assets, net consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Customer contracts |  | $ | 283,000 |  |  | $ | 283,000 |
Less: Accumulated amortization |  | (37,868) |  |  | (1,119) |
Less: Intangible asset impairment |  | (53,208) |  |  | — |
Intangible assets, net |  | $ | 191,924 |  |  | $ | 281,881 |

Future annual amortization expense is estimated to be as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2025 |  | $ | 11,443 |
2026 |  | 45,400 |
2027 |  | 45,400 |
2028 |  | 45,400 |
2029 |  | 44,281 |
Thereafter |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 191,924 |

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5. ACCRUED LIABILITIES AND OTHER
Accrued liabilities and other consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Accrued purchases |  | $ | 12,317 |  |  | $ | 65,146 |
Accrued payroll and payroll related expenses |  | 3,753 |  |  | 12,378 |
Operating lease liabilities |  | 13,028 |  |  | 9,314 |
Other current liabilities |  | 2,047 |  |  | 4,508 |
Total |  | $ | 31,145 |  |  | $ | 91,346 |

6. DEBT
Our debt arrangements consisted of the following (in thousands):

Loan Agreement |  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Trina Solar AG Note |  | $ | 150,000 |  |  | $ | 150,000 |
Trina Solar (U.S.), Inc. Production Reserve Fee |  | 220,000 |  |  | 220,000 |
Senior Secured Credit Facility |  | 205,206 |  |  | 235,000 |
Convertible note - related party |  | 47,092 |  |  | 80,000 |
Total debt principal |  | 622,298 |  |  | 685,000 |
Less: unamortized discount |  | (74,972) |  |  | (82,723) |
Total debt |  | 547,326 |  |  | 602,277 |
Less: current portion |  | 120,096 |  |  | 94,367 |
Noncurrent portion |  | $ | 427,230 |  |  | $ | 507,910 |

Trina Solar AG Note
In connection with the Trina Business Combination, we entered into a credit agreement with Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG, a related party. The principal on the note is payable in quarterly installments of $7.5 million commencing on December 31, 2025 and concluding on the December 23, 2029 maturity date with the repayment of the final $30.0 million. The note bears interest at a rate per annum equal to 1.0%.
Trina Solar (U.S.), Inc. Production Reserve Fee
In connection with the Trina Business Combination, we assumed a debt obligation with Trina Solar (U.S.), Inc., a related party. The principal on the debt is payable in annual installments of $44.0 million commencing on the first anniversary of the closing of the Trina Business Combination and matures on December 23, 2029. Provided that the Company makes all scheduled installment payments, the debt will bear no interest. However, if the Company fails to make an installment payment, both parties shall negotiate a revised payment schedule in good faith, and any unpaid installment balance will accrue interest at a rate of 6.0% per annum.
Senior Secured Credit Facility
In connection with the Trina Business Combination, we assumed a $235.0 million senior secured credit agreement with a consortium of banks, with HSBC Bank USA, N.A. serving as the administrative agent (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement is dedicated to financing the development, construction, and operation of our five gigawatt solar module manufacturing project in Wilmer, Texas, as well as funding related fees and expenses. The Credit Agreement matures on December 31, 2029.
Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are secured by substantially all of our project-related assets. Interest on amounts drawn accrues at our option of either (i) a base rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) plus a margin of 3.5% or (ii) the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a margin of 2.5%. Following the substantial completion of the Wilmer facility and satisfaction of other conditions precedent, the Credit Agreement was converted from a construction loan to a term loan in Q2 2025 resulting in the start of principal repayments. We may prepay outstanding amounts in whole or in part at any time, subject to certain customary conditions. The Credit Agreement requires us to comply with specified financial and non-financial covenants including a debt service ratio. We were in compliance with the financial and non-financial covenants in the Credit Agreement through the date of this Report.
On November 14, 2025 we entered into a Letter Agreement and Amendment No. 7 to our Credit Agreement pursuant to which we received a waiver for, among other things, any non-compliance under the Credit Agreement as a result of the potential dispute with one of the Company’s acquired customer contracts that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, and consent for entry into an offtake contract with a different counterparty.
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Convertible note - related party
In connection with the Trina Business Combination, we issued an $80.0 million convertible note on December 23, 2024 due in five years to Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG, a related party. Under the terms of the note, conversion into our common stock was expected to take place in two stages: (i) into 12.5 million shares of common stock, subject to certain adjustments, within five business days of obtaining approval from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) on the Trina Business Combination and (ii) into 17.9 million shares of common stock, subject to certain adjustments, within five business days of securing required stockholder approval. The convertible note had an initial interest rate of 7% per annum and escalates by an additional 3% starting six months after the closing of the Trina Business Combination and every 60 days thereafter if conversion does not occur within specified deadlines.
On September 5, 2025, the first stage of the convertible note was converted into 12.5 million shares of common stock. A special meeting of stockholders is scheduled to be held on December 3, 2025 to obtain shareholder approval for the conversion of the remaining balance of the convertible note into 17.9 million shares of common stock.
Interest Rates
As of September 30, 2025, our debt borrowing rates were as follows:

Loan Agreement |  | Interest Rate |  | Effective Interest Rate
Trina Solar AG Note |  | 1.0% |  | 6.0%
Trina Solar (U.S.), Inc. Production Reserve |  | —% |  | 4.9%
Senior Secured Credit Facility |  | SOFR plus 2.5% |  | 7.5%
Convertible note - related party |  | 13.0% |  | 13.0%

Schedule of Principal Maturities of Debt
The aggregate maturities of long-term debt as of September 30, 2025 were as follows (in thousands):

Remainder of 2025 |  | $ | 64,574 |
2026 |  | 120,357 |
2027 |  | 125,578 |
2028 |  | 124,950 |
2029 |  | 186,839 |
Thereafter |  | — |
Total |  | $ | 622,298 |

7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Legal Proceedings
From time to time, we may be subject to legal and regulatory actions that arise in the ordinary course of business. The assessment as to whether a loss is probable or reasonably possible, and if such loss or a range of losses is estimable, often involves significant judgment, including estimates and assumptions about future events. To the knowledge of our management, as of September 30, 2025 there is no material litigation, claims, or actions currently pending against us, any of our officers, or directors in their capacity as such, or against any of our property.
On June 5, 2025 and July 31, 2025 we received notices from U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( “CBP”) relating to potential customs duties on goods imported in 2024 by one of the entities we acquired in the Trina Business Combination (the “Notices”). CBP has not quantified the duties it alleges are owed, and therefore, it is not reasonably possible to estimate the ultimate amount of penalties that may be imposed. We continue to assess the Notices, but expect to contest them vigorously.
We believe, taking into consideration our indemnities and defenses the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be determined at this time, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in contesting the Notices, or that we will not need to accrue or pay additional amounts in the future.
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8. WARRANTS
Public and Private Warrants
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had 24.6 million warrants outstanding (the “Warrants”), consisting of 14.7 million public warrants (the “Public Warrants”) and 9.9 million private warrants (the “Private Warrants”). Each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one share of our common stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustments. The Warrants will expire on July 9, 2026, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation.
We may call the Public Warrants for redemption once they become exercisable, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per Public Warrant, so long as we provide at least 30 days prior written notice of redemption to each Public Warrant holder, and if, and only if, the reported last sales price of our common stock equals or exceeds $18.00 per share for each of 20 trading days within the 30 trading-day period ending on the third trading day before the date on which we send the notice of redemption to the Public Warrant holders. We determined that the Public Warrants are equity classified as they are indexed to our common stock and qualify for classification within stockholders’ equity. As such, the Public Warrants are presented as part of additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Private Warrants are identical to the Public Warrants, except that so long as they are held by a certain holder or any of its permitted transferees, the Private Warrants: (i) may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis and (ii) shall not be redeemable by us. We determined that the Private Warrants are not considered indexed to our common stock as the holder of the Private Warrants impacts the settlement amount and thus, they are liability classified. The Private Warrants are presented as other long-term liabilities on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
If Private Warrants are sold or transferred to another party that is not the specified holder or any of its permitted transferees, the Private Warrants become Public Warrants and qualify for classification within stockholders’ equity at the fair value on the date of the transfer. See also Note 10 – Fair Value Measurement.
EDGE Warrants
As of December 31, 2024, we had 0.7 million warrants held by EDGE Global LLC ("EDGE Global") or its co-owners that were outstanding and exercisable. Each of these warrants entitled the holder thereof to purchase one share of our common stock at the exercise price of $1.22, subject to adjustments. During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, all remaining 0.7 million warrants were settled through the issuance of 0.2 million shares of common stock resulting from a cashless exercise.
9. REDEEMABLE PREFERRED STOCK, ANTI-DILUTION RIGHTS, AND SHARE PURCHASE AGREEMENT
Redeemable Preferred Stock
As of September 30, 2025, 5.0 million shares of non-voting Convertible Series A Preferred Stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) were issued and outstanding. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock had a stated value of $10.00, for an aggregate value of $50.0 million.
The Series A Preferred Stock was issued to certain funds and accounts managed by Encompass Capital Advisors LLC (“Encompass”), a related party, and had a term of 3 years from December 23, 2024. If not converted by the holder into the Company’s common stock, we were required to redeem the Series A Preferred Stock at maturity at par value plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. The Series A Preferred Stock ranked senior to the Common Stock but junior to all debt obligations of the Company and had a liquidation preference equal to $10.00 per share of Series A Preferred Stock plus accrued but unpaid dividends. The Series A Preferred Stock carried 6% cash dividends, accruing on the funding of the first tranche and payable in arrears (i) on the dividend date 18 months after the first tranche funding and (ii) every six months after such dividend payment date. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized $2.3 million of accumulated and unpaid dividends.
At our sole discretion upon proceeding to a final investment decision on a solar cell manufacturing facility, we initially had the right to issue an additional second tranche of 5.0 million shares of Series A Preferred Stock to the holders in exchange for $50.0 million (“Tranche Right”).
The Series A Preferred Stock had a conversion price of $2.50 per share of Common Stock, however if we elected not to utilize the Tranche Right on the date that the Company proceeded with its final investment decision with respect to a solar cell manufacturing facility, the conversion price would be reduced to $1.79 per share of Common Stock. The conversion rights were held by the holder of the Series A Preferred Stock.
On August 14, 2025, we signed an amendment to the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement between T1 and Encompass, pursuant to which Encompass agreed, among other things, to provide the $50.0 million of financing to purchase 5.0 million shares of non-voting Series A Preferred Stock of the Company for purposes other than construction of the G2 facility with issuance of such Series A Preferred Stock to occur 10 days after the Company provides notice of its decision to exercise the second tranche. The conversion price for the first tranche was $1.70 per share of common stock, while the
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conversion price for the second tranche would have been $1.90 per share if the 10-day average trading price of our common stock before the conversion date is $2.50 or higher, and $1.70 per share if the 10-day average trading price is below $2.50.
The amendment to the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement was treated as an extinguishment of the original instrument. In the third quarter of 2025 the Company derecognized the carrying value of the Series A Preferred Stock of $50.6 million in equity and recognized a new Series A Preferred Stock instrument of $58.4 million with the difference of $7.8 million recorded as a deemed dividend through a reduction to additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the new Series A Preferred Stock was estimated using a bond plus call approach, considering the amended conversion price of $1.70 per share, the Company's volatility as well as the Company's credit risks associated with the bond component. Dividends will continue to be accrued on the Series A Preferred Stock in accordance with the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement. Additionally, the Tranche Right was revalued immediately before and immediately after amendment with the difference in fair value of $1.7 million recorded as a deemed dividend through a reduction to additional paid-in capital. The fair value of the Tranche Right was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation within a risk-neutral framework, considering the draw right, the penalty if not drawn, and the terms if drawn.
On October 31, 2025, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Encompass. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, in partial consideration for the redemption and cancellation of all then-issued and outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, Encompass purchased (i) 21.5 million shares of Common Stock and (ii) 1.6 million shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”). The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement amends and restates the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the purchasers thereto, dated as of November 6, 2024, as amended on March 21, 2025, April 29, 2025 and August 13, 2025.
In addition, under the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, Encompass purchased 5.0 million shares of the Company’s Series B-1 Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B-1 Preferred Stock”), at a price of $10.00 per share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $50.0 million. The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and agreements of the Company and Encompass and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The closing of the transactions occurred on October 31, 2025.
Anti-dilution Rights
In connection with the Trina Business Combination, we provided Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG the right (“Anti-dilution Right”), but not the obligation, to acquire a number of shares of our common stock so that Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG’s proportionate ownership of our common stock after the conversion of the Preferred Stock will be the same as before the conversion at a price equal to $1.70 per share of our common stock or otherwise equal to the price for the conversion of Preferred Stock. We determined that the Anti-dilution Right was a freestanding financial instrument and classified it as an other long term liability on our condensed consolidated balance sheets, initially recorded at fair value. The Anti-dilution Right is subsequently revalued until anti-dilution shares are issued or when the Anti-dilution Right expires on December 23, 2027, with changes in fair value for each reporting period recognized in derivative liabilities fair value adjustment.
In addition, under the Trina Business Combination, we provided Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG the right (the “Capital Raising Anti-Dilution Right”), but not the obligation, to acquire a number of shares of our common stock so that Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG’s proportionate ownership of voting securities will be the same as before new voting securities are issued following a Capital Raising Transaction (as defined in the agreement). The Capital Raising Anti-Dilution Right is exercisable no later than fifteen business days following written notice from the Company, after which the Company has certain rights to sell the voting securities not elected to be purchased by Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG.
In connection with the issuance of the Common Stock on October 31, 2025 to Encompass pursuant to the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company provided notice of the Anti-dilution Right to Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG as provided for under the Transaction Agreement. Further, in connection with the issuance of Common Stock on October 24, 2025 to the Purchasers pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Company provided notice of the Capital Raising Anti-Dilution Right as provided for under the Cooperation Agreement. If Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG exercises its anti-dilution rights under both transactions, its shareholding will be approximately 17% of the Company's shares outstanding, based on the number of shares outstanding as of November 7, 2025.
Share Purchase Agreement Termination and Issuance of Penny Warrants
On November 6, 2024, the Company and an investor who is a significant shareholder of Trina Solar, entered into a share purchase agreement (“Share Purchase Agreement”) pursuant to which the investor subscribed to purchase a total of $14.8 million of common stock for $1.05 per share. On September 10, 2025, the Company and the investor entered into a termination letter agreement (“Termination Letter”) pursuant to which the Share Purchase Agreement was terminated in exchange for $5.0 million and the issuance of 7.0 million penny warrants (the “Penny Warrants”). The consideration payment of $5.0 million is due no later than 90 days following the date of the Termination Letter and is recorded as accounts payable and accrued liabilities to related parties on our condensed consolidated balance sheet. Each Penny Warrant entitles the investor to one share of our common stock at a purchase price of $0.01 per share (the “Warrant Price”). The warrants fully vest and become exercisable on March 10, 2026, in whole or in part, and expire on September 10, 2030.
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The Penny Warrants may be exercised in cash or in a cashless exercise that requires the investor to surrender a number of Penny Warrants that have a fair market value equal to the aggregate of the Warrant Price. We determined that the Penny Warrants are equity classified as they are indexed to our common stock and qualify for classification within stockholders’ equity. As such, the Penny Warrants are presented as part of additional paid-in capital on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Penny Warrants were valued as an equity forward based on the Company’s closing stock price immediately prior to the date of the Termination Letter.
Upon termination of the Share Purchase Agreement the Company recognized a loss of $5.8 million on settlement of derivatives for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The loss was primarily due to the excess of the consideration payment above the recorded fair value of the Share Purchase Agreement. The Share Purchase Agreement derivative liabilities fair value adjustment recorded on the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was a loss of $11.9 million, and for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, a gain of $2.2 million.
10. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
Financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, by level within the fair value hierarchy, consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
|  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total |  | Level 1 |  | Level 2 |  | Level 3 |  | Total
Liabilities: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Anti-dilution Right |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 25,278 |  |  | $ | 25,278 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 18,454 |  |  | $ | 18,454 |
Private Warrants |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 438 |  |  | 438 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,306 |  |  | 3,306 |
Share Purchase Agreement |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 14,905 |  |  | 14,905 |

We measure our Anti-dilution Right, Private Warrants, and Share Purchase Agreement at fair value based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which caused them to be classified as Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The valuation uses assumptions and estimates that we believe a market participant would use when making the same valuation. Changes in the fair value of the Anti-dilution Right and Share Purchase Agreement are recognized in derivative liabilities fair value adjustment in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Changes in the fair value of the Private Warrants were recognized under warrant liability fair value adjustment in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, the carrying amounts of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and other current liabilities approximate their respective fair values due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.
The carrying amount of the Company’s debt instruments approximates fair value, as the current borrowing base rates for the Senior Secured Credit Facility does not materially differ from market rates of similar borrowings and the related party debt instruments were recorded at fair value on the closing date of the Trina Business Combination.
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Anti-dilution Right
The Anti-dilution Right was valued using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. See Note 9 – Redeemable Preferred Stock, Anti-dilution Right, and Share Purchase Agreement above for further details. Our use of the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for the Anti-dilution Right, required the use of subjective assumptions, including:
•The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. Treasury Rates commensurate with the contractual terms of the Anti-dilution Right.
•The expected term was determined based on the expiration date of the Anti-dilution Right.
•The expected volatility assumption was based on the implied volatility from the Company’s stock price.
The fair value of the Anti-dilution Right was determined using this approach, an exercise price of $1.70 and a share price of $2.18 as of September 30, 2025 and an exercise price of $2.50 and a share price of $2.58 as of December 31, 2024. A decrease in the risk-free interest rate, and an increase in each of the expected term or expected volatility, in isolation, would increase the fair value measurement, while an increase in the risk-free interest rate, and a decrease in each of the expected term or expected volatility would decrease the fair value measurement of the Anti-dilution Right.
Share Purchase Agreement
On September 10, 2025, the Company and the investor, entered into a Termination Letter pursuant to which the Share Purchase Agreement is terminated and in consideration for the termination of the Share Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to pay the investor $5.0 million and issue 7.0 million Penny Warrants, see Note 8 – Warrants and Note 9 – Redeemable Preferred Stock, Anti-dilution Right, and Share Purchase Agreement above for further details. The Share Purchase Agreement was valued using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. Our use of the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for the Share Purchase Agreement, required the use of subjective assumptions, including:
•The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. Treasury Rates commensurate with the contractual terms of the Share Purchase Agreement.
•The expected term was determined based on the expected transaction date of the Share Purchase Agreement.
•The expected volatility assumption was based on the implied volatility from the Company’s stock price.
The fair value of the Share Purchase Agreement was determined using this approach, an exercise price of $1.05, and a share price of $1.94 as of market close on September 9, 2025 and a share price of $2.58 as of December 31, 2024. The Share Purchase Agreement was terminated on September 10, 2025.
Private Warrants
The Private Warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model. See Note 8 – Warrants above for further details. Our use of the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model for the Private Warrants required the use of subjective assumptions, including:
•The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. Treasury Rates commensurate with the contractual terms of the Private Warrants.
•The expected term was determined based on the expiration date of the Private Warrants.
•The expected volatility assumption was based on the implied volatility from the publicly traded Public Warrants.
The fair value of the Private Warrants was determined using this approach, an exercise price of $11.50, and a share price of $2.18 as of September 30, 2025 and $2.58 as of December 31, 2024. A decrease in the risk-free interest rate, and an increase in each of the expected term or expected volatility, in isolation, would increase the fair value measurement, while an increase in the risk-free interest rate, and a decrease in each of the expected term or expected volatility would decrease the fair value measurement of the Private Warrants.
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Rollforward of Level 3 Fair Value Instruments
The changes in the Level 3 instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows (in thousands):

|  |  | Nine months ended September 30, 2025
|  |  | Anti-dilution Right |  | Private Warrants |  | Share Purchase Agreement
Balance (beginning of period) |  |  | $ | 18,454 |  |  | $ | 3,306 |  |  | $ | 14,905 |
Fair value measurement adjustments |  |  | 6,824 |  |  | (2,868) |  |  | (2,233) |
Settlements |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (12,672) |
Balance (end of period) |  |  | $ | 25,278 |  |  | $ | 438 |  |  | $ | — |

11. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common Stock
As of September 30, 2025, 355.0 million shares of common stock were authorized with a par value of $0.01 per share and 168.6 million shares of common stock were issued and outstanding. Holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share and to receive dividends when, as, and if, declared by our Board of Directors. As of September 30, 2025, we have not declared any dividends.
Share-Based Compensation
2021 Plan
In June 2021, we adopted the 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (amended and restated as of April 22, 2024), (the “2021 Plan”). The 2021 Plan provides for the grant of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), stock appreciation rights, performance units, and performance shares to our employees, directors, and consultants. Generally, our stock options and RSUs vest annually over three years and our stock options are exercisable over a maximum period of five years from their grant dates. Options are typically forfeited when the employment relationship ends for employees, and they do not typically forfeit for directors. Generally, our RSUs are equity-classified awards, as they are share settled. All exercised options are expected to be settled in shares, net of shares withheld to satisfy the award exercise price. As of September 30, 2025, a total of 34.9 million shares were authorized for issuance to satisfy share-based compensation awards made under the 2021 Plan.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2025, 0.4 million options were granted, 3.8 million options were forfeited, 0.7 million options were exercised, 6.8 million RSUs were granted, 0.2 million RSUs were forfeited, and 1.3 million RSUs vested.
12. INCOME TAXES
The provision for income taxes is recorded at the end of each interim period based on our best estimate of our effective income tax rate expected to be applicable for the full fiscal year. Our effective income tax rate was 11% and 0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase in the tax rate is due to additional valuation allowance recorded as a result of changes to the realizability of the Company's deferred tax assets. As a result of book impairments and increasing net operating losses, the Company is in a net deferred tax asset position, and therefore is recording a full valuation allowance as of September 30, 2025. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company’s effective income tax rate differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the expected effect of the valuation allowance. As of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we did not have any uncertain tax positions.
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was signed into law in the U.S. which contains a broad range of tax reform provisions affecting businesses, including the restoration of 100% bonus depreciation, immediate expensing for domestic research and experimental expenditures, changes to Section 163(j) interest limitations, amendments to energy credits, and expanded Section 162(m) aggregation requirements. The OBBBA has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company has incorporated the provisions that were effective during the third quarter of 2025 and determined that the impacts did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. The Company continues to assess any future impacts on its consolidated financial statements and will recognize the income tax effects beginning in the period in which they are effective.
13. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Trina Group
We have related party balances and transactions with Trina Solar (Schweiz) AG and its affiliates (the “Trina Group”) as a result of the Trina Business Combination and through the normal course of business.
Module sales of $120.1 million and $239.9 million to the Trina Group are presented as net sales - related party for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively. Net sales - related party for the three and nine months
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ended September 30, 2025 are reduced for amortization of $11.4 million and $34.0 million, respectively, for the intangible asset related to a favorable acquired customer contract that was recorded as part of purchase accounting for the Trina Business Combination. Deferred revenue from offtake agreements with the Trina Group were $53.8 million and $40.2 million as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, respectively. The Company has agreements with the Trina Group to supply certain materials and components used in our solar module production, provide operational support and sales agency and aftermarket services. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, we incurred $31.8 million and $59.7 million, respectively, in costs which were presented as selling, general and administrative expenses.
Accounts receivable, accrued liabilities and accounts payable with Trina Group consisted of the following (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Accounts receivable due from related parties |  | $ | 67,033 |  |  | $ | — |
Accrued liabilities due to related parties |  | 131,349 |  |  | 52,534 |
Accounts payable due to related parties |  | 146,133 |  |  | — |

As consideration for the Trina Business Combination, we issued a note payable, a convertible note, and a derivative anti-dilution right to the Trina Group. In addition, the Company assumed an existing debt obligation to the Trina Group. Refer to Note 6 – Debt and Note 9 – Redeemable Preferred Stock, Anti-dilution Right, and Share Purchase Agreement for additional details on these instruments.
14. NET LOSS PER SHARE
The computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is as follows (in thousands, except per share data):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Numerator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (127,593) |  |  | $ | (14,179) |  |  | $ | (163,576) |  |  | $ | (35,831) |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | (2,966) |  |  | (13,377) |  |  | (15,131) |  |  | (47,576) |
Net loss |  | (130,559) |  |  | (27,556) |  |  | (178,707) |  |  | (83,407) |
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests |  | — |  |  | 81 |  |  | — |  |  | 402 |
Preferred stock dividends and accretion |  | (819) |  |  | — |  |  | (2,601) |  |  | — |
Preferred stock deemed dividend |  | (7,777) |  |  | — |  |  | (7,777) |  |  | $ | — |
Tranche right deemed dividend |  | (1,667) |  |  | — |  |  | (1,667) |  |  | $ | — |
Net loss attributable to common stockholders |  | $ | (140,822) |  |  | $ | (27,475) |  |  | $ | (190,752) |  |  | $ | (83,005) |
Denominator: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding - basic and diluted |  | 160,977 |  |  | 140,490 |  |  | 157,622 |  |  | 140,102 |
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Net loss per share from continuing operations - basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.85) |  |  | $ | (0.10) |  |  | $ | (1.11) |  |  | $ | (0.25) |
Net loss per share from discontinued operations, net of tax - basic and diluted |  | (0.02) |  |  | (0.10) |  |  | (0.10) |  |  | (0.34) |
Net loss per share - basic and diluted |  | $ | (0.87) |  |  | $ | (0.20) |  |  | $ | (1.21) |  |  | $ | (0.59) |

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The outstanding securities that could potentially dilute basic net loss per share in the future that were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share, as the impact would be antidilutive, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Redeemable preferred stock (on as converted basis) |  | 30,778 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,778 |  |  | — |
Public Warrants |  | 14,675 |  |  | 14,675 |  |  | 14,675 |  |  | 14,675 |
Private Warrants |  | 9,950 |  |  | 9,950 |  |  | 9,950 |  |  | 9,950 |
EDGE Warrants |  | — |  |  | 687 |  |  | — |  |  | 687 |
Options |  | 8,054 |  |  | 17,918 |  |  | 8,054 |  |  | 17,918 |
RSUs |  | 6,836 |  |  | 1,267 |  |  | 6,836 |  |  | 1,267 |
Total |  | 70,293 |  |  | 44,497 |  |  | 70,293 |  |  | 44,497 |

15. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
In 2024, we determined that the assets for our European businesses and our Coweta County, Georgia, business met the criteria for classification as held for sale. Additionally, we concluded that the ultimate disposal will represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results. As of September 30, 2025, the remaining assets continue to meet the criteria for classification as held for sale. Therefore, the historical results of these businesses are classified as discontinued operations for all periods presented herein.
On February 15, 2025, we completed the sale of our land in Coweta County, Georgia, for $50.0 million. Concurrently with the sale, we repaid a government grant of $20.0 million. As of September 30, 2025, $7.0 million of repayable government grants for the project are classified within current liabilities of discontinued operations on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.
Details of net loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes, are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Costs and expenses |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
General and administrative |  | $ | 367 |  |  | $ | 1,118 |  |  | $ | 8,771 |  |  | $ | 15,301 |
Research and development |  | — |  |  | 8,616 |  |  | — |  |  | 30,854 |
Restructuring charge |  | — |  |  | 4,507 |  |  | 1,092 |  |  | 4,644 |
Share of net loss of equity method investee |  | 1 |  |  | 150 |  |  | 426 |  |  | 484 |
Total costs and expenses |  | 368 |  |  | 14,391 |  |  | 10,289 |  |  | 51,283 |
Loss from discontinued operations |  | (368) |  |  | (14,391) |  |  | (10,289) |  |  | (51,283) |
Gain on disposal of property and equipment |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,675 |  |  | — |
Change in held for sale valuation allowance |  | (2,585) |  |  | — |  |  | (3,793) |  |  | — |
Other income (loss), net |  | (13) |  |  | 1,014 |  |  | (5,206) |  |  | 3,707 |
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes |  | (2,966) |  |  | (13,377) |  |  | (13,613) |  |  | (47,576) |
Income tax expense |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,518) |  |  | — |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | $ | (2,966) |  |  | $ | (13,377) |  |  | $ | (15,131) |  |  | $ | (47,576) |

Allocated general corporate overhead costs do not meet the criteria to be presented within net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, and were excluded from all figures presented in the table above.
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Details of the assets and liabilities of discontinued operations classified as held for sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets are as follows (in thousands):

|  | September 30, 2025 |  | December 31, 2024
Other current assets |  | $ | 768 |  |  | $ | 8,926 |
Property and equipment, net |  | 46,787 |  |  | 52,765 |
Intangible assets, net |  | 161 |  |  | 1,625 |
Investments |  | — |  |  | 515 |
Right-of-use asset under operating leases |  | 3,858 |  |  | 1,078 |
Current assets of discontinued operations |  | $ | 51,574 |  |  | $ | 64,909 |
Accounts payable |  | $ | 3,507 |  |  | $ | 2,566 |
Accrued liabilities and other |  | 14,021 |  |  | 5,764 |
Operating lease liability |  | 15,713 |  |  | 15,136 |
Deferred revenue |  | 174 |  |  | — |
Other current liabilities |  | 7,000 |  |  | 27,543 |
Current liabilities of discontinued operations |  | $ | 40,415 |  |  | $ | 51,009 |

The cash flows related to discontinued operations have not been segregated and are included in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. Cash flow and non-cash information for the discontinued operations are as follows (in thousands):

|  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024
Depreciation |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 6,915 |
Amortization |  | — |  |  | 113 |
Capital expenditures |  | 2,674 |  |  | 34,683 |
Proceeds from the return of property and equipment deposits |  | 1,202 |  |  | 22,735 |
Write-down of held for sale assets |  | (3,793) |  |  | — |
Accrued purchases of property and equipment and intangible assets |  | — |  |  | 6,133 |

16. SEGMENTS
Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, manages the Company’s business activities as a single operating and reportable segment at the consolidated level. Accordingly, our CODM uses consolidated net loss to measure segment profit or loss, allocate resources and assess performance. Further, the CODM reviews and utilizes functional expenses (cost of sales and general and administrative) at the consolidated level to manage the Company’s operations. The CODM uses these metrics to evaluate future acquisitions of complementary businesses and divestitures of non-core assets.
Our single operating segment derives its revenues from the manufacturing and subsequent sale of PV solar modules in the United States for our U.S. customers.
The measure of segment assets is reported on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as Total Assets. We do not have intra-entity transactions. Segment results are as follows (in thousands):
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|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Nine months ended September 30,
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  | 2025 |  | 2024
Total net sales |  | $ | 210,522 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 396,741 |  |  | $ | — |
Less: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Cost of sales |  | 189,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,051 |  |  | — |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 62,663 |  |  | 17,397 |  |  | 166,027 |  |  | 46,085 |
Interest expense (income) |  | 9,395 |  |  | (1,074) |  |  | 27,293 |  |  | (3,627) |
Other segment items (1) |  | 88,766 |  |  | (2,144) |  |  | 62,521 |  |  | (6,638) |
Income tax (benefit) expense |  | (12,083) |  |  | — |  |  | (20,575) |  |  | 11 |
Net loss from continuing operations |  | $ | (127,593) |  |  | $ | (14,179) |  |  | $ | (163,576) |  |  | $ | (35,831) |

(1) Other segment items includes warrant liability fair value adjustment, impairment of intangible assets, derivative liabilities fair value adjustment, foreign currency transaction (loss) gain and other (expense) income, net, from our condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
Within our single segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 total expenditures for additions to long-lived assets were $6.4 million and $36.5 million, respectively. There were no capital expenditures for continuing operations for three and nine months ended September 30, 2024.
17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
On October 10, 2025, the Company entered into a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (the “SAFE”) with Talon PV, LLC. Pursuant to the SAFE, the Company is investing $5.0 million (the “Purchase Amount”) in exchange for the right to certain shares of Talon’s Capital Stock.
On October 23, 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers (the “Purchasers”) for the sale of an aggregate of $72.0 million of shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share, the closing of which occurred on October 24, 2025. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Purchasers purchased an aggregate of 22.2 million shares of Common Stock at the subscription price of $3.25 per share of Common Stock. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such sale of common stock for (i) working capital, (ii) strategic investments and partnership development and (iii) advancement of energy technology and infrastructure projects.
On October 31, 2025, the Company entered into the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, in partial consideration for the redemption and cancellation of all then-issued and outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, Encompass purchased (i) 21.5 million shares of Common Stock and (ii) 1.6 million shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock. The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement amends and restates the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the purchasers thereto, dated as of November 6, 2024, as amended on March 21, 2025, April 29, 2025 and August 13, 2025.
In addition, under the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, Encompass purchased 5.0 million shares of the Company’s Series B-1 Preferred Stock, at a price of $10.00 per share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $50.0 million. The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and agreements of the Company and Encompass and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The closing of the transactions occurred on October 31, 2025.
The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for (i) working capital, (ii) strategic investments and partnership development, (iii) advancement of energy technology and infrastructure projects, and (iv) general corporate purposes.
On November 14, 2025 we entered into a Letter Agreement and Amendment No. 7 to our Credit Agreement pursuant to which we received a waiver for, among other things, any non-compliance under the Credit Agreement as a result of the potential dispute with one of the Company’s acquired customer contracts that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2025, and consent for entry into an offtake contract with a different counterparty.
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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in Part I, Item 1 “Financial Statements” and the other disclosures in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with the disclosures in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025.
Overview
T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (“T1,” the “Company”, “we”, or “us”), is an energy solutions provider building an integrated U.S. supply chain for solar and batteries. We manufacture and sell photovoltaic (“PV”) solar modules in the United States for our U.S. customers.
Recent Developments
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, we recognized total net sales of $210.5 million in the period. Additionally, we ended the third quarter with cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of $86.7 million.
On October 10, 2025, the Company entered into a Simple Agreement for Future Equity (the “SAFE”) with Talon PV, LLC. Pursuant to the SAFE, the Company is investing $5.0 million (the “Purchase Amount”) in exchange for the right to certain shares of Talon’s Capital Stock.
On October 23, 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Securities Purchase Agreement”) with certain purchasers (the “Purchasers”) for the sale of an aggregate of $72.0 million of shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share, the closing of which occurred on October 24, 2025. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Purchasers purchased an aggregate of 22.2 million shares of Common Stock at the subscription price of $3.25 per share of Common Stock. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such sale of common stock for (i) working capital, (ii) strategic investments and partnership development and (iii) advancement of energy technology and infrastructure projects.
On October 31, 2025, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement with Encompass (the “Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement”). Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, in partial consideration for the redemption and cancellation of all then-issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s non-voting Convertible Series A Preferred Stock, Encompass purchased (i) 21.5 million shares of Common Stock and (ii) 1.6 million shares of the Company’s Series B Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B Preferred Sock”). The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement amends and restates the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the purchasers thereto, dated as of November 6, 2024, as amended on March 21, 2025, April 29, 2025 and August 13, 2025.
In addition, under the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, Encompass purchased 5.0 million shares of the Company’s Series B-1 Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B-1 Preferred Stock”), at a price of $10.00 per share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $50.0 million. The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and agreements of the Company and Encompass and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The closing of the transactions occurred on October 31, 2025.
The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for (i) working capital, (ii) strategic investments and partnership development, (iii) advancement of energy technology and infrastructure projects, and (iv) general corporate purposes.
Demand for our PV solar module offerings depends, in part, on market factors outside our control. For example, the United States has recently announced changes to its global trade policy, including significant tariffs on imports from China, Vietnam, Mexico, Canada, and other countries. These actions, and retaliatory tariffs imposed by other countries on U.S. goods and exports, have led to significant volatility and uncertainty in global markets. Additionally, the passage of Public Law 119-21 (commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act) on July 4, 2025 (the “OBBBA”) created further instability in the market by curtailing the availability of certain tax credits for suppliers and customers. Specifically, the new law eliminates the availability of tax credits for taxpayers that source a particular percentage of their products and components from, or have certain commercial arrangements with, foreign entities of concern (“FEOC”). The Company recognizes compliance with FEOC-related provisions of the OBBBA as a significant regulatory and business priority, and we are focused and actively working to ensure compliance with them by December 31, 2025 to allow us and our customers to retain the availability of tax credits in the future.
New or increased tariffs, changes to existing legislation, and other barriers to trade, especially in light of recent comments and executive orders made by the United States, could further impact or exacerbate market conditions. Historically, tariffs have led to increased trade and political tensions. Political tensions as a result of trade policies could reduce trade volume, investment, and other economic activities between major international economies, resulting in a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and on the stability of global financial markets. There is substantial uncertainty about the duration of existing tariffs, potential changes to existing tariffs and legislation, and whether additional
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tariffs may be imposed, modified, or suspended, and the impacts of such actions on our business. While the situation remains fluid, we are continuing to evaluate these developments.
During the third quarter of September 30, 2025, a potential dispute arose regarding one of the Company’s acquired customer contracts that reduced our expected sales volumes during the quarter as compared to contracted amounts. As a result, we evaluated such acquired customer contract for potential impairment and concluded that the carrying value was not recoverable as of September 30, 2025. Therefore, we reduced the carrying value of such asset to its estimated fair value and recognized an asset impairment loss of $53.2 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025.
We are operating in an uncertain macroeconomic environment with significant volatility that may impact consumer demand. To the extent the macroeconomic environment worsens, it may have a material effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion related to the above potential impacts on our business.
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth certain information related to our net sales and expenses from our condensed consolidated results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands except percentages):

|  | Three months ended September 30, |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%) |  |  | Nine months ended September 30, |  | Change ($) |  | Change (%) |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |  |  | 2025 |  | 2024 |  |
Net sales |  | $ | 90,385 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 90,385 |  |  | NM |  |  | $ | 156,850 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 156,850 |  |  | NM |
Net sales - related party |  | 120,137 |  |  | — |  |  | 120,137 |  |  | NM |  |  | 239,891 |  |  | — |  |  | 239,891 |  |  | NM |
Total net sales |  | 210,522 |  |  | — |  |  | 210,522 |  |  | NM |  |  | 396,741 |  |  | — |  |  | 396,741 |  |  | NM |
Cost of sales |  | 189,374 |  |  | — |  |  | 189,374 |  |  | NM |  |  | 325,051 |  |  | — |  |  | 325,051 |  |  | NM |
Gross profit |  | 21,148 |  |  | — |  |  | 21,148 |  |  | NM |  |  | 71,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 71,690 |  |  | NM |
Selling, general and administrative |  | 62,663 |  |  | 17,397 |  |  | 45,266 |  |  | 260 | % |  |  | 166,027 |  |  | $ | 46,085 |  |  | 119,942 |  |  | 260 | % |
Impairment of intangible assets |  | 53,208 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,208 |  |  | NM |  |  | 53,208 |  |  | — |  |  | 53,208 |  |  | NM |
Total operating expenses |  | 115,871 |  |  | 17,397 |  |  | 98,474 |  |  | 566 | % |  |  | 219,235 |  |  | 46,085 |  |  | 173,150 |  |  | 376 | % |
Total other (expense) income |  | (44,953) |  |  | 3,218 |  |  | (48,171) |  |  | NM |  |  | (36,606) |  |  | 10,265 |  |  | (46,871) |  |  | NM |
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes |  | $ | (139,676) |  |  | $ | (14,179) |  |  | $ | (125,497) |  |  | NM |  |  | $ | (184,151) |  |  | $ | (35,820) |  |  | $ | (148,331) |  |  | 414 | % |
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax |  | $ | (2,966) |  |  | $ | (13,377) |  |  | $ | 10,411 |  |  | (78) | % |  |  | $ | (15,131) |  |  | $ | (47,576) |  |  | $ | 32,445 |  |  | (68) | % |

NM - Not meaningful |  |

Net sales
Net sales consists of sales of PV solar modules net of intangible asset amortization for customer contracts. We recognize sales for PV solar modules at a point in time following the transfer of control of the modules to the customer, which typically occurs upon shipment or delivery depending on the terms of the underlying contracts.
Total net sales increased by $210.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and increased $396.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. We began selling PV solar modules after the Trina Business Combination was completed on December 23, 2024.
Cost of sales
Cost of sales includes the cost of raw materials and components for manufacturing PV solar modules. In addition, our cost of sales includes direct labor for the manufacturing of solar modules and manufacturing overhead, such as engineering, equipment maintenance, quality and production control, and information technology. Our cost of sales also includes depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment, facility-related expenses, environmental health and safety costs, and costs associated with shipping.
Cost of sales increased by $189.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and increased $325.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. We began selling PV solar modules after the Trina Business Combination was completed on December 23, 2024.
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Selling, general and administrative
Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consists of personnel and personnel-related expenses for our sales, marketing and administrative personnel, commissions, royalty fees, costs for administrative offices, insurance, and outside professional services including legal, accounting, and other advisory services.
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $45.3 million, or 260%, in the three months ended September 30, 2025 and by $119.9 million, or 260%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. This increase is primarily due to an increase in commissions, royalty fees, personnel costs and legal and professional fees following the Trina Business Combination. Commissions, royalty fees, and other selling costs of $31.8 million and $59.7 million were incurred under arrangements with Trina Group for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025, respectively.
Impairment of intangible assets
Impairment of intangible assets increased by $53.2 million in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. This increase is primarily due to the write-off of a component of our acquired customer contracts from the Trina Business Combination as a result of ongoing negotiations related to a potential dispute regarding a long-term offtake agreement.
Total other (expense) income
Total other (expense) income primarily consists of the fair value adjustments on our warrant liability, derivative liabilities, loss on settlement of warrant liability, and interest income and expense, net.
Total other (expense) income decreased by $48.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and by $46.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same periods in 2024. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the change is primarily due to increases in derivative liabilities fair value adjustment, loss on derivative settlement and interest expense. For the nine months ended September 30, 2025 the change is primarily due to increases in derivative liabilities fair value adjustment, loss on derivative settlement and interest expense.
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax
We concluded that the assets of our European businesses and our business in Coweta County, Georgia met the criteria for classification as held for sale as of December 31, 2024. Additionally, we concluded that the ultimate disposal will represent a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations, resulting in the presentation of the historical financial results of these businesses as discontinued operations.
Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax decreased by $10.4 million, or 78%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and by $32.4 million, or 68%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same periods in 2024. The decreases primarily relate to the reduced research and development activity for our European businesses, government grant income, and a gain from the sale of land in Coweta County partially offset by estimated penalties associated with the expected disposal of our European businesses.
Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately $86.7 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, cash flows from operating activities and contracts with customers for the future sale of PV modules.
On October 23, 2025, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with the Purchasers for the sale of an aggregate of $72.0 million of shares of common stock of the Company, par value $0.01 per share, the closing of which occurred on October 24, 2025. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Securities Purchase Agreement, the Purchasers purchased an aggregate of 22.2 million shares of Common Stock at the subscription price of $3.25 per share of Common Stock. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from such sale of common stock for (i) working capital, (ii) strategic investments and partnership development and (iii) advancement of energy technology and infrastructure projects.
On October 31, 2025, the Company entered into the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions of the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, in partial consideration for the redemption and cancellation of all then-issued and outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, Encompass purchased (i) 21.5 million shares of Common Stock and (ii) 1.6 million shares of the Company’s Series B Preferred Stock. The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement amends and restates the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement by and between the Company and the purchasers thereto, dated as of November 6, 2024, as amended on March 21, 2025, April 29, 2025 and August 13, 2025.
In addition, under the Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement, Encompass purchased 5.0 million shares of the Company’s Series B-1 Preferred Stock, at a price of $10.00 per share of Series B-1 Preferred Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds to the Company of $50.0 million. The Encompass Stock Purchase Agreement contains customary representations
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and warranties and agreements of the Company and Encompass and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The closing of the transactions occurred on October 31, 2025.
The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock for (i) working capital, (ii) strategic investments and partnership development, (iii) advancement of energy technology and infrastructure projects, and (iv) general corporate purposes.
The proceeds from the $50.0 million issuance of Series B-1 Preferred Stock to Encompass, in combination with the $72.0 million of expected gross proceeds from the Securities Purchase Agreement provide the Company with meaningful capital required to fund the projected $400 – $425 million of capital expenditures expected for the first 2.1 GW pha se of G2_Austin. The Company’s G2_Austin project development team has completed contractor and vendor selection and is progressing with detailed engineering of the customized production line equipment for the G2_Austin first phase. The Company expects the proceeds from the Series B-1 Preferred Stock issuance and Securities Purchase Agreement position it to begin construction in the fourth quarter of 2025.
We believe that we have sufficient liquidity to meet our contractual obligations and commitments for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of these financial statements.
Our net sales and profits remain subject to variability based on, among other things, the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. We expect the benefits made available to us by the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”) to favorably impact our liquidity and capital resources in future periods. For example, we expect to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”), which provides certain specified benefits for solar modules and solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to third parties. Such credit may be refundable by the IRS or transferable to a third party and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase down beginning in 2030. Accordingly, we expect the advanced manufacturing production credit will provide us with a significant source of funding throughout its remaining period. To date we have not received cash proceeds from the sale or direct pay from 45X tax credits. In August 2025, we agreed to defer any payments due under the sales agency and aftermarket services agreement dated December 23, 2024 until the earlier of August 15, 2026 and 30 days after we begin to monetize our accrued 45X tax credits.
Our future liquidity requirements depend on many forward-looking factors, including the timing and extent of the following: cash flows from operations, capital expenditures for construction of future facilities and purchase of related equipment, spending on other growth initiatives, including through joint ventures, and general economic conditions. In addition to those activities, our short-term liquidity will be utilized to fund the current portion of non-cancellable commitments, including leases and debt obligations. Our revenue recognized to date is concentrated between two customers and the loss of a contract with such customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company including its liquidity. Refer to Note 1 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information. We monitor our working capital to ensure we have adequate liquidity, if we fail to collect trade receivables in a timely manner, offer extended payment terms to customers, or face other challenges in managing our working capital, we may be required to obtain temporary sources of funding or access capital markets.
Our long-term operating plan requires the repayment of non-cancellable commitments including leases and debt obligations. In addition, our planned investments in our business and manufacturing footprint, as currently devised, will require significant financing to complete. Such financing may not be available at terms acceptable to us, or at all. The credit market and financial services industry have in the past, and may in the future, experience periods of uncertainty that could impact the availability and cost of equity and debt financing. If we are unable to raise substantial additional capital, our ability to invest in further facilities or other development projects will be significantly delayed or curtailed which would have a material adverse impact on our business prospects and results of operations. If we raise funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences, and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. The terms of debt securities or other borrowings could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to stockholders may result. Any equity securities issued may also provide for rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.
As of September 30, 2025, the Company plans to develop its G2_Austin solar cell manufacturing facility in Rockdale, Texas in two stages, the first of which is 2.1 GW, for a projected first stage capital expenditure of $400 - $425 million. With the proceeds from recent equity capital markets transactions, the Company plans to start initial construction and to potentially order longer lead time items for its G2_Austin facility in the fourth quarter of 2025. The estimated costs of construction remain subject to technology and product specification decisions, ongoing business, financing, and operational changes, and changes to the overall macroeconomic environment. We will continue to provide updates to reflect material developments, including approvals or commitments for spending that differ materially from our previous estimates.
Our planned capital expenditures are based on management’s current estimates and may be subject to change. There can be no assurance that we will execute our capital expenditure plans as currently estimated, without addition, reduction, or modification. We may also from time to time reduce or increase planned spending on specific capital projects and/or adjust the timing of planned capital expenditures due to factors both within and outside of our control, including the availability of financing. As a result, actual capital expenditures in future years may differ materially from the amounts discussed above.
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Cash Flow Summary
The following table summarizes our cash flows (in thousands):

|  | Nine months ended September 30, |  | Change (%) |  |
|  | 2025 |  | 2024 |
Cash flows from operating activities |  | $ | 52,475 |  |  | $ | (72,575) |  |  | (172 | %) |  |
Cash flows from investing activities |  | (9,615) |  |  | (11,948) |  |  | (20 | %) |  |
Cash flows from financing activities |  | (33,554) |  |  | (4,130) |  |  | NM |  |

NM - Not meaningful |  |

Operating Activities
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities was $52.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to $(72.6) million for the same period in 2024. The change in cash (used in) provided by operating activities was primarily driven by a reduction in cash used for working capital associated with our solar business and a decrease in net loss, adjusted for non-cash items partially offset by a repayment of $20.0 million for a government grant with Coweta County, Georgia.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities decreased by 20% or the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease in cash used in investing activities was primarily driven by proceeds from the sale of property and equipment of $50.0 million f or the nine months ended September 30, 2025, relating to our land in Coweta County, Georgia offset by a decrease in the proceeds from the return of property and equipment deposits and an increase in purchases of property and equipment.
Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities increase d by $29.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in cash used in financing activities was primarily due to the payment of debt and debt fees.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our critical accounting policies and estimates are consistent with those described in the Management’s Discussion and Analysis section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2025.
ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
As a “smaller reporting company” we are not required to disclose information under this Item.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (“Disclosure Controls”) within the meaning of Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act. Our Disclosure Controls are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, such as this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.
Our Disclosure Controls are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.
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Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2025. Based upon their evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act, were not effective.
Material Weakness in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis.
Management previously identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to its controls over applying technical accounting guidance to nonrecurring events and transactions, including the design and maintenance of effective controls to evaluate the appropriate presentation of the amortization of intangible assets related to certain customer contracts within our statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).
The material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described above, any new deficiencies identified in the future or any deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures, if not timely remediated, could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements.
Remediation Plan
To remediate the material weakness described above, management is working with consultants to establish controls and protocols relating to the appropriate recognition and presentation of certain acquired assets and liabilities and related transactions. Additionally, the Company plans to hire additional accounting and finance personnel with the requisite skills, knowledge and expertise to address the identified control deficiency. We will continue to modify our remediation plan and may implement additional measures as we complete the redesign and operation of our internal controls in this area. While we believe that these efforts will improve our internal control over financial reporting, we will not be able to conclude whether the steps we are taking will remediate the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting until a sustained period of time has passed to allow management to test the design and operating effectiveness of the new and enhanced controls. The elements of our remediation plan can only be accomplished over time, and we can offer no assurance that these initiatives will ultimately have the intended effects.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
On December 23, 2024, we completed the Trina Business Combination. We are currently integrating policies, processes, people, technology and operations for the combined company. Management will continue to evaluate our internal control over financial reporting as we execute integration activities. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, except as noted above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. To the knowledge of our management, there are no material litigation, claims, or actions currently pending against us, any of our officers, or directors in their capacity as such, or against any of our property. On June 5, 2025 and July 31, 2025 we received notices from U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) relating to potential customs duties on goods imported in 2024 by one of the entities we acquired in the Trina Business Combination (the “Notices”). CBP has not quantified the duties it alleges are owed. We continue to assess the Notices, but expect to contest them vigorously.
We believe, taking into consideration our indemnities, defenses, insurance and reserves, the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be determined at this time, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful in contesting the Notices, or that we will not need to accrue or pay additional amounts in the future.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in (i) Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2025 (as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-K/A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2025) and (ii) Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (x) for the qua rterly period ended March 31, 2025 filed with the SEC on May 15, 2025 (the “First quarter 2025 Form 10-Q”), as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A filed with the SEC on August 18, 2025 (“Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A) and (y) for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2025 filed with the SEC on August 19, 2025 (the “Second quarter 2025 Form 10-Q”),
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which could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. The risks described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. Except for the risk factors disclosed in Part II, Item 1A. of the First quarter 2025 Form 10-Q (as amended and supplemented by Amendment No. 1 on Form 10-Q/A) and Second quarter 2025 Form 10-Q, which are hereby incorporated by reference into this Part II, Item 1A of this Form 10-Q, there have been no material changes in the risk factors contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.
We previously identified a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting and determined that it resulted in our internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures not being effective. As of September 30, 2025, we have not remediated this material weakness. If we are not able to remediate this material weakness, or we identify additional deficiencies in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, including disclosure controls and procedures, this could result in material misstatements of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations.
A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the financial statements will not be prevented or detected and corrected on a timely basis. We are required to annually provide management’s attestation on internal control over financial reporting. We are also required to disclose significant changes made to our internal control procedures on a quarterly basis and any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting during the course of related assessments.
Management previously identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting related to its controls over applying technical accounting guidance to nonrecurring events and transactions, specific to the evaluation of information that was known or knowable at the time of the transaction or event. Management determined that such material weakness resulted in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures not being effective. As of September 30, 2025, we have not remediated this material weakness.
Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial statements and prevent or detect fraud. The material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described above, any new deficiencies identified in the future or any deficiencies in our disclosure controls and procedures, if not timely remediated, could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. We are in the process of implementing a remediation plan to remediate the material weakness we identified, which is designed to improve our internal control over financial reporting. We can provide no assurance that the measures we have taken to-date and any actions that we may take in the future will be sufficient to remediate this control deficiency, or that such remediation measures will be effective at preventing or avoiding potential future significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal controls.
If the steps we take to remediate the material weakness are ineffective, the material weakness could result in material misstatements to our annual or interim consolidated financial statements that might not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, or in delayed filings of our required periodic reports. This might lead to investors losing confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Common Stock could be adversely affected, and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by NYSE, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.
Furthermore, if we identify any new material weaknesses in the future, any such newly identified material weakness could limit our ability to prevent or detect a misstatement of our accounts or disclosures that could result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements. In such case, we may be unable to maintain compliance with securities law requirements regarding timely filing of periodic reports in addition to applicable stock exchange listing requirements, investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting and our stock price may decline as a result. We cannot assure you that the measures we have taken to date, or any measures we may take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate our existing material weakness or avoid potential future material weaknesses.
The modification, reduction, elimination, or expiration of government subsidies, economic incentives, tax incentives, renewable energy targets, and other support for solar electricity applications, or the impact of other public policies, such as tariffs or other trade remedies imposed on solar cells and modules or related raw materials or equipment, could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth or lead to a reduction in our net sales or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.
Our net sales and profits are subject to variability based on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. Federal, state, and local governmental bodies in many countries have provided subsidies in the form of feed-in-tariff structures, rebates, tax incentives, and other incentives to end users, distributors, system integrators, and manufacturers of PV solar products. Many of these incentive programs expire, phase down over time, require renewal by the applicable authority, or may be amended. To the extent government incentive programs are reduced earlier than previously expected, are changed retroactively, or are not renewed, such changes could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules, lead to a reduction in our net sales, and adversely impact our operating results.
Current regulatory policies, or any future changes or threatened changes to such policies, including those changes as a result of the current U.S. administration and control of the U.S. Congress, may subject us to significant risks, including the following:
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•a reduction or removal of renewable energy programs and initiatives and the incentives they provide may negatively impact the market for future solar energy off-take agreements, slow the retirement of aging fossil fuel plants, including the retirements of coal generation plants, and reduce the ability for solar project developers to compete for off-take agreements, which may reduce PV solar module sales;
•any limitations on the value or availability to manufacturers or potential investors of tax incentives that benefit solar energy production, sales, or projects, such as the Section 45X advanced manufacturing production credit, ITC, and PTC, as seen in the accelerated termination of certain clean energy tax credits under the OBBBA– particularly where taxpayers source a particular percentage of their products and components from, or have certain commercial arrangements with FEOCS – could result in reducing such manufacturers’ or investors’ economic returns and could cause a reduction in the availability of financing, thereby reducing demand for PV solar modules; and
•any effort to overturn federal and state laws, regulations, or policies that are supportive of solar energy generation or that remove costs or other limitations on other types of electricity generation that compete with solar energy projects could negatively impact our ability to compete with traditional forms of electricity generation and materially and adversely affect our business.
Application of trade laws may also adversely impact, either directly or indirectly, our operating results; for example, by impacting our customers’ project costs, profitability, and their demand for our modules; or by impacting our own costs or disrupting our manufacturing or supply chains, and consequently negatively impacting demand and/or price levels for our solar modules, reducing our net sales, or affecting potential profitability of fulfilling customer contracts. We are therefore potentially subject to various risks, which include the following:
•any tariffs that reduce the profitability of contracts, whereby the cost of tariffs exceeds the amount able to be, or willing to be, absorbed by either us or the customer under the provisions of the contract and may lead to the cancellation of such contract, potentially resulting in the reduction of future revenue, the loss of the contractual right to a termination payment from a customer and/or the required return of a previously received customer down payment; and
•any reciprocal or other tariffs may place burdens on our customers’ supply chains exclusive of module import costs, including through increased costs of trackers, inverters, transformers, and other imported equipment, which are often heavily dependent on Chinese supply chains, due to the lack of availability from other countries. These and other costs could result in an inability for certain projects to generate profitable returns, and may lead to the delay or abandonment of such projects, thereby reducing or removing demand for currently contracted PV module sales.
In some instances, the application of trade laws is currently beneficial to us, and changes in their application could have an adverse impact. The overall impact of trade laws on our business depends on multiple factors, including their duration, scope and potential expansion thereof, enforcement, retaliatory measures by impacted exporting countries, inflationary effects and broader macroeconomic responses, changes to consumer purchasing behavior, and the effectiveness of our responses in managing these impacts. Recent developments include the following:
•United States — Reciprocal Tariffs. As of October 28, 2025, the United States imposes a 10% baseline reciprocal tariff on imports from most countries, excluding Canada, Mexico, and countries listed under “Column 2” of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, such as Russia and North Korea. In addition, country-specific reciprocal tariffs of up to 41% took effect on August 7, 2025, covering imports from more than 60 trading partners. Imports from China are subject to a separate arrangement: Chinese goods are presently subject to a combined 30% tariff (composed of the 10% baseline tariff and the 20% fentanyl-related tariff), with this arrangement extended through November 10, 2025. These increases in country-specific tariff rates could increase the costs to produce our solar modules, which would reduce our profitability. There is substantial uncertainty about the duration of existing policies surrounding tariffs on Chinese imports and, potential changes to existing tariff countermeasures taken by China against the United States, particularly in light of trade negotiations between the two countries. There is also uncertainty as to whether additional tariffs may be imposed, modified, or suspended, and the impacts of such actions on our business. In this context, the U.S. Supreme Court is considering two consolidated challenges to tariffs imposed under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (“IEEPA”), which could result in a partial or complete invalidation of certain tariffs. While the situation remains fluid, we are continuing to evaluate these developments.
•United States — Section 201 Tariffs on Certain Imported Crystalline Silicon PV Cells and Modules. The United States currently imposes different types of tariffs and/or other trade remedies on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules from various countries. In February 2022, President Biden proclaimed a four-year extension of a global safeguard measure imposed pursuant to Section 201 of the Trade Act of 1974 that provides for tariffs on imported crystalline silicon solar modules and a tariff rate quota on imported crystalline silicon solar cells. The extension measure’s tariff rate was originally set at 14.75%, with annual reductions of 0.25 percentage points over the remainder of its four-year term, which expires in February 2026. The current rate is 14.00%. The extension measure also provides an annual tariff-rate quota, whereby tariffs apply only to imported crystalline silicon solar cells above the first 12.5 GW of imports, which was exceeded by approximately 1.4 GW in 2024, according to data from the U.S. International Trade Commission (“USITC”).
•United States — Section 301 Tariffs on Certain Chinese Imports. The United States currently imposes product-specific tariffs ranging on many articles imported from China, including tariffs of 50% on crystalline silicon solar
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cells and tariffs of 25% on modules pursuant to Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. Currently, crystalline silicon solar cells are subject to 50% tariffs, and modules are subject to 25% tariffs. There are certain product exclusions for these tariffs and the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (“USTR”) is accepting product exclusion requests, however, these exclusions will expire on November 29, 2025 following multiple extensions. If the exclusions are not further extended, the Company may incur increased costs for certain equipment imports needed for the G2 solar cell manufacturing facility in Austin, Texas.
•United States — IEEPA Tariffs in Response to the Fentanyl and Immigration Crises. In February 2025, the U.S. administration announced 25% tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, with the exception of products originating under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (“USMCA”), and 10% tariffs on all imports from China. These tariffs are related to the national security threat posed by trade in fentanyl and other illegal narcotics, as well as illegal immigration. The 10% tariffs on China were subsequently doubled to 20% in March 2025. These tariffs apply in addition to any tariffs imposed under Section 301, ordinary customs duties, antidumping duties or countervailing duties (“AD/CVDs”), and reciprocal tariffs imposed on Chinese imports. Our operating results could be adversely impacted if these tariffs were to be terminated or reduced. As noted above, the Company is closely monitoring the status of the pending litigation over IEEPA tariffs.
•United States — Port Fees on Certain Chinese Vessel Operators and Chinese Vessel Owners. On October 14, 2025, USTR used its Section 301 authority to implement new port fees on Chinese vessel operators and/or Chinese vessel owners as well as on non-Chinese operators of Chinese-origin vessels. The level of fees is on a sliding scale per net ton or, in the case of non-Chinese operators, the higher of a net ton fee or container-based fee. In response, on October 14, 2025, China implemented its own port charges on vessels with a U.S. nexus calling at Chinese ports. Such fees may impact our logistics services and consequently impact our profitability and results of operations.
•United States — Tariffs on Certain Foreign-imported Aluminum and Steel. Effective July 4, 2025, the U.S. administration increased tariffs on imported aluminum and steel articles and derivative products under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce (“USDOC”) from 25% to 50%. There are certain exemptions to these tariffs including for items that are USMCA-originating. Such tariffs and policies, or any other U.S. or global trade remedies or other trade barriers, may directly or indirectly affect U.S. or global markets for solar energy and our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
•United States — Potential Tariffs on Processed Critical Minerals and Derivative Products. On April 22, 2025, the U.S. Secretary of Commerce initiated an investigation to determine the effects on the national security of imports of certain critical minerals, as well as their derivative products, under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (“Section 232”). The scope of the investigation includes tellurium and other critical minerals used in solar module manufacturing. In addition, the definition of derivative products covered by the investigation is potentially broad. If this investigation results in the imposition of tariffs or import restrictions on critical minerals and/or derivative products, it could negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our solar modules and limit our growth, lead to a reduction in our net sales, or increase our costs, thereby adversely impacting our operating results. This situation is potentially exacerbated by China’s October 10, 2025, imposition of restrictions on exports of certain critical minerals from China, which could further constrain global supply and raise price levels.
•United States — Potential Tariffs on Polysilicon and Derivative Products. On July 1, 2025, the U.S. Secretary of Commerce initiated an investigation to determine the effects on the national security imports of polysilicon and its derivatives under Section 232, a key component in solar panels. If this investigation results in the imposition of tariffs or import restrictions on polysilicon and its derivatives, and in the future we import solar cells and wafers from jurisdictions that are then subject to Section 232 tariffs, it could increase our costs and negatively impact demand and/or price levels for our products and limit our growth, which may lead to a reduction in our net sales, thereby adversely impacting our operating results.
•United States — AD/CVDs on Certain Imported Crystalline Silicon PV Cells and Modules. The United States currently imposes AD/CVDs on certain imported crystalline silicon PV cells and modules from China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and Malaysia. Such AD/CVDs can change over time pursuant to annual administrative reviews conducted by the USDOC, and a decline in duty rates or USDOC’s failure to fully enforce U.S. AD/CVD laws could have an adverse impact on our operating results. While the Company views AD/CVD duties on solar products as ultimately consistent with our interests, the Company currently imports solar cells, and may need to continue doing so until we begin production of solar cells at our planned G2 manufacturing facility in Austin, Texas. During this time, if T1 needed to purchase imported cells from these jurisdictions, AD/CVD duties imposed on these shipments could impose significant cost pressure on our operations or make it infeasible to import cells from these jurisdictions.
•United States — Pending AD/CVD Investigations on Solar Cells and Modules. In July 2025, the American Alliance for Solar Manufacturing Trade Committee filed AD/CVD petitions with the USDOC and the USITC to impose duties on solar cells and modules from Indonesia, India and Laos. The investigations may result in the imposition of final AD/CVD duties. The USDOC is expected to issue its preliminary countervailing duty determinations in December 2025 and preliminary antidumping duty determinations in February 2026. Affirmative determinations in these investigations may increase our operating costs, to the extent we are unable to secure supply of solar cells domestically, until we begin production of solar cells at our planned U.S. manufacturing facilities.
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As exemplified above, established markets for PV solar development face uncertainties arising from policy, regulatory, and governmental actions. Policy promulgation and market development are especially vulnerable to governmental inertia, political instability, changing government policy and priorities, the imposition or lowering of trade remedies and other trade barriers, geopolitical risk, fossil fuel subsidization, potentially stringent localization requirements, and limited available infrastructure. Any negative impacts from changes in policy, regulatory and governmental actions could negatively affect our business, reduce our net sales, profitability and/or market share, and consequently adversely affect our results of operations, prospects, and financial condition.
Export and import controls could subject us to liability or impair our ability to compete in international markets.
The U.S. and various foreign governments have imposed controls, export license requirements and restrictions on the import or export of certain products, technologies, and software. We must export and import our products in compliance with any applicable controls. We may not always be successful in obtaining necessary governmental approvals, and failure to obtain required import or export approval for our products or limitations on our ability to export or sell our products may adversely affect our revenue. Noncompliance with these laws could have negative consequences, including government investigations, penalties, and reputational harm.
For example, on June 5, 2025 and July 31, 2025, we received notices from CBP relating to potential customs duties on goods imported in 2024 by one of the entities we acquired in the Trina Business Combination. CBP has not quantified the duties it alleges are owed. We continue to assess the notices, but expect to contest them vigorously. For more information, see Item I. Legal Proceedings.
Changes in our products or changes in export, import, and economic sanctions laws and regulations may delay us introducing new products in international markets, prevent our customers from using our products internationally or in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products to or from certain countries altogether. Any change in export or import regulations or legislation; shift or change in enforcement; or change in the countries, persons, or technologies targeted by these regulations could result in decreased use of our products by, or in our decreased ability to, export or sell our products to existing or potential customers with international operations, adversely affecting our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.
We expect certain financial benefits as a result of tax incentives provided by the IRA. If these expected financial benefits vary significantly from our assumptions, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
T1 expects to qualify for the advanced manufacturing production credit under Section 45X of the IRC, which provides certain specified benefits for PV solar modules and certain solar module components manufactured in the United States and sold to unrelated persons. Such credit may be refundable by the IRS or transferable to a third party for cash and is available from 2023 to 2032, subject to phase-down beginning in 2030.
Any changes to the statutes or regulatory guidance regarding Section 45X of the IRC arising, for example, through (i) technical guidance and regulations from the IRS and U.S. Treasury Department, (ii) subsequent amendments to or interpretations of the law by the IRS, the U.S. Treasury Department, or the courts, (iii) future laws or regulations rendering certain provisions of the IRA less effective or ineffective, in whole or in part, or (iv) changes to U.S. government priorities, policies, or initiatives as a result of the change in presidency in 2025, could materially adversely impact our tax expense, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. For example, the OBBBA eliminates the availability of certain tax credits for taxpayers that are considered to be a prohibited foreign entity (as defined under the OBBBA). A taxpayer will be considered a prohibited foreign entity if (i) a specified foreign entity has the direct authority to appoint a covered officer of the taxpayer (including but not limited to members of the board of directors and executive-level officers), (ii) a single specified foreign entity owns at least 25% of the taxpayer, (iii) one or more specified foreign entities own in the aggregate at least 40% of the taxpayer, (iv) at least 15% of debt of the taxpayer has been issued, in the aggregate, to one or more specified foreign entities, or (v) the taxpayer made a payment to a specified foreign entity pursuant to a contract, agreement (including commercial agreements and IP licenses) or other arrangement which entitles such specified foreign entity (or an entity related to such specified foreign entity) to exercise effective control (as defined under the OBBBA). A taxpayer, such as us or our customers, also will be prohibited from claiming certain credits if it receives material assistance from a prohibited foreign entity (as defined under the OBBBA). While we are taking active measures to achieve compliance with such rules in the OBBBA, (including, but not limited to, the proposed amendment to our certificate of incorporation to introduce limits on foreign ownership of our capital) and OBBBA compliance remains a significant priority for us, we may not be able to fully meet such requirements within the required timeframe thereunder. There is continuing uncertainty on certain aspects of the IRA and related guidance and the OBBBA and forthcoming related guidance. Such uncertainty related to the IRA or changes imposed by the OBBBA, or our inability to comply with the requirements of the OBBBA, may cause customers to delay contracting decisions or may cause customers to delay or cancel existing contracts as they navigate such uncertainty, or impact our ability to obtain external financing on acceptable terms, which could have a material negative effect on our business and results of operations.
ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.
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ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.
ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans
None of the Company’s directors or officers adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the three months ended September 30, 2025, as such terms are defined under Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.
ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
The documents listed below are incorporated by reference or are filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).
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Exhibit |  |
Number |  | Exhibit Description
3.1 |  | Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025).
3.2 |  | Amended and Restated Bylaws of T1 Energy Inc., a Delaware corporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025).
4.1 |  | Certificate of Designations of Series B Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock of T1 Energy Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 31, 2025).
4.2 |  | Certificate of Designations of Series B-1 Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock of T1 Energy Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 31, 2025).
1 0.1 |  | Amendment No. 6 to Credit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 3, 2025).
10.2* |  | Amendment No. 7 to Credit Agreement, dated as of November 14, 2025, by and among the Borrower, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and HSBC Bank USA, N.A., as administrative and collateral agent.
1 0.3 |  | Amendment No. 2 to Consultancy Agreement between T1 Energy Inc. and Peter Matrai, dated August 1, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 5, 2025).
1 0.4 |  | Amendment No. 1 to the Sales Agency and Aftermarket Support Agreement, dated as of August 13, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 14, 2025).
10.5++ |  | Amendment No. 3 to the Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 13, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 14, 2025).
1 0.6++ |  | Amendment to the Offer Letter, dated August 31, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 4, 2025).
1 0.7**, ++ |  | Termination Letter, dated September 10, 2025, by and between T1 Energy Inc. and Stellar Hann Investment Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 11, 2025).
1 0.8 |  | Warrant Agreement, dated September 10, 2025, by and between T1 Energy Inc. and Stellar Hann Investment Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on September 11, 2025).
1 0.9 |  | Form of Securities Purchase Agreement, dated October 23, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 23, 2025).
1 0.10 |  | Placement Agency Agreement, dated October 23, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 23, 2025).
10.1 1**, ++ |  | Amended and Restated Stock Purchase Agreement, by and between T1 Energy Inc. and the purchasers thereto, dated as of October 31, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 31, 2025).**/++
31.1* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1‡,* |  | Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.2‡,* |  | Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101* |  | Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2025 is formatted in Inline XBRL interactive data files: (i) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2024; (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; (iii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024; and (v) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104* |  | Cover Page Interactive Data File formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101

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* | Filed herewith.
# | Management contract and compensatory plan and arrangement.
‡ | The certifications attached as Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 that accompany this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are deemed furnished and not filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.
** | Schedules and exhibits omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. The Company will furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request. The Company may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, for any schedules or exhibits so furnished.
‘++ | Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by “[***]”) have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10)(iv) of Regulation S-K because it is not material and is the type of information that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

| T1 Energy Inc.
Date: November 14, 2025 | /s/ Joseph Evan Calio
| Name: | Joseph Evan Calio
| Title: | Chief Financial Officer
|  | (Principal Financial Officer)
Date: November 14, 2025 | /s/ Denise Cruz
| Name: | Denise Cruz
| Title: | Chief Accounting Officer
|  | (Principal Accounting Officer)

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