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<FILENAME>auditreport.txt
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Trustees of
The Putnam Funds and the Board
of Directors of Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company

We have examined management assertion, included in the
accompanying Management Statement Regarding Compliance with
Certain Provisions of the Investment Company Act of 1940, that
The Putnam Funds (the Funds) complied with the requirements of
subsections (b) and (c) of Rule 17f-2 under the Investment
Company Act of 1940 (the Act) as of March 30, 2007.  Management
is responsible for the Fund compliance with those requirements.
Our responsibility is to express an opinion on management
assertion about the Fund compliance based on our examination.

Our examination was conducted in accordance with the standards of
the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)
and, accordingly, included examining, on a test basis, evidence
about the Fund compliance with those requirements and performing
such other procedures as we considered necessary in the
circumstances.  Included among our procedures were the following
tests performed as of March 30, 2007, and with respect to
agreement of security purchases and sales, for the period from
October 27, 2006 (the date of our last examination), through
March 30, 2007:

-	Obtained confirmation of all securities recordkept at banks
with whom the custodian and the Funds have contracted to
provide sub-custodian services including Mellon Bank, State
Street Bank & Trust, Brown Brothers Harriman & Co., United
Missouri Bank, JP MorganChase, and Citibank;

-	Reconciled all such securities to the books and records of the
Funds and the sub-custodian;

-	Confirmed with brokers or inspected documentation for selected
securities purchased but not received;

-	Examined the internal controls surrounding security purchases
and security sales or maturities from the books and records of
the Funds since our last report.

We believe that our examination provides a reasonable basis for
our opinion.  Our examination does not provide a legal
determination on the Fund compliance with specified requirements.

In our opinion, management assertion that the Funds complied with
the requirements of subsections (b) and (c) of Rule 17f-2 of the
Investment Company Act of 1940 as of March 30, 2007 with respect
to securities reflected in the investment accounts of the Funds
is fairly stated, in all material respects.

This report is intended solely for the information and use of the
Board of Trustees of The Putnam Funds, the Board of Directors and
management of Putnam Fiduciary Trust Company, the Securities and
Exchange Commission, and the Independent Registered Public
Accounting Firms of the Funds and is not intended to be and
should not be used by anyone other than these specified parties.



/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP



July 12, 2007




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