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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
☑ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 25, 2019
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from __________ to __________
Commission file number 0-18051
DENNY’S CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware |  | 13-3487402
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |  | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
203 East Main Street |  |
Spartanburg, | South Carolina |  | 29319-9966
(Address of principal executive offices) |  | (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (864) 597-8000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class |  | Trading Symbol(s) |  | Name of each exchange on which registered
$.01 Par Value, Common Stock |  | DENN |  | The Nasdaq Stock Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer | ☑ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | Emerging growth company | ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was $962,693,982 as of June 26, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing sales price of the registrant’s common stock on that date of $19.77 per share and, for purposes of this computation only, the assumption that all of the registrant’s directors, executive officers and beneficial owners of 10% or more of the registrant’s common stock are affiliates.
As of February 20, 2020, 56,020,287 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $.01 par value per share, were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE:
Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| Page
PART I |
Item 1. Business | 1
Item 1A. Risk Factors | 8
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments | 14
Item 2. Properties | 14
Item 3. Legal Proceedings | 16
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures | 16
PART II |
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities | 17
Item 6. Selected Financial Data | 19
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations | 20
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk | 32
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data | 33
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure | 33
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures | 33
Item 9B. Other Information | 36
PART III |
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance | 36
Item 11. Executive Compensation | 36
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters | 36
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence | 37
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services | 37
PART IV |
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules | 37
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary | 40
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements | F - 1
Signatures |

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
The forward-looking statements included in the “Business,” “Risk Factors,” “Legal Proceedings,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” sections and elsewhere herein, which reflect our best judgment based on factors currently known, involve risks and uncertainties. Words such as “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “hope,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Such statements speak only as to the date thereof. Except as may be required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Form 10-K or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a number of factors including, but not limited to, the factors discussed in such sections and, in particular, those set forth in the cautionary statements contained in “Risk Factors.” The forward-looking information we have provided in this Form 10-K pursuant to the safe harbor established under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 should be evaluated in the context of these factors.

PART I
Item 1. Business
Description of Business
Denny’s Corporation (Denny’s), a Delaware corporation, is one of America’s largest franchised full-service restaurant chains based on the number of restaurants. Denny’s, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Denny’s, Inc., owns and operates the Denny’s brand. At December 25, 2019, the Denny’s brand consisted of 1,703 franchised, licensed and company restaurants around the world, including 1,559 restaurants in the United States and 144 international restaurant locations. As of December 25, 2019, 1,635 of our restaurants were franchised or licensed, representing 96% of the total restaurants, and 68 were company restaurants.
Denny’s is known as America’s Diner, or in the case of our international locations, “the local diner.” Open 24/7 in most locations, we provide our guests quality food that emphasizes everyday value and new products through our compelling limited time only offerings, delivered in a warm, friendly “come as you are” atmosphere. Denny’s has been serving guests for over 65 years and is best known for its breakfast fare, which is available around the clock. The Build Your Own Grand Slam, one of our most popular menu items, traces its origin back to the Original Grand Slam which was first introduced in 1977. In addition to our breakfast-all-day items, Denny’s offers a wide selection of lunch and dinner items including burgers, sandwiches, salads and skillet entrées, along with an assortment of beverages, appetizers and desserts.
In 2019, Denny’s average annual restaurant sales were $2.5 million for company restaurants and $1.7 million for domestic franchised restaurants. At our company restaurants, the guest check average was $10.89 with an approximate average of 4,400 guests served per week. Because our restaurants are open 24 hours, we have four dayparts (breakfast, lunch, dinner and late night), accounting for 26%, 36%, 20% and 18%, respectively, of average daily sales at company restaurants. Weekends have traditionally been the most popular time for guests to visit our restaurants. In 2019, 36% of an average week of sales at company restaurants occurred from Friday late night through Sunday lunch.
References to “Denny’s,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” in this Form 10-K are references to Denny’s Corporation and its subsidiaries. Financial information about our operations, including our revenues and net income for the fiscal years ended
December 25, 2019, December 26, 2018, and December 27, 2017, and our total assets as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, is included in our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this report.
Restaurant Development
Franchising
Our criteria to become a Denny’s franchisee include minimum liquidity and net worth requirements and appropriate operational experience. We believe that Denny’s is an attractive financial proposition for current and potential franchisees and that our fee structure is competitive with other full-service brands. Our current traditional twenty-year Denny’s franchise agreements have an initial fee of up to $30,000 and a royalty payment of up to 4.5% of gross sales. Additionally, our franchisees are required to contribute up to 3.25% of gross sales for marketing and may make additional advertising contributions as part of a local marketing co-operative. Approximately 66% of our franchised restaurants were operating under this agreement as of December 25, 2019. Franchise agreements for nontraditional locations, such as university campuses, may contain higher royalty and lower advertising contribution rates than the traditional franchise agreements. Our domestic royalty rate averaged approximately 4.18% during 2019.
We work closely with our franchisees to plan and execute many aspects of the business. The Denny’s Franchisee Association (“DFA”) was created to promote communication among our franchisees and between the Company and our franchise community. DFA board members and Company management primarily work together through Brand Advisory Councils relating to Development, Marketing, Operations and Technology matters, as well as through a Supply Chain Oversight Committee for procurement and distribution matters.
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Site Selection
The success of any restaurant is significantly influenced by its location. Our development team works closely with franchisees and real estate brokers to identify sites which meet specific standards. Sites are evaluated on the basis of a variety of factors, including but not limited to:

• | demographics;

• | traffic patterns;

• | visibility;

• | building constraints;

• | competition;

• | environmental restrictions; and

• | proximity to high-traffic consumer activities.

Domestic Development
To accelerate the growth of the brand in specific under-penetrated markets, we offer certain incentive programs. These programs provide significant incentives for franchisees to develop locations in areas where Denny’s does not have the top market share. The benefits to franchisees include reduced franchise fees, lower royalties and advertising contributions for a limited time period and credits toward certain development services, such as training fees.
In addition to these incentive programs, we have increased our domestic development pipeline by approximately 78 restaurants through our refranchising and development strategy during 2018 and 2019. These commitments were attached to the sale of 113 company restaurants during 2018 and 2019. While we anticipate the majority of the restaurants will be opened under these agreements generally as scheduled, from time to time some of our franchisees’ ability to grow and meet their development commitments may be hampered by the economy, the lending environment or other circumstances.
International Development
In addition to the development agreements signed for domestic restaurants, as of December 25, 2019, we had the potential to develop approximately 90 international franchised restaurants with our current development partners in various countries including Aruba, Canada, Central America, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. These development commitments include our recently enhanced development agreements with franchisees in Canada and the Philippines. The majority of these restaurants are expected to open over the next ten years. During 2019, we opened 14 international franchised locations, including three each in Canada, the Philippines, and the United Arab Emirates and one each in Aruba, Indonesia, Guatemala, Mexico, and Puerto Rico.
During 2020, we expect to open a total of 30 to 40 restaurants in domestic and international markets. Including estimated closures, we expect the change in restaurant count for 2020 to be an increase or decrease of up to five restaurants.
Franchise Focused Business Model
Through our development and refranchising efforts we have achieved a restaurant portfolio mix of 96% franchised and 4% company restaurants. The majority of our future restaurant openings and growth of the brand will come primarily from the development of franchised restaurants. The following table summarizes the changes in the number of company restaurants and franchised and licensed restaurants during the past five years (excluding relocations):
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| 2019 |  | 2018 |  | 2017 |  | 2016 |  | 2015
Company restaurants, beginning of period | 173 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 164 |  |  | 161 |
Units opened | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Units acquired from franchisees | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |  |  | 3 |
Units sold to franchisees | (105 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (4 | ) |  | (6 | ) |  | (1 | )
Units closed | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (2 | )
End of period | 68 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 169 |  |  | 164 |
Franchised and licensed restaurants, beginning of period | 1,536 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | 1,564 |  |  | 1,546 |  |  | 1,541 |
Units opened | 30 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 36 |  |  | 49 |  |  | 42 |
Units purchased from Company | 105 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 1 |
Units acquired by Company | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (10 | ) |  | (3 | )
Units closed | (36 | ) |  | (52 | ) |  | (37 | ) |  | (27 | ) |  | (35 | )
End of period | 1,635 |  |  | 1,536 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | 1,564 |  |  | 1,546 |
Total restaurants, end of period | 1,703 |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 1,735 |  |  | 1,733 |  |  | 1,710 |

The table below sets forth information regarding the distribution of single-store and multi-store franchisees as of December 25, 2019:

Number of Restaurants Owned |  | Franchisees |  | Percentage of Franchisees |  | Restaurants |  | Percentage of Restaurants
One |  | 84 |  |  | 35.6 | % |  | 84 |  |  | 5.1 | %
Two to five |  | 84 |  |  | 35.6 | % |  | 237 |  |  | 14.5 | %
Six to ten |  | 33 |  |  | 14.0 | % |  | 264 |  |  | 16.1 | %
Eleven to fifteen |  | 12 |  |  | 5.1 | % |  | 145 |  |  | 8.9 | %
Sixteen to thirty |  | 13 |  |  | 5.5 | % |  | 300 |  |  | 18.4 | %
Thirty-one and over |  | 10 |  |  | 4.2 | % |  | 605 |  |  | 37.0 | %
Total |  | 236 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 1,635 |  |  | 100.0 | %

Restaurant Operations
We believe that the consistent and reliable execution of basic restaurant operations in each Denny’s restaurant, whether it is company or franchised, is critical to our success. To meet and exceed our guests’ expectations, we require both our company and our franchised restaurants to maintain the same strict brand standards. These standards relate to the preparation and efficient serving of quality food and the maintenance, repair and cleanliness of each restaurant.
We devote significant effort to ensuring all restaurants offer quality food served by friendly, knowledgeable and attentive employees in a clean and well-maintained restaurant. We seek to ensure that our company restaurants meet our high standards through a network of Directors of Company Operations, Company District Managers and restaurant level managers, all of whom spend the majority of their time in the restaurants. A network of Regional Directors of Franchise Operations and Franchise Business Coaches provide oversight of our franchised restaurants to ensure compliance with brand standards, promote operational excellence and provide general support to our franchisees.
A principal feature of our restaurant operations is the consistent focus on improving operations at the restaurant level. Our Pride Review Program, executed by the Franchise Business Coaches and District Managers, is designed to continuously improve the execution of our brand standards and shift management at each company and franchised restaurant. In addition, Denny’s maintains training programs for hourly employees and restaurant management. Hourly employee training programs (including online learning) are position-specific and focus on skills and tasks necessary to successfully fulfill the responsibilities assigned to them, while continually enhancing guest satisfaction. Denny’s Manager In Training (“MIT”) program provides managers with the knowledge and leadership skills needed to successfully operate a Denny’s restaurant. The MIT program is required for all new managers of company restaurants and is also available to Denny’s franchisees to train their managers.
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Product Development and Marketing
Menu Offerings
The Denny’s menu offers a large selection of high-quality, reasonably priced products designed to appeal to all types of guests. We offer a wide variety of entrées for breakfast, lunch, dinner and late night dining, in addition to appetizers, desserts and beverages. Most Denny’s restaurants offer special items for children and seniors at reduced prices. Our “America’s Diner” brand positioning, which provides the promise of everyday value with craveable, indulgent products served in a friendly and welcoming atmosphere, establishes the framework for our primary marketing strategies. These strategies focus on optimizing our product offering to further align with consumer needs, which includes enhancing our core “breakfast all day” platform while providing everyday affordability, primarily through our $2 $4 $6 $8 Value Menu® abundant value menu and platforms such as Super Slam, and delivering compelling core menu and limited-time-only products. Our menu items are enjoyed by guests either in our restaurants or via pick-up or delivery through our Denny’s on Demand platform.
Product Development
Denny’s is a consumer-driven brand focusing on hospitality, menu choices and the overall guest experience. Our Product Development team works closely with consumer insights obtained through primary and secondary qualitative and quantitative studies. Input and ideas from our franchisees, vendors and operators are also integrated into this process. These insights form the strategic foundation for menu architecture, pricing, promotion and advertising. Before a new menu item can be brought to market, it is rigorously tested against consumer expectations, standards of culinary discipline, food science and technology, nutritional analysis, financial benefit and operational execution. This testing process ensures that new menu items are not only appealing, competitive, profitable and marketable, but can be prepared and delivered with excellence in our restaurants.
The added value of these insights and strategic understandings also assists our Restaurant Operations and Information Technology staff in the evaluation and development of new restaurant processes and upgraded restaurant equipment that may enhance our speed of service, food quality and order accuracy.
We continually evolve our menu through new additions, deletions or improvements to meet the needs of a changing consumer and market place.
Product Sources and Availability
Our Purchasing department administers programs for the procurement of food and non-food products. Our franchisees also purchase food and non-food products directly from our vendors under these programs. Our centralized purchasing program is designed to ensure uniform product quality as well as to minimize food, beverage and supply costs. The size of our brand provides significant purchasing power, which often enables us to obtain products at favorable prices from nationally recognized suppliers.
While our Purchasing department negotiates contracts for nearly all products used in our restaurants, the majority of such products are purchased and distributed through McLane Company, Inc. (“McLane”) under a long-term distribution contract. McLane distributes restaurant products and supplies to the Denny’s system from approximately 200 vendors, representing approximately 90% of our restaurant product and supply purchases. We believe that satisfactory alternative sources of supplies are generally available for all of the items regularly used by our restaurants. We have not experienced any material shortages of food, equipment, or other products which are necessary to our restaurant operations.
Marketing and Advertising
Our Marketing team employs integrated marketing and advertising strategies that promote the Denny’s brand. Brand and communications strategy, advertising, brand engagement, broadcast media, social media, digital media, menu management, product innovation and development, consumer insights, multicultural marketing, public relations, reputation management, customer relationship management, field marketing and national/local promotions and partnerships all fall under the marketing umbrella.
We focus our marketing campaigns on amplifying Denny’s brand strengths as America’s Diner, promoting the various breakfast, lunch, dinner and late night menu offerings in addition to both value and premium limited time only offerings, and promoting the convenience of online ordering and payment for pick-up or delivery. Denny’s deploys comprehensive marketing
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strategies on a national level and through local co-operatives, targeting customers through network, cable and local television, radio, online, digital, social, outdoor and print media.
Information Technology
The mission of our Information Technology department is to align our technology strategy in support of our business strategies. We focus on leveraging technology to drive efficiencies, simplify and standardize operations, and streamline the guest experience. We also deliver solutions that support financial and regulatory needs in addition to necessary business improvements.
We rely on information technology systems in all aspects of our operations. At the restaurant level, systems include point-of-sale platforms along with systems and tools for kitchen operations, labor scheduling, inventory management, cash management and credit card transaction processing. Our technology platform includes industry-standard market solutions as well as proprietary software and integration yielding tools and information managers need to run efficient and effective restaurants. We invest in new technologies and R&D efforts to improve operations and enhance the guest experience through innovative solutions like online ordering and payment for pick-up and delivery.
At the corporate level, we have a robust Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) platform that supports finance, accounting, human resources and payroll functions. Our ERP is a cloud-based market solution, enabling us to take advantage of continual software improvements aligned with industry best practices. We also have and are continuing to develop systems that consolidate and report on data from our franchised and company restaurants, including transaction-level detail. These systems are collectively supported by an enterprise network that facilitates seamless connectivity for applications and data throughout our business infrastructure.
Our information technology systems have been designed to protect against unauthorized access and data loss. We are continuously focused on enhancing our cybersecurity capabilities. We are required to maintain the highest level of Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard (DSS) compliance and protect critical and sensitive data for our employees, customers, and the Company. These standards are set by a consortium of major credit card companies and require certain levels of system security and procedures to protect our customers’ credit card and other personal information. We have deployed payment technologies that are EMV (Europay, Mastercard, Visa) certified, and we employ point-to-point encryption to ensure no credit card data is stored within our restaurants. Further, we monitor franchisees’ compliance with PCI standards.
See “Risk Factors” for further information regarding Information Technology.
Brand Protection, Quality & Regulatory Compliance
Denny’s will only serve our guests food that is safe, wholesome and meets our quality standards. Our systems, from “farm to fork,” are based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (“HACCP”), whereby we prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards to a safe level to protect the health of our employees and guests. To ensure this basic expectation of our guests, Denny’s also has risk-based systems in place to validate only approved vendors and distributors which meet and follow our product specifications and food handling procedures. Vendors, distributors and restaurant employees follow regulatory requirements (federal, state and local), industry “best practices” and Denny’s Brand Standards.
The Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-based Preventive Controls for Human Food regulation (referred to as the Preventive Controls for Human Food Regulation) is intended to ensure safe manufacturing/processing, packing and holding of food products for human consumption in the United States. The regulation requires that certain activities must be completed by a “preventive controls qualified individual” who has “successfully completed training in the development and application of risk-based preventive controls.” Our Chief Food Safety Officer and our Food Safety and Quality Assurance teams have all been certified.
We use multiple approaches to ensure food safety and quality generally including quarterly third-party unannounced restaurant inspections (utilizing Denny’s Brand Protection Reviews), health department reviews, guest complaints and employee/manager training in their respective roles. It is a brand standard that all regulatory reviews/inspections be submitted to the Brand Protection, Quality & Regulatory Compliance department within 24 hours. We follow-up on all inspections received and assist operations personnel, facilities personnel and franchisees, where applicable, to bring resolution to regulatory issues or concerns. If operational brand standard expectations are not met, a remediation process is immediately initiated. Our Food Safety/HACCP program uses nationally recognized food safety training courses and American National Standards Institute accredited certification programs.
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All Denny’s restaurants are required to have a person certified in food protection on duty for all hours of operation. Our Food Safety/HACCP program has been recognized nationally by regulatory departments, the restaurant industry and our peers. We continuously work toward improving our processes and procedures. We are advocates for the advancement of food safety within the industry’s organizations, such as the National Council of Chain Restaurants (“NCCR”), NCCR Food Safety Task Force, the National Restaurant Association (“NRA”) (member of the Steering Committee for the October 2018 - October 2020 term) and the NRA’s Quality Assurance Executive Study Group.
Seasonality
Restaurant sales are generally higher in the second and third calendar quarters (April through September) than in the fourth and first calendar quarters (October through March). Additionally, severe weather, storms and similar conditions may impact sales volumes seasonally in some operating regions.
Trademarks and Service Marks
Through our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have certain trademarks and service marks registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in international jurisdictions, including “Denny’s®,” “Grand Slam®,” and “$2 $4 $6 $8 Value Menu®.” We consider our trademarks and service marks important to the identification of our company and franchised restaurants and believe they are of material importance to the conduct of our business. In addition, we have registered various domain names on the internet that incorporate certain of our trademarks and service marks. We believe these domain name registrations are an integral part of our identity. From time to time, we may resort to legal measures to defend and protect the use of our intellectual property. Generally, with appropriate renewal and use, the registration of our service marks and trademarks will continue indefinitely.
Competition
The restaurant industry is highly competitive. Restaurants compete on the basis of name recognition and advertising; the price, quality, variety and perceived value of their food offerings; the quality and speed of their guest service; the location and attractiveness of their facilities; and the convenience of to-go ordering and delivery options.
Denny’s direct competition in the full-service category includes a collection of national and regional chains, as well as thousands of independent operators. We also compete with quick service restaurants as they attempt to upgrade their menus with premium sandwiches, entrée salads, new breakfast offerings and extended hours.
We believe that Denny’s has a number of competitive strengths, including strong brand recognition, well-located restaurants and market penetration. We benefit from economies of scale in a variety of areas, including advertising, purchasing and distribution. Additionally, we believe that Denny’s has competitive strengths in the value, variety and quality of our food products, and in the quality and training of our employees. See “Risk Factors” for additional factors relating to our competition in the restaurant industry.
Economic, Market and Other Conditions
The restaurant industry is affected by many factors, including changes in national, regional and local economic conditions affecting consumer spending; the political environment (including acts of war and terrorism); changes in customer travel patterns including changes in the price of gasoline; changes in socio-demographic characteristics of areas where restaurants are located; changes in consumer tastes and preferences; food safety and health concerns; outbreaks of flu or other viruses (such as the coronavirus) or other diseases; increases in the number of restaurants; and unfavorable trends affecting restaurant operations, such as rising wage rates, health care costs, utility expenses and unfavorable weather. See “Risk Factors” for additional information.
Government Regulations
We and our franchisees are subject to local, state, federal and international laws and regulations governing various aspects of the restaurant business, such as compliance with various minimum wage, overtime, health care, food safety, citizenship, and fair labor standards. We are subject to a variety of federal, state, and international laws governing franchise sales and the franchise relationship.
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We believe we are in material compliance with applicable laws and regulations, but we cannot predict the effect on operations of the enactment of additional regulations in the future.
See “Risk Factors” for a discussion of risks related to governmental regulation of our business.
Information about our Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information with respect to each executive officer of both Denny’s Corporation and Denny’s Inc. as of the filing date of this report:

Name |  | Age |  | Positions
Christopher D. Bode |  | 57 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer
John W. Dillon |  | 48 |  | Executive Vice President and Chief Brand Officer
Stephen C. Dunn |  | 55 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Global Development Officer
Michael L. Furlow |  | 62 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer
John C. Miller |  | 64 |  | Chief Executive Officer
Jill A. Van Pelt |  | 51 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief People Officer
Robert P. Verostek |  | 48 |  | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
F. Mark Wolfinger |  | 64 |  | President

Mr. Bode has been Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer since October 2014. He previously served as Senior Vice President, Operations from January 2013 to October 2014, as Divisional Vice President, Franchise Operations from January 2012 to January 2013 and as Vice President, Operations Initiatives from March 2011 to January 2012.
Mr. Dillon has been Executive Vice President and Chief Brand Officer since February 2020. He previously served as Senior Vice President and Chief Brand Officer from December 2018 to February 2020, as Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer from October 2014 to December 2018, as Vice President, Brand and Field Marketing from June 2013 to October 2014 and as Vice President, Marketing from July 2008 to June 2013.
Mr. Dunn has been Senior Vice President and Chief Global Development Officer since July 2015. He previously served as Senior Vice President, Global Development from April 2011 to July 2015 and Vice President, Company and Franchise Development from September 2005 to April 2011.
Mr. Furlow has been Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer since April 2017. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Chief Information Officer and Senior Vice President of IT at Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. from October 2015 to April 2017 and Chief Information Officer and Senior Vice President of IT of CEC Entertainment, Inc. (an operator and franchisor of Chuck E. Cheese’s and Peter Piper Pizza) from May 2011 to February 2015.
Mr. Miller has been Chief Executive Officer since February 2020. He previously served as Chief Executive Officer and President from February 2011 to February 2020. Prior to joining the Company, he served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Taco Bueno Restaurants, Inc. (an operator and franchisor of quick service Mexican eateries) from 2005 to February 2011.
Ms. Van Pelt has been Senior Vice President and Chief People Officer since October 2014. She previously served as Vice President, Human Resources from October 2008 to October 2014.
Mr. Verostek has been Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer since February 2020. He previously served as Senior Vice President, Finance from October 2016 to February 2020 and Vice President, Financial Planning & Analysis and Investor Relations from January 2012 to October 2016.
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Mr. Wolfinger has been President since February 2020. He previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Administrative Officer from April 2008 to February 2020, as Chief Financial Officer from September 2005 to February 2020, and as Executive Vice President, Growth Initiatives from October 2006 to April 2008.
Employees
At December 25, 2019, we had approximately 4,000 employees, of whom approximately 3,600 were restaurant employees, approximately 100 were field support employees and approximately 300 were corporate personnel. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. Many of our restaurant employees work part-time, and all are paid at or above minimum wage levels. As is characteristic of the restaurant industry, we experience a high level of turnover among our restaurant employees. We have experienced no significant work stoppages, and we consider relations with our employees to be satisfactory.
The staff for a typical restaurant consists of one General Manager, two or three Restaurant Managers and approximately 45 hourly employees. The Chief Operating Officer, along with the three Sr. Directors of Franchise Operations, the VP of Training, the VP of Operations Services and the Sr. Director of Company Operations, establish the strategic direction and key initiatives for the Operations Teams. In addition, we employ four Regional Directors of Franchise Operations and a team of Company District Managers and Franchise Business Coaches to guide and support the franchisees and in-restaurant teams. The duties of the Directors of Operations, District Managers and Franchise Business Coaches include regular restaurant visits and inspections, as well as frequent interactions with our franchisees, employees and guests, which ensure the ongoing adherence to our standards of quality, service, cleanliness, value and hospitality.
Available Information
We make available free of charge through our website at investor.dennys.com (in the SEC Filings section) copies of materials that we file with, or furnish to, the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains an internet website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. In addition, we have made available on our website (in the Corporate Governance - Code of Conduct section) our code of ethics entitled “Denny’s Code of Conduct” which is applicable to the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller, all other executive officers and key financial and accounting personnel as well as each salaried employee of the Company.
We will post on our website any amendments to, or waivers from, a provision of the Denny’s Code of Conduct that applies to the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller or persons performing similar functions, and that relates to (i) honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and professional relationships; (ii) full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in reports and documents that we file with, or submit to, the SEC and in other public communications made by us; (iii) compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and regulations; (iv) the prompt internal reporting of violations of Denny’s Code of Conduct to an appropriate person or persons identified in the code; or (v) accountability to adherence to the code.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
Various risks and uncertainties could affect our business. Any of the risk factors described below or elsewhere in this report or our other filings with the SEC could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In any such event, the trading price of our common stock could decline. It is not possible to predict or identify all risk factors. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also impair our business operations.
A decline in general economic conditions could adversely affect our financial results.
Consumer spending habits, including discretionary spending on dining at restaurants such as ours, are affected by many factors including:

• | prevailing economic conditions, including interest rates;

• | energy costs, especially gasoline prices;

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• | levels of employment;

• | salaries and wage rates, including tax rates; and

• | consumer confidence.

Weakness or uncertainty regarding the economy, both domestic and international, as a result of reactions to consumer credit availability, increasing energy prices, inflation, increasing interest rates, unemployment, war, terrorist activity or other unforeseen events could adversely affect consumer spending habits, which may result in lower operating revenue.
The restaurant business is highly competitive, and if we are unable to compete effectively, our business will be adversely affected.
Each of our company and franchised restaurants competes with a wide variety of restaurants ranging from national and regional restaurant chains to locally owned restaurants. The following are important aspects of competition:

• | restaurant location;

• | advantageous commercial real estate suitable for restaurants;

• | number and location of competing restaurants;

• | attractiveness and repair and maintenance of facilities;

• | ability to develop and support evolving technology to deliver a consistent and compelling guest experience;

• | food quality, new product development and value;

• | dietary trends, including nutritional content;

• | training, courtesy and hospitality standards;

• | ability to attract and retain high quality staff;

• | quality and speed of service; and

• | the effectiveness of marketing and advertising programs, including the effective use of social media platforms and digital marketing initiatives.

Our returns and profitability may be negatively impacted by a number of factors, including those described below.
Food service businesses and the performance of company and franchised restaurants may be materially and adversely affected by factors such as:

• | consumer preferences, including nutritional and dietary concerns;

• | consumer spending habits;

• | global, national, regional and local economic conditions;

• | demographic trends;

• | traffic patterns;

• | the type, number and location of competing restaurants; and

• | the ability to renew leased properties on commercially acceptable terms, if at all.

Dependence on frequent deliveries of fresh produce and other food products subjects food service businesses to the risk that shortages or interruptions in supply caused by adverse weather, food safety warnings, animal disease outbreak or other conditions beyond our control could adversely affect the availability, quality and cost of ingredients. Our inability to effectively manage supply chain risk could increase our costs and limit the availability of products critical to restaurant operations.
In addition, the food service industry in general, and our results of operations and financial condition in particular, may be adversely affected by unfavorable trends or developments such as:

• | inflation;

• | volatility in certain commodity markets;

• | increased food costs;

• | health concerns arising from food safety issues and other food-related pandemics, outbreaks of flu or viruses, such as coronavirus, or other diseases;

• | increased energy costs;

• | labor and employee benefits costs (including increases in minimum hourly wage, employment tax rates, health care costs and workers’ compensation costs);

• | regional weather conditions; and

• | the availability of experienced management and hourly employees.

9

Operating results that are lower than our current estimates may cause us to incur impairment charges on certain long-lived assets and potentially close certain restaurants.
The financial performance of our franchisees can negatively impact our business.
As we are heavily franchised, our financial results are contingent upon the operational and financial success of our franchisees. We receive royalties, advertising contributions and, in some cases, lease payments from our franchisees. While our franchise agreements are designed to require our franchisees to maintain brand consistency, the significant percentage of franchise-operated restaurants may expose us to risks not otherwise encountered if we maintained ownership and control of the restaurants. If our franchisees do not successfully operate their restaurants in a manner consistent with our standards, or if customers have negative experiences due to issues with food quality or operational execution at our franchised locations, our brand could be harmed, which in turn could negatively impact our business. Additional risks include:

• | franchisee defaults on their obligations to us arising from financial or other difficulties encountered by them, such as the inability to pay financial obligations including royalties, rent on leases on which we retain contingent liability, and certain loans on which we have guarantees;

• | limitations on enforcement of franchisee obligations due to bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings;

• | the inability to participate in business strategy changes due to financial constraints;

• | failure to operate restaurants in accordance with required standards, including food quality and safety;

• | and impacts of the financial performance of other businesses operated by franchisees on the overall financial performance and condition of the franchsiee.

If a significant number of franchisees become financially distressed, it could harm our operating results. For 2019, our ten largest franchisees accounted for approximately 35% of our total franchise and license revenue. The balance of our franchise revenue was derived from the remaining 226 franchisees.
Our growth strategy depends on our ability and that of our franchisees to open new restaurants. Delays or failures in opening new restaurants could adversely affect our planned growth and operating results.
The development of new restaurants may be adversely affected by risks such as:

• | inability to identify suitable franchisees;

• | costs and availability of capital for the Company and/or franchisees;

• | competition for restaurant sites;

• | negotiation of favorable purchase or lease terms for restaurant sites;

• | inability to obtain all required governmental approvals and permits;

• | delays in completion of construction;

• | challenge of identifying, recruiting and training qualified restaurant managers;

• | developed restaurants not achieving the expected revenue or cash flow once opened;

• | challenges specific to the growth of international operations that are different from domestic development; and

• | general economic conditions.

The locations of company and franchised restaurants may cease to be attractive as demographic patterns change.
The success of our company and franchised restaurants is significantly influenced by location. Current locations may not continue to be attractive as demographic patterns change. It is possible that the neighborhood or economic conditions where restaurants are located could decline in the future, potentially resulting in reduced sales at those locations.
10

Our expansion into international markets may present increased risks due to lower customer awareness of our brand, our unfamiliarity with those markets and other factors.
The international markets in which our franchisees currently operate, and any additional markets our franchisees may enter outside of the United States, have many differences compared to our domestic markets. There may be lower consumer familiarity with the Denny’s brand in these markets, as well as different competitive conditions, consumer tastes and economic, political and health conditions. Additionally, there are risks associated with sourcing quality ingredients and other commodities in a cost-effective and timely manner. As a result, franchised international restaurants may take longer to reach expected sales and profit levels, or may never do so, thereby affecting the brand’s overall growth and profitability. Building brand awareness may take longer than expected, which could negatively impact our profitability in those markets.
We are subject to governmental regulations in our international markets impacting the way we do business with our international franchisees. These include antitrust and tax requirements, anti-boycott regulations, import/export/customs and other international trade regulations, the USA Patriot Act and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Failure to comply with any such legal requirements could subject us to monetary liabilities and other sanctions, which could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.
Failure of computer systems, information technology, or the ability to provide a continuously secure network, or cyber attacks against our computer systems, could result in material harm to our reputation and business.
We and our franchisees rely heavily on computer systems and information technology to conduct our business and operate efficiently. We have instituted monitoring controls intended to protect our computer systems, our point-of-sale systems and our information technology platforms and networks against external threats. Those controls include an annual proactive risk assessment, advanced comprehensive analysis of data threats, identification of business email compromise and proper security awareness education. The Audit & Finance Committee of our Board of Directors has oversight responsibility related to our cybersecurity risk management programs and periodically reviews reports on cybersecurity metrics, data privacy and other information technology risks.
We receive and maintain certain personal information about our guests, employees and franchisees. Our use of this information is subject to federal and state regulations, as well as conditions included in certain third-party contracts. If our cybersecurity is compromised and this information is obtained by unauthorized persons or used inappropriately, it could adversely affect our reputation, operations, results of operations and financial condition, and could result in litigation against us or the imposition of penalties. As privacy and information security laws and regulations change or cyber risks evolve, we may incur additional costs to ensure we remain compliant.
A material system failure or interruption, a breach in the security of our information technology systems caused by a cyber attack, or other failure to maintain a secure cyber network could result in reduced efficiency in our operations, loss or misappropriation of data, business interruptions, or could impact delivery of food to restaurants or financial functions such as vendor payment or employee payroll. We have disaster recovery and business continuity plans that are designed to anticipate and mitigate such failures, but it is possible that significant capital investment could be required to rectify these problems, or more likely that cash flows could be impacted, in the shorter term.
We rely on third parties for certain business processes and services. Failure or inability of such third-party vendors to perform subjects us to risks, including business disruption and increased costs.
We depend on suppliers and other third parties for the operation of certain aspects of our business. Some third-party business processes we utilize include information technology, payment processing, gift card authorization and processing, benefits, delivery and other business services. We conduct third-party due diligence and seek to obtain contractual assurance that our vendors will maintain adequate controls, such as adequate security against data breaches. However, the failure of our suppliers to maintain adequate controls or comply with our expectations and standards could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results.
Food safety and quality concerns may negatively impact our business and profitability.
Incidents or reports of food- or water-borne illness, or other food safety issues, food contamination or tampering, employee hygiene and cleanliness failures, improper employee conduct, or presence of communicable disease at our restaurants or suppliers could lead to product liability or other claims. Such incidents or reports could negatively affect our brand and reputation, and a decrease in customer traffic resulting from these reports could negatively impact our revenues and profits. Similar incidents or reports occurring at other restaurant brands unrelated to us could likewise create negative publicity, which
11

could negatively impact consumer behavior towards us. In addition, if a regional or global health pandemic occurs, depending upon its location, duration and severity, our business could be severely affected.
We rely on our domestic and international vendors, as do our franchisees, to provide quality ingredients and to comply with applicable laws and industry standards. A failure of one of our domestic or international vendors to meet our quality standards, or meet domestic or international food industry standards, could result in a disruption in our supply chain and negatively impact our brand and our business and profitability. Our inability to manage an event such as a product recall or product related litigation could also cause our results to suffer.
Unfavorable publicity, or a failure to respond effectively to adverse publicity, could harm our brand’s reputation.
Multi-unit food service businesses such as ours can be materially and adversely affected by widespread negative publicity of any type, including food safety, outbreak of flu or viruses (such as coronavirus) or other health concerns, criminal activity, guest discrimination, harassment, employee relations or other operating issues. The increasing use of social media platforms has increased the speed and scope of unfavorable publicity and could hinder our ability to quickly and effectively respond to such reports. Regardless of whether the allegations or complaints are accurate or valid, negative publicity relating to a particular restaurant or a limited number of restaurants could adversely affect public perception of the entire brand.
Numerous government regulations impact our business, and our failure to comply with them could adversely affect our business.
We and our franchisees are subject to federal, state, local and international laws and regulations governing, among other things:

• | preparation, labeling, advertising and sale of food;

• | sanitation;

• | health and fire safety;

• | land use, sign restrictions and environmental matters;

• | employee health care requirements, including the implementation and uncertain legal, regulatory and cost implications of the health care reform law;

• | management and protection of the personnel data of our guests, employees and franchisees;

• | payment card regulation and related industry rules;

• | the sale of alcoholic beverages;

• | hiring and employment practices, including minimum wage and tip credit laws and fair labor standards; and

• | Americans with Disabilities Act.

A substantial number of our employees are paid the minimum wage. Accordingly, increases in the minimum wage or decreases in the allowable tip credit (which reduces wages deemed to be paid to tipped employees in certain states) increase our labor costs. We have attempted to offset increases in the minimum wage through pricing and various cost control efforts; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in these efforts in the future.
The operation of our franchisee system is also subject to regulations enacted by a number of states and rules promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission. Due to our international franchising, we are subject to governmental regulations throughout the world impacting the way we do business with our international franchisees. These include antitrust and tax requirements, anti-boycott regulations, import/export/customs and other international trade regulations, the USA Patriot Act and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Additionally, given our significant concentration of restaurants in California, changes in regulations in that state could have a disproportionate impact on our operations. If we or our franchisees fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we or our franchisees could be subjected to restaurant closure, fines, penalties and litigation, which may be costly and could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the future enactment of additional legislation regulating the franchise relationship could adversely affect our operations.
We have implemented various aspects of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act. However, the law or other related requirements may change.
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We are also subject to federal, state, local and international laws regulating the offer and sale of franchises. Such laws impose registration and disclosure requirements on franchisors in the offer and sale of franchises, and may contain provisions that supersede the terms of franchise agreements, including limitations on the ability of franchisors to terminate franchises and alter franchise arrangements.
We are subject to federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, but these rules have not historically had a material impact on our operations. However, we cannot predict the effect of possible future environmental legislation or regulations on our operations.
Litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to the risk of, or are involved in from time to time, complaints or litigation brought by former, current or prospective employees, customers, franchisees, vendors, landlords, shareholders or others. We assess contingencies to determine the degree of probability and range of possible loss for potential accrual in our financial statements. An estimated loss contingency is accrued if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Because lawsuits are inherently unpredictable and unfavorable resolutions could occur, assessing contingencies is highly subjective and requires judgments about future events. We regularly review contingencies to determine the adequacy of the accruals and related disclosures. However, the amount of ultimate loss may differ from these estimates. A judgment that is not covered by insurance or that is significantly in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims could materially adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, regardless of whether any claims against us are valid or whether we are found to be liable, claims may be expensive to defend, and may divert management’s attention away from operations and hurt our performance. Further, adverse publicity resulting from claims may harm our business or that of our franchisees.
If we fail to recruit, develop and retain talented employees, our business could suffer.
Our future success significantly depends on the continued services and performance of our key management personnel. Our future performance will depend on our ability to attract, motivate and retain these and other key officers and key team members, particularly regional and area managers and restaurant general managers. Competition for these employees is intense.
If our internal controls are ineffective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. We maintain a documented system of internal controls which is reviewed and tested by the Company’s full time Internal Audit department. The Internal Audit department reports directly to the Audit and Finance Committee of the Board of Directors. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not intended to provide absolute assurance that we would prevent or detect a misstatement of our financial statements or fraud. Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting could limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely or to detect and prevent fraud. A significant financial reporting failure or material weakness in internal control over financial reporting could cause a loss of investor confidence and decline in the market price of our common stock.
A change in accounting standards can have a significant effect on our reported financial results. New pronouncements and varying interpretations of pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. Changes to existing accounting rules or the questioning of current accounting practices may adversely affect our reported financial results. Additionally, generally accepted accounting principles and related accounting pronouncements, implementation guidelines and interpretations are highly complex and involve many subjective assumptions, estimates and judgments by us. Changes in these principles or their interpretations or changes in underlying assumptions, estimates and judgments by us could significantly change our reported or expected financial performance.
Many factors, including those over which we have no control, affect the trading price of our common stock.
Factors such as reports on the economy or the price of commodities, as well as negative or positive announcements by competitors, regardless of whether the report directly relates to our business, could have an impact on the trading price of our common stock. In addition to investor expectations about our prospects, trading activity in our common stock can reflect the portfolio strategies and investment allocation changes of institutional holders, as well as non-operating initiatives such as our share repurchase programs. Any failure to meet market expectations whether for same-store sales, restaurant unit growth, earnings per share or other metrics could cause our share price to decline.
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Changes in the method used to determine LIBOR rates and the potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021 may affect our financial results.
Borrowings under our credit facility bear interest at variable rates based on LIBOR. In addition, we have interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges of our exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to payments of LIBOR due on forecasted notional debt obligations. LIBOR and certain other interest “benchmarks” may be subject to regulatory guidance and/or reform that could cause interest rates under our current or future debt agreements and interest rate swaps to perform differently than in the past or cause other unanticipated consequences. The United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, has announced that it intends to stop encouraging or requiring banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR after 2021, and it is unclear if LIBOR will cease to exist or if new methods of calculating LIBOR will evolve. If LIBOR ceases to exist or if the methods of calculating LIBOR change from their current form, interest rates on our current or future debt obligations and interest rate swaps may be adversely affected.
Our indebtedness could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and operations.
As of December 25, 2019, we had total indebtedness of $256.5 million, including finance leases. Although we believe that our existing cash balances, funds from operations and amounts available under our credit facility will be adequate to cover our cash flow and liquidity needs, we could seek additional sources of funds, including incurring additional debt, to maintain sufficient cash flow to fund our ongoing operating needs, pay interest and scheduled debt amortization and fund anticipated capital expenditures. We have no material debt maturities scheduled until October 2022. The credit agreement governing most of our indebtedness contains various covenants that could have an adverse effect on our business by limiting our ability to take advantage of financing, merger, acquisition or other corporate opportunities and to fund our operations. Though we currently participate in a share repurchase program, it is subject to restrictions under our credit agreement and there can be no assurance that we will repurchase our common stock pursuant to the program. If we incur additional debt in the future, covenant limitations on our activities and risks associated with such increased debt levels generally could increase. If we are unable to satisfy or refinance our current debt as it comes due, we may default on our debt obligations and lenders could elect to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable and terminate all commitments to extend further credit. For additional information concerning our indebtedness see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 2. Properties
Most Denny’s restaurants are free-standing facilities with property sizes averaging approximately one acre. The restaurant buildings average between 3,800 - 5,000 square feet, allowing them to accommodate an average of 110-170 guests. The number and location of our restaurants as of December 25, 2019 are presented below:
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United States |  | Company |  | Franchised / Licensed |  | Total
Alabama |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Alaska |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Arizona |  | 1 |  |  | 84 |  |  | 85 |
Arkansas |  | — |  |  | 9 |  |  | 9 |
California |  | 25 |  |  | 359 |  |  | 384 |
Colorado |  | — |  |  | 19 |  |  | 19 |
Connecticut |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Delaware |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
District of Columbia |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Florida |  | 9 |  |  | 122 |  |  | 131 |
Georgia |  | — |  |  | 17 |  |  | 17 |
Hawaii |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |
Idaho |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Illinois |  | — |  |  | 57 |  |  | 57 |
Indiana |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Iowa |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Kansas |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |
Kentucky |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
Louisiana |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
Maine |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Maryland |  | — |  |  | 25 |  |  | 25 |
Massachusetts |  | 2 |  |  | 4 |  |  | 6 |
Michigan |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Minnesota |  | — |  |  | 18 |  |  | 18 |
Mississippi |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Missouri |  | — |  |  | 35 |  |  | 35 |
Montana |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Nebraska |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Nevada |  | 7 |  |  | 32 |  |  | 39 |
New Hampshire |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
New Jersey |  | — |  |  | 8 |  |  | 8 |
New Mexico |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |
New York |  | — |  |  | 54 |  |  | 54 |
North Carolina |  | — |  |  | 28 |  |  | 28 |
North Dakota |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Ohio |  | — |  |  | 40 |  |  | 40 |
Oklahoma |  | — |  |  | 14 |  |  | 14 |
Oregon |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |
Pennsylvania |  | — |  |  | 37 |  |  | 37 |
Rhode Island |  | — |  |  | 5 |  |  | 5 |
South Carolina |  | 3 |  |  | 11 |  |  | 14 |
South Dakota |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
Tennessee |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Texas |  | 13 |  |  | 183 |  |  | 196 |
Utah |  | — |  |  | 29 |  |  | 29 |
Vermont |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
Virginia |  | 2 |  |  | 25 |  |  | 27 |
Washington |  | — |  |  | 41 |  |  | 41 |
West Virginia |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Wisconsin |  | — |  |  | 23 |  |  | 23 |
Wyoming |  | — |  |  | 4 |  |  | 4 |
Total Domestic |  | 68 |  |  | 1,491 |  |  | 1,559 |

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International |  | Company |  | Franchised / Licensed |  | Total
Aruba |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Canada |  | — |  |  | 77 |  |  | 77 |
Costa Rica |  | — |  |  | 3 |  |  | 3 |
El Salvador |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Guam |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Guatemala |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Honduras |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
Indonesia |  | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 1 |
Mexico |  | — |  |  | 11 |  |  | 11 |
New Zealand |  | — |  |  | 7 |  |  | 7 |
Philippines |  | — |  |  | 10 |  |  | 10 |
Puerto Rico |  | — |  |  | 15 |  |  | 15 |
United Arab Emirates |  | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 6 |
United Kingdom |  | — |  |  | 2 |  |  | 2 |
Total International |  | — |  |  | 144 |  |  | 144 |
Total Domestic |  | 68 |  |  | 1,491 |  |  | 1,559 |
Total |  | 68 |  |  | 1,635 |  |  | 1,703 |

Of the total 1,703 restaurants in the Denny’s brand, our interest in restaurant properties consists of the following:

| Company Restaurants |  | Franchised Restaurants |  | Total
Owned properties | 15 |  |  | 76 |  |  | 91 |
Leased properties | 53 |  |  | 229 |  |  | 282 |
| 68 |  |  | 305 |  |  | 373 |

We have generally been able to renew our restaurant leases as they expire at then-current market rates. The remaining terms of leases range from less than one to approximately 43 years, including optional renewal periods. In addition to the restaurant properties, we own an 18-story, 187,000 square foot office building in Spartanburg, South Carolina, which serves as our corporate headquarters. Our corporate offices currently occupy 17 floors of the building, with a portion of the building leased to others.
See Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for information concerning encumbrances on substantially all of our properties.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
There are various claims and pending legal actions against or indirectly involving us, incidental to and arising out of the ordinary course of the business. In the opinion of management, based upon information currently available, the ultimate liability with respect to these proceedings and claims will not materially affect the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial position. We record legal settlement costs as other operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income as those costs are incurred.
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market Information
Our common stock is listed under the symbol “DENN” and trades on the NASDAQ Capital Market (“NASDAQ”). As of February 20, 2020, there were 56,020,287 shares of our common stock outstanding and approximately 14,525 record and beneficial holders of our common stock.
Dividends and Share Repurchases
Our credit facility allows for the payment of cash dividends and/or the repurchase of our common stock, subject to certain limitations and continued maintenance of all relevant covenants before and after any such payment of any dividend or stock purchase. An aggregate amount is available for such dividends or stock repurchases as follows:

• | an amount not to exceed $50.0 million if the Consolidated Leverage Ratio (as defined in the credit agreement, as amended) is 3.5x or greater and an unlimited amount if the Consolidated Leverage Ratio is below 3.5x, provided that, in each case, at least $20.0 million of availability is maintained under the revolving credit facility after such payment; and

• | an additional annual aggregate amount equal to $0.05 times the number of outstanding shares of our common stock, as of September 27, 2017, plus each additional share of our common stock that is issued after such date.

Though we have not historically paid cash dividends, we have in recent years undertaken share repurchases. The table below provides information concerning repurchases of shares of our common stock during the quarter ended December 25, 2019.

Period |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased |  | Average Price Paid Per Share (1) |  | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs (2) |  | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Programs (2) |
|  | (In thousands, except per share amounts) |  |  |
September 26, 2019 – October 23, 2019 |  | 281 |  |  | $ | 22.03 |  |  | 281 |  |  | $ | 71,402 |  |
October 24, 2019 – November 20, 2019 |  | 942 |  |  | 19.86 |  |  | 942 |  |  | $ | 52,674 |  |
November 21, 2019 – December 25, 2019 |  | 1,024 |  |  | 19.98 |  |  | 1,024 |  |  | $ | 282,196 |  |
Total |  | 2,247 |  |  | $ | 20.18 |  |  | 2,247 |  |  |  |

(1) | Average price paid per share excludes commissions.

(2) | On December 2, 2019, we announced that our Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program, authorizing us to repurchase up to an additional $250 million of our common stock (in addition to prior authorizations). Such repurchases are to be made in a manner similar to, and will be in addition to, authorizations under the October 27, 2017 repurchase program. During the quarter ended December 25, 2019, we purchased 2,246,739 shares of our common stock for an aggregate consideration of approximately $45.4 million pursuant to this share repurchase program.

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Performance Graph
The following graph compares the cumulative total shareholders’ return on our common stock for the five fiscal years ended December 25, 2019 (December 31, 2014 to December 25, 2019) against the cumulative total return of the Russell 2000® Index and a peer group. The graph and table assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2014 (the last day of fiscal year 2014) in each of the Company’s common stock, the Russell 2000® Index and the peer group and that all dividends were reinvested.
COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
ASSUMES $100 INVESTED ON DECEMBER 31, 2014
ASSUMES DIVIDENDS REINVESTED
FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 25, 2019

| Russell 2000® Index (1) |  | Peer Group (2) |  | Denny’s Corporation
December 31, 2014 | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 100.00 |  |  | $ | 100.00 |
December 30, 2015 | $ | 96.74 |  |  | $ | 88.82 |  |  | $ | 96.90 |
December 28, 2016 | $ | 116.26 |  |  | $ | 108.86 |  |  | $ | 124.83 |
December 27, 2017 | $ | 133.58 |  |  | $ | 100.27 |  |  | $ | 129.97 |
December 26, 2018 | $ | 116.57 |  |  | $ | 101.98 |  |  | $ | 157.71 |
December 25, 2019 | $ | 149.23 |  |  | $ | 100.17 |  |  | $ | 196.41 |

(1) | The Russell 2000 Index is a broad equity market index of 2,000 companies that measures the performance of the small-cap segment of the U.S. equity universe. As of December 25, 2019, the weighted average market capitalization of companies within the index was approximately $2.5 billion with the median market capitalization being approximately $0.8 billion.

(2) | The peer group consists of 12 public companies that operate in the restaurant industry. The peer group includes the following companies: BJ’s Restaurants, Inc. (BJRI), Brinker International, Inc. (EAT), Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc. (CBRL), Dine Brands Global, Inc. (DIN), El Pollo Loco Holdings, Inc. (LOCO), Fiesta Restaurant Group, Inc. (FRGI), Jack in the Box Inc. (JACK), Nathan’s Famous, Inc. (NATH), Red Robin Gourmet Burgers, Inc. (RRGB), Del Taco Restaurants, Inc. (TACO), Texas Roadhouse, Inc. (TXRH), and The Cheesecake Factory Incorporated (CAKE).

18

Item 6. Selected Financial Data
The following table provides selected financial data that was extracted or derived from our audited consolidated financial statements. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report.

|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | December 25, 2019 (a)(b) |  | December 26, 2018 (c) |  | December 27, 2017 |  | December 28, 2016 (d) |  | December 30, 2015
|  | (In millions, except ratios and per share amounts)
Statement of Income Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Operating revenue |  | $ | 541.4 |  |  | $ | 630.2 |  |  | $ | 529.2 |  |  | $ | 506.9 |  |  | $ | 491.3 |
Operating income |  | $ | 165.0 |  |  | $ | 73.6 |  |  | $ | 70.7 |  |  | $ | 47.0 |  |  | $ | 63.2 |
Net income |  | $ | 117.4 |  |  | $ | 43.7 |  |  | $ | 39.6 |  |  | $ | 19.4 |  |  | $ | 36.0 |
Basic net income per share: |  | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |  |  | $ | 0.26 |  |  | $ | 0.44 |
Diluted net income per share: |  | $ | 1.90 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |  |  | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.42 |
Cash dividends per common share (e) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Balance Sheet Data (at end of period): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Current assets |  | $ | 52.7 |  |  | $ | 47.6 |  |  | $ | 41.3 |  |  | $ | 35.9 |  |  | $ | 36.4 |
Working capital deficit (f) |  | $ | (42.8 | ) |  | $ | (47.1 | ) |  | $ | (53.6 | ) |  | $ | (57.5 | ) |  | $ | (65.1 | )
Property and financing lease right-of-use assets, net |  | $ | 109.3 |  |  | $ | 140.0 |  |  | $ | 139.9 |  |  | $ | 133.1 |  |  | $ | 124.8 |
Total assets |  | $ | 460.4 |  |  | $ | 335.3 |  |  | $ | 323.8 |  |  | $ | 306.2 |  |  | $ | 297.0 |
Long-term debt and finance lease obligations, excluding current portion |  | $ | 254.8 |  |  | $ | 313.7 |  |  | $ | 286.1 |  |  | $ | 242.3 |  |  | $ | 212.5 |

(a) | During 2019, the Company migrated from a 90% franchised business model to one that is 96% franchised by selling company owned restaurants to franchisees which resulted in, among other items, a reduction in revenues and the recording of approximately $82.9 million of gains. In addition, the Company also recorded an additional $11.9 million of gains related to the sale of real estate. See Note 4 and Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for details.

(b) | During 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. Upon adoption, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $101.3 million and right-of-use assets of $94.2 million related to existing operating leases. See Note 2 and Note 3 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for details.

(c) | During 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” which clarifies the principles used to recognize revenue. We elected to apply the modified retrospective method of adoption; therefore, results for reporting periods after December 28, 2017 are presented under the new guidance and prior period amounts have not been adjusted. The increase in operating revenue was primarily the result of recognizing advertising revenue on a gross basis versus recording it on a net basis as previously reported. See Note 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for details.

(d) | During 2016, we completed the liquidation of the Advantica Pension Plan (the “Pension Plan”). Accordingly, we made a final contribution of $9.5 million to the Pension Plan and recognized a settlement loss of $24.3 million, reflecting the recognition of unamortized actuarial losses that were recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.

(e) | Our credit facility allows for the payment of cash dividends and/or the purchase of our common stock subject to certain limitations. See Part II Item 5.

(f) | A negative working capital position is not unusual for a restaurant operating company.

19

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto.
Overview
Nature of Our Business
Denny’s Corporation (Denny’s) is one of America’s largest franchised full-service restaurant chains based on the number of restaurants. Denny’s, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Denny’s, Inc., owns and operates the Denny’s brand. Denny’s restaurants are operated in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, two U.S. territories and 12 foreign countries with principal concentrations in California (23% of total restaurants), Texas (12%) and Florida (8%). At December 25, 2019, the Denny’s brand consisted of 1,703 franchised, licensed and company restaurants. Of this amount, 1,635 of our restaurants were franchised or licensed, representing 96% of the total restaurants, and 68 were company restaurants.
Our revenues are derived primarily from two sales channels, which we operate as one segment: company restaurants and franchised and licensed restaurants. The primary sources of revenues are the sale of food and beverages at our company restaurants and the collection of royalties, advertising revenue, initial and other other fees and occupancy revenue from restaurants operated by our franchisees under the Denny’s name. Sales and customer traffic at both company and franchised restaurants are affected by the success of our marketing campaigns, new product introductions, product quality enhancements, customer service and menu pricing, as well as external factors including competition, economic conditions affecting consumer spending and changes in guests’ tastes and preferences. Sales at company restaurants and royalty, advertising and fee income from franchised restaurants are also impacted by the opening of new restaurants, the closing of existing restaurants, the sale of company restaurants to franchisees and the acquisition of restaurants from franchisees.
Costs of company restaurant sales are exposed to volatility in two main areas: payroll and benefit costs and product costs. The volatility of payroll and benefit costs results primarily from changes in wage rates and increases in labor related expenses, such as medical benefit costs and workers’ compensation costs. Additionally, changes in guest counts and investments in store-level labor impact payroll and benefit costs as a percentage of sales. Many of the products sold in our restaurants are affected by commodity pricing and are, therefore, subject to price volatility. This volatility is caused by factors that are fundamentally outside of our control and are often unpredictable. In general, we purchase food products based on market prices or we set firm prices in purchase agreements with our vendors. In an inflationary commodity environment, our ability to lock in prices on certain key commodities is imperative to controlling food costs. In addition, our continued success with menu management helps us offer menu items that provide a compelling value to our customers while maintaining attractive product costs and profitability.
Our fiscal year ends on the last Wednesday in December. As a result, a fifty-third week is added to a fiscal year every five or six years. Fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 each included 52 weeks of operations. Our next 53-week year will be fiscal 2020.
20

Summary of Operations
Transitioning to a Lower Risk Business Model
During 2019, the Company migrated from a 90% franchised business model to one that is 96% franchised. Changes in restaurant counts are as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
Company restaurants, beginning of period | 173 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 169 |
Units opened | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Units acquired from franchisees | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 10 |
Units sold to franchisees | (105 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (4 | )
Units closed | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |
End of period | 68 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 178 |
Franchised and licensed restaurants, beginning of period | 1,536 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | 1,564 |
Units opened | 30 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 36 |
Units purchased from Company | 105 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |
Units acquired by Company | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (10 | )
Units closed | (36 | ) |  | (52 | ) |  | (37 | )
End of period | 1,635 |  |  | 1,536 |  |  | 1,557 |
Total restaurants, end of period | 1,703 |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 1,735 |

The sale of 113 company restaurants in 2019 and 2018 with attached development commitments created an opportunity for development-focused franchisees to expand their businesses. In addition to stimulating domestic restaurant development, this transition yielded a smaller portfolio of higher volume company restaurants. The smaller number of company restaurants will require lower remodel and maintenance-related capital expenditures and general and administrative support costs. Further, we expect to benefit from reduced exposure to volatility in costs of company restaurant sales along with greater stability in royalties and fees from restaurants operated by our franchisees. We generated approximately $119.0 million of cash proceeds from the sale of company restaurants in 2019.
Growing and Revitalizing the Brand
Over the last five years, our growth initiatives have led to 194 new restaurant openings. During 2019, our franchisees opened 30 restaurants of which 14 are international franchised locations including three each in Canada, the Philippines, and the United Arab Emirates. Our goal is to increase net restaurant growth through both domestic and international avenues. Domestic growth will focus on markets in which we have modest penetration. Development agreements related to the sale of 113 of our company restaurants during 2018 and 2019 and recently enhanced development agreements in Canada and the Philippines are expected to stimulate both domestic and international growth over the next several years.
Our current standard franchise agreement includes a royalty rate of up to the current rate of 4.5%. Approximately 66% of our franchised restaurants were operating under this agreement as of December 25, 2019, and we expect over 75% to be operating under this agreement by the end of 2020. We anticipate that existing franchisees will elect to migrate to the new fee structure over the next decade as incentives under previous franchise agreements expire. Due to the long-term migration of existing franchisees, we will not see the full benefit of the higher royalty rate for some time. For 2019, our average contractual domestic royalty rate was approximately 4.18%, compared to 4.17% for 2018 and 4.14% for 2017.
A total of 144 remodels were completed during 2019, comprised of 141 at franchised restaurants and three at company restaurants. These remodels were in our Heritage image, which we launched in late 2013. This updated look reflects a more contemporary diner feel to further reinforce our America’s Diner positioning. As of the end of 2019, approximately 89% of the restaurants in the system have been remodeled to the most current image.
21

Consistently Growing Same-Store Sales
During 2019, we achieved domestic system-wide same-store sales(1) growth of 2.0%, comprised of a 1.9% increase at company restaurants and a 2.0% increase at domestic franchised restaurants, marking the ninth consecutive year of positive domestic system-wide same-store sales.
Balancing the Use of Cash
We are focused on balancing the use of cash between reinvesting in our base of company restaurants, growing and strengthening the brand and returning cash to shareholders. During 2019, cash capital expenditures were $25.3 million, comprised of $14.0 million in capital expenditures and real estate acquisition costs of $11.3 million. Our real estate strategy is to redeploy proceeds from the sale of certain pieces of our owned real estate to acquire higher quality real estate underlying company and franchised restaurants. To date, we have generated $10.7 million of cash proceeds from the sale of real estate, the majority of which qualified for like-kind exchange treatment related to real estate acquired.
During 2019, including shares delivered under a previous accelerated share repurchase agreement, we repurchased a total of 5.3 million shares of our common stock for $103.0 million. Since initiating our share repurchase programs in November 2010, we have repurchased a total of 52.3 million shares of our common stock for $519.8 million.
In December 2019, the Board approved a new share repurchase authorization for $250 million. As of December 25, 2019, there was $282.2 million remaining under current repurchase authorizations.
Factors Impacting Comparability
Impact of New Leases Standard
Effective December 27, 2018, the first day of fiscal 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. Upon adoption of Topic 842, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $101.3 million and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets of $94.2 million related to existing operating leases. In addition, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment increasing opening deficit by $0.4 million and deferred tax assets by $0.1 million. The lease liabilities were based on the present value of remaining rental payments under current leasing standards for existing operating leases primarily related to real estate leases. Exit cost and straight-line lease liabilities that existed at the adoption date were reclassified against the ROU assets upon adoption. The amount recorded to opening deficit represents the initial impairment of ROU assets, net of the deferred tax impact.
We elected to apply the modified retrospective transition approach as of the effective date as the date of initial application without restating comparative period financial statements (the “effective date method”). Results for reporting periods beginning after December 27, 2018 are presented under Topic 842. Prior period amounts were not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 840, “Leases (Topic 840)”. See Note 2 and Note 3 for information on the implementation of Topic 842 and its impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
Impact of New Revenue Recognition Standard
Effective December 28, 2017, the first day of fiscal 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 606 on a modified retrospective basis. Results for reporting periods beginning after December 28, 2017 are presented under Topic 606. Prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under ASC 605 “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605)”. Please refer to Notes 2 and 12 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further details of our adoption of Topic 606 and our policies for recognition of revenue from contracts with customers.
22

Other Factors Impacting Comparability:
For 2019, 2018 and 2017, in addition to the impacts from the transition to the new revenue recognition accounting standard, the following items impacted the comparability of our results:

• | Company restaurant sales have decreased from $390.4 million in 2017 to $306.4 million in 2019, primarily as a result of the sale of company restaurants to franchisees.

• | Royalty income, which is included as a component of franchise and license revenue, has increased from $100.6 million in 2017 to $108.8 million in 2019, primarily as a result of the sale of company restaurants to franchisees, increases in same-store sales and a higher average royalty rate.

• | Occupancy revenues, included as a component of franchise and license revenue, result from leasing or subleasing restaurants to franchisees. When restaurants are sold and leased or subleased to franchisees, the occupancy costs related to these restaurants move from costs of company restaurant sales to costs of franchise and license revenue to match the related occupancy revenue. Additionally, as leases or subleases with franchisees expire, franchise occupancy revenue and costs could decrease if franchisees enter into direct leases with landlords. Occupancy revenue has increased from $35.7 million in 2017 to $38.5 million in 2019 as a result of the sale of restaurants to franchisees, partially offset by the impact of lease expirations. At the end of 2019, we had 305 franchised restaurants that were leased or subleased from Denny’s, compared to 266 at the end of 2017.

______________

(1) | System-wide same-store sales include sales at company restaurants and non-consolidated franchised and licensed restaurants that were open the same period in the prior year. While we do not record franchise and licensed sales as revenue in our consolidated financial statements, we believe system-wide same-store sales information is useful to investors in understanding our financial performance, as our royalty revenues are calculated based on a percentage of franchise sales. Accordingly, system-wide same-store sales should be considered as a supplement to, not a substitute for, our results as reported under GAAP.

23

Statements of Income

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company restaurant sales | $ | 306,377 |  |  | 56.6 | % |  | $ | 411,932 |  |  | 65.4 | % |  | $ | 390,352 |  |  | 73.8 | %
Franchise and license revenue | 235,012 |  |  | 43.4 | % |  | 218,247 |  |  | 34.6 | % |  | 138,817 |  |  | 26.2 | %
Total operating revenue | 541,389 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 630,179 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | 529,169 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Costs of company restaurant sales (a): |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Product costs | 74,720 |  |  | 24.4 | % |  | 100,532 |  |  | 24.4 | % |  | 97,825 |  |  | 25.1 | %
Payroll and benefits | 118,806 |  |  | 38.8 | % |  | 164,314 |  |  | 39.9 | % |  | 153,037 |  |  | 39.2 | %
Occupancy | 18,613 |  |  | 6.1 | % |  | 23,228 |  |  | 5.6 | % |  | 20,802 |  |  | 5.3 | %
Other operating expenses | 46,257 |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | 60,708 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | 53,049 |  |  | 13.6 | %
Total costs of company restaurant sales | 258,396 |  |  | 84.3 | % |  | 348,782 |  |  | 84.7 | % |  | 324,713 |  |  | 83.2 | %
Costs of franchise and license revenue (a) | 120,326 |  |  | 51.2 | % |  | 114,296 |  |  | 52.4 | % |  | 39,294 |  |  | 28.3 | %
General and administrative expenses | 69,018 |  |  | 12.7 | % |  | 63,828 |  |  | 10.1 | % |  | 66,415 |  |  | 12.6 | %
Depreciation and amortization | 19,846 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 27,039 |  |  | 4.3 | % |  | 23,720 |  |  | 4.5 | %
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net | (91,180 | ) |  | (16.8 | )% |  | 2,620 |  |  | 0.4 | % |  | 4,329 |  |  | 0.8 | %
Total operating costs and expenses, net | 376,406 |  |  | 69.5 | % |  | 556,565 |  |  | 88.3 | % |  | 458,471 |  |  | 86.6 | %
Operating income | 164,983 |  |  | 30.5 | % |  | 73,614 |  |  | 11.7 | % |  | 70,698 |  |  | 13.4 | %
Interest expense, net | 18,547 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | 20,745 |  |  | 3.3 | % |  | 15,640 |  |  | 3.0 | %
Other nonoperating (income) expense, net | (2,763 | ) |  | (0.5 | )% |  | 619 |  |  | 0.1 | % |  | (1,743 | ) |  | (0.3 | )%
Net income before income taxes | 149,199 |  |  | 27.6 | % |  | 52,250 |  |  | 8.3 | % |  | 56,801 |  |  | 10.7 | %
Provision for income taxes | 31,789 |  |  | 5.9 | % |  | 8,557 |  |  | 1.4 | % |  | 17,207 |  |  | 3.3 | %
Net income | $ | 117,410 |  |  | 21.7 | % |  | $ | 43,693 |  |  | 6.9 | % |  | $ | 39,594 |  |  | 7.5 | %
Other Data: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Company average unit sales | $ | 2,477 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,300 |  |  |  |  | $ | 2,278 |  |  |  |
Franchise average unit sales | $ | 1,669 |  |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,615 |  |  |  |  | $ | 1,590 |  |  |  |
Company equivalent units (b) | 124 |  |  |  |  |  | 179 |  |  |  |  | 171 |  |  |  |
Franchise equivalent units (b) | 1,578 |  |  |  |  |  | 1,538 |  |  |  |  | 1,556 |  |  |  |
Company same-store sales increase (c)(d) | 1.9 | % |  |  |  |  | 1.8 | % |  |  |  | 1.0 | % |  |  |
Domestic franchised same-store sales increase (c)(d) | 2.0 | % |  |  |  |  | 0.6 | % |  |  |  | 1.1 | % |  |  |

(a) | Costs of company restaurant sales percentages are as a percentage of company restaurant sales. Costs of franchise and license revenue percentages are as a percentage of franchise and license revenue. All other percentages are as a percentage of total operating revenue.

(b) | Equivalent units are calculated as the weighted average number of units outstanding during a defined time period.

(c) | Same-store sales include sales from company restaurants or non-consolidated franchised and licensed restaurants that were open the same period in the prior year. While we do not record franchise and licensed sales as revenue in our consolidated financial statements, we believe domestic franchised same-store sales information is useful to investors in understanding our financial performance, as our royalty revenues are calculated based on a percentage of franchise sales. Accordingly, domestic franchised same-store sales should be considered as a supplement to, not a substitute for, our results as reported under GAAP.

(d) | Prior year amounts have not been restated for 2019 comparable restaurants.

24

Company Restaurant Operations
Company same-store sales increase d 1.9% in 2019 and 1.8% in 2018 compared with the respective prior year. Company restaurant sales for 2019 decreased $105.6 million, or 25.6%, primarily resulting from a 55 equivalent unit decrease in company restaurants, partially offset by the increase in same-store sales. Company restaurant sales for 2018 increased $21.6 million, or 5.5%, primarily resulting from the increase in same-store sales and an eight equivalent unit increase in company restaurants.
Total costs of company restaurant sales as a percentage of company restaurant sales were 84.3% in 2019, 84.7% in 2018 and 83.2% in 2017 consisting of the following:
Product costs were 24.4% in 2019 and 2018 and 25.1% in 2017. For 2019, leverage gained from increased pricing offset impacts of commodity increases. The decrease for 2018 was primarily due to leverage gained from increased pricing and lower commodity costs.
Payroll and benefits were 38.8% in 2019, 39.9% in 2018 and 39.2% in 2017. The 2019 decrease was primarily due to a 0.4 percentage point decrease in payroll taxes and fringe benefits, a 0.5 percentage point decrease in labor resulting from the impact of refranchising restaurants and a 0.1 percentage point decrease in workers' compensation costs related to claims development. The increase in 2018 was primarily due to a 0.4 percentage point increase in labor costs due to minimum wage rate increases and a 0.3 percentage point increase in incentive compensation.
Occupancy costs were 6.1% in 2019, 5.6% in 2018 and 5.3% in 2017. The 2019 increase was related to a 0.3 percentage point increase in rental costs primarily due to the impact of refranchising restaurants and a 0.2 percentage point increase in general liability costs primarily due to higher property insurance costs. The 2018 increase was primarily related to a 0.3 percentage point increase in general liability costs from unfavorable claims development.
Other operating expenses consisted of the following amounts and percentages of company restaurant sales:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Utilities | $ | 10,359 |  |  | 3.4 | % |  | $ | 14,347 |  |  | 3.5 | % |  | $ | 13,263 |  |  | 3.4 | %
Repairs and maintenance | 6,792 |  |  | 2.2 | % |  | 7,761 |  |  | 1.9 | % |  | 6,738 |  |  | 1.7 | %
Marketing | 11,195 |  |  | 3.7 | % |  | 15,008 |  |  | 3.6 | % |  | 14,315 |  |  | 3.7 | %
Other direct costs | 17,911 |  |  | 5.8 | % |  | 23,592 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 18,733 |  |  | 4.8 | %
Other operating expenses | $ | 46,257 |  |  | 15.1 | % |  | $ | 60,708 |  |  | 14.7 | % |  | $ | 53,049 |  |  | 13.6 | %

The increases in repairs and maintenance as a percentage of company restaurant sales for 2019 were primarily related to the sale of company restaurants as part of our refranchising and development strategy. The increase in other direct costs for 2018 primarily resulted from higher third party delivery fees of $2.9 million related to increased delivery sales.
25

Franchise Operations
Franchise and license revenue and costs of franchise and license revenue consisted of the following amounts and percentages of franchise and license revenue for the periods indicated:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Royalties | $ | 108,813 |  |  | 46.3 | % |  | $ | 101,557 |  |  | 46.5 | % |  | $ | 100,631 |  |  | 72.5 | %
Advertising revenue | 81,144 |  |  | 34.5 | % |  | 78,308 |  |  | 35.9 | % |  | — |  |  | — | %
Initial and other fees | 6,541 |  |  | 2.8 | % |  | 6,422 |  |  | 2.9 | % |  | 2,466 |  |  | 1.8 | %
Occupancy revenue | 38,514 |  |  | 16.4 | % |  | 31,960 |  |  | 14.6 | % |  | 35,720 |  |  | 25.7 | %
Franchise and license revenue | $ | 235,012 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 218,247 |  |  | 100.0 | % |  | $ | 138,817 |  |  | 100.0 | %
Advertising costs | $ | 81,144 |  |  | 34.5 | % |  | $ | 78,309 |  |  | 35.9 | % |  | $ | 1,921 |  |  | 1.4 | %
Occupancy costs | 25,806 |  |  | 11.0 | % |  | 22,285 |  |  | 10.2 | % |  | 25,466 |  |  | 18.3 | %
Other direct costs | 13,376 |  |  | 5.7 | % |  | 13,702 |  |  | 6.3 | % |  | 11,907 |  |  | 8.6 | %
Costs of franchise and license revenue | $ | 120,326 |  |  | 51.2 | % |  | $ | 114,296 |  |  | 52.4 | % |  | $ | 39,294 |  |  | 28.3 | %

Royalties increase d by $7.3 million, or 7.1%, in 2019 primarily resulting from a 40 equivalent unit increase from the impact of our refranchising and development strategy and a 2.0% increase in domestic same-store sales. Royalties increased by $0.9 million, or 0.9%, in 2018 primarily resulting from a higher average royalty rate as compared to 2017 and in increase in domestic same-store sales of 0.6%, partially offset by equivalent unit decreases in franchised and licensed restaurants. The average domestic royalty rate was 4.18%, 4.17% and 4.14% for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Advertising revenue increased $2.8 million, or 3.6%, in 2019 resulting from the the increase in equivalent units and impact of the increase in same-store sales. Initial and other fees increased $0.1 million, or 1.9%, as the recognition of revenue on additional franchised units from the sale of restaurants to franchisees exceeded the impact of less accelerated revenue recognition during 2019 as a result of fewer franchised unit closures compared to 2018. The 2018 increases in advertising revenue and initial and other fees primarily resulted from the implementation of Topic 606 related to revenue recognition. Beginning in 2018, advertising revenue and costs are presented on a gross basis instead of a net basis as previously presented.
Occupancy revenue increase d $6.6 million, or 20.5%, in 2019 primarily resulting from the sale of restaurants to franchisees. Occupancy revenue decreased by $3.8 million, or 10.5%, in 2018 primarily resulting from scheduled lease expirations.
Costs of franchise and license revenue increase d $6.0 million, or 5.3%, in 2019. Advertising costs increased $2.8 million, or 3.6%. Occupancy costs increased $3.5 million, or 15.8%. The changes to advertising costs and occupancy costs were a result of the changes in the related revenues noted above. Other direct costs decreased $0.3 million, or 2.4%. The decrease resulted primarily from decreases in franchise administration costs. As a result, costs of franchise and license revenue as a percentage of franchise and license revenue decreased to 51.2% in 2019 from 52.4% in 2018.
Costs of franchise and license revenue increased $75.0 million, or 190%, in 2018. This increase was primarily related to the increase in advertising costs related to the implementation of Topic 606, as advertising revenue is no longer netted with advertising expense. Occupancy costs decreased $3.2 million, or 12.5%, in 2018 primarily resulting from scheduled lease expirations. Other direct costs increased by $1.8 million, or 15.1%, in 2018 primarily due to the implementation of Topic 606, as certain other franchise expenses are no longer netted with the related fees received from franchisees. As a result, costs of franchise and license revenue as a percentage of franchise and license revenue increased to 52.4% for 2018 from 28.3% in 2017.
Other Operating Costs and Expenses
Other operating costs and expenses such as general and administrative expenses and depreciation and amortization expense relate to both company and franchise operations.
26

General and administrative expenses are comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Corporate administrative expenses | $ | 50,319 |  |  | $ | 52,439 |  |  | $ | 50,838 |
Share-based compensation | 6,694 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  | 8,541 |
Incentive compensation | 9,425 |  |  | 6,388 |  |  | 5,398 |
Deferred compensation valuation adjustments | 2,580 |  |  | (1,037 | ) |  | 1,638 |
Total general and administrative expenses | $ | 69,018 |  |  | $ | 63,828 |  |  | $ | 66,415 |

Total general and administrative expenses increased by $5.2 million, or 8.1%, in 2019 and decreased by $2.6 million, or 3.9%, in 2018. Corporate administrative expenses decreased by $2.1 million in 2019 and increased by $1.6 million in 2018. The 2019 decrease was primarily due to the rationalization of certain business costs in connection with our refranchising and development strategy. The 2018 increase was primarily due to investments in personnel. Share-based compensation increased $0.7 million in 2019 and decreased by $2.5 million in 2018. Incentive compensation increased by $3.0 million in 2019 and increased by $1.0 million in 2018. The changes in share-based compensation and incentive compensation for both periods primarily resulted from our performance against plan metrics. Changes in deferred compensation valuation adjustments have offsetting gains or losses on the underlying nonqualified deferred plan investments included as a component of other nonoperating (income) expense, net.
Depreciation and amortization is comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Depreciation of property and equipment | $ | 13,295 |  |  | $ | 18,506 |  |  | $ | 17,121 |
Amortization of finance right-of-use assets | 2,991 |  |  | 4,451 |  |  | 4,087 |
Amortization of intangible and other assets | 3,560 |  |  | 4,082 |  |  | 2,512 |
Total depreciation and amortization expense | $ | 19,846 |  |  | $ | 27,039 |  |  | $ | 23,720 |

In 2019, the decrease in total depreciation and amortization expense resulted from the sale of restaurants to franchisees. In 2018, the increases in depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of intangible and other assets were primarily the result of our acquisitions of franchised restaurants and investments in company unit remodels during the previous three years.
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net are comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
(Gains) losses on sales of assets and other, net | $ | (93,608 | ) |  | $ | (513 | ) |  | $ | (1,729 | )
Software implementation costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,247 |
Restructuring charges and exit costs | 2,428 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 485 |
Impairment charges | — |  |  | 1,558 |  |  | 326 |
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net | $ | (91,180 | ) |  | $ | 2,620 |  |  | $ | 4,329 |

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Gains on sales of assets and other, net of $93.6 million for 2019 related to the sale of restaurants and real estate to franchisees. Gains on sales of assets and other, net of $0.5 million for 2018 primarily related to $1.2 million of insurance settlement gains on fire-damaged and hurricane-damaged restaurants, partially offset by $0.7 million of losses on sales of company owned units to franchisees. Gains on the sales of assets and other, net of $1.7 million for 2017 primarily related to real estate sold to franchisees. See Note 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for details on refranchisings. Software implementation costs of $5.2 million for 2017 were the result of our investment in a new cloud-based Enterprise Resource Planning system.
Restructuring charges and exit costs were comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Exit costs | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 385 |
Severance and other restructuring charges | 2,156 |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 100 |
Total restructuring and exit costs | $ | 2,428 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 485 |

Severance and other restructuring charges for 2019 and 2018 were primarily the result of positions eliminated as part of our refranchising and development strategy.
Impairment charges of $1.6 million for 2018 primarily related to the impairment of an underperforming unit. Impairment charges of $0.3 million for 2017 related to the relocation of two high-performing company restaurants due to the loss of property control.
Operating income was $165.0 million in 2019, $73.6 million in 2018 and $70.7 million in 2017.
Interest expense, net is comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Interest on credit facilities | $ | 11,685 |  |  | $ | 11,792 |  |  | $ | 7,586 |
Interest on interest rate swaps | 291 |  |  | 307 |  |  | 73 |
Interest on finance lease liabilities | 4,537 |  |  | 6,354 |  |  | 5,797 |
Letters of credit and other fees | 1,208 |  |  | 1,288 |  |  | 1,216 |
Interest income | (170 | ) |  | (146 | ) |  | (106 | )
Total cash interest | 17,551 |  |  | 19,595 |  |  | 14,566 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 608 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 596 |
Interest accretion on other liabilities | 388 |  |  | 543 |  |  | 478 |
Total interest expense, net | $ | 18,547 |  |  | $ | 20,745 |  |  | $ | 15,640 |

Interest expense, net decreased during 2019 primarily due to decreases in finance lease liabilities. Interest expense, net increased during 2018 primarily due to increases in the balance of our credit facility and related interest rates, as well as an increase in finance lease liabilities.
Other nonoperating (income) expense, net was income of $2.8 million for 2019, expense of $0.6 million for 2018 and income of $1.7 million for 2017. The income for 2019 primarily resulted from gains on deferred compensation plan investments. The expense for 2018 was primarily the result of losses on deferred compensation plan investments, partially offset by gains on lease terminations. The income for 2017 was primarily the result of gains on deferred compensation plan investments.
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The provision for income taxes was $31.8 million for 2019, $8.6 million for 2018 and $17.2 million for 2017. The effective tax rate was 21.3% for 2019, 16.4% for 2018 and 30.3% for 2017. For 2019, there was no significant difference between our effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate of 21%. The impact of state taxes on the statutory rate was partially offset by the generation of employment and foreign tax credits. In addition, the 2019 rate benefited $2.0 million related to share-based compensation and $2.0 million related to the completion of an Internal Revenue Service federal income audit of the 2016 tax year.
The 2018 rate was primarily impacted by the statutory tax rate reduction under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”). For 2018, the difference in the overall effective rate from the U.S. statutory rate was primarily due to state taxes and the generation of employment and foreign tax credits. In addition, the 2018 rate benefited $1.4 million related to share-based compensation.
For 2017, the difference in the overall effective rate from the U.S. statutory rate was primarily due to state taxes and the generation of employment and foreign tax credits. The 2017 rates also benefited $1.7 million from share-based compensation and $1.6 million from the revaluing of deferred tax assets and liabilities required under the Tax Act. Refer to Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this report for the impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-09.
Net income was $117.4 million for 2019, $43.7 million for 2018 and $39.6 million for 2017.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Summary of Cash Flows
Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash generated from operations and borrowings under our credit facility (as described below). Principal uses of cash are operating expenses, capital expenditures and the repurchase of shares of our common stock.
The following table presents a summary of our sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents for the periods indicated:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 43,327 |  |  | $ | 73,690 |  |  | $ | 78,269 |
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 104,969 |  |  | (32,017 | ) |  | (27,147 | )
Net cash used in financing activities | (149,950 | ) |  | (41,630 | ) |  | (48,731 | )
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (1,654 | ) |  | $ | 43 |  |  | $ | 2,391 |

Net cash flows provided by operating activities were $43.3 million for the year ended December 25, 2019 compared to $73.7 million for the year ended December 26, 2018. The decrease in cash flows provided by operating activities was primarily due to the reduction in equivalent units and the related runoff of liabilities resulting from the sale of company restaurants. Net cash flows provided by operating activities were $73.7 million for the year ended December 26, 2018 compared to $78.3 million for the year ended December 27, 2017. The decrease in cash flows provided by operating activities was primarily due to the timing of receiving credit card receivables. We believe that our estimated cash flows from operations for 2020, combined with our capacity for additional borrowings under our credit facility, will enable us to meet our anticipated cash requirements and fund capital expenditures over the next twelve months.
Net cash flows provided by investing activities were $105.0 million for the year ended December 25, 2019. These cash flows are primarily comprised of $129.7 million of proceeds from the sale of assets, including $119.0 million from the sale of 105 restaurants and $10.7 million from the sale of real estate. These cash flows are offset by capital expenditures of $14.0 million and acquisitions of real estate of $11.3 million. Net cash flows used in investing activities were $32.0 million for the year ended December 26, 2018. These cash flows are primarily comprised of capital expenditures of $22.0 million and acquisitions of restaurants and real estate of $10.4 million. Cash flows for acquisitions include $8.1 million for the reacquisition of six franchised restaurants, $1.8 million for real estate and $0.5 million related to a prior year acquisition. Net cash flows used in investing activities were $27.1 million for the year ended December 27, 2017. These cash flows are primarily comprised of capital expenditures of $18.8 million and acquisitions of restaurants and real estate of $12.4 million.
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Our principal capital requirements have been largely associated with the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Facilities | $ | 9,078 |  |  | $ | 9,613 |  |  | $ | 7,144 |
New construction | 2,019 |  |  | 3,186 |  |  | 6,115 |
Remodeling | 1,124 |  |  | 4,525 |  |  | 2,270 |
Information technology | 1,060 |  |  | 1,930 |  |  | 1,470 |
Other | 694 |  |  | 2,771 |  |  | 1,812 |
Capital expenditures (excluding acquisitions) | $ | 13,975 |  |  | $ | 22,025 |  |  | $ | 18,811 |

Capital expenditures for fiscal 2020 are expected to be between $28 million and $33 million, including between $13 million and $18 million of anticipated real estate acquisitions through like-kind exchanges.
Cash flows used in financing activities were $150.0 million for the year ended December 25, 2019, which included stock repurchases of $94.5 million and net long-term debt repayments of $49.0 million. Cash flows used in financing activities were $41.6 million for the year ended December 26, 2018, which included stock repurchases of $61.2 million and the purchase of a $6.8 million equity forward contract related to an accelerated share repurchase agreement we entered into in 2018, partially offset by net long-term debt borrowings of $24.3 million. Cash flows used in financing activities were $48.7 million for the year ended December 27, 2017, which included stock repurchases of $83.1 million, partially offset by net long-term debt borrowings of $37.2 million.
Our working capital deficit was $42.8 million at December 25, 2019 compared with $47.1 million at December 26, 2018. The working capital deficit included $16.3 million of operating lease liabilities as of December 25, 2019 resulting from the adoption of Topic 842 in 2019. The decrease in working capital deficit, after considering the impact of the adoption of Topic 842, was primarily due to the runoff of liabilities resulting from the sale of company restaurants. We are able to operate with a substantial working capital deficit because (1) restaurant operations and most food service operations are conducted primarily on a cash and cash equivalent basis with a low level of accounts receivable, (2) rapid turnover allows a limited investment in inventories and (3) accounts payable for food, beverages and supplies usually become due after the receipt of cash from the related sales.
Credit Facility
As of December 25, 2019, we had outstanding revolver loans of $240.0 million and outstanding letters of credit under the senior secured revolver of $20.6 million. These balances resulted in availability of $139.4 million under the credit facility. The credit facility includes an accordion feature that would allow us to increase the size of the revolver to $450 million. Prior to considering the impact of our interest rate swaps, described below, the weighted-average interest rate on outstanding revolver loans was 3.47% as of December 25, 2019. Taking into consideration the interest rate swaps, the weighted-average interest rate of outstanding revolver loans was 3.99% as of December 25, 2019.
A commitment fee, which is based on our consolidated leverage ratio, is paid on the unused portion of the credit facility and was 0.25% as of December 25, 2019. Borrowings under the credit facility bear a tiered interest rate, also based on our leverage ratio, and was set at LIBOR plus 1.75% as of December 25, 2019. The maturity date for the credit facility is October 26, 2022.
The credit facility is available for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. The credit facility is guaranteed by Denny's and its material subsidiaries and is secured by assets of Denny's and its subsidiaries, including the stock of its subsidiaries (other than our insurance captive subsidiary). It includes negative covenants that are usual for facilities and transactions of this type. The credit facility also includes certain financial covenants with respect to a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio. We were in compliance with all financial covenants as of December 25, 2019.
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Interest Rate Hedges
We have interest rate swaps to hedge a portion of the forecasted cash flows of our floating rate debt. See Part II Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk for details on our interest rate swaps.
Contractual Obligations
Our future contractual obligations and commitments at December 25, 2019 consisted of the following:

| Payments Due by Period
| Total |  | Less than 1 Year |  | 1-2 Years |  | 3-4 Years |  | 5 Years and Thereafter
| (In thousands)
Long-term debt | $ | 240,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 240,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Finance lease obligations (a) | 42,640 |  |  | 4,654 |  |  | 8,621 |  |  | 6,855 |  |  | 22,510 |
Operating lease obligations | 234,788 |  |  | 26,148 |  |  | 46,069 |  |  | 38,878 |  |  | 123,693 |
Interest obligations (a) | 27,103 |  |  | 9,566 |  |  | 17,537 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Defined benefit plan obligations | 2,402 |  |  | 662 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 550 |  |  | 640 |
Purchase obligations (b) | 193,494 |  |  | 193,494 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Unrecognized tax benefits (c) | 1,047 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 741,474 |  |  | $ | 234,524 |  |  | $ | 312,777 |  |  | $ | 46,283 |  |  | $ | 146,843 |

(a) | Interest obligations represent payments related to our long-term debt outstanding at December 25, 2019. For long-term debt with variable rates, we have used the rate applicable at December 25, 2019 to project interest over the periods presented in the table above, taking into consideration the impact of the interest rate swaps for the applicable periods. The finance lease obligation amounts above are inclusive of interest.

(b) | Purchase obligations include amounts payable under purchase contracts for food and non-food products. Many of these agreements do not obligate us to purchase any specific volumes and include provisions that would allow us to cancel such agreements with appropriate notice. For agreements with cancellation provisions, amounts included in the table above represent our estimate of purchase obligations during the periods presented if we were to cancel these contracts with appropriate notice.

(c) | Unrecognized tax benefits are related to uncertain tax positions. As we are not able to reasonably estimate the timing or amount of these payments, the related balances have not been reflected in this table.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to self-insurance liabilities, impairment of long-lived assets and income taxes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions; however, we believe that our estimates, including those for the above-described items, are reasonable.
Our significant accounting policies, including the critical accounting policies listed below, are fully described in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:
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Self-insurance liabilities. We are self-insured for a portion of our losses related to certain medical plans, workers’ compensation, general, product and automobile insurance liability. In estimating these liabilities, we utilize independent actuarial estimates of expected losses, which are based on statistical analysis of historical data. Our estimates of expected losses are adjusted over time based on changes to the actual costs of the underlying claims, which could result in additional expense or reversal of expense previously recorded.
Impairment of long-lived assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment at the restaurant level on a quarterly basis, when assets are identified as held for sale or whenever changes or events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. For assets identified as held for sale, we use the market approach and consider proceeds from similar asset sales. We assess impairment of restaurant-level assets based on the operating cash flows of the restaurant, expected proceeds from the sale of assets and our plans for restaurant closings. Generally, all restaurants with negative cash flows from operations for the most recent twelve months at each quarter end are included in our assessment. For underperforming assets, we use the income approach to determine both the recoverability and estimated fair value of the assets. To estimate future cash flows, we make certain assumptions about expected future operating performance, such as revenue growth, operating margins, risk-adjusted discount rates, and future economic and market conditions. If the long-lived assets of a restaurant are not recoverable based upon estimated future, undiscounted cash flows, we write the assets down to their fair value. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record additional impairment charges.
Income taxes. We make certain estimates and judgments in the calculation of our provision for income taxes, in the resulting tax liabilities, and in the recoverability of deferred tax assets. We record valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets, when necessary. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on future taxable earnings and is therefore uncertain. We assess the likelihood that our deferred tax assets in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate will be recovered from future taxable income. Deferred tax assets do not include future tax benefits that we deem likely not to be realized.
We record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from more likely than not tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, in an income tax return. We recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Assessment of uncertain tax positions requires judgments relating to the amounts, timing and likelihood of resolution.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See the Accounting Standards to be Adopted section of Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for further details of recent accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Interest Rate Risk
We have exposure to interest rate risk related to certain instruments entered into for other than trading purposes. Specifically, as of December 25, 2019, borrowings under our credit facility bore interest at variable rates based on LIBOR plus 1.75% per annum.
We have interest rate swaps to hedge a portion of the forecasted cash flows of our floating rate debt. We designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of our exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to payments of LIBOR due on forecasted notional debt obligations. Under the interest rate swaps, we pay a fixed rate on the notional amount in addition to the current interest rate as determined by our consolidated leverage ratio in effect at the time. A summary of our interest rate swaps as of December 25, 2019 is as follows:

Trade Date |  | Effective Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rate
|  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
March 20, 2015 |  | March 29, 2018 |  | March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 120,000 |  |  | 2.44 | %
October 1, 2015 |  | March 29, 2018 |  | March 31, 2026 |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 2.46 | %
February 15, 2018 |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2033 |  | $ | 80,000 |  | (1) | 3.19 | %

(1) | The notional amount of the swaps entered into on February 15, 2018 increases annually beginning September 30, 2020 until they reach the maximum notional amount of $425.0 million on September 28, 2029.

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As of December 25, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was a liability of $44.7 million, which is recorded as a component of other noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The interest rate swaps effectively increased our ratio of fixed rate debt from approximately 6% of total debt to approximately 73% of total debt. We expect to reclassify approximately $1.2 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our interest rate swaps during the next twelve months. This amount will be included as a component of interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 11 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this report for additional details.
Based on the levels of borrowings under the credit facility at December 25, 2019, if interest rates changed by 100 basis points, our annual cash flow and income before taxes would change by approximately $0.7 million. This computation is determined by considering the impact of hypothetical interest rates on the credit facility at December 25, 2019, taking into consideration the interest rate swaps that will be in effect during the annual period. However, the nature and amount of our borrowings may vary as a result of future business requirements, market conditions and other factors.
Commodity Price Risk
We purchase certain food products, such as beef, poultry, pork, eggs and coffee, and utilities such as gas and electricity, that are affected by commodity pricing and are, therefore, subject to price volatility caused by weather, production problems, delivery difficulties and other factors that are outside our control and which are generally unpredictable. Changes in commodity prices affect us and our competitors, generally and often simultaneously. In general, we purchase food products and utilities based upon market prices established with vendors. Although many of the items purchased are subject to changes in commodity prices, the majority of our purchasing arrangements are structured to contain features that minimize price volatility by establishing fixed pricing and/or price ceilings and floors. We use these types of purchase arrangements to control costs as an alternative to using financial instruments to hedge commodity prices. In many cases, we believe we will be able to address commodity cost increases which are significant and appear to be long-term in nature by adjusting our menu pricing or changing our product delivery strategy. However, competitive circumstances could limit such actions and, in those circumstances, increases in commodity prices could lower our margins. Because of the often short-term nature of commodity pricing aberrations and our ability to change menu pricing or product delivery strategies in response to commodity price increases, we believe that the impact of commodity price risk is not significant.
We have established a process to identify, control and manage market risks which may arise from changes in interest rates, commodity prices and other relevant rates and prices. We do not use derivative instruments for trading purposes.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
See Index to Consolidated Financial Statements which appears on page F-1 herein.
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
None.
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Our management, with the participation of our principal executive and financial officers, including the Chief Executive Officer (the “CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (the “CFO”), evaluated the effectiveness of our design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to and as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), as of the end of the period covered by this report.
Based on their assessment as of December 25, 2019, our CEO and CFO have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
During the first quarter of 2019, we implemented new controls in connection with our adoption of the Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. These new controls resulted in changes to the leasing process and related procedures for internal control over financial reporting. We assessed the control design during implementation and conducted post-implementation monitoring and testing to ensure the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.
There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our CEO and CFO, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 25, 2019 based on the framework in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 25, 2019.
The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 25, 2019 has also been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report that appears herein.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Denny’s Corporation:
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited Denny’s Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 25, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 25, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 25, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 24, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Greenville, South Carolina
February 24, 2020
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Item 9B. Other Information
None.
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Information required by this item with respect to our executive officers and directors; compliance by our directors, executive officers and certain beneficial owners of our common stock with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act; the committees of our Board of Directors; our Audit Committee Financial Expert; and our Code of Ethics is furnished by incorporation by reference to information under the captions entitled “General-Equity Security Ownership,” “Election of Directors,” “Executive Compensation,” “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports,” “Related Party Transactions” and “Code of Ethics” in the proxy statement (to be filed hereafter) in connection with Denny’s Corporation’s 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “proxy statement”) and possibly elsewhere in the proxy statement (or will be filed by amendment to this report). Additional information required by this item related to our executive officers appears in Item 1 of Part I of this report under the caption “Information about our Executive Officers.”
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The information required by this item is furnished by incorporation by reference to information under the captions entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Election of Directors” in the proxy statement and possibly elsewhere in the proxy statement (or will be filed by amendment to this report).
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
The security ownership of certain beneficial owners information required by this item is furnished by incorporation by reference to information under the caption “Equity Security Ownership” in the proxy statement and possibly elsewhere in the proxy statement (or will be filed by amendment to this report).
Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
The following table sets forth information as of December 25, 2019 with respect to our compensation plans under which equity securities of Denny’s Corporation are authorized for issuance.

Plan category |  | Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights |  |  |  | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights (2) |  | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans |  |
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders |  | 4,079,895 |  |  | (1) |  | $ | 3.89 |  |  | 2,581,846 |  |  | (3)
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders |  | — |  |  |  |  | — |  |  | 704,166 |  |  | (4)
Total |  | 4,079,895 |  |  |  |  | $ | 3.89 |  |  | 3,286,012 |  |  |

(1) | Includes shares issuable in connection with our outstanding stock options, performance share awards and restricted stock units awards.

(2) | Includes the weighted-average exercise price of stock options only.

(3) | Includes shares of our common stock available for issuance as awards of stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, deferred stock units and performance awards under the Denny’s Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

(4) | Includes shares of our common stock available for issuance as awards of stock options and restricted stock units outside of the Denny’s Incentive Plans in accordance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c)(4).

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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
The information required by this item is furnished by incorporation by reference to information under the captions “Related Party Transactions” and “Election of Directors” in the proxy statement and possibly elsewhere in the proxy statement (or will be filed by amendment to this report).
Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
The information required by this item is furnished by incorporation by reference to information under the caption entitled “Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in the proxy statement and possibly elsewhere in the proxy statement (or will be filed by amendment to this report).
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules
(a)(1) Financial Statements: See the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements which appears on page F-1 hereof.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules: No schedules are filed herewith because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the information called for is in our Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto appearing elsewhere herein.
(a)(3) Exhibits: Certain of the exhibits to this Report, indicated by an asterisk, are hereby incorporated by reference from other documents on file with the Commission with which they are electronically filed, under File No. 001-18051, to be a part hereof as of their respective dates.
37

Exhibit No. | Description
*3.1 | Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Denny's Corporation dated March 3, 2003, as amended by Certificate of Amendment to Restated Certificate of Incorporation to Increase Authorized Capitalization dated August 25, 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Denny's Corporation for the year ended December 29, 2004).
*3.2 | Amended and Restated By-laws of Denny’s Corporation, amended and restated as of November 7, 2018 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Denny’s Corporation filed with the Commission on November 13, 2018).
4.1 | Description of Common Stock of Denny’s Corporation.
+*10.1 | Form of deferred stock unit award certificate to be used under the Denny's Corporation 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Denny's Corporation for the year ended December 29, 2004).
+*10.2 | Employment Offer Letter dated August 16, 2005 between Denny's Corporation and F. Mark Wolfinger (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended September 28, 2005).
+*10.3 | Employment Offer Letter dated January 6, 2011 between Denny's Corporation and John C. Miller (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended March 30, 2011).
*10.4 | Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of October 26, 2017 among Denny's, Inc., as the Borrower, Denny's Corporation, as Parent, and Certain Subsidiaries of Parent, as Guarantors, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent and L/C Issuer, Regions Bank and Citizens Bank, National Association, as Co-Syndication Agents, Cadence Bank, N.A. and Fifth Third Bank, as Co-Documentation Agents, and The Other Lenders Party Hereto, Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, Regions Capital Markets, a Division of Regions Bank and Citizens Bank, National Association, as Joint Lead Arrangers and Joint Bookrunners (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Denny's Corporation filed with the Commission on October 31, 2017).
*10.5 | Third Amended and Restated Guarantee and Collateral Agreement dated as of October 26, 2017 among Denny's, Inc., Denny's Realty, LLC, Denny's Corporation, DFO, LLC, the other Subsidiaries of Parent from time to time party hereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Denny's Corporation filed with the Commission on October 31, 2017).
*10.6 | First Amendment to Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated June 26, 2018 among Denny's Inc., as the Borrower, Denny's Corporation, as Parent, and each of the Subsidiaries of Parent party thereto, as Guarantors, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as Administrative Agent on behalf of the Lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended September 26, 2018).
+*10.7 | Denny's Corporation Amended and Restated Executive and Key Employee Severance Pay Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended September 26, 2018).
+*10.8 | Denny's Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan, as amended and restated effective March 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Denny's Corporation (Commission File No. 333-216655) filed with the Commission on March 13, 2017).
+*10.9 | Denny's Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 of Denny's Corporation (Commission File No. 333-217843) filed with the Commission on May 10, 2017).

38

Exhibit No. | Description
+*10.10 | Denny's Corporation 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Appendix A of the Definitive Proxy Statement of Denny's Corporation filed with the Commission on April 5, 2012).
+*10.11 | Denny's Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K of Denny's Corporation filed with the Commission on May 27, 2008).
+*10.12 | Amendment to the Denny's Corporation 2008 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended April 1, 2009).
+*10.13 | Denny's Corporation Amended and Restated 2004 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended June 25, 2008).
+*10.14 | Form of the 2014 Long-Term Performance Incentive Program Performance Shares and Target Cash Opportunity Award Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended March 26, 2014).
+*10.15 | Written Description of the Denny's 2014 Long-Term Performance Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended March 26, 2014).
+*10.16 | Form of Long-Term Incentive Program Award Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended April 1, 2015).
+*10.17 | Form of the Written Description of the Denny’s Long-Term Incentive Program (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny’s Corporation for the quarter ended April 1, 2015).
+*10.18 | Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.28 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Denny's Corporation for the year ended December 29, 2010).
+*10.19 | Denny's Corporate Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.30 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Denny's Corporation for the year ended December 30, 2009).
+*10.20 | Form of deferred stock unit award certificate to be used under the Denny's Corporation 2012 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.27 to the Annual Report on From 10-K of Denny's Corporation for the year ended December 31, 2014).
+*10.21 | Form of deferred stock unit award certificate to be used under the Denny’s Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.26 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K of Denny’s Corporation for the year ended December 27, 2017).
+*10.22 | 2018 Long-Term Incentive Program Performance Share Unit Award Certificate (Executive Officers) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended March 28, 2018).
+*10.23 | 2018 Long-Term Incentive Program Performance Share Unit Award Certificate (Executive Officers with Special Retirement Vesting) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny's Corporation for the quarter ended March 28, 2018).
+*10.24 | 2019 Long-Term Incentive Program Performance Share Unit Award Certificate (Executive Officers) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny’s Corporation for the quarter ended March 27, 2019).
+*10.25 | 2019 Long-Term Incentive Program Performance Share Unit Award Certificate (Executive Officers with Special Retirement Vesting) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny’s Corporation for the quarter ended March 27, 2019).

39

Exhibit No. | Description
+*10.26 | Summary of Non-Employee Director Compensation as of May 8, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Denny’s Corporation for the quarter ended June 26, 2019).
21.1 | Subsidiaries of Denny’s Corporation.
23.1 | Consent of KPMG LLP.
31.1 | Certification of John C. Miller, Chief Executive Officer of Denny’s Corporation, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
31.2 | Certification of Robert P. Verostek, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Denny’s Corporation, pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
32.1 | Statement of John C. Miller, Chief Executive Officer of Denny’s Corporation, and Robert P. Verostek, Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Denny’s Corporation, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
101.INS | XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101).

+ | Denotes management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.
* | Incorporated by reference.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary
None.
40

DENNY’S CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

| Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Consolidated Financial Statements | F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets | F-5
Consolidated Statements of Income | F-6
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income | F-7
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Deficit | F-8
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | F-9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | F-10

F - 1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and Board of Directors
Denny’s Corporation
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Denny’s Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 25, 2019, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 25, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 25, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 24, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Changes in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases effective December 27, 2018 due to the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842 and for revenue from contracts with customers effective December 28, 2017 due to the adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 606.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Evaluation of Assumptions Underlying Self-insurance Liabilities
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s self-insurance liabilities related to workers’ compensation, general, product and automobile insurance as of December 25, 2019 were $16.1 million. The liabilities represent estimated incurred losses discounted to their present value based on expected loss payment patterns using the Company’s historical payments. These estimates include assumptions regarding claims frequency and severity (average ultimate cost) as well as changes in the Company’s business environment, medical costs and regulatory environment that could impact the overall self-insurance costs.
F - 2

We identified the evaluation of assumptions underlying self-insurance liabilities as a critical audit matter. Specifically, inherent uncertainty in the frequency and severity of claims assumptions that are used to actuarially estimate the self-insurance liabilities involved especially subjective auditor judgment. It required professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to evaluate these key assumptions, and the impact of these assumptions on the self-insurance liabilities.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s self-insurance process related to the underlying claims data used to develop the historical claims frequency and severity. We assessed the Company’s assumptions underlying the frequency and severity of claims by evaluating the Company’s ability to accurately estimate claims expense by comparing the prior estimated claims payments against actual claims payments. We also assessed the Company’s estimate of the self-insurance claims liabilities by evaluating facts and circumstances related to incurred claims received after year-end but before the consolidated financial statements were issued, to identify the presence of trends not considered by the Company when it developed its assumptions. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted with:

• | performing an independent assessment of the frequency and severity of the claims used by the Company to estimate the self-insurance liabilities, and

• | developing an independent acceptable range for the self-insurance liabilities using the Company’s underlying historical claims data, which involved assessing the frequency and severity of the Company’s claim assumptions.

Evaluation of Incremental Borrowing Rates Used to Calculate Right-of-use Assets and Operating Lease Liabilities upon Adoption of ASC Topic 842
As discussed in Notes 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities of $94.2 million and $101.3 million, respectively, as of December 27, 2018. The Company does not have any outstanding debt with an observable credit rating or yield that could be used to establish credit risk and an appropriate yield. As a result, the Company estimated a synthetic credit rating and senior unsecured yield on a senior unsecured basis. In order to approximate collateralization, the Company also made adjustments to the yield on a senior unsecured basis. The Company then estimated incremental borrowing rates (IBRs) based on the selection of a benchmark yield curve considering remaining terms for their existing leases.
We identified the evaluation of IBRs used to calculate right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities upon adoption of ASC Topic 842 as a critical audit matter. It was especially challenging to assess the propriety of the methodology used to estimate the synthetic credit rating and senior unsecured yield. It was also especially challenging to assess the propriety of how and by how much the Company adjusted the senior unsecured yield to arrive at the IBRs due to the limited relevant and comparable market information.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process to develop the IBRs. We also involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

• | independently estimating the credit rating of the Company by performing a synthetic credit rating analysis, and

• | evaluating the IBRs used by the Company by comparing them against a range that was independently developed using publicly available market data.

Assessment of the Noncash Consideration Received on the Sale of Real Estate
As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, in connection with the sale of real estate, the Company received cash and noncash consideration. The noncash consideration was recorded at the fair value of real estate space expected to be received within a building being developed by the buyer of the real estate. The $3.0 million of noncash consideration is recorded as a component of other noncurrent assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
We identified the assessment of the noncash consideration received on the sale of real estate as a critical audit matter. Assessing the noncash consideration received was especially challenging due to the high degree of auditor judgment involved in assessing the accounting and estimation of the noncash consideration received on the sale of real estate. Specifically, it was challenging to assess the interpretation and application of the accounting literature to the transaction, and also required professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to assess the methodology used by the Company to estimate the fair value and the risk assumption over construction underlying the fair value estimate of the noncash consideration received on the sale of real estate.
The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following. We tested certain internal controls over the Company’s process of accounting for significant unusual transactions, which included testing the Company’s
F - 3

review over the accounting treatment for the sale of real estate and the noncash consideration received. We assessed the accounting for the noncash consideration received by gaining an understanding of the agreement and independently applying the accounting literature to the transaction. We compared our analysis to the Company’s conclusion. We involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

• | performing an independent assessment of the methodology used by the Company to estimate the fair value of the noncash consideration received,

• | assessing the Company’s risk assumption over construction underlying the fair value estimate of the noncash consideration received, and

• | developing an independent acceptable range for the fair value of the non-cash consideration received using market data and comparing it to the amount recorded by the Company.

/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2003.
Greenville, South Carolina
February 24, 2020
F - 4

Denny’s Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Balance Sheets

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Assets |  |  |
Current assets: |  |  |
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,372 |  |  | $ | 5,026 |
Investments | 3,649 |  |  | 1,709 |
Receivables, net | 27,488 |  |  | 26,283 |
Inventories | 1,325 |  |  | 2,993 |
Assets held for sale | 1,925 |  |  | 723 |
Prepaid and other current assets | 14,974 |  |  | 10,866 |
Total current assets | 52,733 |  |  | 47,600 |
Property, net of accumulated depreciation of $147,445 and $226,620, respectively | 97,626 |  |  | 117,251 |
Financing lease right-of-use assets, net of accumulated amortization of $8,468 and $15,526, respectively | 11,720 |  |  | 22,753 |
Operating lease right-of-use assets, net | 158,550 |  |  | — |
Goodwill | 36,832 |  |  | 39,781 |
Intangible assets, net | 53,956 |  |  | 59,067 |
Deferred financing costs, net | 1,727 |  |  | 2,335 |
Deferred income taxes, net | 14,718 |  |  | 17,333 |
Other noncurrent assets | 32,525 |  |  | 29,229 |
Total assets | $ | 460,387 |  |  | $ | 335,349 |
Liabilities |  |  |
Current liabilities: |  |  |
Current finance lease liabilities | $ | 1,674 |  |  | $ | 3,410 |
Current operating lease liabilities | 16,344 |  |  | — |
Accounts payable | 20,256 |  |  | 29,527 |
Other current liabilities | 57,307 |  |  | 61,790 |
Total current liabilities | 95,581 |  |  | 94,727 |
Long-term liabilities: |  |  |
Long-term debt | 240,000 |  |  | 286,500 |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 14,779 |  |  | 27,181 |
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities | 152,750 |  |  | — |
Liability for insurance claims, less current portion | 11,454 |  |  | 12,199 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 83,887 |  |  | 48,087 |
Total long-term liabilities | 502,870 |  |  | 373,967 |
Total liabilities | 598,451 |  |  | 468,694 |
Commitments and contingencies |  |  |
Shareholders’ deficit |  |  |
Common stock $0.01 par value; shares authorized - 135,000; December 25, 2019: 109,415 shares issued and 57,095 shares outstanding; December 26, 2018: 108,585 shares issued and 61,533 shares outstanding | 1,094 |  |  | 1,086 |
Paid-in capital | 603,980 |  |  | 592,944 |
Deficit | (189,398 | ) |  | (306,414 | )
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | (33,960 | ) |  | (4,146 | )
Treasury stock, at cost, 52,320 and 47,052 shares, respectively | (519,780 | ) |  | (416,815 | )
Total shareholders’ deficit | (138,064 | ) |  | (133,345 | )
Total liabilities and shareholders’ deficit | $ | 460,387 |  |  | $ | 335,349 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F - 5

Denny’s Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Income

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Company restaurant sales | $ | 306,377 |  |  | $ | 411,932 |  |  | $ | 390,352 |
Franchise and license revenue | 235,012 |  |  | 218,247 |  |  | 138,817 |
Total operating revenue | 541,389 |  |  | 630,179 |  |  | 529,169 |
Costs of company restaurant sales: |  |  |  |  |
Product costs | 74,720 |  |  | 100,532 |  |  | 97,825 |
Payroll and benefits | 118,806 |  |  | 164,314 |  |  | 153,037 |
Occupancy | 18,613 |  |  | 23,228 |  |  | 20,802 |
Other operating expenses | 46,257 |  |  | 60,708 |  |  | 53,049 |
Total costs of company restaurant sales | 258,396 |  |  | 348,782 |  |  | 324,713 |
Costs of franchise and license revenue | 120,326 |  |  | 114,296 |  |  | 39,294 |
General and administrative expenses | 69,018 |  |  | 63,828 |  |  | 66,415 |
Depreciation and amortization | 19,846 |  |  | 27,039 |  |  | 23,720 |
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net | (91,180 | ) |  | 2,620 |  |  | 4,329 |
Total operating costs and expenses, net | 376,406 |  |  | 556,565 |  |  | 458,471 |
Operating income | 164,983 |  |  | 73,614 |  |  | 70,698 |
Interest expense, net | 18,547 |  |  | 20,745 |  |  | 15,640 |
Other nonoperating (income) expense, net | (2,763 | ) |  | 619 |  |  | (1,743 | )
Net income before income taxes | 149,199 |  |  | 52,250 |  |  | 56,801 |
Provision for income taxes | 31,789 |  |  | 8,557 |  |  | 17,207 |
Net income | $ | 117,410 |  |  | $ | 43,693 |  |  | $ | 39,594 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 1.90 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Basic weighted average shares outstanding | 59,944 |  |  | 63,364 |  |  | 68,077 |
Diluted weighted average shares outstanding | 61,833 |  |  | 65,562 |  |  | 70,403 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F - 6

Denny’s Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Net income | $ | 117,410 |  |  | $ | 43,693 |  |  | $ | 39,594 |
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax: |  |  |  |  |
Minimum pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $15, $53 and $(22), respectively | 46 |  |  | 155 |  |  | (37 | )
Changes in the effective portion of the fair value of derivatives, net of tax of $(10,410), $(339) and $(579), respectively | (30,076 | ) |  | (2,256 | ) |  | (924 | )
Reclassification of derivatives to interest expense, net of tax of $75, $36 and $20, respectively | 216 |  |  | 271 |  |  | 52 |
Other comprehensive loss | (29,814 | ) |  | (1,830 | ) |  | (909 | )
Total comprehensive income | $ | 87,596 |  |  | $ | 41,863 |  |  | $ | 38,685 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F - 7

Denny’s Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Deficit

| Common Stock |  | Treasury Stock |  | Paid-in |  |  |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive |  | Total Shareholders’
| Shares |  | Amount |  | Shares |  | Amount |  | Capital |  | (Deficit) |  | Loss, Net |  | Deficit
| (In thousands)
Balance, December 28, 2016 | 107,115 |  |  | $ | 1,071 |  |  | (35,757 | ) |  | $ | (265,884 | ) |  | $ | 577,951 |  |  | $ | (382,843 | ) |  | $ | (1,407 | ) |  | $ | (71,112 | )
Cumulative effect adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 551 |  |  | 8,588 |  |  | — |  |  | 9,139 |
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 39,594 |  |  | — |  |  | 39,594 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (909 | ) |  | (909 | )
Share-based compensation on equity classified awards, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,131 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 8,131 |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,840 | ) |  | (82,858 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (82,858 | )
Equity forward contract settlement | — |  |  | — |  |  | (554 | ) |  | (6,884 | ) |  | 6,884 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for share-based compensation | 398 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 227 |  |  | 2 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 653 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 655 |
Balance, December 27, 2017 | 107,740 |  |  | $ | 1,077 |  |  | (43,151 | ) |  | $ | (355,626 | ) |  | $ | 594,166 |  |  | $ | (334,661 | ) |  | $ | (2,316 | ) |  | $ | (97,360 | )
Cumulative effect adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (15,446 | ) |  | — |  |  | (15,446 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 43,693 |  |  | — |  |  | 43,693 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,830 | ) |  | (1,830 | )
Share-based compensation on equity classified awards, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,325 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 4,325 |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3,901 | ) |  | (61,189 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (61,189 | )
Equity forward contract issuance | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,763 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (6,763 | )
Issuance of common stock for share-based compensation | 447 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 398 |  |  | 4 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,221 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 1,225 |
Balance, December 26, 2018 | 108,585 |  |  | $ | 1,086 |  |  | (47,052 | ) |  | $ | (416,815 | ) |  | $ | 592,944 |  |  | $ | (306,414 | ) |  | $ | (4,146 | ) |  | $ | (133,345 | )
Cumulative effect adjustment | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (394 | ) |  | — |  |  | (394 | )
Net income | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 117,410 |  |  | — |  |  | 117,410 |
Other comprehensive loss | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (29,814 | ) |  | (29,814 | )
Share-based compensation on equity classified awards, net | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,310 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 3,310 |
Purchase of treasury stock | — |  |  | — |  |  | (4,879 | ) |  | (96,202 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (96,202 | )
Equity forward contract settlement | — |  |  | — |  |  | (389 | ) |  | (6,763 | ) |  | 6,763 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Issuance of common stock for share-based compensation | 468 |  |  | 5 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | (5 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Exercise of common stock options | 362 |  |  | 3 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 968 |  |  | — |  |  | — |  |  | 971 |
Balance, December 25, 2019 | 109,415 |  |  | $ | 1,094 |  |  | (52,320 | ) |  | $ | (519,780 | ) |  | $ | 603,980 |  |  | $ | (189,398 | ) |  | $ | (33,960 | ) |  | $ | (138,064 | )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F - 8

Denny’s Corporation and Subsidiaries
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Net income | $ | 117,410 |  |  | $ | 43,693 |  |  | $ | 39,594 |
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash flows provided by operating activities: |  |  |  |  |
Depreciation and amortization | 19,846 |  |  | 27,039 |  |  | 23,720 |
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net | (91,180 | ) |  | 2,620 |  |  | 4,329 |
Amortization of deferred financing costs | 608 |  |  | 607 |  |  | 596 |
Gains on investments | (180 | ) |  | (9 | ) |  | — |
(Gains) losses on early extinguishments of debt and leases | (4 | ) |  | (171 | ) |  | 130 |
Deferred income tax expense | 16,005 |  |  | 6,193 |  |  | 10,271 |
(Decrease) increase of tax valuation allowance | (2,935 | ) |  | 121 |  |  | 216 |
Share-based compensation | 6,694 |  |  | 6,038 |  |  | 8,541 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Receivables | (2,030 | ) |  | (4,722 | ) |  | (807 | )
Inventories | 1,668 |  |  | 141 |  |  | (192 | )
Other current assets | (4,108 | ) |  | 921 |  |  | (2,380 | )
Other assets | (4,581 | ) |  | 2 |  |  | (6,327 | )
Operating lease assets/liabilities | (601 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Accounts payable | (5,170 | ) |  | (5,147 | ) |  | 10,025 |
Accrued salaries and vacations | (3,826 | ) |  | 2,175 |  |  | (6,446 | )
Accrued taxes | (2,043 | ) |  | 283 |  |  | (23 | )
Other accrued liabilities | (4,144 | ) |  | (1,676 | ) |  | 135 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 1,898 |  |  | (4,418 | ) |  | (3,113 | )
Net cash flows provided by operating activities | 43,327 |  |  | 73,690 |  |  | 78,269 |
Cash flows from investing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Capital expenditures | (13,975 | ) |  | (22,025 | ) |  | (18,811 | )
Acquisition of restaurants and real estate | (11,320 | ) |  | (10,416 | ) |  | (12,353 | )
Proceeds from disposition of property | 129,721 |  |  | 3,052 |  |  | 2,318 |
Investment purchases | (1,760 | ) |  | (1,700 | ) |  | — |
Collections on notes receivable | 3,654 |  |  | 2,740 |  |  | 4,405 |
Issuance of notes receivable | (1,351 | ) |  | (3,668 | ) |  | (2,706 | )
Net cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities | 104,969 |  |  | (32,017 | ) |  | (27,147 | )
Cash flows from financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Revolver borrowings | 164,400 |  |  | 136,000 |  |  | 391,900 |
Revolver payments | (210,900 | ) |  | (108,500 | ) |  | (351,400 | )
Long-term debt payments | (2,464 | ) |  | (3,181 | ) |  | (3,322 | )
Tax withholding on share-based payments | (3,206 | ) |  | (1,714 | ) |  | — |
Deferred financing costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | (1,602 | )
Purchase of treasury stock | (94,459 | ) |  | (61,237 | ) |  | (83,050 | )
Purchase of equity forward contract | — |  |  | (6,763 | ) |  | — |
Proceeds from exercise of stock options | 971 |  |  | 1,225 |  |  | 655 |
Net bank overdrafts | (4,292 | ) |  | 2,540 |  |  | (1,912 | )
Net cash flows used in financing activities | (149,950 | ) |  | (41,630 | ) |  | (48,731 | )
(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (1,654 | ) |  | 43 |  |  | 2,391 |
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 5,026 |  |  | 4,983 |  |  | 2,592 |
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 3,372 |  |  | $ | 5,026 |  |  | $ | 4,983 |

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F - 9

Denny’s Corporation and Subsidiaries
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Introduction and Basis of Reporting
Denny’s Corporation, or Denny’s, is one of America’s largest franchised full-service restaurant chains based on number of restaurants. Denny’s restaurants are operated in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, two U.S. territories and 12 foreign countries with principal concentrations in California (23% of total restaurants), Texas (12%) and Florida (8%).
At December 25, 2019, the Denny’s brand consisted of 1,703 restaurants, 1,635 of which were franchised/licensed restaurants and 68 of which were company restaurants. Changes in restaurant counts are as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
Company restaurants, beginning of period | 173 |  |  | 178 |  |  | 169 |
Units opened | — |  |  | 1 |  |  | 3 |
Units acquired from franchisees | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 10 |
Units sold to franchisees | (105 | ) |  | (8 | ) |  | (4 | )
Units closed | — |  |  | (4 | ) |  | — |
End of period | 68 |  |  | 173 |  |  | 178 |
Franchised and licensed restaurants, beginning of period | 1,536 |  |  | 1,557 |  |  | 1,564 |
Units opened | 30 |  |  | 29 |  |  | 36 |
Units purchased from Company | 105 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |
Units acquired by Company | — |  |  | (6 | ) |  | (10 | )
Units closed | (36 | ) |  | (52 | ) |  | (37 | )
End of period | 1,635 |  |  | 1,536 |  |  | 1,557 |
Total restaurants, end of period | 1,703 |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | 1,735 |

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The following accounting policies significantly affect the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements:
Use of Estimates. In preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, management is required to make certain assumptions and estimates that affect reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and the disclosure of contingencies. In making these assumptions and estimates, management may from time to time seek advice and consider information provided by actuaries and other experts in a particular area. Actual amounts could differ materially from these estimates.
Consolidation Policy. Our Consolidated Financial Statements include the financial statements of Denny’s Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries: Denny’s, Inc., DFO, LLC, Denny’s Realty, LLC and East Main Insurance Company. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Fiscal Year. Our fiscal year ends on the last Wednesday in December. As a result, a fifty-third week is added to a fiscal year every five or six years. Fiscal 2019, 2018 and 2017 each included 52 weeks of operations. Our next 53-week year will be fiscal 2020.
Cash and Cash Equivalents. Our policy is to invest cash in excess of operating requirements in short-term highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less, which we consider to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include short-term investments of $0.4 million at December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018.
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Receivables. Receivables, which are recorded at net realizable value, primarily consist of trade accounts receivables and financing receivables from franchisees, vendor receivables and credit card receivables. Trade accounts receivables from franchisees consist of royalties, advertising and rent. Financing receivables from franchisees primarily consist of notes from franchisees related to the roll-out of equipment. We accrue interest on notes receivable based on the contractual terms. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on pre-defined criteria and management’s judgment of existing receivables. Receivables that are ultimately deemed to be uncollectible, and for which collection efforts have been exhausted, are written off against the allowance for doubtful accounts.
Inventories. Inventories consist of food and beverages and are valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.
Property and Depreciation. Owned property is stated at cost. Property under finance leases are stated at the lesser of its fair value or the net present value of the related minimum lease payments at the lease inception. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. We depreciate owned property over its estimated useful life using the straight-line method. We amortize property held under finance leases (at capitalized value) over the lesser of its estimated useful life or the lease term. Building assets are assigned estimated useful lives that range from five to 30 years. Equipment assets are assigned lives that range from two to ten years. Leasehold improvements are generally assigned lives between five and 15 years limited by the expected lease term.
Goodwill. Amounts recorded as goodwill primarily represent excess reorganization value recognized as a result of our 1998 bankruptcy. We also record goodwill in connection with the acquisition of restaurants from franchisees. Likewise, upon the sale of restaurant operations to franchisees, goodwill is decremented. We test goodwill for impairment at each fiscal year end and more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may exist. Such indicators include, but are not limited to, a significant decline in our expected future cash flows, a significant adverse decline in our stock price, significantly adverse legal developments and a significant change in the business climate.
Intangible Assets. Intangible assets consist primarily of trade names and reacquired franchise rights. Trade names are considered indefinite-lived intangible assets and are not amortized. Reacquired franchise rights are amortized using the straight-line basis over the term of the related franchise agreement. Reacquired franchise rights resulting from acquisitions are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting and are estimated by management based on the fair value of the assets received.
We test trade name assets for impairment at each fiscal year end, and more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may exist. We assess impairment of reacquired franchise rights whenever changes or events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Costs incurred to renew or extend the term of recognized intangible assets are recorded in general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Marketable Securities. Marketable securities included in investments consist of available for sale equity instruments and are recorded at fair market value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. The aggregate cost and fair value of these marketable securities was $3.5 million and $3.6 million, respectively, at December 25, 2019 and $1.7 million and $1.7 million, respectively, at December 26, 2018. Unrealized gains included in fair value were $0.2 million and less than $0.1 million at December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively.
Marketable securities included in other noncurrent assets consist of trading debt and equity mutual funds and are recorded at fair market value in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. These securities represent the plan assets of our nonqualified deferred compensation plan (the “plan assets”). The plan assets are held in a rabbi trust. Each plan participant’s account is comprised of their contribution, our matching contribution (made prior to 2016) and each participant’s share of earnings or losses in the plan. We have recorded offsetting deferred compensation liabilities as a component of other noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
The realized and unrealized holding gains and losses related to marketable securities are recorded in other income (expense) with an offsetting amount recorded in general and administrative expenses related to deferred compensation plan liabilities. During 2019, 2018 and 2017, we incurred a net gain of $3.0 million, a net loss of $1.0 million and a net gain of $1.6 million, respectively, related to marketable securities.
Deferred Financing Costs. Costs related to the issuance of debt are deferred and amortized as a component of interest expense using the effective interest method over the terms of the respective debt issuances.
Self-insurance Liabilities. We record liabilities for insurance claims during periods in which we have been insured under large deductible programs or have been self-insured for our medical claims and workers’ compensation, general, product and
F - 11

automobile insurance liabilities. The liabilities for prior and current estimated incurred losses are discounted to their present value based on expected loss payment patterns determined by independent actuaries using our actual historical payments. These estimates include assumptions regarding claims frequency and severity as well as changes in our business environment, medical costs and the regulatory environment that could impact our overall self-insurance costs.
Total discounted workers’ compensation, general, product and automobile insurance liabilities at December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018 were $16.1 million, reflecting a 2.0% discount rate, and $17.0 million, reflecting a 2.5% discount rate, respectively. The related undiscounted amounts at such dates were $16.9 million and $18.2 million, respectively.
Income Taxes. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. All deferred taxes are reported as noncurrent in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. A valuation allowance reduces our net deferred tax asset to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. We make certain estimates and judgments in the calculation of our provision for incomes taxes, in the resulting tax liabilities, and in the recoverability of deferred tax assets.
We record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from more likely than not tax positions taken, or expected to be taken, in an income tax return. We recognize any interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Assessment of uncertain tax positions requires judgments relating to the amounts, timing and likelihood of resolution.
Leases and Subleases. Effective December 27, 2018, the first day of fiscal 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)” and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. See the “Newly Adopted Accounting Standards” section of this Note 2 for further information on our adoption and Note 3 for further information about our transition to Topic 842 and the newly required disclosures.
Lessee
We lease certain real estate and equipment for our restaurants and support facilities. At contract inception, we determine whether a contract is, or contains, a lease by determining whether it conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset for a period of time. We recognize a lease liability and a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset at the lease commencement date.
For operating leases, the lease liability is initially and subsequently measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date. For finance leases, the lease liability is initially measured in the same manner and date as for operating leases, and is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.
Operating lease ROU assets are initially and subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability adjusted for initial direct costs, prepayments, accrued payments and lease incentives, if any. Lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Operating lease payments are classified as cash flows for operating activities with ROU asset amortization and the change in the lease liability combined as "Operating lease assets/liabilities" in the reconciliation of net income to net cash flows provided by operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Finance lease ROU assets are initially measured at cost and subsequently amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the useful life or the lease term. Finance lease payments are classified as cash flows used in financing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows. Operating and finance lease ROU assets are assessed for impairment using the long-lived assets impairment guidance.
We use a consistent lease term for calculating the depreciation period for the related assets, classifying the lease and computing periodic rent expense where the lease terms include escalations in rent over the lease term.
The new lease guidance provides practical expedients and accounting elections for our ongoing accounting after adoption. We elected the practical expedient to not separate nonlease components (such as common area maintenance) from lease components in regard to all leases and the portfolio approach in applying the discount rate to our leases.
Key estimates and judgments include how we determine (1) lease payments, (2) lease term and (3) the discount rate used to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value.
We have certain lease agreements structured with both a fixed base rent and a contingent rent based on a percentage of sales over contractual levels, others with only contingent rent based on a percentage of sales and some with a fixed base rent adjusted periodically for inflation or changes in the fair market rent rate. Contingent rent is recognized as sales occur. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
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The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion, except in certain sublease situations in which we have determined that it is reasonably certain that one or more options will be exercised, including where the exercise of a sublease option compels us to exercise the renewal option of the underlying master lease. Renewal option periods are included in the measurement of lease ROU asset and lease liability where the exercise is reasonably certain to occur.
The discount rate used to determine the present value of the lease payments is our estimated collateralized incremental borrowing rate, based on the yield curve for the respective lease terms, as we generally cannot determine the interest rate implicit in the lease.
Lessor
We lease or sublease certain restaurant properties to our franchisees and occasionally to third parties. The lease descriptions, terms, variable lease payments and renewal options are the same as the lessee leases described above. Contingent rental income is recognized when earned. Similar to our lessee accounting, we elected the lessor practical expedient to not separate nonlease components from lease components in regard to all leases.
Employee Benefit Plans. Each year we measure and recognize the funded status of our defined benefit plans in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31. That date represents the month-end that is closest to our fiscal year-end. The funded status is adjusted for any contributions or significant events (such as a plan amendment, settlement, or curtailment that calls for a remeasurement) that occurs between our fiscal year-end and December 31.
Derivative Instruments. We use derivative financial instruments to manage our exposure to interest rate risk. We do not enter into derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. All derivatives are recognized on our Consolidated Balance Sheets at fair value. Changes in the fair values of derivatives are recorded in earnings or other comprehensive income (“OCI”), based on whether the instrument is designated as a hedge transaction. Gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in OCI are classified to earnings in the period the hedged item affects earnings. If the underlying hedge transaction ceases to exist, any associated amounts reported in OCI are reclassified to earnings at that time. By entering into derivative instruments, we are exposed to counterparty credit risk. When the fair value of a derivative instrument is in an asset position, the counterparty has a liability to us, which creates credit risk for us. We manage our exposure to this risk by selecting counterparties with investment grade credit ratings and regularly monitoring our market position with each counterparty.
Contingencies and Litigation. We are subject to legal proceedings involving ordinary and routine claims incidental to our business, as well as legal proceedings that are nonroutine and include compensatory or punitive damage claims. Our ultimate legal and financial liability with respect to such matters cannot be estimated with certainty and requires the use of estimates in recording liabilities for potential litigation settlements. When the reasonable estimate is a range, the recorded loss will be the best estimate within the range. We record legal settlement costs as other operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income as those costs are incurred.
Comprehensive Income. Comprehensive income includes net income and OCI items that are excluded from net income under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. OCI items include additional minimum pension liability adjustments and the effective unrealized portion of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges.
Segment. Denny’s operates in only one segment. All significant revenues and pre-tax earnings relate to retail sales of food and beverages to the general public through either company or franchised restaurants.
Revenues. Effective December 28, 2017, the first day of fiscal 2018, we adopted ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 606. We elected to apply the modified retrospective method of adoption to those contracts which were not completed as of December 28, 2017. In doing so, we applied the practical expedient to aggregate all contract modifications that occurred before December 28, 2017 in determining the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations, the transaction price and the allocation of the transaction price to the satisfied and unsatisfied performance obligations. Results for reporting periods beginning after December 28, 2017 are presented under Topic 606. Prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 605 “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605)”.
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Company Restaurant Revenue. Company restaurant revenue is recognized at the point in time when food and beverage products are sold at company restaurants. We present company restaurant sales net of sales-related taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental taxing authorities.
Franchise Revenue. Franchise and license revenues consist primarily of royalties, advertising revenue, initial and other fees and occupancy revenue.
Under franchise agreements we provide franchisees with a license of our brand’s symbolic intellectual property, administration of advertising programs (including local co-operatives), and other ongoing support functions. These services are highly interrelated so we do not consider them to be individually distinct performance obligations, and therefore account for them as a single performance obligation. Revenue from franchise agreements is recognized evenly over the term of the agreement with the exception of sales-based royalties.
Royalty and advertising revenues represent sales-based royalties that are recognized in the period in which the sales occur. Sales-based royalties are variable consideration related to our performance obligation to our franchisees to maintain the intellectual property being licensed. Under our franchise agreements, franchisee advertising contributions must be spent on marketing and related activities. Upon adoption of Topic 606, advertising revenues and expenditures are recorded on a gross basis within the Consolidated Statements of Income. Under the previous guidance of Topic 605, we recorded franchise advertising expense net of contributions from franchisees to our advertising programs, including local co-operatives. While this change materially impacts the gross amount of reported franchise and license revenue and costs of franchise and license revenue, the impact is generally an offsetting increase to both revenue and expense with little, if any, impact on operating income and net income.
Initial and other fees consist of initial, successor and assignment franchise fees (“initial franchise fees”). Initial franchise fees are billed and received upon the signing of the franchise agreement. Under Topic 606, recognition of these fees is deferred until the commencement date of the agreement and occurs over time based on the term of the underlying franchise agreement. In the event a franchise agreement is terminated, any remaining deferred fees are recognized in the period of termination. Under the previous guidance, initial franchise fees were recognized upon the opening of a franchised restaurant.
Initial and other fees also include revenue that are distinct from the franchise agreement and are separate performance obligations. Training and other franchise services fees are billed and recognized at a point in time as services are rendered. Similar to advertising revenue, upon adoption of Topic 606, other franchise services fees are recorded on a gross basis within the Consolidated Statements of Income, whereas, under previous guidance, they were netted against the related expenses.
Occupancy revenue results from leasing or subleasing restaurants to franchisees and is recognized over the term of the lease agreement.
With the exception of initial and other franchise fees, revenues are typically billed and collected on a weekly basis. For 2019, 2018 and 2017, our ten largest franchisees accounted for 35%, 30% and 31% of our franchise revenues, respectively.
Gift cards. We sell gift cards which have no stated expiration dates in our company restaurants, franchised restaurants and at certain third party retailers. We recognize revenue when a gift card is redeemed in one of our company restaurants. We maintain a gift card liability for cards sold in our company restaurants and for cards sold by third parties. Upon adoption of Topic 606, gift card breakage is recognized proportionally as redemptions occur. Our gift card breakage primarily relates to cards sold by third parties and is recorded as advertising revenue (included as a component of franchise and license revenue). Under previous guidance, we recorded gift card breakage when the likelihood of redemption was remote. Breakage was recorded as a benefit to our advertising fund or reduction to other operating expenses, depending on where the gift cards were sold.
Advertising Costs. We expense production costs for radio and television advertising in the year in which the commercials are initially aired. Advertising costs for company restaurants are recorded as a component of other operating expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income and were $11.2 million, $15.0 million and $14.3 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Advertising costs related to franchised restaurants are recorded as a component of franchise and license costs and were $81.1 million in 2019 and $78.3 million in 2018. Prior to the adoption of Topic 606, franchise advertising expense was recorded net of contributions from franchisees to our advertising programs, including local co-operatives. Advertising costs were $1.9 million (net of franchise contributions of $79.7 million) for 2017.
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Restructuring and Exit Costs. Restructuring and exit costs are included as a component of operating (gains), losses and other charges, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Restructuring costs consist primarily of severance and other restructuring charges for terminated employees.
Prior to the adoption of Topic 842, exit costs consisted primarily of the costs of future obligations related to closed restaurants. Discounted liabilities for future lease costs and the fair value of related subleases of closed restaurants were recorded when the restaurants were closed. All other costs related to closed restaurants were expensed as incurred. As a result of the adoption of Topic 842, exit cost liabilities related to operating lease costs are now included as a component of operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amounts recorded as exit costs include period costs related to closed units.
Disposal or Impairment of Long-lived Assets. We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment at the restaurant level on a quarterly basis, when assets are identified as held for sale or whenever changes or events indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. For assets identified as held for sale, we use the market approach and consider proceeds from similar asset sales. We assess impairment of restaurant-level assets based on the operating cash flows of the restaurant, expected proceeds from the sale of assets and our plans for restaurant closings. Generally, all restaurants with negative cash flows from operations for the most recent twelve months at each quarter end are included in our assessment. For underperforming assets, we use the income approach to determine both the recoverability and estimated fair value of the assets. To estimate future cash flows, we make certain assumptions about expected future operating performance, such as revenue growth, operating margins, risk-adjusted discount rates, and future economic and market conditions. If the long-lived assets of a restaurant are not recoverable based upon estimated future, undiscounted cash flows, we write the assets down to their fair value. If these estimates or their related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record additional impairment charges. These charges are included as a component of operating (gains), losses and other charges, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Assets held for sale consist of real estate properties and/or restaurant operations that we expect to sell within the next year. The assets are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. We cease recording depreciation on assets that are classified as held for sale. If the determination is made that we no longer expect to sell an asset within the next year, the asset is reclassified out of held for sale.
Discontinued Operations. We evaluate restaurant closures and assets reclassified to assets held for sale for potential disclosure as discontinued operations. Only disposals resulting in a strategic shift that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results are reported as discontinued operations. There were no such disposals, nor any disposals of individually significant components. The gains and losses related to restaurant closures and assets reclassified to assets held for sale are included as a component of operating (gain), losses and other charges, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Gains and Losses on Sales of Restaurants Operations to Franchisees, Real Estate and Other Assets. Generally, gains and losses on sales of restaurant operations to franchisees (which may include real estate), real estate properties and other assets are recognized when the sales are consummated and certain other gain recognition criteria are met. Total gains and losses are included as a component of operating (gains), losses and other charges, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
Share-based Compensation. Share-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation expense is included as a component of general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. Starting in fiscal 2017, in accordance with the adoption of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-09, we elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. Previously, we estimated potential forfeitures of share-based awards and adjusted the forfeiture rate over the requisite service period to the extent that actual forfeitures differed from such estimates. The cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings from previously estimated forfeitures resulted in a $0.4 million increase to opening deficit in fiscal 2017, a $0.2 million increase in deferred tax assets and a $0.6 million increase to additional paid-in capital. Also in accordance with ASU 2016-09, starting in 2017, excess tax benefits recognized related to share-based compensation are included as a component of provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Income and are classified as operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. The cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings from previously unrecognized excess tax benefits resulted in a $9.0 million increase in deferred tax assets and a decrease to opening deficit in fiscal 2017.
Generally, compensation expense related to performance share units and restricted stock units for board members is based on the number of units expected to vest, the period over which they are expected to vest and the fair market value of our common stock on the date of the grant. For restricted stock units and performance share units that contain a market condition, compensation expense is based on the Monte Carlo valuation method, which utilizes multiple input variables to determine the probability of the Company achieving the market condition and the fair value of the award. The key assumptions used include expected volatility and risk-free interest rates over the term of the award.
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Subsequent to the vesting period, earned stock-settled restricted stock units and performance share units (both of which are equity classified) are paid to the holder in shares of our common stock, provided the holder was still employed with Denny’s or an affiliate as of the vesting date.
Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares and potential common shares outstanding during the period.
Reclassifications. We have reclassified certain prior year amounts to conform to the current year presentation. These reclassifications have not changed the results of operations of prior periods.
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards
Effective December 27, 2018, the first day of fiscal 2019, we adopted ASU Topic 842 and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. The new guidance established a ROU model that requires lessees to recognize a ROU asset and a lease liability for all leases with terms greater than 12 months. Lessees classify leases as financing or operating. The guidance requires lessors to classify leases as sales-type, direct financing or operating. We elected to apply the modified retrospective transition approach as the date of initial application without restating comparative period financial statements. Results for reporting periods beginning after December 26, 2018 are presented under Topic 842. Prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting under ASC 840, “Leases (Topic 840)”. Our transition to Topic 842 represents a change in accounting principle.
The new guidance provided a number of optional practical expedients in transition. We elected the package of practical expedients that permitted us not to reassess our prior conclusions regarding lease identification, lease classification or initial direct costs. In addition, we did not elect the practical expedient which would have permitted us to use hindsight in evaluating our leases, nor did we elect the land easement practical expedient. In preparation for adoption, we implemented a new lease management system.
Upon adoption of Topic 842, we recorded operating lease liabilities of $101.3 million and ROU assets of $94.2 million related to existing operating leases. In addition, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment increasing opening deficit by $0.4 million and deferred tax assets by $0.1 million. The lease liabilities were based on the present value of remaining rental payments under previous leasing standards for existing operating leases primarily related to real estate leases. Exit cost and straight-line lease liabilities that existed at the adoption date were reclassified against the ROU assets upon adoption. The amount recorded to opening deficit represents the initial impairment of ROU assets, net of the deferred tax impact.
See Note 3 for further information about our transition to Topic 842 and the required disclosures.
Additional new accounting guidance became effective for us as of December 27, 2018 that we reviewed and concluded was either not applicable to our operations or had no material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements and related disclosures.
Accounting Standards to be Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” The new guidance replaces the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform financial statement users of credit loss estimates. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 (our fiscal 2020) with early adoption permitted for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018 (our fiscal 2019). We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
We reviewed all other newly issued accounting pronouncements and concluded that they are either not applicable to our business or are not expected to have a material effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements as a result of future adoption.
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Note 3. Leases
Lessee
Our operations utilize property, facilities and equipment leased from others. Buildings and facilities are primarily used for restaurants and support facilities. Many of our restaurants are operated under lease arrangements which generally provide for a fixed base rent, and, in many instances, contingent rent based on a percentage of gross revenues. Initial terms of land and restaurant building leases generally range from 10 to 20 years, exclusive of options to renew, which are typically for five year periods. Leases of equipment consist primarily of restaurant equipment, computer equipment and vehicles. Initial terms of equipment leases generally range from three to five years.
Lessor
We lease or sublease certain restaurant properties to our franchisees and occasionally to third parties. The lease descriptions, terms, variable lease payments and renewal options are generally the same as the lessee leases described above.
The components of lease costs were as follows:

|  |  | Fiscal Year Ended
| Classification |  | December 25, 2019
|  |  | (In thousands)
Lease costs |  |  |
Finance lease costs: |  |  |
Amortization of right-of-use assets | Depreciation and amortization |  | $ | 2,991 |
Interest on lease liabilities | Interest expense, net |  | 4,536 |
Operating lease costs: |  |  |
Operating lease costs - company | Occupancy |  | 8,253 |
Operating lease costs - franchise | Costs of franchise and license revenue |  | 17,097 |
Operating lease costs - general and administrative | General and administrative expenses |  | 108 |
Variable lease costs: |  |  |
Variable lease costs - company | Occupancy |  | 5,993 |
Variable lease costs - franchise | Costs of franchise and license revenue |  | 7,001 |
Variable lease costs - general and administrative | General and administrative expenses |  | 41 |
Variable lease costs - closed stores | Restructuring charges and exit costs |  | 49 |
Sublease income: |  |  |
Sublease income - franchise | Franchise and license revenue |  | (28,986 | )
Sublease income - closed stores | Restructuring charges and exit costs |  | (306 | )
Total lease costs |  |  | $ | 16,777 |

Lease terms and discount rates were as follows:

| December 25, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years): |
Finance leases | 9.7 |
Operating leases | 10.8 |
Weighted-average discount rate: |
Finance leases | 23.5 | %
Operating leases | 5.9 | %

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The components of lease income were as follows:

|  |  | Fiscal Year Ended
| Classification |  | December 25, 2019
|  |  | (In thousands)
Lease income |  |  |
Operating lease income - franchise | Franchise and license revenue |  | $ | 28,050 |
Operating lease income - closed stores | Restructuring charges and exit costs |  | 255 |
Variable lease income - franchise | Franchise and license revenue |  | 10,464 |
Variable lease income - closed stores | Restructuring charges and exit costs |  | 49 |
Total lease income |  |  | $ | 38,818 |

Cash and supplemental noncash amounts were as follows:

|  | Fiscal Year Ended
|  | December 25, 2019
|  | (In thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: |  |
Operating cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 4,536 |
Operating cash flows from operating leases |  | $ | 26,329 |
Financing cash flows from finance leases |  | $ | 2,464 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities |  | $ | 305 |
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities |  | $ | 79,534 |

Maturities of lease liabilities and receipts in accordance with Topic 842 as of December 25, 2019 were as follows:

| Lease Liabilities |  | Lease Receipts
| Finance |  | Operating |  | Operating
| (In thousands)
2020 | $ | 4,654 |  |  | $ | 26,148 |  |  | $ | 32,435 |
2021 | 4,413 |  |  | 24,097 |  |  | 30,711 |
2022 | 4,208 |  |  | 21,972 |  |  | 29,182 |
2023 | 3,693 |  |  | 20,185 |  |  | 27,113 |
2024 | 3,162 |  |  | 18,693 |  |  | 25,610 |
Thereafter | 22,510 |  |  | 123,693 |  |  | 207,063 |
Total undiscounted cash flows | 42,640 |  |  | 234,788 |  |  | $ | 352,114 |
Less: interest | 26,187 |  |  | 65,694 |  |  |
Present value of lease liabilities | 16,453 |  |  | 169,094 |  |  |
Less: current lease liabilities | 1,674 |  |  | 16,344 |  |  |
Long-term lease liabilities | $ | 14,779 |  |  | $ | 152,750 |  |  |

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Rental expense and income in accordance with Topic 840 as of December 26, 2018 and December 27, 2017, respectively, were comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Rental expense: |  |  |
Included as a component of occupancy: |  |  |
Base rents | $ | 10,272 |  |  | $ | 9,315 |
Contingent rents | 3,074 |  |  | 3,168 |
Included as a component of costs of franchise and license expense: |  |  |
Base rents | 15,108 |  |  | 17,674 |
Contingent rents | 2,629 |  |  | 2,864 |
Total rental expense | $ | 31,083 |  |  | $ | 33,021 |
Rental income: |  |  |
Included as a component of franchise and license revenue: |  |  |
Base rents | $ | 22,831 |  |  | $ | 25,781 |
Contingent rents | 4,662 |  |  | 5,042 |
Total rental income | $ | 27,493 |  |  | $ | 30,823 |

Maturities of lease liabilities and amounts to be received as lessor or sublessor under non-cancelable leases in accordance with Topic 840 as of December 26, 2018 were as follows:

| Commitments |  | Lease Receipts
| Capital |  | Operating |  | Operating
| (In thousands)
2019 | $ | 9,271 |  |  | $ | 23,504 |  |  | $ | 21,001 |
2020 | 8,664 |  |  | 20,161 |  |  | 18,493 |
2021 | 8,010 |  |  | 17,316 |  |  | 16,573 |
2022 | 7,320 |  |  | 14,646 |  |  | 14,887 |
2023 | 6,451 |  |  | 11,881 |  |  | 12,932 |
Thereafter | 33,670 |  |  | 49,004 |  |  | 65,273 |
Total | 73,386 |  |  | $ | 136,512 |  |  | $ | 149,159 |
Less imputed interest | 42,795 |  |  |  |  |
Present value of capital lease obligations | $ | 30,591 |  |  |  |  |

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Note 4. Refranchisings and Acquisitions
Refranchisings
The following table summarizes the activity related to our refranchising and development strategy. Gains (losses) on the sales of company restaurants and real estate are included as a component of operating (gains), losses and other charges, net in our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 5.

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Restaurants sold to franchisees | 105 |  |  | 8 |  |  | 4 |
Gains (losses) on sales of company restaurants: |  |  |  |  |
Cash Proceeds | $ | 118,964 |  |  | $ | 1,777 |  |  | $ | 751 |
Receivables | 920 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Property sold | (30,511 | ) |  | (2,448 | ) |  | (996 | )
Less: Goodwill | (2,897 | ) |  | (62 | ) |  | (23 | )
Less: Intangibles | (2,260 | ) |  | (13 | ) |  | — |
Less: Deferred gain | (1,350 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Total gains (losses) on sales of company restaurants | $ | 82,866 |  |  | $ | (746 | ) |  | $ | (268 | )
Real estate parcels sold | 6 |  |  | — |  |  | 3 |
Gains on sales of real estate: |  |  |  |  |
Cash proceeds | $ | 10,680 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 3,247 |
Noncash consideration | 3,000 |  |  | — |  |  | — |
Less: Property sold | (1,686 | ) |  | — |  |  | (1,103 | )
Less: Other assets | (120 | ) |  | — |  |  | (226 | )
Total gains on sales of real estate | $ | 11,874 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,918 |

The majority of gains on sales of real estate qualified for like-kind exchange treatment related to real estate acquired. In addition to the cash proceeds received on the sale of real estate during 2019, we also recorded additional noncash consideration for the fair value of restaurant space we expect to receive within a building being developed by the buyer of the real estate. The fair value of this space was determined using a market approach with Level 2 inputs based on third party appraisals of fair values of other similar properties. The $3.0 million of noncash consideration is recorded as a component of other noncurrent assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets.
As of December 25, 2019, we have recorded assets held for sale at their carrying amount of $1.9 million (comprised of property of $1.6 million, other assets of $0.2 million and goodwill of $0.1 million) related to four company restaurants and two pieces of real estate. There were $0.7 million in assets held for sale as of December 26, 2018 related to three company restaurants and one piece of real estate.
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Acquisitions
We account for the acquisition of franchised restaurants using the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. The purchase price allocations were based on Level 3 fair value estimates. The following table summarizes our restaurant and real estate acquisition activity.

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (Dollars in thousands)
Restaurants acquired from franchisees (1) | — |  |  | 6 |  |  | 11 |
Purchase price allocation: |  |  |  |  |
Reacquired franchise rights | $ | — |  |  | $ | 5,434 |  |  | $ | 4,476 |
Property | — |  |  | 1,121 |  |  | 1,293 |
Goodwill | — |  |  | 1,574 |  |  | 3,022 |
Total purchase price | $ | — |  |  | $ | 8,129 |  |  | $ | 8,791 |
Finance leases recorded | $ | — |  |  | $ | 2,409 |  |  | $ | 2,321 |
Real estate parcels acquired | 5 |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Total purchase price | $ | 11,320 |  |  | $ | 1,787 |  |  | $ | 4,062 |

(1) | 2017 includes one restaurant acquired from a former franchisee.

Note 5. Operating (Gains), Losses and Other Charges, Net
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net were comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Gains on sales of assets and other, net | $ | (93,608 | ) |  | $ | (513 | ) |  | $ | (1,729 | )
Software implementation costs | — |  |  | — |  |  | 5,247 |
Restructuring charges and exit costs | 2,428 |  |  | 1,575 |  |  | 485 |
Impairment charges | — |  |  | 1,558 |  |  | 326 |
Operating (gains), losses and other charges, net | $ | (91,180 | ) |  | $ | 2,620 |  |  | $ | 4,329 |

Gains on sales of assets and other, net of $93.6 million for the year ended December 25, 2019 were primarily the result of sales of company restaurants and real estate as part of our refranchising and development strategy. See Note 4 for details on refranchisings. Gains on sales of assets and other, net of $0.5 million for the year ended December 26, 2018 primarily related to gains of $1.2 million of insurance settlements on fire-damaged and hurricane-damaged restaurants, partially offset by $0.7 million of losses on sales of company owned units to franchisees. Gains on the sales of assets and other, net of $1.7 million for the year ended December 27, 2017 primarily related to real estate sold to franchisees. Software implementation costs of $5.2 million for the year ended December 27, 2017 were the result of our investment in a new cloud-based Enterprise Resource Planning system.
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Restructuring charges and exit costs were comprised of the following:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Exit costs | $ | 272 |  |  | $ | 518 |  |  | $ | 385 |
Severance and other restructuring charges | 2,156 |  |  | 1,057 |  |  | 100 |
Total restructuring charges and exit costs | $ | 2,428 |  |  | $ | 1,575 |  |  | $ | 485 |

Exit costs are primarily comprised of costs related to closed restaurants. Exit cost liabilities were $0.2 million and $1.2 million as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively. As a result of the adoption of Topic 842, exit cost liabilities related to lease costs are now included as a component of operating lease liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 3.
The components of the change in accrued exit cost liabilities for the fiscal year-ended December 26, 2018 were as follows:

Balance, beginning of year | $ | 1,180 |
Exit costs (1) | 518 |
Payments, net of sublease receipts | (615 | )
Interest accretion | 72 |
Balance, end of year | 1,155 |
Less current portion included in other current liabilities | 546 |
Long-term portion included in other noncurrent liabilities | $ | 609 |

(1) | Included as a component of operating (gains), losses and other charges, net.

The increase in severance and other restructuring charges for the years ended December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018 was primarily the result of positions eliminated as part of our refranchising and development strategy announced during the fourth quarter of 2018. As of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, we had accrued severance and other restructuring charges of $0.9 million and $0.6 million, respectively. The balance as of December 25, 2019 is expected to be paid during the next 12 months.
Impairment charges of $1.6 million for the year ended December 26, 2018 primarily related to the impairment of an underperforming unit. Impairment charges of $0.3 million for the year ended December 27, 2017 related to the relocation of two high-performing company restaurants due to the loss of property control.
Note 6. Receivables
Receivables, net were comprised of the following:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Receivables, net: |  |  |
Trade accounts receivable from franchisees | $ | 14,551 |  |  | $ | 11,459 |
Financing receivables from franchisees | 2,230 |  |  | 3,211 |
Vendor receivables | 3,260 |  |  | 4,016 |
Credit card receivables | 6,806 |  |  | 5,955 |
Other | 915 |  |  | 1,942 |
Allowance for doubtful accounts | (274 | ) |  | (300 | )
Total receivables, net | $ | 27,488 |  |  | $ | 26,283 |
Other noncurrent assets: |  |  |
Financing receivables from franchisees | $ | 364 |  |  | $ | 1,528 |

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During the year ended December 26, 2018, we recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $0.2 million of financing receivables from a franchisee. Also, as of December 26, 2018, there were $1.0 million of insurance receivables, which are included as a component of other receivables in the above table, that primarily related to hurricane damages incurred during 2017 and other property damage incurred during 2018.
Note 7. Property
Property, net consisted of the following:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Land | $ | 39,720 |  |  | $ | 33,566 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 172,881 |  |  | 241,990 |
Other property and equipment | 32,470 |  |  | 68,315 |
Total property owned | 245,071 |  |  | 343,871 |
Less accumulated depreciation | 147,445 |  |  | 226,620 |
Property owned, net | $ | 97,626 |  |  | $ | 117,251 |

The following table reflects the property assets, included in the table above, and buildings with finance leases which were leased to franchisees:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Land | $ | 27,205 |  |  | $ | 16,730 |
Buildings and leasehold improvements | 78,584 |  |  | 53,790 |
Total property owned, leased to franchisees | 105,789 |  |  | 70,520 |
Less accumulated depreciation | 65,476 |  |  | 46,354 |
Property owned, leased to franchisees, net | 40,313 |  |  | 24,166 |
Buildings held under finance leases, leased to franchisees | 8,445 |  |  | 5,776 |
Less accumulated amortization | 3,768 |  |  | 2,746 |
Property held under finance leases, leased to franchisees, net | 4,677 |  |  | 3,030 |
Total property leased to franchisees, net | $ | 44,990 |  |  | $ | 27,196 |

Depreciation expense, including amortization of property under finance leases, for 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $16.3 million, $23.0 million and $21.2 million, respectively. Substantially all owned property is pledged as collateral for our Credit Facility. See Note 11.
Note 8. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
The following table reflects the changes in carrying amounts of goodwill:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 39,781 |  |  | $ | 38,269 |
Additions related to acquisitions | — |  |  | 1,574 |
Adjustments related to the sale of restaurants | (2,949 | ) |  | (62 | )
Balance, end of year | $ | 36,832 |  |  | $ | 39,781 |

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Intangible assets were comprised of the following:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization |  | Gross Carrying Amount |  | Accumulated Amortization
| (In thousands)
Intangible assets with indefinite lives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Trade names | $ | 44,087 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 44,087 |  |  | $ | — |
Liquor licenses | 120 |  |  | — |  |  | 166 |  |  | — |
Intangible assets with definite lives: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Reacquired franchise rights | 15,516 |  |  | 5,767 |  |  | 19,933 |  |  | 5,119 |
Intangible assets | $ | 59,723 |  |  | $ | 5,767 |  |  | $ | 64,186 |  |  | $ | 5,119 |

The weighted-average life of the reacquired franchise rights is approximately eight years. The amortization expense for definite-lived intangibles and other assets for 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $3.6 million, $4.1 million and $2.5 million, respectively. Estimated amortization expense for intangible assets with definite lives in the next five years is as follows:

| (In thousands)
2020 | $ | 2,289 |
2021 | 1,347 |
2022 | 1,240 |
2023 | 915 |
2024 | 845 |

We performed an annual impairment test as of December 25, 2019 and determined that none of the recorded goodwill or other intangible assets with indefinite lives were impaired.
Note 9. Other Current Liabilities
Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Accrued payroll | $ | 19,689 |  |  | $ | 23,395 |
Accrued insurance, primarily current portion of liability for insurance claims | 6,515 |  |  | 7,323 |
Accrued taxes | 5,624 |  |  | 7,667 |
Accrued advertising | 6,753 |  |  | 7,413 |
Gift cards | 6,469 |  |  | 6,546 |
Other | 12,257 |  |  | 9,446 |
Other current liabilities | $ | 57,307 |  |  | $ | 61,790 |

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Note 10. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
Financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

| Total |  | Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1) |  | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) |  | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
| (In thousands)
Fair value measurements as of December 25, 2019: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan investments (1) | $ | 13,517 |  |  | $ | 13,517 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps, net (2) | (44,670 | ) |  | — |  |  | (44,670 | ) |  | — |
Investments (3) | 3,649 |  |  | — |  |  | 3,649 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | (27,504 | ) |  | $ | 13,517 |  |  | $ | (41,021 | ) |  | $ | — |
Fair value measurements as of December 26, 2018: |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Deferred compensation plan investments (1) | $ | 11,235 |  |  | $ | 11,235 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Interest rate swaps (2) | (4,475 | ) |  | — |  |  | (4,475 | ) |  | — |
Investments (3) | 1,709 |  |  | — |  |  | 1,709 |  |  | — |
Total | $ | 8,469 |  |  | $ | 11,235 |  |  | $ | (2,766 | ) |  | $ | — |

(1) | The fair values of our deferred compensation plan investments are based on the closing market prices of the elected investments.

(2) | The fair values of our interest rate swaps are based upon Level 2 inputs, which include valuation models as reported by our counterparties. The key inputs for the valuation models are quoted market prices, interest rates and forward yield curves. See Note 11 for details on the interest rate swaps.

(3) | The fair value of investments is valued using a readily determinable net asset value per share based on the fair value of the underlying securities. There are no significant redemption restrictions associated with these investments.

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses are deemed to approximate fair value due to the immediate or short-term maturity of these instruments. The fair value of notes receivable approximates the carrying value after consideration of recorded allowances and related risk-based interest rates. The liabilities under our credit facility are carried at historical cost, which approximates fair value. See Note 4 for the disclosures related to the fair value of assets held for sale and acquired franchised restaurants. The fair value of our senior secured revolver approximates its carrying value since it is a variable rate facility (Level 2).
Note 11. Long-Term Debt
Long-term debt consisted of the following:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Revolving loans | $ | 240,000 |  |  | $ | 286,500 |
Finance lease obligations | 16,453 |  |  | 30,591 |
Total long-term debt | 256,453 |  |  | 317,091 |
Less current maturities | 1,674 |  |  | 3,410 |
Noncurrent portion of long-term debt | $ | 254,779 |  |  | $ | 313,681 |

There are no future maturities of our revolving loans due in 2020 through 2021. The $240.0 million of revolving loans are due October 26, 2022.
Denny’s Corporation and certain of its subsidiaries have a credit facility consisting of a five-year $400 million senior secured revolver (with a $30 million letter of credit sublimit). The credit facility includes an accordion feature that would allow us to increase the size of the revolver to $450 million. As of December 25, 2019, we had outstanding revolver loans of $240.0 million and outstanding letters of credit under the senior secured revolver of $20.6 million. These balances resulted in
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availability of $139.4 million under the credit facility. Prior to considering the impact of our interest rate swaps, described below, the weighted-average interest rate on outstanding revolver loans was 3.47% and 4.43% as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively. Taking into consideration the interest rate swaps, the weighted-average interest rate of outstanding revolver loans was 3.99% and 4.48% as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively.
A commitment fee, which is based on our consolidated leverage ratio, is paid on the unused portion of the credit facility and was 0.25% as of December 25, 2019. Borrowings under the credit facility bear a tiered interest rate, also based on our leverage ratio, and was set at LIBOR plus 1.75% as of December 25, 2019.
The credit facility is available for working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate purposes. The credit facility is guaranteed by Denny's and its material subsidiaries and is secured by assets of Denny's and its subsidiaries, including the stock of its subsidiaries (other than our insurance captive subsidiary). It includes negative covenants that are usual for facilities and transactions of this type. The credit facility also includes certain financial covenants with respect to a maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio. We were in compliance with all financial covenants as of December 25, 2019.
Interest Rate Hedges
We have interest rate swaps to hedge a portion of the forecasted cash flows of our floating rate borrowings. We designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of our exposure to variability in future cash flows attributable to payments of LIBOR due on forecasted notional debt obligations.
Under the interest rate swaps, we pay a fixed rate on the notional amount in addition to the current interest rate as determined by our consolidated leverage ratio in effect at the time. A summary of our interest rate swaps as of December 25, 2019 is as follows:

Trade Date |  | Effective Date |  | Maturity Date |  | Notional Amount |  | Fixed Rate
|  |  |  |  |  | (In thousands) |  |
March 20, 2015 |  | March 29, 2018 |  | March 31, 2025 |  | $ | 120,000 |  |  | 2.44 | %
October 1, 2015 |  | March 29, 2018 |  | March 31, 2026 |  | $ | 50,000 |  |  | 2.46 | %
February 15, 2018 |  | March 31, 2020 |  | December 31, 2033 |  | $ | 80,000 |  | (1) | 3.19 | %

(1) | The notional amount of the swaps entered into on February 15, 2018 increases annually beginning September 30, 2020 until they reach the maximum notional amount of $425.0 million on September 28, 2029.

As of December 25, 2019, the fair value of the interest rate swaps was a liability of $44.7 million, which is recorded as a component of other noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. See Note 17 for the amounts recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the interest rate swaps.
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Note 12. Revenues
Our revenues are derived primarily from two sales channels, which we operate as one segment: company restaurants and franchised and licensed restaurants. The following table disaggregates our revenue by sales channels and types of goods or services.

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017 (1)
Company restaurant sales | $ | 306,377 |  |  | $ | 411,932 |  |  | $ | 390,352 |
Franchise and license revenue: |  |  |  |  |
Royalties | 108,813 |  |  | 101,557 |  |  | 100,631 |
Advertising revenue | 81,144 |  |  | 78,308 |  |  | — |
Initial and other fees | 6,541 |  |  | 6,422 |  |  | 2,466 |
Occupancy revenue | 38,514 |  |  | 31,960 |  |  | 35,720 |
Franchise and license revenue | 235,012 |  |  | 218,247 |  |  | 138,817 |
Total operating revenue | $ | 541,389 |  |  | $ | 630,179 |  |  | $ | 529,169 |

(1) | As disclosed in Note 2, prior period amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method of adoption of Topic 606.

Balances related to contracts with customers consists of receivables, deferred franchise revenue and deferred gift card revenue. See Note 6 for details on our receivables.
Deferred franchise revenue consists primarily of the unamortized portion of initial franchise fees that are currently being amortized into revenue and amounts related to development agreements and unopened restaurants that will begin amortizing into revenue when the related restaurants are opened. Deferred franchise revenue represents our remaining performance obligations to our franchisees, excluding amounts of variable consideration related to sales-based royalties and advertising. The components of the change in deferred franchise revenue are as follows:

| (In thousands)
Balance, December 26, 2018 | $ | 20,538 |
Fees received from franchisees | 5,634 |
Revenue recognized (1) | (2,916 | )
Balance, December 25, 2019 | 23,256 |
Less current portion included in other current liabilities | 2,235 |
Deferred franchise revenue included in other noncurrent liabilities | $ | 21,021 |

(1) Of this amount $2.5 million was included in the deferred franchise revenue balance as of December 26, 2018.
As of December 25, 2019, the deferred franchise revenue expected to be recognized in the future is as follows:

| (In thousands)
2020 | $ | 2,235 |
2021 | 2,049 |
2022 | 1,940 |
2023 | 1,860 |
2024 | 1,809 |
Thereafter | 13,363 |
Deferred franchise revenue | $ | 23,256 |

Deferred gift card liabilities consist of the unredeemed portion of gift cards sold in company restaurants and at third party locations. The balance of deferred gift card liabilities represents our remaining performance obligations to our customers. The balance of deferred gift card liabilities as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018 was $6.5 million and $6.5 million,
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respectively. During the year ended December 25, 2019, we recognized revenue of $1.4 million from gift card redemptions at company restaurants.
Financial Statement Impact of Adoption
The following tables summarize the impact of adopting Topic 606 on our financial statement line items as of December 26, 2018 and for the quarter and year ended December 26, 2018.

| Year ended December 26, 2018
Consolidated Balance Sheet | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | Amounts without adoption of Topic 606
| (In thousands)
Prepaid and other current assets | $ | 10,866 |  |  | $ | 509 |  |  | $ | 11,375 |
Deferred income taxes | 17,333 |  |  | (4,988 | ) |  | 12,345 |
Other current liabilities | 61,790 |  |  | (407 | ) |  | 61,383 |
Other noncurrent liabilities | 48,087 |  |  | (18,370 | ) |  | 29,717 |
Deficit | (306,414 | ) |  | 14,298 |  |  | (292,116 | )

| Quarter ended December 26, 2018 |  | Year ended December 26, 2018
Consolidated Statement of Income | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | Amounts without adoption of Topic 606 |  | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | Amounts without adoption of Topic 606
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Franchise and license revenue | $ | 55,160 |  |  | $ | (21,162 | ) |  | $ | 33,998 |  |  | $ | 218,247 |  |  | $ | (82,815 | ) |  | $ | 135,432 |
Costs of franchise and license revenue | 28,517 |  |  | (20,962 | ) |  | 7,555 |  |  | 114,296 |  |  | (81,268 | ) |  | 33,028 |
Provision for income taxes | 1,340 |  |  | (52 | ) |  | 1,288 |  |  | 8,557 |  |  | (400 | ) |  | 8,157 |
Net income | 11,503 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 11,355 |  |  | 43,693 |  |  | (1,147 | ) |  | 42,546 |
Basic net income per share | 0.19 |  |  | (0.01 | ) |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.69 |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  | 0.67 |
Diluted net income per share | 0.18 |  |  | — |  |  | 0.18 |  |  | 0.67 |  |  | (0.02 | ) |  | 0.65 |

| Quarter ended December 26, 2018 |  | Year ended December 26, 2018
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | Amounts without adoption of Topic 606 |  | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | Amounts without adoption of Topic 606
| (In thousands)
Net income | $ | 11,503 |  |  | $ | (148 | ) |  | $ | 11,355 |  |  | $ | 43,693 |  |  | $ | (1,147 | ) |  | $ | 42,546 |
Total comprehensive income | 4,816 |  |  | (148 | ) |  | 4,668 |  |  | 41,863 |  |  | (1,147 | ) |  | 40,716 |

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| Year ended December 26, 2018
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flow | As Reported |  | Adjustments |  | Amounts without adoption of Topic 606
| (In thousands)
Net income | $ | 43,693 |  |  | $ | (1,147 | ) |  | $ | 42,546 |
Deferred income tax expense | 6,193 |  |  | (400 | ) |  | 5,793 |
Changes in assets and liabilities: |  |  |  |  |
Other current assets | 921 |  |  | (509 | ) |  | 412 |
Other accrued liabilities | (1,676 | ) |  | 573 |  |  | (1,103 | )
Other noncurrent liabilities | (4,418 | ) |  | 1,483 |  |  | (2,935 | )
Net cash flows provided by operating activities | 73,690 |  |  | — |  |  | 73,690 |

The following significant changes impacted our financial statement line items as of December 26, 2018 and for the quarter and year ended December 26, 2018:

• | Upon adoption of Topic 606, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment related to previously recognized initial franchise fees resulting in a $21.0 million increase to deferred franchise revenue, a $15.6 million increase to opening deficit and a $5.4 million increase to deferred tax assets. The deferred franchise revenue resulting from the cumulative effect adjustment will be amortized over the remaining lives of the individual franchise agreements. Also upon adoption, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment to recognize breakage in proportion to redemptions that occurred prior to December 28, 2017 resulting in a decrease of $0.6 million to gift card liability (a component of other current liabilities), a $0.5 million increase to accrued advertising (a component of other current liabilities) and a $0.1 million decrease to opening deficit.

• | We recognized franchise and license revenue and costs of franchise and license revenue of $19.9 million for the quarter and $78.3 million year-to-date resulting from the recording of advertising revenues and expenditures on a gross basis under Topic 606 versus recording these amounts on a net basis under Topic 605.

• | We recognized additional franchise and license revenue of $0.2 million for the quarter and $1.5 million year-to-date under Topic 606 than we would have recognized under Topic 605, resulting from the timing of recognition of initial franchise fees.

• | We recognized franchise and license revenue and costs of franchise and license revenue of $1.0 million for the quarter and $3.0 million year-to-date resulting from the recording of other franchise services fees on a gross basis under Topic 606 versus recording these amount on a net basis under Topic 605.

Note 13. Employee Benefit Plans
We maintain defined contribution plans and defined benefit plans which cover a substantial number of employees.
Defined Contribution Plans
Eligible employees can elect to contribute up to 25% of their compensation to our 401(k) plan. Effective January 1, 2016, the plan was amended and restated to incorporate Safe Harbor Plan design features which included changes to participant eligibility, company contribution amounts and vesting. As a result, we match up to a maximum of 4% of compensation deferred by the participant.
In addition, a non-qualified deferred compensation plan is offered to certain employees. This plan allows participants to defer up to 50% of annual salary and up to 75% of bonuses and incentive compensation awards, on a pre-tax basis. There are no matching contributions made under this plan.
We made total contributions of $1.9 million, $2.2 million and $2.0 million for 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, under these plans.
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Defined Benefit Plans
Benefits under our defined benefit plans are based upon each employee’s years of service and average salary. The following table provides a reconciliation of the changes in the benefit obligations, plan assets, and funded status of our defined benefit plans:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Change in Benefit Obligation: |  |  |
Benefit obligation at beginning of year | $ | 2,393 |  |  | $ | 2,608 |
Interest cost | 81 |  |  | 76 |
Actuarial losses (gains) | 25 |  |  | (96 | )
Benefits paid | (162 | ) |  | (195 | )
Benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 2,393 |
Accumulated benefit obligation | $ | 2,337 |  |  | $ | 2,393 |
Change in Plan Assets: |  |  |
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Employer contributions | 162 |  |  | 195 |
Benefits paid | (162 | ) |  | (195 | )
Fair value of plan assets at end of year | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Unfunded status at end of year | $ | (2,337 | ) |  | $ | (2,393 | )
Amounts recognized on the balance sheet: |  |  |
Other current liabilities | $ | (662 | ) |  | $ | (584 | )
Other noncurrent liabilities | (1,675 | ) |  | (1,809 | )
Net amount recognized | $ | (2,337 | ) |  | $ | (2,393 | )
Amounts in accumulated other comprehensive loss not yet reflected in net period benefit cost: |  |  |
Unamortized actuarial losses, net | $ | (823 | ) |  | $ | (885 | )
Other changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss: |  |  |
Benefit obligation actuarial (loss) gain | $ | (25 | ) |  | $ | 96 |
Amortization of net loss | 86 |  |  | 112 |
Other comprehensive income | $ | 61 |  |  | $ | 208 |

The components of net periodic benefit cost were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Interest cost | $ | 81 |  |  | $ | 76 |  |  | $ | 83 |
Amortization of net loss | 86 |  |  | 112 |  |  | 92 |
Settlement loss recognized | — |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Net periodic benefit cost | $ | 167 |  |  | $ | 188 |  |  | $ | 196 |

Assumptions
The discount rates used to determine the benefit obligations as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018 were 2.56% and 3.83%, respectively. The discount rates used to determine net period pension costs for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were 3.83%, 3.08% and 3.31%, respectively.
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In determining the discount rate, we have considered long-term bond indices of bonds having similar timing and amounts of cash flows as our estimated defined benefit payments. We use a yield curve based on high quality, long-term corporate bonds to calculate the single equivalent discount rate that results in the same present value as the sum of each of the plan’s estimated benefit payments discounted at their respective spot rates.
Contributions and Expected Future Benefit Payments
We made contributions of $0.2 million to our defined benefit plans during each of the years ended December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018. We expect to contribute $0.7 million to our defined benefit plans during 2020.
Benefits expected to be paid for each of the next five years and in the aggregate for the five fiscal years from 2025 through 2029 are as follows:

| Defined Benefit Plans
| (In thousands)
2020 | $ | 662 |
2021 | 223 |
2022 | 327 |
2023 | 418 |
2024 | 132 |
2025 through 2029 | 640 |

Note 14. Share-Based Compensation
Share-Based Compensation Plans
We maintain four share-based compensation plans under which stock options and other awards granted to our employees and directors are outstanding. Currently, the Denny’s Corporation 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Omnibus Plan”) is used to grant share-based compensation to selected employees, officers and directors of Denny’s and its affiliates. However, we reserve the right to pay discretionary bonuses, or other types of compensation, outside of this plan. At December 25, 2019, there were 2.6 million shares available for grant under the 2017 Omnibus Plan. In addition, we have 0.7 million shares available to be issued outside of the 2017 Omnibus Plan pursuant to the grant or exercise of employment inducement awards of stock options and restricted stock units in accordance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5635(c)(4).
Share-Based Compensation Expense
Total share-based compensation expense included as a component of net income was as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Performance share awards | $ | 5,765 |  |  | $ | 5,039 |  |  | $ | 7,838 |
Restricted stock units for board members | 929 |  |  | 999 |  |  | 703 |
Total share-based compensation | $ | 6,694 |  |  | $ | 6,038 |  |  | $ | 8,541 |

The income tax benefits recognized as a component of the provision for income taxes in our Consolidated Statements of Income related to share-based compensation expense were approximately $1.7 million, $1.6 million and $3.3 million during the years ended December 25, 2019, December 26, 2018 and December 27, 2017, respectively.
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Performance Share Units
We primarily grant performance share units containing a market condition based on the total shareholder return of our stock compared with the returns of a group of peer companies and performance share units containing a performance condition based on the Company’s achievement of certain operating metrics. The number of shares that are ultimately issued is dependent upon the level of obtainment of the market and performance conditions. The following table summarizes the performance share units activity during the year ended December 25, 2019:

| Units |  | Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
| (In thousands) |  |
Outstanding, beginning of year | 1,688 |  |  | $ | 12.65 |
Granted | 631 |  |  | $ | 19.02 |
Vested | (631 | ) |  | $ | 9.48 |
Forfeited | (7 | ) |  | $ | 14.48 |
Outstanding, end of year | 1,681 |  |  | $ | 16.22 |
Convertible, end of year | 586 |  |  | $ | 12.59 |

During the year ended December 25, 2019, and included in the performance share units activity table above, we granted certain employees approximately 0.3 million performance shares that vest based on the total shareholder return (“TSR”) of our common stock compared to the TSRs of a group of peer companies and 0.3 million performance shares that vest based on our Adjusted EPS growth rate, as defined under the terms of the award. As the TSR based performance shares contain a market condition, a Monte Carlo valuation was used to determine the grant date fair value of $20.47 per share. The performance shares based on the Adjusted EPS growth rate have a grant date fair value of $17.58 per share, the market value of our stock on the date of grant. The awards granted to our named executive officers also contain a performance condition based on the attainment of an operating measure for the fiscal year ended December 25, 2019. The performance period for these performance shares is the three year fiscal period beginning December 27, 2018 and ending December 29, 2021. The performance shares will vest and be earned (from 0% to 150% of the target award for each such increment) at the end of the performance period. For 2019, 2018 and 2017, the weighted average grant date fair value of awards granted was $19.02, $16.97 and $12.59, respectively.
We made payments of $0.4 million, $0.2 million and $3.9 million in cash during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to converted performance share units. Payments in 2019 and 2018 relate to the payment of payroll taxes. The intrinsic value of units converted was $16.9 million, $9.8 million and $5.0 million during 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, we had accrued compensation of $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, included as a component of other current liabilities and $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, included as a component of other noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets, which represents future estimated payroll taxes. As of December 25, 2019, we had $8.8 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested performance share unit awards granted, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average of 1.7 years.
Restricted Stock Units
During the year ended December 25, 2019, we granted approximately 0.1 million restricted stock units (which are equity classified) with a weighted average grant date fair value of $19.44 per unit to non-employee members of our Board of Directors. The restricted stock units vest after a one year service period. A director may elect to convert these awards into shares of common stock on a specific date in the future (while still serving as a member of our Board of Directors), upon termination as a member of our Board of Directors or in three equal annual installments commencing after termination of service as a member of our Board. During the year ended December 25, 2019, 0.1 million restricted stock units were converted into shares of common stock.
There were 0.7 million and 0.8 million restricted stock units outstanding as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively. As of December 25, 2019, we had approximately $0.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to all unvested restricted stock unit awards outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average of 0.4 years.
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Stock Options
Prior to 2012, stock options were granted that vest evenly over three years, have a 10-year contractual life and are issued at the market value at the date of grant. There were no options granted in 2019, 2018 or 2017.
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding and exercisable at December 25, 2019:

| Options |  | Weighted Average Exercise Price |  | Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (in years) |  | Aggregate Intrinsic Value
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Outstanding, beginning of year | 502 |  |  | $ | 3.02 |  |  |  |  |
Exercised | (362 | ) |  | $ | 2.68 |  |  |  |  |
Outstanding, end of year | 140 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |  |  | 1.1 |  | $ | 2,284 |
Exercisable, end of year | 140 |  |  | $ | 3.89 |  |  | 1.1 |  | $ | 2,284 |

The total intrinsic value of the options exercised was $6.6 million, $4.9 million and $2.3 million during the years ended December 25, 2019, December 26, 2018 and December 27, 2017, respectively.
Note 15. Income Taxes
The provisions for income taxes were as follows:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Current: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | $ | 12,421 |  |  | $ | (632 | ) |  | $ | 3,688 |
State and local | 5,156 |  |  | 1,833 |  |  | 2,071 |
Foreign | 1,142 |  |  | 1,042 |  |  | 961 |
Deferred: |  |  |  |  |
Federal | 9,944 |  |  | 5,432 |  |  | 10,075 |
State and local | 6,061 |  |  | 761 |  |  | 196 |
(Decrease) increase of valuation allowance | (2,935 | ) |  | 121 |  |  | 216 |
Total provision for income taxes | $ | 31,789 |  |  | $ | 8,557 |  |  | $ | 17,207 |

The reconciliation of income taxes at the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to our effective tax rate was as follows:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
Statutory provision rate | 21 | % |  | 21 | % |  | 35 | %
State and local taxes, net of federal income tax benefit | 8 |  |  | 6 |  |  | 5 |
Reduction in state valuation allowance | (2 | ) |  | — |  |  | — |
Wage addback on income tax credits earned | — |  |  | — |  |  | 2 |
General business credits generated | (2 | ) |  | (5 | ) |  | (5 | )
Foreign tax credits generated | (1 | ) |  | (2 | ) |  | (2 | )
Share-based compensation | (3 | ) |  | (3 | ) |  | (3 | )
Impact of tax reform | — |  |  | — |  |  | (3 | )
Other | — |  |  | (1 | ) |  | 1 |
Effective tax rate | 21 | % |  | 16 | % |  | 30 | %

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On December 22, 2017, The Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act reduces the U.S. statutory tax rate from 35% to 21% for years after 2017. Accordingly, we revalued our deferred taxes as of December 27, 2017 to reflect the reduced rate that will apply in future periods when these deferred taxes are realized. The net tax benefit recognized in 2017 related to the Tax Act was $1.6 million.
For 2019, there was no significant difference between our effective tax rate and the statutory tax rate of 21%. The impact of state taxes on the statutory rate was partially offset by the generation of employment and foreign tax credits. In addition, the 2019 rate benefited $2.0 million related to share-based compensation and $2.0 million related to the completion of an Internal Revenue Service federal income audit of the 2016 tax year. The 2018 rate was primarily impacted by the Tax Act statutory tax rate reduction, state taxes and the generation of employment and foreign tax credits. In addition, the 2018 rate benefited $1.4 million from items related to share-based compensation. For the 2017 period, the difference in the overall effective rate from the U.S. statutory rate was primarily due to state taxes and the generation of employment and foreign tax credits. The 2017 rate also benefited $1.7 million from share-based compensation and $1.6 million from the revaluing of deferred tax assets and liabilities required under the Tax Act.
The following table represents the approximate tax effect of each significant type of temporary difference that resulted in deferred income tax assets or liabilities.

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Deferred tax assets: |  |  |
Self-insurance accruals | $ | 4,202 |  |  | $ | 4,647 |
Finance lease liabilities | 1,263 |  |  | 2,045 |
Operating lease liabilities | 43,497 |  |  | — |
Accrued exit cost | 48 |  |  | 445 |
Interest rate swaps | 11,491 |  |  | 1,157 |
Pension, other retirement and compensation plans | 10,549 |  |  | 10,568 |
Deferred income | 4,688 |  |  | 5,099 |
Other accruals | — |  |  | 633 |
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforwards | — |  |  | 928 |
General business and foreign tax credit carryforwards - state and federal | 2,945 |  |  | 11,061 |
Net operating loss carryforwards - state | 9,621 |  |  | 13,899 |
Total deferred tax assets before valuation allowance | 88,304 |  |  | 50,482 |
Less: valuation allowance | (10,264 | ) |  | (13,199 | )
Total deferred tax assets | 78,040 |  |  | 37,283 |
Deferred tax liabilities: |  |  |
Intangible assets | (14,858 | ) |  | (14,631 | )
Deferred finance costs | (211 | ) |  | (286 | )
Operating lease right-of-use assets | (40,751 | ) |  | — |
Fixed assets | (6,711 | ) |  | (5,033 | )
Other accruals | (791 | ) |  | — |
Total deferred tax liabilities | (63,322 | ) |  | (19,950 | )
Net deferred tax asset | $ | 14,718 |  |  | $ | 17,333 |

The Company’s state net operating loss tax asset of approximately $9.6 million includes $8.3 million related to South Carolina.
The $2.9 million change in the valuation allowance primarily relates to the expiration of $3.6 million of South Carolina net operating loss carryforwards, partially offset by additional valuation allowances of $0.7 million on state enterprise zone credits and foreign tax credits that will never be utilized.
Of the $10.3 million of the valuation allowance, $8.1 million related to South Carolina net operating loss carryforwards, $1.1 million related to state enterprise zone credits and $0.7 million related to foreign tax credit carryforwards, all of which will never be utilized.
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It is more likely than not that we will be able to utilize all of our existing temporary differences and most of our remaining state tax net operating losses and state credit tax carryforwards prior to their expiration.
The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits:

| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018
| (In thousands)
Balance, beginning of year | $ | 2,940 |  |  | $ | 1,469 |
Increase related to current-year tax positions | — |  |  | 941 |
(Decrease) increase related to prior-year tax positions | (1,893 | ) |  | 530 |
Balance, end of year | $ | 1,047 |  |  | $ | 2,940 |

There was no interest expense associated with unrecognized tax benefits for the years ended December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively.
We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdictions and various state jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before 2016. We completed our federal audit by the Internal Revenue Service for tax year 2016 during 2019. We remain subject to examination for U.S. federal taxes for 2017, 2018 and 2019 and in the following major state jurisdictions: California (2015-2019), Florida (2016-2019) and Texas (2015-2019).
Note 16. Net Income Per Share
The amounts used for the basic and diluted net income per share calculations are summarized below:

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands, except per share amounts)
Net income | $ | 117,410 |  |  | $ | 43,693 |  |  | $ | 39,594 |
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic | 59,944 |  |  | 63,364 |  |  | 68,077 |
Effect of dilutive share-based compensation awards | 1,889 |  |  | 2,198 |  |  | 2,326 |
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted | 61,833 |  |  | 65,562 |  |  | 70,403 |
Basic net income per share | $ | 1.96 |  |  | $ | 0.69 |  |  | $ | 0.58 |
Diluted net income per share | $ | 1.90 |  |  | $ | 0.67 |  |  | $ | 0.56 |
Anti-dilutive share-based compensation awards | 270 |  |  | — |  |  | 606 |

Note 17. Shareholders’ Equity
Share Repurchases
Our credit facility permits the purchase of Denny’s stock and the payment of cash dividends subject to certain limitations. Over the past several years, our Board of Directors has approved share repurchase programs authorizing us to repurchase up to a set amount of shares or dollar amount of our common stock. Under the programs, we may, from time to time, purchase shares in the open market (including pre-arranged stock trading plans in accordance with guidelines specified in Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) or in privately negotiated transactions, subject to market and business conditions. During 2019, 2017 and 2016, the Board approved share repurchase programs for $250 million, $200 million and $100 million of our common stock, respectively.
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In recent years, as part of our previously authorized share repurchase programs, we have entered into variable term, capped accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) agreements to repurchase our common stock. Pursuant to the terms of these ASR agreements, we pay cash, receive an initial delivery of shares of our common stock (which represents the minimum shares to be delivered based on the cap price) and record treasury stock related to these shares. The remaining balance is recorded as an equity forward contract. When settled, the final delivery of shares is received and treasury stock is recorded related to the additional shares. The total number of shares repurchased is based on a combined discounted volume-weighted average price (“VWAP”) per share, which is determined based on the average of the daily VWAP of our common stock, less a fixed discount, over the term of the ASR agreement.
In November 2016, we entered into a $25 million ASR agreement with MUFG Securities EMEA plc (“MUFG”) (the “2016 ASR”). We paid $25 million in cash and received approximately 1.5 million shares of our common stock (which represents the minimum shares to be delivered based on the cap price) and recorded $18.1 million of treasury stock related to these shares. The remaining balance of $6.9 million was recorded as additional paid-in capital in shareholders’ deficit as of December 28, 2016 as an equity forward contract. During 2017, we settled the 2016 ASR agreement, recording $6.9 million of treasury stock related to the final delivery of an additional 0.5 million shares of our common stock based on a combined discounted VWAP of $12.36 per share.
In November 2018, we entered into a $25 million ASR agreement with MUFG (the “2018 ASR”). We paid $25 million in cash and received approximately 1.1 million shares of our common stock (which represents the minimum shares to be delivered based on the cap price) and recorded $18.2 million of treasury stock related to these shares. The remaining balance of $6.8 million was recorded as additional paid-in capital in shareholders’ deficit as of December 26, 2018 as an equity forward contract. During 2019, we settled the 2018 ASR agreement, recording $6.8 million of treasury stock related to the final delivery of an additional 0.4 million shares of our common stock based on a combined discounted VWAP of $17.04 per share.
During 2019, including the settlement of the 2018 ASR agreement, we repurchased a total of 5.3 million shares of our common stock for approximately $103.0 million. During 2018, including shares repurchased under the 2018 ASR, we repurchased a total of 3.9 million shares of our common stock for $61.2 million. In addition to the settlement of the 2016 ASR agreement, during 2017, we repurchased a total of 6.8 million shares for $82.9 million, thus completing the 2016 repurchase program. As of December 25, 2019, there was $282.2 million remaining under the 2017 and 2019 repurchase programs.
Repurchased shares are included as treasury stock in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and our Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Deficit.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of the change in accumulated other comprehensive loss were as follows:

| Pensions |  | Derivatives |  | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
| (In thousands)
Balance as of December 28, 2016 | $ | (945 | ) |  | $ | (462 | ) |  | $ | (1,407 | )
Benefit obligation actuarial loss | (172 | ) |  | — |  |  | (172 | )
Amortization of net loss (1) | 92 |  |  | — |  |  | 92 |
Settlement loss recognized | 21 |  |  | — |  |  | 21 |
Net change in fair value of derivatives | — |  |  | (1,359 | ) |  | (1,359 | )
Reclassification of derivatives to interest expense (2) | — |  |  | (72 | ) |  | (72 | )
Income tax benefit | 22 |  |  | 559 |  |  | 581 |
Balance as of December 27, 2017 | $ | (982 | ) |  | $ | (1,334 | ) |  | $ | (2,316 | )
Benefit obligation actuarial gain | 96 |  |  | — |  |  | 96 |
Amortization of net loss (1) | 112 |  |  | — |  |  | 112 |
Net change in fair value of derivatives | — |  |  | (2,595 | ) |  | (2,595 | )
Reclassification of derivatives to interest expense (2) | — |  |  | 307 |  |  | 307 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (53 | ) |  | 303 |  |  | 250 |
Balance as of December 26, 2018 | $ | (827 | ) |  | $ | (3,319 | ) |  | $ | (4,146 | )
Benefit obligation actuarial loss | (25 | ) |  | — |  |  | (25 | )
Amortization of net loss (1) | 86 |  |  | — |  |  | 86 |
Net change in fair value of derivatives | — |  |  | (40,486 | ) |  | (40,486 | )
Reclassification of derivatives to interest expense (2) | — |  |  | 291 |  |  | 291 |
Income tax (expense) benefit | (15 | ) |  | 10,335 |  |  | 10,320 |
Balance as of December 25, 2019 | $ | (781 | ) |  | $ | (33,179 | ) |  | $ | (33,960 | )

(1) | Before-tax amount that was reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss and included as a component of pension expense within general and administrative expenses in our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 13 for additional details.

(2) | Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into income represent payments made to the counterparty for the effective portions of the interest rate swaps. These amounts are included as a component of interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income. We expect to reclassify approximately $1.2 million from accumulated other comprehensive loss related to our interest rate swaps during the next twelve months. See Note 11 for additional details.

Note 18. Commitments and Contingencies
We have guarantees related to certain franchisee loans with terms extending from one to four years. Payments under these guarantees would result from the inability of a franchisee to fund required payments when due. Through December 25, 2019, no events had occurred that caused us to make payments under the guarantees. There were $0.6 million and $2.5 million of loans outstanding under these programs as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, respectively. As of December 25, 2019, the maximum amount payable under the loan guarantees was $0.5 million. As a result of these guarantees, we have recorded liabilities of less than $0.1 million as of December 25, 2019 and December 26, 2018, which are included as a component of other noncurrent liabilities in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and other nonoperating expense in our Consolidated Statements of Income.
There are various claims and pending legal actions against or indirectly involving us, incidental to and arising out of the ordinary course of the business. In the opinion of management, based upon information currently available, the ultimate liability with respect to these proceedings and claims will not materially affect the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial position.
F - 37

We have amounts payable under purchase contracts for food and non-food products. Many of these agreements do not obligate us to purchase any specific volumes and include provisions that would allow us to cancel such agreements with appropriate notice. Our future purchase obligation payments due by period for both company and franchised restaurants at December 25, 2019 consist of the following:

| (In thousands)
Less than 1 year | $ | 193,494 |
1-2 years | — |
3-4 years | — |
5 years and thereafter | — |
Total | $ | 193,494 |

For agreements with cancellation provisions, amounts included in the table above represent our estimate of purchase obligations during the periods presented if we were to cancel these contracts with appropriate notice. We would likely take delivery of goods under such circumstances.
Note 19. Supplemental Cash Flow Information

| Fiscal Year Ended
| December 25, 2019 |  | December 26, 2018 |  | December 27, 2017
| (In thousands)
Income taxes paid, net | $ | 24,147 |  |  | $ | 3,254 |  |  | $ | 6,367 |
Interest paid | $ | 17,792 |  |  | $ | 19,447 |  |  | $ | 14,636 |
Noncash investing and financing activities: |  |  |  |  |
Noncash consideration received in connection with the sale of real estate | $ | 3,000 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |
Notes received in connection with disposition of property | $ | 920 |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 1,750 |
Property acquisition payable | $ | — |  |  | $ | — |  |  | $ | 500 |
Accrued purchase of property | $ | 1,791 |  |  | $ | 178 |  |  | $ | 531 |
Insurance proceeds receivable | $ | 48 |  |  | $ | 653 |  |  | $ | 364 |
Issuance of common stock, pursuant to share-based compensation plans | $ | 7,522 |  |  | $ | 4,671 |  |  | $ | 4,961 |
Execution of finance leases | $ | 305 |  |  | $ | 3,623 |  |  | $ | 6,573 |
Treasury stock payable | $ | 1,816 |  |  | $ | 72 |  |  | $ | 120 |

F - 38

Note 20. Quarterly Data (Unaudited)
The results for each quarter include all adjustments which, in our opinion, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for interim periods. All adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature.
Selected consolidated financial data for each quarter of fiscal 2019 and 2018 are set forth below:

| Fiscal Year Ended December 25, 2019
| First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Company restaurant sales (1) | $ | 98,545 |  |  | $ | 95,447 |  |  | $ | 63,582 |  |  | $ | 48,803 |
Franchise and licensing revenue (1) | 52,866 |  |  | 56,437 |  |  | 60,676 |  |  | 65,033 |
Total operating revenue (1) | 151,411 |  |  | 151,884 |  |  | 124,258 |  |  | 113,836 |
Total operating costs and expenses (1) | 127,280 |  |  | 105,769 |  |  | 56,084 |  |  | 87,273 |
Operating income (1) | $ | 24,131 |  |  | $ | 46,115 |  |  | $ | 68,174 |  |  | $ | 26,563 |
Net income (1) | $ | 15,490 |  |  | $ | 34,239 |  |  | $ | 49,122 |  |  | $ | 18,559 |
Basic net income per share (1)(2) | $ | 0.25 |  |  | $ | 0.57 |  |  | $ | 0.83 |  |  | $ | 0.32 |
Diluted net income per share (1)(2) | $ | 0.24 |  |  | $ | 0.55 |  |  | $ | 0.80 |  |  | $ | 0.31 |

| Fiscal Year Ended December 26, 2018
| First Quarter |  | Second Quarter |  | Third Quarter |  | Fourth Quarter
| (In thousands, except per share data)
Company restaurant sales | $ | 101,193 |  |  | $ | 102,741 |  |  | $ | 103,609 |  |  | $ | 104,389 |
Franchise and licensing revenue | 54,080 |  |  | 54,593 |  |  | 54,414 |  |  | 55,160 |
Total operating revenue | 155,273 |  |  | 157,334 |  |  | 158,023 |  |  | 159,549 |
Total operating costs and expenses | 138,848 |  |  | 138,374 |  |  | 139,554 |  |  | 139,789 |
Operating income | $ | 16,425 |  |  | $ | 18,960 |  |  | $ | 18,469 |  |  | $ | 19,760 |
Net income | $ | 9,759 |  |  | $ | 11,626 |  |  | $ | 10,805 |  |  | $ | 11,503 |
Basic net income per share (2) | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.17 |  |  | $ | 0.19 |
Diluted net income per share (2) | $ | 0.15 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |  |  | $ | 0.16 |  |  | $ | 0.18 |

(1) | During 2019, the Company migrated from a 90% franchised business model to one that is 96% franchised by selling company owned restaurants to franchisees which resulted in, among other items, a reduction in revenues and the recording of approximately $82.9 million of gains. In addition, the Company also recorded an additional $11.9 million of gains related to the sale of real estate. See Note 4 and Note 5 for details.

(2) | Per share amounts do not necessarily sum to the total year amounts due to changes in shares outstanding and rounding.

Note 21. Subsequent Events
We performed an evaluation of subsequent events and determined that no events required disclosure.
F - 39

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Date: February 24, 2020

| DENNY’S CORPORATION
BY: | /s/ Robert P. Verostek
| Robert P. Verostek
| Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature | Title | Date
/s/ John C. Miller | Chief Executive Officer and Director | February 24, 2020
(John C. Miller) | (Principal Executive Officer) |
/s/ Robert P. Verostek | Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | February 24, 2020
(Robert P. Verostek) | (Principal Financial Officer) |
/s/ Jay C. Gilmore | Vice President, Chief Accounting Officer and Corporate Controller | February 24, 2020
(Jay C. Gilmore) | (Principal Accounting Officer) |
/s/ Brenda J. Lauderback | Director and Chair of the Board of Directors | February 24, 2020
(Brenda J. Lauderback) |  |
/s/ Bernadette S. Aulestia | Director | February 24, 2020
(Bernadette S. Aulestia) |  |
/s/ Gregg R. Dedrick | Director | February 24, 2020
(Gregg R. Dedrick) |  |
/s/ José M. Gutiérrez | Director | February 24, 2020
(José M. Gutiérrez) |  |
/s/ Robert E. Marks | Director | February 24, 2020
(Robert E. Marks) |  |
/s/ Donald C. Robinson | Director | February 24, 2020
(Donald C. Robinson) |  |
/s/ Laysha Ward | Director | February 24, 2020
(Laysha Ward) |  |
/s/ F. Mark Wolfinger | President and Director | February 24, 2020
(F. Mark Wolfinger) |  |