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NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | 12 Months Ended
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Dec. 31, 2012
NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES [Abstract] |
NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | NOTE 1 - NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Nature of Operations Access Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the "Company", "we", "our", or "Access") is an emerging pharmaceutical company engaged in the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of cancer and supportive care of cancer patients. This development work is based primarily on the adaptation of existing therapeutic agents using the Company's proprietary drug delivery technology. Our efforts have been principally devoted to research and development, resulting in significant losses. Certain amounts have been reclassified to conform with current period classification. A summary of the significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows. Principles of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of Access and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reported period. Segments The Company operates in a single segment. Cash and Cash Equivalents We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. At December 31, 2012 and 2011, we had no such investments. We maintain deposits primarily in two financial institutions, which may at times exceed amounts covered by insurance provided by the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). We have not experienced any losses related to amounts in excess of FDIC limits. Receivables Receivables are reported in the balance sheets at the outstanding amount net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. We continually evaluate the creditworthiness of our customers and their financial condition and generally do not require collateral. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon reviews of specific customer balances, historic losses, and general economic conditions. As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, no allowance was recorded as all accounts are considered collectible. Property and Equipment Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives ranging from three to seven years. Expenditures for major renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives are capitalized. Expenditures for normal maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The cost of assets sold or abandoned and the related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the accounts and any gains or losses are recognized in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations of the respective period. Patents We expense internal patent and application costs as incurred because, even though we believe the patents and underlying processes have continuing value, the amount of future benefits to be derived therefrom are uncertain. Purchased patents are capitalized and amortized over the life of the patent. Intangible assets consist of the following (in thousands):
|  | December 31, 2012 |  |  | December 31, 2011 |
|  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Accumulated amortization |  |  | Gross carrying value |  |  | Accumulated amortization |
Amortizable intangible assets - Patents |  | $ | 2,624 |  |  | $ | 2,624 |  |  | $ | 2,624 |  |  | $ | 2,262 |
Amortization expense related to intangible assets totaled $362,000 and $212,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Patent costs related to Thiarabine in the amount of $291,000 were written off in the fourth quarter. Product Sales and Allowances We sell MuGard to wholesalers, and specialty and retail pharmacies. We began shipping to customers in September 2010. We recognize revenue for MuGard product sales at the time title transfers to our customers, which occurs at the time product is shipped to our customers. We recognize product sales allowances as a reduction of product sales in the same period the related revenue is recognized. Product sales allowances are based on amounts owed or to be claimed on the related sales. These estimates take into consideration the terms of our agreements with customers, rebates or discounts taken. If actual future results vary from our estimates, we may need to adjust these estimates, which could have an effect on product sales and earnings in the period of adjustment. Our product sales allowances include:
● | Wholesaler and Specialty and Retail Pharmacy Discounts – we offer contractually determined discounts to certain wholesale distributors and specialty and retail pharmacies that purchase directly from us. These discounts are either taken off the invoice at the time of shipment or paid to the customer on a monthly or quarterly basis.
● | Prompt Pay Discounts – we offer cash discounts to our customers, generally 2% of the sales price, as an incentive for prompt payment. Based on our experience many of the customers comply with the payment terms to earn the cash discount.
● | Patient Discount Programs – we offer discount card programs in which patients receive certain discounts off their prescription.
● | Managed Care Rebates – we offer discounts under contracts with certain managed care providers who do not purchase directly from us.
We believe our estimates related to gross-to-net sales adjustments for MuGard do not have a high degree of estimation complexity or uncertainty as the related amounts are settled within a short period of time. Below is a table showing gross sales and net sales by quarter for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.
(in thousands) |  | Three months ended March 31, 2012 |  |  | Three months ended June 30, 2012 |  |  | Three months ended Sept 30, 2012 |  |  | Three months ended Dec 31, 2012 |  |  | Twelve months ended Dec 31, 2012 |
Gross sales |  |  | $ | 577 |  |  |  | $ | 712 |  |  |  | $ | 877 |  |  |  | $ | 1,048 |  |  |  | $ | 3,214 |
Cash discounts |  | 5 |  |  | 13 |  |  | 7 |  |  | 9 |  |  | 34 |
Contract discounts |  |  |  | 18 |  |  |  |  | 84 |  |  |  |  | 89 |  |  |  |  | 124 |  |  |  |  | 315 |
Net Sales |  |  | $ | 554 |  |  |  | $ | 615 |  |  |  | $ | 781 |  |  |  | $ | 915 |  |  |  | $ | 2,865 |
|  | Three months ended March 31, 2011 |  |  | Three months ended June 30, 2011 |  |  | Three months ended Sept 30, 2011 |  |  | Three months ended Dec 31, 2011 |  |  | Twelve months ended Dec 31, 2011 |
Gross sales |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  | $ | 43 |  |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  |  | $ | 410 |  |  |  | $ | 548 |
Cash discounts |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | - |  |  | 1 |  |  | 2 |
Contract discounts |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  | - |  |  |  |  | 7 |  |  |  |  | 7 |
Net Sales |  |  | $ | 13 |  |  |  | $ | 42 |  |  |  | $ | 82 |  |  |  | $ | 402 |  |  |  | $ | 539 |
License Revenues and Royalties Our revenues are generated from licensing, research and development agreements, royalties and product sales. We recognize revenue in accordance with SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104 (SAB 104), Revenue Recognition. License revenue is recognized over the remaining life of the underlying patent. Research and development revenues are recognized as services are performed. Royalties are recognized in the period of sales. Research and Development Expenses Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses include, but are not limited to, payroll and personnel expense, lab supplies, preclinical, development cost, clinical trial expense, outside manufacturing and consulting. The cost of materials and equipment or facilities that are acquired for research and development activities and that have alternative future uses are capitalized when acquired. Cost of product sales Cost of product sales consists of costs of the contract manufacturing, product costs and packaging costs, product quality testing, distribution costs and shipping costs related to our product sales of MuGard. Selling, general and administrative expense Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of personnel, contract personnel, marketing and promotion expenses associated with MuGard, personnel expenses to support our administrative and operating activities, facility costs and professional expenses (i.e., legal expenses), and investor relations fees. Other Income In 2012 and 2011, we recognized miscellaneous income of $241,000 and $1,324,000, respectively, due to negotiated payables and write-offs of other accounts payable. Fair Value of Financial Instruments We calculate the fair value of our assets and liabilities which qualify as financial instruments and include additional information in the notes to the consolidated financial statements when the fair value is different than the carrying value of these financial instruments. The estimated fair value of accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and dividends payable approximate their carrying amounts due to the relatively short maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of the debt approximates fair value since this instrument bears market interest rates. We consider the conversion options and warrants related to our Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock to be derivatives, and we record the fair value of the derivative liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of the derivative liabilities are included in gain or loss on change in fair value of derivative in the consolidated statements of operations. Income Taxes Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets to the extent their realization is in doubt. We account for uncertain income tax positions in accordance with FASB ASC 740, Income Taxes. Interest costs and penalties related to income taxes are classified as interest expense and general and administrative costs, respectively, in our consolidated financial statements. For the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, we did not recognize any uncertain tax positions or interest or penalty expense related to income taxes. It is determined not to be reasonably likely for the amounts of unrecognized tax benefits to significantly increase or decrease within the next 12 months. We are currently subject to a three year statute of limitations by major tax jurisdictions. We and our subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction. Loss Per Share We have presented basic loss per share, computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the year, and diluted loss per share, computed on the basis of the weighted average number of common shares and all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the year. Potential common shares result from stock options, vesting of restricted stock grants, convertible notes, preferred stock and warrants. However, for all years presented, all outstanding stock options, restricted stock grants, convertible notes and warrants are anti-dilutive due to the losses for the years. Anti-dilutive common stock equivalents of 116,704,461 and 38,854,446 were excluded from the loss per share computation for 2012 and 2011, respectively. Stock-Based Compensation We account for stock based compensation expense in accordance with FASB ASC 718, Stock Based Compensation. We have several stock-based compensation plans under which incentive and non-incentive qualified stock options and restricted shares may be granted to employees, directors and consultants. We measure the cost of the employee/director/consultant services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant date fair value of the award. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value our options. During 2012 and 2011, 1,235,000 stock options and 580,000 stock options, respectively, were granted under the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan. Assumptions for 2012 and 2011 are:
|  | 2012 |  | 2011
Expected volatility assumption was based upon a combination of historical stock price volatility measured on a weekly basis and is considered a reasonable indicator of expected volatility. |  | 98% |  | 117%
Risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon U.S. Treasury bond interest rates appropriate for the term of the our employee stock options. |  | 0.45% |  | 1.42%
Dividend yield assumption is based on our history and expectation of dividend payments. |  | None |  | None
Estimated expected term (average of number years) is based on the simplified method as prescribed by SAB 107/110 as we do not have sufficient information to calculate an expected term. |  | 5.5 years |  | 5.6 years
At December 31, 2012, the balance of unearned stock-based compensation to be expensed in future periods related to unvested share-based awards, as adjusted for expected forfeitures, is approximately $558,000. The weighted-average period over which the unearned stock-based compensation is expected to be recognized is approximately three years. We anticipate that we will grant additional share-based awards to employees in the future, which will increase our stock-based compensation expense by the additional unearned compensation resulting from these grants. The following table summarizes stock-based compensation for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 which was allocated as follows (in thousands):
|  | Year ended December 31, 2012 |  |  | Year ended December 31, 2011 |
Research and development |  | $ | 93 |  |  | $ | 377 |
General and administrative |  |  | 297 |  |  |  | 689 |
Stock-based compensation expense included in |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 1,066 |
operating expense |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Total stock-based compensation expense |  |  | 390 |  |  |  | 1,066 |
Tax benefit |  |  | - |  |  |  | - |
Stock-based compensation expense, net of tax |  | $ | 390 |  |  | $ | 1,066 |

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