Employee plans

Stock plans Under stockholder approved stock-based plans, stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and restricted stock units may be granted to officers, directors and other key employees. At December 31, 2017, 3.2 million shares of unissued common stock of the company were available for granting under these plans.

As of December 31, 2017, the company has granted non-qualified stock options and restricted stock units under these plans. The company recognizes compensation cost net of a forfeiture rate in selling, general and administrative expenses, and recognizes the compensation cost for only those awards expected to vest. The company estimates the forfeiture rate based on its historical experience and its expectations about future forfeitures.

The company’s employee stock option grants include a provision that, if termination of employment occurs after the participant has attained age 55 and completed 5 years of service with the company, the participant shall continue to vest in each of his or her awards in accordance with the vesting schedule set forth in the applicable award agreement. Compensation expense for such awards is recognized over the period to the date the employee first becomes eligible for retirement. Time-based restricted stock unit grants for the company’s directors vest upon award and compensation expense for such awards is recognized upon grant.

Options have been granted to purchase the company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to or greater than the fair market value at the date of grant, generally have a maximum duration of seven years for options issued in 2015 and later and five years for options issued before 2015, and become exercisable in annual installments over a three-year period following date of grant.

During the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the company recognized $11.2 million, $9.5 million and $9.4 million of share-based compensation expense, which is comprised of $10.1 million, $7.5 million and $4.7 million of restricted stock unit expense and $1.1 million, $2.0 million and $4.7 million of stock option expense, respectively.

For stock options, the fair value is estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model. Principal assumptions used are as follows: (a) expected volatility for the company’s stock price is based on historical volatility and implied market volatility, (b) historical exercise data is used to estimate the options’ expected term, which represents the period of time that the options granted are expected to be outstanding, and (c) the risk-free interest rate is the rate on zero-coupon U.S. government issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the options. The company recognizes compensation expense for the fair value of stock options, which have graded vesting, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards. The compensation expense recognized as of any date must be at least equal to the portion of the grant-date fair value that is vested at that date.

There were no grants of stock option awards for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The fair value of stock option awards granted in 2016 and 2015 was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions and weighted-average fair values as follows:



Year Ended December 31,	2016			2015
Weighted-average fair value of grant	$	4.53		$	8.92
Risk-free interest rate	1.29		%	1.28		%
Expected volatility	51.30		%	45.46		%
Expected life of options in years	4.90			4.92
Expected dividend yield	—			—

A summary of stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2017 follows (shares in thousands):



	Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value ($ in millions)
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	2,099		$	25.41
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(1	)	10.65
Forfeited and expired	(340	)	20.59
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	1,758		26.35		1.56	$	—
Expected to vest at December 31, 2017	198		23.20		3.42	$	—
Exercisable at December 31, 2017	1,558		26.76		1.33	$	—

The aggregate intrinsic value represents the total pretax value of the difference between the company’s closing stock price on the last trading day of the period and the exercise price of the options, multiplied by the number of in-the-money stock options that would have been received by the option holders had all option holders exercised their options on December 31, 2017. The intrinsic value of the company’s stock options changes based on the closing price of the company’s stock. The total intrinsic value of options exercised for the year ended December 31, 2017 was immaterial, and for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was zero and $0.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.5 years.

Restricted stock unit awards may contain time-based units, performance-based units or a combination of both. Each performance-based unit will vest into zero to 2.0 shares depending on the degree to which the performance goals are met. Compensation expense resulting from these awards is recognized as expense ratably for each installment from the date of grant until the date the restrictions lapse and is based on the fair market value at the date of grant and the probability of achievement of the specific performance-related goals.

A summary of restricted stock unit activity for the year ended December 31, 2017 follows (shares in thousands):



	Restricted Stock Units		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2016	1,454		$	12.68
Granted	1,042		13.85
Vested	(555	)	13.31
Forfeited and expired	(253	)	11.88
Outstanding at December 31, 2017	1,688		13.39

The fair value of restricted stock units is determined based on the trading price of the company’s common shares on the date of grant. The aggregate weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units granted during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $14.4 million, $12.9 million and $10.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2017, there was $9.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding restricted stock units granted under the company’s plans. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years. The aggregate weighted-average grant-date fair value of restricted stock units vested during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 was $7.4 million, $3.5 million and $2.1 million, respectively.

Common stock issued upon exercise of stock options or upon lapse of restrictions on restricted stock units are newly issued shares. Cash received from the exercise of stock options for the year ended December 31, 2017 was immaterial, and for the year ended December 31, 2016 was zero. During 2017 and 2016, the company did not recognize any tax benefits from the exercise of stock options or upon issuance of stock upon lapse of restrictions on restricted stock units because of its tax position. Any such tax benefits resulting from tax deductions in excess of the compensation costs recognized are classified as operating cash flows.

Defined contribution and compensation plans U.S. employees are eligible to participate in an employee savings plan. Under this plan, employees may contribute a percentage of their pay for investment in various investment alternatives. The company matches 50 percent of the first 6 percent of eligible pay contributed by participants to the plan on a before-tax basis (subject to IRS limits). The company funds the match with cash. The charge to income related to the company match for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, was $10.8 million, $10.7 million and $9.9 million, respectively.

The company has defined contribution plans in certain locations outside the United States. The charge to income related to these plans was $18.5 million, $19.0 million and $21.4 million, for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The company has non-qualified compensation plans, which allow certain highly compensated employees and directors to defer the receipt of a portion of their salary, bonus and fees. Participants can earn a return on their deferred balance that is based on hypothetical investments in various investment vehicles. Changes in the market value of these investments are reflected as an adjustment to the liability with an offset to expense. As of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the liability to the participants of these plans was $13.4 million and $12.3 million, respectively. These amounts reflect the accumulated participant deferrals and earnings thereon as of that date. The company makes no contributions to the deferred compensation plans and remains contingently liable to the participants.

Retirement benefits For the company’s more significant defined benefit pension plans, including the U.S., U.K. and the Netherlands, accrual of future benefits under the plans has ceased.

The company adopted changes to a foreign defined benefit pension plan, which ended the accrual of future benefits, effective June 30, 2017. A curtailment gain of $5.4 million was recorded in 2017.

In December 2016, the company completed a lump-sum offer for eligible former associates who had a deferred vested benefit under the company’s U.S. pension plan to receive the value of their entire pension benefit in a lump-sum payment. As a result, the pension plan trust made lump sum payments to approximately 5,800 former associates of $215.9 million. In accordance with accounting guidance on settlements of a pension benefit obligation, no settlement charges were recorded as a result of this action.

Retirement plans’ funded status and amounts recognized in the company’s consolidated balance sheets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows:



	U.S. Plans						International Plans
As of December 31,	2017			2016			2017			2016
Change in projected benefit obligation
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	4,972.0		$	5,231.4		$	3,076.2		$	2,987.8
Service cost	—			—			5.1			7.4
Interest cost	211.3			231.3			72.8			87.8
Plan participants’ contributions	—			—			1.9			2.3
Plan amendment	—			—			(52.5		)	—
Plan curtailment	—			—			(2.2		)	(3.7		)
Actuarial loss (gain)	177.0			87.2			(93.8		)	502.2
Benefits paid	(358.7		)	(577.9		)	(117.1		)	(110.0		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—			—			299.3			(397.6		)
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	5,001.6		$	4,972.0		$	3,189.7		$	3,076.2
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	3,452.1		$	3,759.4		$	2,429.7		$	2,496.8
Actual return on plan assets	424.0			211.8			172.3			287.7
Employer contribution	61.0			58.8			77.4			73.7
Plan participants’ contributions	—			—			1.9			2.3
Benefits paid	(358.7		)	(577.9		)	(117.1		)	(110.0		)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	—			—			269.7			(320.8		)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	3,578.4		$	3,452.1		$	2,833.9		$	2,429.7
Funded status at end of year	$	(1,423.2	)	$	(1,519.9	)	$	(355.8	)	$	(646.5	)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of:
Prepaid postretirement assets	$	—		$	—		$	147.4		$	31.9
Other accrued liabilities	(6.8		)	(6.7		)	(0.2		)	(0.2		)
Long-term postretirement liabilities	(1,416.4		)	(1,513.2		)	(503.0		)	(678.2		)
Total funded status	$	(1,423.2	)	$	(1,519.9	)	$	(355.8	)	$	(646.5	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Net loss	$	2,690.6		$	2,828.8		$	1,067.8		$	1,144.7
Prior service credit	$	(39.8	)	$	(42.4	)	$	(69.8	)	$	(27.7	)
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	5,001.6		$	4,972.0		$	3,188.0		$	3,072.1

Information for defined benefit retirement plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows:



As of December 31,	2017		2016
Accumulated benefit obligation	$	7,151.7	$	7,551.8
Fair value of plan assets	5,227.0		5,357.2

Information for defined benefit retirement plans with a projected benefit obligation in excess of plan assets at December 31, 2017 and 2016 follows:



As of December 31,	2017		2016
Projected benefit obligation	$	7,153.4	$	7,555.2
Fair value of plan assets	5,227.0		5,357.2

Net periodic pension cost (income) for 2017, 2016 and 2015 includes the following components:



	U.S. Plans									International Plans
Year ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015			2017			2016			2015
Service cost	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	5.1		$	7.4		$	8.7
Interest cost	211.3			231.3			224.1			72.8			87.8			94.1
Expected return on plan assets	(235.2		)	(253.1		)	(254.8		)	(127.5		)	(139.5		)	(155.4		)
Amortization of prior service credit	(2.5		)	(2.5		)	(2.4		)	(2.4		)	(3.0		)	(1.9		)
Recognized net actuarial loss	126.4			116.0			132.7			49.8			40.3			63.6
Curtailment gain	—			—			—			(5.4		)	(2.0		)	—
Net periodic pension cost (income)	$	100.0		$	91.7		$	99.6		$	(7.6	)	$	(9.0	)	$	9.1

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic pension cost for the years ended December 31 were as follows:



	U.S. Plans						International Plans
Year ended December 31,	2017		2016		2015		2017		2016		2015
Discount rate	4.38	%	4.56	%	4.09	%	2.34	%	3.30	%	3.05	%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A		N/A		N/A		1.66	%	1.66	%	1.68	%
Expected long-term rate of return on assets	6.80	%	6.80	%	6.80	%	5.30	%	5.99	%	6.45	%

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 were as follows:
Discount rate	3.87	%	4.38	%	4.56	%	2.24	%	2.34	%	3.30	%
Rate of compensation increase	N/A		N/A		N/A		1.55	%	1.66	%	1.68	%

The expected pretax amortization in 2018 of net periodic pension cost is as follows: net loss, $167.6 million; and prior service credit, $(6.3) million. The amortization of these items is recorded as an element of pension expense. In 2017, pension expense included amortization of $176.2 million of net losses and $(4.9) million of prior service credit.

The company’s investment policy targets and ranges for each asset category are as follows:



	U.S.				International
Asset Category	Target		Range		Target		Range
Equity securities	58	%	52-64%		24	%	18-30%
Debt securities	36	%	33-39%		60	%	53-66%
Real estate	6	%	3-9%		1	%	0-3%
Cash	—	%	0-5%		1	%	0-5%
Other	—	%	—	%	14	%	7-21%

The company periodically reviews its asset allocation, taking into consideration plan liabilities, local regulatory requirements, plan payment streams and then-current capital market assumptions. The actual asset allocation for each plan is monitored at least quarterly, relative to the established policy targets and ranges. If the actual asset allocation is close to or out of any of the ranges, a review is conducted. Rebalancing will occur toward the target allocation, with due consideration given to the liquidity of the investments and transaction costs.

The objectives of the company’s investment strategies are as follows: (a) to provide a total return that, over the long term, increases the ratio of plan assets to liabilities by maximizing investment return on assets, at a level of risk deemed appropriate, (b) to maximize return on assets by investing primarily in equity securities in the U.S. and for international plans by investing in appropriate asset classes, subject to the constraints of each plan design and local regulations, (c) to diversify investments within asset classes to reduce the impact of losses in single investments, and (d) for the U.S. plan to invest in compliance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), as amended and any subsequent applicable regulations and laws, and for international plans to invest in a prudent manner in compliance with local applicable regulations and laws.

The company sets the expected long-term rate of return based on the expected long-term return of the various asset categories in which it invests. The company considered the current expectations for future returns and the actual historical returns of each asset class. Also, since the company’s investment policy is to actively manage certain asset classes where the potential exists to outperform the broader market, the expected returns for those asset classes were adjusted to reflect the expected additional returns.

In 2018, the company expects to make cash contributions of $149.7 million to its worldwide defined benefit pension plans, which are comprised of $63.4 million primarily for international defined benefit pension plans and $86.3 million for the company’s U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan.

As of December 31, 2017, the following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service where applicable, are expected to be paid from the defined benefit pension plans:



Year ending December 31,	U.S.		International
2018	$	364.4	$	98.7
2019	361.4		102.8
2020	359.3		106.9
2021	357.6		110.3
2022	355.1		117.5
2023 - 2027	1,693.6		642.5

Other postretirement benefits A reconciliation of the benefit obligation, fair value of the plan assets and the funded status of the postretirement benefit plan at December 31, 2017 and 2016, follows:



As of December 31,	2017			2016
Change in accumulated benefit obligation
Benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	120.1		$	131.5
Service cost	0.5			0.4
Interest cost	5.6			6.2
Plan participants’ contributions	3.5			3.8
Amendments	(7.4		)	(3.3		)
Actuarial gain	(4.3		)	(1.4		)
Federal drug subsidy	0.3			1.4
Benefits paid	(15.7		)	(16.9		)
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments	0.6			(1.6		)
Benefit obligation at end of year	$	103.2		$	120.1
Change in plan assets
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	7.9		$	7.7
Actual return on plan assets	(0.3		)	(0.3		)
Employer contributions	12.2			13.6
Plan participants’ contributions	3.5			3.8
Benefits paid	(15.7		)	(16.9		)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	7.6		$	7.9
Funded status at end of year	$	(95.6	)	$	(112.2	)
Amounts recognized in the consolidated balance sheets consist of:
Prepaid postretirement assets	$	0.9		$	1.4
Other accrued liabilities	(11.5		)	(12.4		)
Long-term postretirement liabilities	(85.0		)	(101.2		)
Total funded status	$	(95.6	)	$	(112.2	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax
Net loss	$	14.9		$	19.0
Prior service credit	(9.8		)	(3.2		)

Net periodic postretirement benefit cost for 2017, 2016 and 2015, follows:



Year ended December 31,	2017			2016			2015
Service cost	$	0.5		$	0.4		$	0.6
Interest cost	5.6			6.2			6.9
Expected return on assets	(0.5		)	(0.4		)	(0.4		)
Amortization of prior service cost	(0.7		)	—			1.1
Recognized net actuarial loss	0.8			0.5			1.8
Net periodic benefit cost	$	5.7		$	6.7		$	10.0

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine net periodic postretirement benefit cost for the years ended December 31 were as follows:



Year ended December 31,	2017		2016		2015
Discount rate	5.53	%	5.61	%	5.27	%
Expected return on plan assets	5.50	%	5.50	%	5.50	%

Weighted-average assumptions used to determine benefit obligation at December 31 were as follows:



Year ended December 31,	2017		2016		2015
Discount rate	5.30	%	5.53	%	5.61	%

The expected pretax amortization in 2018 of net periodic postretirement benefit cost is as follows: net loss, $1.2 million; and prior service cost, $(1.6) million.

The company reviews its asset allocation periodically, taking into consideration plan liabilities, plan payment streams and then-current capital market assumptions. The company sets the long-term expected return on asset assumption, based principally on the long-term expected return on debt securities. These return assumptions are based on a combination of current market conditions, capital market expectations of third-party investment advisors and actual historical returns of the asset classes. In 2018, the company expects to contribute approximately $12 million to its postretirement benefit plan.



Assumed health care cost trend rates at December 31,	2017		2016
Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year	6.6	%	5.8	%
Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline (the ultimate trend rate)	4.8	%	4.8	%
Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate	2023		2023

A one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:



	1-Percentage- Point Increase		1-Percentage- Point Decrease
Effect on service and interest cost	$	0.1	$	(0.1	)
Effect on postretirement benefit obligation	2.0		(1.7		)

As of December 31, 2017, the following benefits are expected to be paid to or from the company’s postretirement plan:



Year ending December 31,	Gross Medicare Part D Receipts		Gross Expected Payments
2018	$	0.1	$	12.7
2019	—		10.5
2020	—		10.0
2021	—		9.4
2022	—		8.8
2023 – 2027	—		34.4

The following provides a description of the valuation methodologies and the levels of inputs used to measure fair value, and the general classification of investments in the company’s U.S. and international defined benefit pension plans, and the company’s other postretirement benefit plan.

Level 1 – These investments include cash, common stocks, real estate investment trusts, exchange traded funds, futures and options and U.S. government securities. These investments are valued using quoted prices in an active market. Payables and receivables are also included as Level 1 investments and are valued at face value.

Level 2 – These investments include the following:

Pooled Funds – These investments are comprised of money market funds and fixed income securities. The money market funds are valued using the readily determinable fair value (“RDFV”) provided by trustees of the funds. The fixed income securities are valued based on quoted prices for identical or similar investments in markets that may not be active.

Commingled Funds – These investments are comprised of debt, equity and other securities and are valued using the RDFV provided by trustees of the funds. The fair value per share for these funds are published and are the basis for current transactions.

Other Fixed Income – These investments are comprised of corporate and government fixed income investments and asset and mortgage backed securities for which there are quoted prices for identical or similar investments in markets that may not be active.

Derivatives – These investments include forward exchange contracts and options, which are traded on an active market, but not on an exchange; therefore, the inputs may not be readily observable. These investments also include fixed income futures and other derivative instruments.

Level 3 – These investments include the following:

Insurance Contracts – These investments are insurance contracts which are carried at book value, are not publicly traded and are reported at a fair value determined by the insurance provider.

Certain investments are valued using net asset value (“NAV”) as a practical expedient. These investments may not be redeemable on a daily basis and may have redemption notice periods of up to 90 days. These investments include the following:

Commingled Funds – These investments are comprised of debt, equity and other securities.

Private Real Estate and Private Equity - These investments represent interests in limited partnerships which invest in privately held companies or privately held real estate or other real assets. Net asset values are developed and reported by the general partners that manage the partnerships. These valuations are based on property appraisals, utilization of market transactions that provide valuation information for comparable companies, discounted cash flows, and other methods. These valuations are reported quarterly and adjusted as necessary at year end based on cash flows within the most recent period.

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the plans’ assets (liabilities) at fair value at December 31, 2017.



	U.S. Plans											International Plans
As of December 31, 2017	Fair Value			Level 1			Level 2			Level 3		Fair Value			Level 1			Level 2		Level 3
Pension plans
Equity Securities
Common Stocks	$	1,465.1		$	1,461.9		$	3.2		$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—	$	—
Commingled Funds	584.4						584.4					84.0						84.0
Debt Securities
U.S. Govt. Securities	139.8			139.8
Other Fixed Income	830.6						830.6					254.1			2.6			251.5
Insurance Contracts												135.8								135.8
Commingled Funds												267.5						267.5
Real Estate
Real Estate Investment Trusts	113.5			113.5								1.4			0.4			1.0
Other
Derivatives	2.6			13.1			(10.5		)			1.2						1.2
Commingled Funds												357.1						357.1
Pooled Funds	228.0						228.0					29.2						29.2
Cash	34.8			34.8								25.1			25.1
Receivables	58.1			58.1								19.9			19.9
Payables	(116.7		)	(116.7		)						(1.5		)	(1.5		)
Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy	$	3,340.2		$	1,704.5		$	1,635.7		$	—	$	1,173.8		$	46.5		$	991.5	$	135.8
Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient^(a):
Commingled Funds
Equity	$	—										$	780.7
Debt	19.8											837.7
Other	105.1											25.2
Private Real Estate	112.4											16.5
Private Equity	0.9											—
Total pension plan assets	$	3,578.4										$	2,833.9
Other postretirement plans
Insurance Contracts	$	7.6								$	7.6

^(a) Investments measured at fair value using NAV as a practical expedient have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table for these investments are included to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to the total plan assets.

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the plans’ assets (liabilities) at fair value at December 31, 2016.



	U.S. Plans										International Plans
As of December 31, 2016	Fair Value			Level 1			Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Pension plans
Equity Securities
Common Stocks	$	1,443.1		$	1,438.3		$	4.8	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commingled Funds	517.9						517.9				76.0				76.0
Debt Securities
U.S. Govt. Securities	158.5			158.5
Other Fixed Income	812.4						812.4				241.4		0.5		240.9
Insurance Contracts											116.2						116.2
Commingled Funds											242.8				242.8
Real Estate
Real Estate Investment Trusts	156.2			156.2							1.6		1.2		0.4
Other
Derivatives	3.1			(1.1		)	4.2				4.9				4.9
Commingled Funds											294.5				294.5
Pooled Funds	272.0						272.0				6.7				6.7
Cash	12.2			12.2							11.4		11.4
Receivables	107.2			107.2
Payables	(195.3		)	(195.3		)
Total plan assets in fair value hierarchy	$	3,287.3		$	1,676.0		$	1,611.3	$	—	$	995.5	$	13.1	$	866.2	$	116.2
Plan assets measured using NAV as a practical expedient^(a):
Commingled Funds
Equity	$	—									$	726.7
Debt	18.6										640.0
Other	104.6										25.8
Private Real Estate	40.5										41.7
Private Equity	1.1										—
Total pension plan assets	$	3,452.1									$	2,429.7
Other postretirement plans
Insurance Contracts	$	7.9							$	7.9

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the plans’ Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2017.



	January 1, 2017		Realized gains (losses)			Purchases or acquisitions		Sales or dispositions			Currency and unrealized gains (losses) relating to instruments still held at December 31, 2017		December 31, 2017
U.S. plans
Other postretirement plans
Insurance Contracts	$	7.9	$	(0.2	)	$	0.2	$	(0.3	)	$	—	$	7.6
International pension plans
Insurance Contracts	$	116.2	$	—		$	10.8	$	(11.4	)	$	20.2	$	135.8

The following table sets forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the plans’ Level 3 assets for the year ended December 31, 2016.



	January 1, 2016		Realized gains (losses)			Purchases or acquisitions		Sales or dispositions			Currency and unrealized gains (losses) relating to instruments still held at December 31, 2016		December 31, 2016
U.S. plans
Other postretirement plans
Insurance Contracts	$	7.7	$	(0.3	)	$	0.5	$	—		$	—	$	7.9
International pension plans
Insurance Contracts	$	120.6	$	—		$	4.7	$	(11.0	)	$	1.9	$	116.2

The following table presents additional information about plan assets valued using the net asset value as a practical expedient within the fair value hierarchy table.



	2017						2016
	Fair Value		Unfunded Commit-ments		Redemption Frequency	Redemption Notice Period Range	Fair Value		Unfunded Commit-ments		Redemption Frequency	Redemption Notice Period Range
U.S. plans
Commingled Funds
Debt	$	19.8	$	—	Daily	5 days	$	18.6	$	—	Daily	5 days
Other	105.1		—		Monthly	5 days	104.6		—		Monthly	5 days
Private Real Estate^(a)	112.4		—		Quarterly	Up to 90 days	40.5		—		Quarterly	60 days
Private Equity^(b)	0.9		—				1.1		—
Total	$	238.2	$	—			$	164.8	$	—
International pension plans
Commingled Funds
Equity	$	780.7	$	—	Weekly, Monthly	Up to 30 days	$	726.7	$	—	Weekly, Monthly	Up to 90 days
Debt	837.7		—		Weekly, Biweekly, Bimonthly, Monthly	Up to 30 days	640.0		—		Weekly, Biweekly, Bimonthly, Monthly	Up to 90 days
Other	25.2		—		Monthly	Up to 30 days	25.8		—		Monthly, Quarterly	Up to 90 days
Private Real Estate	16.5		—		Monthly	Up to 90 days	41.7		—		Monthly, Quarterly	Up to 90 days
Total	$	1,660.1	$	—			$	1,434.2	$	—

^(a) Includes investments in private real estate funds and limited partnerships. The funds invest in U.S. real estate and allow redemptions quarterly, though queues, restrictions, and gates may extend the period. The limited partnerships include investments in primarily U.S. real estate, and can never be redeemed. The partnerships are all currently being wound up, and are expected to make all distributions over the next three years.

^(b) Includes investments in limited partnerships, which invest primarily in U.S. buyouts and venture capital. The investments can never be redeemed. The partnerships are all currently being wound up, and are expected to make all distributions over the next three years.